104:
491:
88:
466:
148:
1353:, and sought more foreign aid and assistance. The "Twenty-year plan", an economic plan divided into five increments of implementation, was introduced, in order to develop the country's natural resources, including agriculture, forestry, oil and natural gas, through state development. These reforms brought living standards back to pre-World War II levels and stimulated economic growth. However, by 1988, foreign debt had ballooned to $ 4.9 billion, about three-fourths of the national GDP, and Ne Win's later attempt to make the
529:
1260:, were no longer allowed to operate in the country. Only permitted was aid from a government-to-government basis. In addition, the teaching of the English language was reformed and moved to secondary schools, whereas previously it had started as early as kindergarten. The government also implemented extensive visa restrictions for Burmese citizens, especially when their destinations were Western countries. Instead, the government sponsored the travel of students, scientists and technicians to the
877:
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832:
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1968:
1964:
1235:(BSPP) on 4 July 1962 to nominally separate the powers of the military from the government. However, the BSPP's leadership was dominated by military officials for all of its history, although the party did make attempts to transition into a mass party, such as the replacement of the Revolutionary Council with the
1283:(now the Press Scrutiny and Registration Division), which censors all publications to this day, including newspapers, journals, advertisements and cartoons, was established by the Revolutionary Council through the Printers' and Publishers' Registration Act in August 1962. The Revolutionary Council set up the
1341:
became a major feature of
Burmese society, representing about 80% of the national economy during the Burmese Way period. Moreover, income disparity became a major socioeconomic issue. Throughout the 1960s, Burma's foreign exchange reserves declined from $ 214 million in 1964 to $ 50 million in 1971,
1198:
had lost most of its legitimacy by 1962; the
Burmese public perceived it as corrupt, inept at ruling the country, and unable to restore law and order. Meanwhile, the Tatmadaw rose in popularity thanks to the stability created by Ne Win's caretaker government. Burma also faced various economic,
1306:
in 1963, nationalised all major industries, including import-export trade, rice, banking, mining, teak and rubber on 1 June 1963. In total, around 15,000 private firms were nationalised. Furthermore, industrialists were prohibited from establishing new factories with private capital. This was
1138:
which returned U Nu's Clean AFPFL, renamed as the Union Party, with a large majority. Ne Win officially handed back power to the victorious U Nu on 4 April 1960. However, the situation in Burma did not remain stable for long due to petitions from the Shan federalist movement started by
1046:
economic and welfare policies, although economic growth remained slow throughout the 1950s. By 1958, Burma was largely beginning to recover economically, but was beginning to fall apart politically due to a split in the ruling AFPFL into two factions: the
1334:, both of whom had been influential in the economic sector as entrepreneurs and industrialists. By mid-1963, 2,500 foreigners a week were leaving Burma. By September 1964, approximately 100,000 Indian nationals had left the country.
1203:
in the country's peripheries and the issues of federalism and separatism. Less than two years after returning to civilian rule, Ne Win launched a second military-backed coup d'état on 2 March 1962, this time without U Nu's blessing.
1323:, which monopolised oil extraction and production. In August 1963, the nationalisation of basic industries, including department stores, warehouses and wholesale shops, followed. Price control boards were also introduced.
1318:
The oil industry, which was previously controlled by
American and British companies, such as the General Exploration Company and East Asiatic Burma Oil, were forced to end operations. In its place was the government-owned
1342:
while inflation skyrocketed. Rice exports also declined, from 1,840,000 tons in 1961-62 to 350,000 tons in 1967-68, the result of the inability of rice production to satisfy demand caused by high population growth rates.
1349:(BSPP) Congress in 1971, several minor economic reforms were made, in light of the failures of the economic policy pursued throughout the 1960s. The Burmese government asked to rejoin the World Bank, joined the
1247:
The implementation of the
Burmese Way to Socialism negatively affected the economy, educational standards, and living standards of the Burmese people. Foreign aid organisations, like the American-based
2759:
1091:, the Army Chief of Staff, to serve as interim prime minister to restore order in Burma. Over 400 "communist sympathizers" were arrested, of which 153 were deported to a
1549:
1003:, respectively. The nationalisation of major industries and rejection of foreign investment led to catastrophic declines in economic growth and living standards.
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based in denominations divisible by 9, a number he considered to be auspicious, led to the wiping of millions of savings of the
Burmese people, resulting in the
3844:
2396:
2109:
1896:
1268:, in order to receive training and to "counter years of Western influence" in the country. Similarly, visas for foreigners were limited to just 24 hours.
3839:
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1737:
1014:. However, on 18 September 1988 the Tatmadaw staged a coup against the BSPP, violently ended the protests, and established a new military junta, the
685:
2749:
2942:
2857:
437:
1364:
The
Burmese Way to Socialism has largely been described by scholars as an "abject failure" which turned one of the most prosperous countries in
2585:
2148:
1287:(BNA) to serve as a news distribution service in the country, thus effectively replacing the work of foreign news agencies. In September 1963,
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2634:
2198:
1515:
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groups, but more significantly by the PVO surrendering their arms. The Union
Parliament became very unstable, with U Nu barely surviving a
860:
1279:
was extensively restricted. Foreign language publications were prohibited, as were newspapers that printed "false propagandist news." The
2847:
2527:
1055:
and Kyaw Nyein. This situation persisted despite the unexpected success of U Nu's "Arms for
Democracy" offer taken up by U Seinda in the
1295:, two Burmese newspapers, were nationalised. In December 1965, publication of privately owned newspapers was banned by the government.
2779:
2514:
1369:
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powers in exchange for comfortable pensions for life in 1959, but the unresolved issues of federalism and social order continued.
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1911:
1837:
103:
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to replace the Union
Parliament as Burma's supreme governing body. In April 1962, the Revolutionary Council declared Burma a
3387:
3196:
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2729:
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1871:
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3171:
894:
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767:
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956:, which consisted solely of BSPP members. The country's official name was also changed from the Union of Burma to the
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471:
352:
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3513:
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1910:(U.), Khan Mon Krann; Development, University of Singapore Center for Business Research & (16 January 2018).
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2811:
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2011:
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1189:
929:
365:
339:
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2821:
2719:
2499:
1135:
3849:
3528:
3472:
3380:
3341:
3326:
3280:
3255:
3151:
3126:
3005:
2865:
2564:
2554:
2323:
1236:
1200:
953:
779:
735:
693:
410:
315:
3661:
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3486:
3447:
3245:
3220:
2910:
2816:
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2184:
1421:
1303:
1208:
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for insisting on the
Burmese government honouring the right to secession in 10 years provided for by the
933:
846:
813:
798:
793:
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310:
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3250:
3225:
2927:
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992:
922:
265:
2140:
3718:
3363:
3235:
2870:
2794:
2427:
2328:
2171:
1216:
1084:
937:
818:
3804:
3799:
3676:
3548:
3503:
3442:
3331:
3311:
2998:
2734:
2239:
1469:
1442:
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159.18 in 1962 to US$ 219.20 in 1987, or about 1.3% per year, one of the weakest growth rates in
803:
380:
191:
1504:
3437:
3336:
2952:
2947:
2887:
2338:
2281:
2227:
2222:
1350:
1950:
1087:(CPB) coming to an agreement with U Nu through the NUF, and resulted in U Nu inviting General
3601:
3581:
3316:
3146:
3059:
2462:
2333:
1272:
1164:
1076:
910:
711:
538:
216:
109:
1396:
over this period, but still positive. The program also may have served to increase domestic
3671:
3533:
3508:
3467:
3392:
3353:
3321:
3208:
3119:
2981:
2714:
2624:
2447:
2375:
2343:
2293:
2288:
1389:
1381:
1276:
1220:
1131:
1035:
988:
679:
223:
2957:
1965:"World Development Indicators, GDP per capita for Myanmar, East Asia & Pacific region"
8:
3681:
3538:
3294:
3270:
3104:
2744:
2452:
2303:
2256:
2244:
1397:
1377:
1284:
1195:
1160:
1127:
1048:
936:
as the country's governing body. In April 1962, the Revolutionary Council introduced the
653:
604:
1619:
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3563:
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3375:
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3176:
3109:
3051:
3025:
2739:
2318:
2308:
2076:
2047:
1938:
1818:
1765:
1326:
The Enterprise Nationalization Law directly affected foreigners in Burma, particularly
1144:
1072:
1011:
1000:
808:
717:
665:
586:
554:
520:
1783:
87:
3725:
3631:
3606:
3523:
3079:
2646:
2412:
2313:
2007:
1917:
1890:
1843:
1625:
1400:
and keep Burma from being as entangled in the Cold War struggles that affected other
1388:, and has been described as "disastrous". Burma's real per capita GDP increased from
1320:
1096:
623:
198:
2892:
2059:
Holmes, Robert A. (1967). "Burmese Domestic Policy: The Politics of Burmanization".
1385:
1123:
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2437:
2101:
2068:
2039:
1757:
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940:
and declared it Burma's state ideology. The Revolutionary Council then founded the
898:
884:
699:
206:
168:
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2001:
1401:
1331:
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633:
558:
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213:
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147:
93:
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577:
2043:
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and the British, who were disproportionately represented in these industries.
528:
3783:
3765:
3752:
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3166:
3099:
3084:
3074:
2932:
2686:
2442:
2353:
2232:
2030:
Aung-Thwin, Maureen; Thant, Myint-U (1992). "The Burmese Ways to Socialism".
1358:
1308:
1207:
The coup succeeded with little bloodshed and its instigators established the
1007:
996:
645:
627:
617:
598:
203:
3576:
3457:
2937:
2826:
2806:
2348:
1748:
Butwell, Richard (1972). "Ne Win's Burma: At the End of the First Decade".
1354:
1338:
1261:
1224:
1092:
1010:
pressured BSPP officials, including Ne Win, to resign en masse and adopt a
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968:
567:
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138:
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3136:
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1100:
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659:
254:
1822:
1721:
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amongst them. Hardliners in the Tatmadaw viewed this as a threat of the
2176:
2147:. Information Department for the Revolutionary Council. 28 April 1962.
2080:
2051:
1769:
1257:
1228:
1156:
1064:
976:
1872:"The Burmese Economy and the Withdrawal of European Trade Preferences"
2207:
1393:
1043:
2090:"Party-State Manqué: Ne Win and the Burma Socialist Programme Party"
2072:
1761:
3358:
2990:
2368:
1152:
1104:
984:
980:
918:
432:
326:
178:
3021:
2681:
2172:"The Burmese Way to Socialism" by the Union Revolutionary Council
1373:
1302:
was extensive. The Enterprise Nationalization Law, passed by the
906:
509:
296:
186:
158:
2457:
2249:
1172:
1168:
1148:
1088:
1056:
1052:
987:, serving as both Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (later
914:
284:
242:
2671:
2641:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1126:
under the auspices of U Nu and successfully restored Burma's
1103:. Among them was the NUF leader Aung Than, older brother of
2656:
2580:
2522:
1365:
1060:
1027:
925:
1817:(2). The MIT Press and the World Policy Institute: 47–56.
1564:
1242:
1155:. The Shan federalists were aspiring to create a "loose"
1681:
1669:
1051:
led by U Nu and Thakin Tin, and the Stable AFPFL led by
1913:
Economic Development of Burma: A Vision and a Strategy
1474:
1447:
1167:. Ne Win had already succeeded in stripping the Shan
131:
68:
41:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
3037:
2006:(1st ed.). London and New Jersey: Zed Books.
1711:"Myanmar: The Anomalies of Politics and Economics"
1199:religious, and political crises, particularly the
963:Ne Win's governance of Burma was characterised by
1638:
3781:
1895:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1614:
1585:
952:and replaced the Revolutionary Council with the
917:from 1962 to 1988. Ne Win and his allies in the
2029:
2003:Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity
1909:
1756:(10). University of California Press: 901–912.
1579:
1229:increasing the role of the military in politics
921:(Burmese military) overthrew the government of
2067:(3). University of California Press: 188–197.
1877:. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011
1542:"The Day Myanmar Started Driving on the Right"
1122:On 28 October 1958, Ne Win staged an internal
3845:States and territories disestablished in 1988
3006:
2192:
1476:Pyidaunzu Soshallhaitsammat Myăma Nainngandaw
1465:ပြည်ထောင်စု ဆိုရှယ်လစ်သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်
1231:. The Revolutionary Council also founded the
948:on 4 July 1962. In 1974, Ne Win introduced a
854:
125:
70:Pyidaunzu Soshallhaitsammat Myăma Nainngandaw
63:ပြည်ထောင်စု ဆိုရှယ်လစ်သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်
60:
33:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
932:. A day later, the coupists established the
2136:Foreign Policy in Focus, 11 September 2007.
2094:Japanese Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1209:Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma
1183:
934:Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma
3840:States and territories established in 1962
3013:
2999:
2199:
2185:
861:
847:
146:
2087:
1869:
1809:McGowan, William (1993). "Burmese Hell".
1708:
1693:
1687:
1675:
16:State in Southeast Asia from 1962 to 1988
2206:
2038:(1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 67–75.
1842:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1776:
1718:The Asia Foundation Working Paper Series
1075:only with the support of the opposition
958:Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
1808:
1802:
1747:
1741:
1621:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
1243:Failure of the Burmese Way to Socialism
1016:State Law and Order Restoration Council
895:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3782:
2058:
1663:
1372:. Burma experienced greatly increased
2994:
2180:
2151:from the original on 14 December 2012
1999:
1971:from the original on 27 February 2019
1835:
1602:
1552:from the original on 17 February 2023
1225:decreasing foreign influence in Burma
3713:
3020:
1870:Collignon, Stefan (13 August 2011).
1720:(5). Asia Foundation. Archived from
1521:from the original on 18 October 2015
1006:In 1988, mass protests known as the
3795:Former countries in Burmese history
3172:State Peace and Development Council
2022:
1790:from the original on 9 January 2021
13:
1539:
983:politics. Ne Win ruled Burma as a
14:
3861:
2165:
1347:Burmese Socialist Programme Party
3724:
3712:
3701:
3700:
2112:from the original on 2 June 2022
1307:particularly detrimental to the
1130:, a period known as the "Ne Win
875:
830:
527:
489:
464:
102:
86:
3820:1988 disestablishments in Burma
1957:
1903:
1863:
1839:Economic Development of Myanmar
1836:Thein, Myat (16 January 2018).
1829:
1731:
1540:Po, Myo Min (6 December 2019).
1505:"Human Development Report 2014"
1233:Burma Socialist Programme Party
942:Burma Socialist Programme Party
2705:Azerbaijan People's Government
2141:"The Burmese Way to Socialism"
1608:
1533:
1497:
1454:
1438:ပြည်ထောင်စု မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်
1427:
1414:
1136:February 1960 general election
36:ပြည်ထောင်စု မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်
1:
2088:Yoshihiro, Nakanishi (2003).
1485:
1159:in Burma, and were seen as a
1021:
3815:1962 establishments in Burma
3381:State Administration Council
3127:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1709:Steinberg, David I. (1997).
1490:
7:
3182:2011–2015 political reforms
2745:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
2145:Union Revolutionary Council
1580:Aung-Thwin & Thant 1992
1475:
1449:Pyidaunzu Myăma Nainngandaw
1448:
1422:Union Revolutionary Council
1026:Burma under Prime Minister
930:coup d'état on 2 March 1962
311:Union Revolutionary Council
132:
69:
43:Pyidaunzu Myăma Nainngandaw
42:
10:
3866:
3830:Former socialist republics
1987:
1370:one of the world's poorest
1187:
1178:
1147:from 1948 to 1952 and the
3696:
3562:
3494:
3485:
3433:
3424:
3302:
3293:
3216:
3207:
3050:
3038:Myanmar is also known as
3036:
3032:
2979:
2840:
2772:
2697:
2604:
2573:
2487:
2476:
2405:
2384:
2215:
2134:Burma—Growing Ever Darker
2044:10.1080/01436599208420262
1933:– via Google Books.
1859:– via Google Books.
1464:
1437:
1201:ethnic-based insurgencies
505:
443:
431:
421:
409:
399:
379:
375:
362:
349:
336:
332:
322:
306:
302:
290:
280:• 1962–1974 (first)
278:
274:
264:
260:
248:
238:• 1962–1981 (first)
236:
232:
222:
197:
185:
174:
164:
154:
145:
139:Till the End of the World
126:
120:
82:
77:
61:
34:
23:
3307:Administrative divisions
2126:
1992:
1786:. BBC. 5 December 2002.
1420:Titled "Chairman of the
1407:
1217:Burmese Way to Socialism
1190:1962 Burmese coup d'état
1184:1962 Burmese coup d'état
1085:Communist Party of Burma
1079:(NUF), believed to have
944:(BSPP) as the country's
938:Burmese Way to Socialism
3825:20th century in Myanmar
3677:Twelve Auspicious Rites
3458:Myanmar kyat (currency)
2755:North Korea (1947–1948)
2750:North Korea (1946–1947)
1386:international isolation
1119:were also closed down.
993:Prime Minister of Burma
712:British colonial period
3835:Military dictatorships
2477:Current and historical
2000:Smith, Martin (1991).
1351:Asian Development Bank
1227:to zero per cent, and
883:This article contains
2106:10.20495/tak.41.3_330
2032:Third World Quarterly
1304:Revolutionary Council
1273:freedom of expression
1219:" as a blueprint for
1077:National United Front
979:, and a rejection of
911:military dictatorship
686:Nyaungyan Restoration
613:Warring states period
539:Prehistory of Myanmar
217:military dictatorship
165:Common languages
48:Socialist Republic of
3790:Socialism in Myanmar
3514:Environmental issues
3473:Units of measurement
3120:First Toungoo Empire
2982:History of socialism
1811:World Policy Journal
1285:News Agency of Burma
1281:Press Scrutiny Board
1277:freedom of the press
1221:economic development
1132:caretaker government
1036:coalition government
730:Nationalist movement
694:Restored Hanthawaddy
680:First Toungoo Empire
656:1287–1539, 1550–1552
3850:Totalitarian states
3762: /
3152:Japanese occupation
3105:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2918:Estonia (1918–1919)
2812:Hungary (1949–1989)
1979:– via Google.
1215:and announced the "
1196:civilian government
1161:separatist movement
1128:political stability
762:Ne Win dictatorship
736:Japanese occupation
724:Resistance movement
654:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
605:Early Pagan Kingdom
292:• 1988 (last)
250:• 1988 (last)
3737:Outline of Myanmar
3453:Telecommunications
3369:commander-in-chief
3162:Socialist Republic
3110:Kingdom of Mrauk U
2883:Byelorussia (1919)
1949:has generic name (
1784:"Obituary: Ne Win"
1298:The impact on the
1145:President of Burma
1107:. Newspapers like
1073:no-confidence vote
1012:multi-party system
1001:head of government
989:President of Burma
837:Myanmar portal
768:SLORC / SPDC junta
718:Anglo-Burmese Wars
666:Kingdom of Mrauk U
587:Arakanese kingdoms
555:Sri Ksetra Kingdom
521:History of Myanmar
417:right (after 1970)
210:socialist republic
50:the Union of Burma
3766:16.850°N 96.183°E
3745:
3744:
3692:
3691:
3529:Human trafficking
3481:
3480:
3420:
3419:
3388:Political parties
3327:Foreign relations
3289:
3288:
3080:Myinsaing Kingdom
3046:
3045:
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2987:
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2974:
2971:
2970:
2768:
2767:
2510:Congo-Brazzaville
2406:Regional variants
1473:
1446:
1321:Burma Oil Company
1256:, as well as the
1237:People's Assembly
1165:1947 Constitution
1097:Great Coco Island
1081:crypto-communists
954:People's Assembly
891:rendering support
871:
870:
774:Political reforms
547:200 BCE – 1050 CE
515:
514:
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497:
496:
477:
476:
415:left (until 1970)
371:18 September 1988
353:1974 constitution
316:People's Assembly
3857:
3810:1980s in Myanmar
3777:
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3662:National symbols
3492:
3491:
3448:Opium production
3431:
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3300:
3299:
3214:
3213:
3132:Konbaung dynasty
3034:
3033:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2838:
2837:
2695:
2694:
2485:
2484:
2480:socialist states
2359:African-American
2201:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2177:
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2158:
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2121:
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2023:Journal articles
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1691:
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1616:Nicholas Tarling
1612:
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1583:
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1431:
1425:
1418:
1042:had implemented
1040:Union Parliament
995:, the country's
950:new constitution
897: instead of
879:
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863:
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849:
835:
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833:
814:Military history
809:Royal chronicles
799:List of capitals
756:AFPFL government
700:Konbaung dynasty
581:
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492:
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468:
467:
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366:1988 coup d'etat
340:1962 coup d'etat
150:
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90:
72:
66:
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3688:
3667:Public holidays
3558:
3554:Sex trafficking
3477:
3416:
3354:Law enforcement
3285:
3261:Protected areas
3203:
3115:Toungoo dynasty
3090:Sagaing Kingdom
3065:Pyu city-states
3042:
3028:
3019:
2989:
2984:
2967:
2948:Slovakia (1919)
2848:Alsace-Lorraine
2836:
2764:
2693:
2600:
2569:
2478:
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2096:(in Japanese).
2073:10.2307/2642237
2025:
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2014:
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1402:Southeast Asian
1332:Burmese Chinese
1328:Burmese Indians
1313:Burmese Indians
1300:Burmese economy
1254:Asia Foundation
1250:Ford Foundation
1245:
1213:socialist state
1192:
1186:
1181:
1024:
965:totalitarianism
907:Burma (Myanmar)
904:
903:
902:
889:Without proper
880:
876:
867:
831:
829:
674:Toungoo dynasty
634:Sagaing Kingdom
575:
559:Tagaung Kingdom
552:
545:Pyu city-states
490:
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342:
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3822:
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3812:
3807:
3805:1970s in Burma
3802:
3800:1960s in Burma
3797:
3792:
3771:16.850; 96.183
3743:
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3722:
3710:
3697:
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3468:Transportation
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3405:Prime Minister
3402:
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3385:
3384:
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3373:
3372:
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3366:
3356:
3351:
3346:
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3342:Women's rights
3339:
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3157:Union of Burma
3154:
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3142:Karenni States
3139:
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3070:Thaton Kingdom
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2349:United Kingdom
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2166:External links
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2100:(3): 330–360.
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2018:
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1994:
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1982:
1967:. World Bank.
1956:
1922:
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1848:
1828:
1801:
1775:
1740:
1730:
1727:on 1 May 2011.
1692:
1690:, p. 342.
1688:Yoshihiro 2003
1680:
1678:, p. 330.
1676:Yoshihiro 2003
1668:
1637:
1630:
1618:, ed. (1993).
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1266:Eastern Europe
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1188:Main article:
1185:
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1177:
1141:Sao Shwe Thaik
1023:
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946:vanguard party
923:Prime Minister
909:was under the
899:Burmese script
893:, you may see
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485:Union of Burma
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752:1948–present
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599:Pagan Kingdom
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433:ISO 3166 code
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105:
97:
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81:
76:
71:
44:
22:
19:
3747:
3729:
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3705:
3549:Prostitution
3504:Demographics
3443:Central bank
3332:Human rights
3312:Constitution
3161:
3147:British rule
3039:
2858:Baranya–Baja
2827:Soviet Union
2807:East Germany
2616:
2505:Burkina Faso
2153:. Retrieved
2144:
2114:. Retrieved
2097:
2093:
2064:
2061:Asian Survey
2060:
2035:
2031:
2002:
1973:. Retrieved
1959:
1927:. Retrieved
1912:
1905:
1879:. Retrieved
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1838:
1831:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1778:
1753:
1750:Asian Survey
1749:
1743:
1733:
1722:the original
1717:
1683:
1671:
1620:
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1545:
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1523:. Retrieved
1512:hdr.undp.org
1511:
1499:
1456:
1429:
1424:" until 1974
1416:
1363:
1344:
1339:black market
1336:
1325:
1317:
1297:
1293:The Guardian
1292:
1289:The Vanguard
1288:
1270:
1262:Soviet Union
1246:
1206:
1194:The elected
1193:
1143:, the first
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1093:penal colony
1025:
1005:
973:superstition
969:isolationism
962:
957:
905:
882:
782:2021–present
568:Mon kingdoms
454:Succeeded by
453:
448:
423:Calling code
345:2 March 1962
214:totalitarian
133:Kaba Ma Kyei
121:
18:
3769: /
3438:Agriculture
3276:Earthquakes
3137:Shan States
2841:Short-lived
2698:Short-lived
2667:South Yemen
2652:North Korea
2612:Afghanistan
2329:New Zealand
2324:Netherlands
1975:23 February
1664:Holmes 1967
1345:In the 1st
1153:Nyaung Shwe
1124:coup d'état
1101:Andaman Sea
1049:Clean AFPFL
660:Shan States
449:Preceded by
318:(1974–1988)
313:(1962–1974)
307:Legislature
255:Maung Maung
112:(1974–1988)
96:(1974–1988)
54:(1974–1988)
30:(1962–1974)
3784:Categories
3647:Literature
3602:Censorship
3582:State Seal
3376:Parliament
3317:Corruption
3241:Ecoregions
3060:Prehistory
2953:Tarnobrzeg
2878:Bessarabia
2832:Yugoslavia
2555:Seychelles
2550:Mozambique
2545:Madagascar
2468:Vietnamese
2463:Venezuelan
2453:Nicaraguan
2448:Melanesian
2365:Venezuela
2277:Kuomintang
2270:since 1978
2240:Bangladesh
2216:By country
2210:by country
2013:0862328683
1929:16 January
1881:16 January
1855:16 January
1603:Smith 1991
1486:References
1382:corruption
1378:inequality
1258:World Bank
1157:federation
1109:Botahtaung
1022:Background
977:xenophobia
750:Modern era
714:1824–1948
676:1510–1752
620:1297–1555
199:Government
187:Demonym(s)
181:(majority)
3672:Tattooing
3632:Festivals
3627:Etymology
3534:Languages
3509:Education
3393:President
3322:Elections
3281:Volcanoes
3256:Mountains
3209:Geography
3197:Civil war
3187:2021 coup
2911:1939–1940
2866:1918–1919
2635:1982–1992
2630:1979–1992
2625:1975–1979
2621:Cambodia
2596:Nicaragua
2528:1987–1991
2523:1974–1987
2519:Ethiopia
2458:Tanzanian
2339:Sri Lanka
2282:Hong Kong
2265:Communist
2228:Australia
2223:Argentina
2208:Socialism
2155:6 January
1939:cite book
1794:2 January
1525:6 January
1491:Citations
1470:romanized
1443:romanized
1404:nations.
1398:stability
1394:East Asia
1239:in 1974.
1171:of their
1044:left-wing
1018:(SLORC).
780:SAC junta
776:2011–2015
770:1988–2010
764:1962–1988
758:1948–1962
738:1942–1945
732:1900–1948
726:1885–1895
720:1824–1885
702:1752–1885
696:1740–1757
688:1599–1752
682:1510–1599
668:1429–1785
662:1215–1563
648:1482–1542
642:1365–1555
636:1315–1365
630:1297–1365
624:Myinsaing
601:849–1297
589:788?–1406
411:Drives on
224:President
207:one-party
175:Religion
127:ကမ္ဘာမကျေ
78:1962–1988
3757:096°11′E
3707:Category
3682:Weddings
3642:Folklore
3612:Clothing
3592:Calendar
3587:Capitals
3539:Religion
3359:Military
3349:Conflict
3295:Politics
3271:Wildlife
3192:Protests
3026:articles
2963:Würzburg
2938:Naissaar
2902:Finland
2862:Bavaria
2800:Slovakia
2785:Bulgaria
2715:Far East
2662:Mongolia
2574:Americas
2438:European
2369:Chavismo
2334:Pakistan
2149:Archived
2110:Archived
1969:Archived
1891:cite web
1823:40209305
1788:Archived
1550:Archived
1516:Archived
1330:and the
1275:and the
1105:Aung San
1030:and the
999:and the
985:dictator
981:Cold War
919:Tatmadaw
794:Timeline
607:849–1044
400:Currency
327:Cold War
212:under a
179:Buddhism
3754:16°51′N
3719:Commons
3617:Cuisine
3564:Culture
3487:Society
3463:Tourism
3426:Economy
3246:Islands
3231:Climate
3221:Borders
3052:History
3022:Myanmar
2933:Ireland
2923:Galicia
2822:Romania
2780:Albania
2735:Jiangxi
2682:Vietnam
2586:Grenada
2560:Somalia
2443:Israeli
2433:Chinese
2428:Burmese
2423:British
2413:African
2385:History
2376:Vietnam
2344:Tunisia
2294:Finland
2289:Estonia
2081:2642237
2052:3992410
1988:Sources
1770:2643067
1556:8 March
1472::
1461:Burmese
1445::
1434:Burmese
1374:poverty
1179:History
1099:in the
1063:, some
1038:in the
804:Leaders
510:Myanmar
364:•
351:•
338:•
297:Tun Tin
204:Unitary
192:Burmese
169:Burmese
159:Rangoon
155:Capital
122:Anthem:
3731:Portal
3607:Cinema
3597:Zodiac
3577:Anthem
3524:Health
3266:Rivers
3226:Cities
3024:
2943:Saxony
2888:Bremen
2817:Poland
2773:Europe
2740:Kuwait
2720:Fujian
2535:Guinea
2495:Angola
2488:Africa
2304:Greece
2299:France
2261:China
2257:Canada
2250:Lulism
2245:Brazil
2116:7 June
2079:
2050:
2010:
1920:
1846:
1821:
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1628:
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1059:, the
1057:Arakan
1053:Ba Swe
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915:Ne Win
385:(1980)
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270:
243:Ne Win
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3657:Music
3652:Media
3622:Dance
3544:Women
3499:Crime
3251:Lakes
3040:Burma
2958:Užice
2893:Bihać
2853:Banat
2725:Gilan
2672:Syria
2642:China
2617:Burma
2591:Chile
2565:Sudan
2540:Libya
2515:Egypt
2500:Benin
2319:Italy
2309:India
2127:Other
2077:JSTOR
2048:JSTOR
1993:Books
1875:(PDF)
1819:JSTOR
1766:JSTOR
1725:(PDF)
1714:(PDF)
1519:(PDF)
1508:(PDF)
1408:Notes
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928:in a
389:0.328
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3410:list
3398:list
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2871:1919
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2647:Iraq
2605:Asia
2581:Cuba
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2118:2023
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1977:2019
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1931:2018
1918:ISBN
1897:link
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