Sociology of religion

1864:

specifically modern phenomenon), drug taking, political protest, and so on are important for many people. Nevertheless, he rejects the relativist interpretation of this situation – that in modernity, scientific knowledge is just one of many accounts of existence, all of which have equal validity. This is because, for Gellner, such alternatives to science are profoundly insignificant since they are technically impotent, as opposed to science. He sees that modern preoccupations with meaning and being as a self-indulgence that is only possible because scientific knowledge has enabled our world to advance so far. Unlike those in pre-modern times, whose overriding priority is to get hold of scientific knowledge in order to begin to develop, we can afford to sit back in the luxury of our well-appointed world and ponder upon such questions because we can take for granted the kind of world science has constructed for us.

1786:, is another significant development. Peter Berger, an American sociologist, considers secularization is the result of a larger sociostructural crisis in religion is caused by pluralism. Pluralism is the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society. The United States is both highly religious and pluralistic, standing out among other industrialized and wealthy nations in this regard. In short, presupposed secularization as a decline in religiosity might seem to be a myth, depending on its definition and the definition of its scope. For instance, some sociologists have argued that steady church attendance and personal religious belief may coexist with a decline in the influence of religious authorities on social or political issues. Additionally, regular attendance or affiliation do not necessarily translate into a behavior according to their doctrinal teachings. 1848:

have become displaced by an abundance of non-traditional ones, such as cults and sects of various kinds. Others argue that religion has become an individual, rather than a collective, organized affair. Still others suggest that functional alternatives to traditional religion, such as nationalism and patriotism, have emerged to promote social solidarity. Wilson does accept the presence of a large variety of non-scientific forms of meaning and knowledge, but he argues that this is actually evidence of the decline of religion. The increase in the number and diversity of such systems is proof of the removal of religion from the central structural location that it occupied in pre-modern times.

1832:

secularization may be indeed have taken hold in Europe, while the United States and other regions have continued to remain religious despite the increased modernity. Dr. Berger suggested that the reason for this may have to do with the education system; in Europe, teachers are sent by the educational authorities and European parents would have to put up with secular teaching, while in the United States, schools were for much of the time under local authorities, and American parents, however unenlightened, could fire their teachers. Berger also notes that unlike Europe, America has seen the rise of Evangelical Protestantism, or "born-again Christians".

1884:

Foucault, what is distinctive about modernity is the emergence of discourses concerned with the control and regulation of the body. According to Foucault, the rise of body-centered discourses necessarily involved a process of secularization. Pre-modern discourses were dominated by religion, where things were defined as good and evil, and social life was centered around these concepts. With the emergence of modern urban societies, scientific discourses took over, and medical science was a crucial element of this new knowledge. Modern life became increasingly subject to medical control – the

30: 1860:(1974) acknowledges that there are drawbacks to living in a world whose main form of knowledge is confined to facts we can do nothing about and that provide us with no guidelines on how to live and how to organize ourselves. In this regard, we are worse off than pre-modern people, whose knowledge, while incorrect, at least provided them with prescriptions for living. However, Gellner insists that these disadvantages are far outweighed by the huge technological advances modern societies have experienced as a result of the application of scientific knowledge. 60: 1656:). The church-sect typology has its origins in the work of Max Weber. There is a basic premise continuum along which religions fall, ranging from the protest-like orientation of sects to the equilibrium maintaining churches. This continuum includes several additional types. Note that sociologists give these words precise definitions which differ from how they are commonly used. In particular, sociologists use the words 'cult' and 'sect' without negative connotations, even though the popular use of these words is often pejorative. 1625: 9570: 4430: 1166: 9580: 2088:. Rational choice theory argues that people naturally minimise costs and maximise benefits for themselves. Women are " typically risk-averse", therefore they will be more inclined towards practicing religion. According to the Nurture argument, Marta Trzebiatowska and Steve Bruce claimed that " nothing in the biological make-up of men and women explains the gendered difference in religiosity", the difference are better explained by a range of 4480: 856: 1353: 1907:) to predict future religious orientations of populations. The study suggests that religion is headed towards "extinction" in various nations where it has been on the decline: Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Switzerland. The model considers not only the changing number of people with certain beliefs, but also attempts to assign utility values of a belief in each nation. 4466: 1079: 4454: 2068:

Jewish, or American families have identities as Hindus, Jews, or Americans, independently of their beliefs or actions. People who do not embrace their religious legacy retain it nonetheless, and are characterized by terms such as lapsed, not observant, or unpatriotic. People who actually separate themselves from their religious legacy are termed apostates or traitors and may be subject to punishment.

1133:". Marx's view of capitalism saw rich capitalists getting richer and their workers getting poorer (the gap, the exploitation, was the "surplus value"). Not only were workers getting exploited, but in the process they were being further detached from the products they helped create. By simply selling their work for 1820:

and reified in a community context, leading to a reduction in religious observance. The religious economy model sparked a lively debate among sociologists of religion on whether market models fit religious practices and on the extents to which this model of religious behavior is specific to the United States.

2055:

One of the biggest indicators of religiosity in adulthood is the religious atmosphere within families and upbringing, given that religious beliefs and practices are passed on from generation to generation. Depending on the type of religion in the family, it can involve a different familial structure.

1663:

Sects are high-tension organizations that don't fit well within the existing social environment. They are usually most attractive to society's least privileged- outcasts, minorities, or the poor- because they downplay worldly pleasure by stressing otherworldly promises. When church leaders become too

1368:; he does not believe we can find out "facts" in sociology that can be causally linked. Although he believes some generalized statements about social life can be made, he is not interested in hard positivist claims, but instead in linkages and sequences, in historical narratives and particular cases. 1213:

Religion, for Durkheim, was not "imaginary", although he did deprive it of what many believers find essential. Religion is very real; it is an expression of society itself, and indeed, there is no society that does not have religion. We perceive as individuals a force greater than ourselves, which is

1063:

from ancient Greece, and Enlightenment philosophers from the 17th through 19th centuries, the ideas posited by these sociologists continue to be examined today. Durkheim, Marx, and Weber had very complex and developed theories about the nature and effects of religion. Of these, Durkheim and Weber are

2076:

Research reports presented that women are universally more religious across all religions and cultures based largely on the fact that researchers are studying Western religions and cultures. In United States, Women are 60% likely to claim that " religion is very important in their lives ", while men

1863:

Gellner doesn't claim that non-scientific knowledge is in the process of dying out. For example, he accepts that religions in various forms continue to attract adherents. He also acknowledges that other forms of belief and meaning, such as those provided by art, music, literature, popular culture (a

1819:

a society has, the more likely the population is to be religious. This contradicts the older view of secularization which states that if a liberal religious community is tolerant of a wide array of belief, then the population is less likely to hold certain beliefs in common, so nothing can be shared

1546:

points to the benefits for social organization which non-scientific belief systems provide and which scientific knowledge fails to deliver. Belief systems are seen as encouraging social order and social stability in ways that rationally based knowledge cannot. From this perspective, the existence of

1449:

led to the development of rational bookkeeping and the calculated pursuit of financial success beyond what one needed simply to live – and this is the "spirit of capitalism". Over time, the habits associated with the spirit of capitalism lost their religious significance, and the rational pursuit of

2013:

Third Period (Early 21st Century Onwards): Marked by a surge of interest from a new generation of sociologists, this period involved innovative approaches and research methods that moved beyond past theories. Scholars began producing original data, interpretations, and theoretical perspectives that

1958:

Religion and globalization have been intertwined with each other since the early empires attempted to extend their reach across what they perceived to be world-space. Processes of globalization carried religious cosmologies – including traditional conceptions of universalism – to the corners of the

1659:

Churches are the religious bodies that coexist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surrounding. They have mainstream "safe" beliefs and practices relative to those of the general population. This type of religious bodies are more world affirming, so they try to peacefully coexist

1440:

Practically, Weber noted, this was difficult psychologically: people were (understandably) anxious to know whether they would be eternally damned or not. Thus Puritan leaders began assuring members that if they began doing well financially in their businesses, this would be one unofficial sign they

2099:

has affected men and women. As more and more women enter the work force, the religious gender gap is expected to disappear. Persuasive evidence across countries suggests that the gender gap can be explained in part by male and female identified role inside and outside of family and work. Women who

2063:

Children receive a religious legacy from their parents and from the society immediately surrounding them, through instruction and (intentionally or unintentionally) through the power of example that is shaped by values, personality, and interests. Their religious legacy may include induction into

1891:

The rise to power of science, and of medicine in particular, coincided with a progressive reduction of the power of religious forms of knowledge. For example, normality and deviance became more of a matter of health and illness than of good and evil, and the physician took over from the priest the

1847:

Wilson insists that non-scientific systems – and religious ones in particular – have experienced an irreversible decline in influence. He has engaged in a long debate with those who dispute the secularization thesis, some of which argue that the traditional religions, such as church-centered ones,

1574:

think that their ideas are right, even when science has shown them to be wrong. Rationalists say that one cannot explain forms of knowledge in terms of the beneficial psychological or societal effects that an outside observer may see them as producing and emphasize the importance of looking at the

1086:

According to Kevin J. Christiano, "Marx was the product of the Enlightenment, embracing its call to replace faith by reason and religion by science." But he "did not believe in science for science's sake … he believed that he was also advancing a theory that would … be a useful tool … effecting a

2107:

present that wifely submission- wives should defer their husbands in family decision-making. Evangelical women , rather, claimed the weakness in men proves that both wife and husband should hold mutual submission.Both spouses follow Christ's model of self-sacrifice and an orientation to the other

1913:

maintains that the sociology of religion should cease preoccupations with the traditional and institutionalized forms of religion. Luckmann points instead to the "religious problem" which is the "problem of individual existence." This is the case as with the advent of modernity, religious meaning

1883:

Foucault defined history as the rise and fall of discourses. Social change is about changes in prevailing forms of knowledge. The job of the historian is to chart these changes and identify the reasons for them. Unlike rationalists, however, Foucault saw no element of progress in this process. To

1831:

observed that while researchers supporting the secularization theory have long maintained that religion must inevitably decline in the modern world, today, much of the world is as religious as ever. This points to the falsity of the secularization theory. On the other hand, Berger also notes that

1802:

was the first contemporary sociologist to reject the secularization theory outright. Martin even proposed that the concept of secularization be eliminated from social scientific discourse, on the grounds that it had only served ideological purposes and because there was no evidence of any general

1968:

Olga Odgers notes that in recent decades, there have been important developments in Latin American writing within the subspecialty of the sociology of religion, as the field itself has also shifted from “sociology about Latin American religion” to a “Latin American sociology of religion”, taking

1761:

is the general movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief towards a rational, scientific, orientation, a trend observed in Muslim and Christian industrialized nations alike. In the United States of America, many politicians, court systems, schools, and businesses embrace secularism. In

2067:

Their religious legacy is among the factors that condition people throughout their lives, although people as individuals have diverse reactions to their legacies. To outsiders who know them, people are identified in part by their religious legacy. For example, people born and raised in Hindu,

1879:

who saw human existence as being dependent on forms of knowledge – discourses – that work like languages. Languages/discourses define reality for us. In order to think at all, we are obliged to use these definitions. The knowledge we have about the world is provided for us by the languages and

1667:

A cult is a religious movement that makes some new claim about the supernatural and therefore does not easily fit within the sect-church cycle. All religions began as cults, and their leaders offer new insights, claiming that they are the word of God. They are often high-tension movements that

1550:

According to functionalists, "religion serves several purposes, like providing answers to spiritual mysteries, offering emotional comfort, and creating a place for social interaction and social control. … One of the most important functions of religion, from a functionalist perspective, is the

1766:, it was predicted in the works of many classical sociologists that religion would decline. They claimed that there would be a separation of religion from the institutions such as the state, economy, and family. Despite the claims of many classical theorists and sociologists immediately after 3283:

Greeley's studies debunked the 'myth that at one time the good, pious lay people did not practice family limitation, but had large families and trusted in God.' In fact, Greeley asserts, the size of Catholic families in the United States diminished from 4.3 members to 3.8 between 1870 and

1843:

a writer on secularization, explores life in societies dominated by scientific knowledge. His work follows Max Weber's view that modern societies prioritize rationality, focusing on technical efficiency and practical solutions over existential questions, leading to a disenchanted world.

1392:

god may be reconciled with the imperfection of the world that he has created and rules over. People need to know, for example, why there is undeserved good fortune and suffering in the world. Religion offers people soteriological answers, or answers that provide opportunities for

1664:

involved in secular issues, sects start to splinter off the existing church. They may end up forming their own sect and if over time the sect picks up a significant following, it almost inevitably transforms into its own church, ultimately becoming part of the mainstream.

1526:. Therefore, all societies have forms of knowledge that perform this psychological task. The inability of science to offer psychological and emotional comfort explains the presence and influence of non-scientific knowledge in human lives, even in rational world. 1551:

opportunities it creates for social interaction and the formation of groups. It provides social support and social networking, offering a place to meet others who hold similar values and a place to seek help (spiritual and material) in times of need."

1162:", as it soothes them and dulls their senses to the pain of oppression. Some scholars have recently noted that this is a contradictory (or dialectical) metaphor, referring to religion as both an expression of suffering and a protest against suffering. 1671:

Denomination lies between the church and the sect on the continuum. They come into existence when churches lose their religious monopoly in a society. When churches or sects become denominations, there are also some changes in their characteristics.

1141:

comes alienation. The common worker is led to believe that he or she is a replaceable tool, and is alienated to the point of extreme discontent. Here, in Marx's eyes, religion enters. Capitalism utilizes our tendency towards religion as a tool or

1945:

To the contrary, as globalization intensified many different cultures started to look into different religions and incorporate different beliefs into society. New interpretations emerged that recognize the tensions. For example, according to

1371:

Weber argues for making sense of religious action on its own terms. A religious group or individual is influenced by all kinds of things, he says, but if they claim to be acting in the name of religion, we should attempt to understand their

1184:

tradition, meaning that he thought of his study of society as dispassionate and scientific. He was deeply interested in the problem of what held complex modern societies together. Religion, he argued, was an expression of social cohesion.

2010:, termed the "explosion of pluralism." Scholars began moving away from classical paradigms, such as the secularization thesis, and sought new frameworks that could more accurately capture the complex religious landscape of Latin America. 1969:

contemporary Latin American forms of religiosity as an empirical referent, then goes even further to propose interpretive frameworks and new methodologies that contribute to the understanding of religious phenomena at a global level.

3328:

In the House both Catholic and Mainline Protestant Democrats became increasingly pro-choice from the 95th to the 108th Congresses, from 32 percent to 67 percent among Catholics, and from 65 percent to 78 percent among Mainline

2100:

work are more likely to feel they need to conform to the dominant secular ethos. Women who are at home focus on raising children and caring for sick and elderly family members which encourages stronger religious commitment.

1376:

on religious grounds first. Weber gives religion credit for shaping a person's image of the world, and this image of the world can affect their view of their interests, and ultimately how they decide to take action.

1064:

often more difficult to understand, especially in light of the lack of context and examples in their primary texts. Religion was considered to be an extremely important social variable in the work of all three.

1437:, and this was based sheerly on God's predetermined will and not on any action you could perform in this life. Official doctrine held that one could not ever really know whether one was among the elect. 2018:

Due to its complex nature, several studies demonstrated growing interest in understanding the religious context in relation to the multiple global processes playing out across the subcontinent, such as

1959:

world, while these cosmologies legitimated processes of globalization. This dynamic of inter-relation has continued to the present, but with changing and sometimes new and intensifying contradictions.

1770:, many contemporary theorists have critiqued secularization thesis, arguing that religion has continued to play a vital role in the lives of individuals worldwide. In the United States, in particular, 1266:, is as follows: "A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden – beliefs and practices which unite into one single 2776:

Glock, C. Y. (1972) ‘On the Study of Religious Commitment’ in J. E. Faulkner (ed.) Religion’s Influence in Contemporary Society, Readings in the Sociology of Religion, Ohio: Charles E. Merril: 38–56.

1146:

to justify this alienation. Christianity teaches that those who gather up riches and power in this life will almost certainly not be rewarded in the next ("it is harder for a rich man to enter the

1460:

thesis has been much critiqued, refined, and disputed, but is still a lively source of theoretical debate in sociology of religion. Weber also did considerable work on world religions, including

1233:. The more complex a particular society, the more complex the religious system is. As societies come in contact with other societies, there is a tendency for religious systems to emphasize 1118:. Thus, to propagate freedom means to present individuals with the truth and give them a choice to accept or deny it. In this, "Marx never suggested that religion ought to be prohibited." 3124:

Abrams, Daniel M.; Yaple, Haley A.; Wiener, Richard J. (16 August 2011). "A mathematical model of social group competition with application to the growth of religious non-affiliation".

1137:, "workers simultaneously lose connection with the object of labor and become objects themselves. Workers are devalued to the level of a commodity – a thing …" From this 3358:

Hjelm, T. (2019). Rethinking the theoretical base of Peter L. Berger’s sociology of religion: Social construction, power, and discourse. Critical Research on Religion, 7(3), 223–236.

2043:

Not only does religion shape large-scale social institutions such as government and social movements, it plays a part in families, race, gender, class, and age – things involved in

1594:

Rationalists see the history of modern societies as the rise of scientific knowledge and the subsequent decline of non-rational belief. Some of these beliefs, such as magic and

1339: 2386: 2281: 1210:

the Aborigines venerate are actually expressions of their own conceptions of society itself. This is true not only for the Aborigines, he argues, but for all societies.

3299:; Tuch, Steven A.; White, John Kenneth (2008). "Catholicism, Abortion, and the Emergence of the 'Culture Wars' in the U.S. Congress, 1971–2006". In Heyer, Kristin E.; 1880:

discourses we encounter in the times and places in which we live our lives. Thus, who we are, what we know to be true, and what we think are discursively constructed.

2794:

Küçükcan, T. (2010). Multidimensional Approach to Religion: a way of looking at religious phenomena. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 4(10), 60–70.

1313:, etc. Other sociologists have taken Durkheim's concept of what religion is in the direction of the religion of professional sports, the military, or of rock music. 1229:

It follows, then, that less complex societies, such as the Australian Aborigines, have less complex religious systems, involving totems associated with particular

1778:

has occurred at a high rate. While Africa could claim roughly 10 million Christians in 1900, recent estimates put that number closer to 200 million. The rise of

4517: 2377:

Andrew McKinnon (2010) "Elective Affinities of the Protestant Ethic: Weber and the Chemistry of Capitalism" Sociological Theory vol 28 no. 1. pages 108–126.

2368:

Bjørn Thomassen, Rosario Forlenza, Catholic Modernity and the Italian Constitution, History Workshop Journal, Volume 81, Issue 1, Spring 2016, Pages 231–251

2272:

McKinnon, AM. (2005). 'Reading ‘Opium of the People’: Expression, Protest and the Dialectics of Religion'. Critical Sociology, vol 31, no. 1-2, pp. 15–38.

1716:'s contribution was a twenty four-dimensional religiosity measure which includes measuring religiosity through six different "components" of religiosity: 1619: 5990: 6081: 1433:. Puritan theology was based on the Calvinist notion that not everyone would be saved; there was only a specific number of the elect who would avoid 1410: 1327: 8523: 2624: 2569: 8372: 2573: 1712:. Glock's first four dimensions have proved widely useful in research, because generally, they are simple to measure survey research. Similarly, 2785:

Verbit, M. F. (1970). The components and dimensions of religious behavior: Toward a reconceptualization of religiosity. American mosaic, 24, 39.

9429: 1333: 1628:

A diagram of the church-sect typology continuum including church, denomination, sect, cult, new religious movement, and institutionalized sect

3431: 9381: 6729: 3635: 439: 8417: 8344: 5515: 4616: 2410: 2305: 2092:

process. Example used are women's major role in family, childbirth , and death. These events keeps them "closer to religion than man".

1158:

and poverty in this life while cultivating their spiritual wealth will be rewarded in the Kingdom of God. Hence Marx's famous line – "

8217: 4594: 4510: 3640: 3244: 8668: 3102: 2423:

Pawel Zaleski "Ideal Types in Max Weber's Sociology of Religion: Some Theoretical Inspirations for a Study of the Religious Field",

2179: 1270:

called a Church, all those who adhere to them." This is a functional definition of religion, meaning that it explains what religion

8508: 8382: 8367: 3388:

Seale, C., & Charteris-Black, J. (2008). The interaction of class and gender in illness narratives. Sociology, 42(3), 453–469.

1991:, was viewed as a traditional cultural aspect that would eventually fade away. Scholars considered it a subject better suited for 1688:

is best known for his five-dimensional scheme of the nature of religious commitment. His list consist of the following variables:

1094:

As such, the crux of his arguments was that humans are best guided by reason. Religion, Marx held, was a significant hindrance to

3520:

Turner, Brian S., (2003) "Historical sociology of religion: politics and modernity." in Gerard Delanty, and Engin F. Isin, eds.,

2379: 1922:

The sociology of religion continues to grow throughout the world, attempting to understand the relationship between religion and

2274: 2014:

not only advanced the study of religion in Latin America but also contributed to understanding global religious transformations.

4009: 1397:– relief from suffering, and reassuring meaning. The pursuit of salvation, like the pursuit of wealth, becomes a part of human 464: 6307: 8528: 3439: 3425: 3400:

Gamson, J., & Moon, D. (2004). The Sociology of Sexualities: Queer and beyond. Annual Review of Sociology, 30(1), 47–64.

3223: 2978: 2953: 2890: 2865: 2545: 2239: 2080:

This phenomenon is explained by the Nature argument, Nurture argument and Role identity. According to the Nature arguments,

8993: 5985: 4503: 3687: 2007: 9111: 8392: 7988: 2024: 1441:

had God's approval and were among the saved – but only if they used the fruits of their labour well. This along with the

886: 483: 3645: 3343:

Kennedy, E. H., & Dzialo, L. (2015). Locating gender in environmental sociology. Sociology Compass, 9(10), 920–929.

1587:

cause misfortune because they think they are providing themselves with psychological reassurance, or to achieve greater

9321: 9051: 8933: 8387: 6967: 4879: 2436:

Giddens, Anthony (1991). Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age, Cambridge, Polity Press.

1388:. Human beings are troubled, he says, with the question of theodicy – the question of how the extraordinary power of a 1190: 1007:

in that it does not set out to assess the validity of religious beliefs. The process of comparing multiple conflicting

2077:

are reported only 47%. Women attend religious services at least once a week are 12% higher than men in United States.

9371: 8192: 5400: 4024: 3558: 3314: 3269: 2688: 2339: 2209: 1243: 825: 815: 519: 479: 3631: 2763: 9424: 6977: 3919: 2607: 2000: 1975:, according to Odgers, identifies three main periods in the development of a Latin American sociology of religion: 1637: 1522:

argue that all humans require reassurance that the world is safe and ordered place – that is, they have a need for

274: 1815:

or through state-sponsored secularization, are the main causes of drops in religiosity. Correspondingly, the more

9386: 9281: 8407: 8402: 8358: 7983: 6827: 6049: 5034: 4470: 4351: 4272: 3974: 3596: 3577: 2605:; Hampshire, Annette P. (June 1983). "Religious Sects and the Concept of Deviance: The Mormons and the Moonies". 926:(such as participant observation, interviewing, and analysis of archival, historical and documentary materials). 574: 359: 110: 23: 3621: 2907: 9606: 9241: 9066: 8339: 7353: 7294: 7181: 7060: 6992: 5378: 5016: 4935: 3732: 1408:) actually helped to give rise to modern capitalism, as he asserted in his most famous and controversial work, 1274:

in social life: essentially, it unites societies. Durkheim defined religion as a clear distinction between the

1103: 7473: 7348: 2537:

Darwin, God, and the meaning of life : how evolutionary theory undermines everything you thought you knew

9391: 8806: 8543: 8202: 8051: 7973: 7395: 6437: 5948: 4587: 3884: 2447: 2123: 1803:

shift from a religious period in human affairs to a secular period. Stark is well known for pioneering, with

1286: 840: 494: 3309:. Religion and politics series, ISSN 2637-6792. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. p. 141. 9449: 9251: 6459: 5167: 4400: 4366: 3543: 1275: 1015:

has described as inherent "methodological atheism". Whereas the sociology of religion broadly differs from

159: 125: 19: 7483: 9459: 9171: 9166: 8938: 7456: 7417: 6972: 6886: 6454: 6118: 4784: 4445: 4370: 3722: 3083:

Foucault, Michel (1977). The Birth of the Clinic: an archaeology of medical perception, London, Tavistock

1808: 1709: 1226:, which is the fusion of all of our individual consciousnesses, which then creates a reality of its own. 1143: 803: 129: 79: 7488: 7478: 1364:" to describe his method of interpretation of the intention and context of human action. Weber is not a 8232: 8177: 7873: 6613: 6108: 4779: 4721: 4458: 3373:

Pope, C., & Crow, G. (2007). Editorial foreword: What use is an editor? Sociology, 41(3), 397–399.

2085: 2032: 2006:

Second Period (1970s to Early 21st Century): This period saw a significant shift due to the increasing

1799: 1539: 820: 318: 6201: 2060:

tend to have larger families since the Catholic church is opposed to both contraception and abortion.

9484: 9273: 9131: 8583: 7466: 7245: 6876: 6506: 6029: 5161: 4913: 4750: 4705: 4356: 4029: 1519: 1302: 1121:

Central to Marx's theories was the oppressive economic situation in which he dwelt. With the rise of

1028: 810: 379: 249: 115: 7584: 4074: 2478: 1202:. His underlying interest was to understand the basic forms of religious life for all societies. In 646: 8988: 8948: 8903: 8693: 8683: 8488: 8237: 8062: 7998: 7968: 7858: 7623: 7532: 7500: 7461: 7373: 6270: 5495: 5431: 4901: 4886: 4580: 4561: 4541: 4440: 3979: 3788: 3680: 1903:

reported on a study by physicists and mathematicians that attempted to use mathematical modelling (

1701: 1567: 1543: 1241:

makes the individual seem more important (a subject that Durkheim treats extensively in his famous

1223: 369: 204: 5938: 9439: 9376: 9326: 9286: 9231: 8866: 8861: 8751: 8698: 8588: 8518: 8314: 8120: 8035: 7240: 7218: 7017: 6839: 6364: 5980: 5907: 5591: 4962: 4762: 4671: 4317: 4307: 4277: 3959: 3954: 3808: 3296: 3203: 1804: 1680:

Some sociologists of religion explore the theoretical analysis of the sociological dimensions of

1373: 1298: 934: 879: 619: 609: 579: 459: 444: 409: 329: 324: 224: 3650: 2683:, Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 525–544, 9306: 9201: 9161: 9141: 8998: 8973: 8878: 8851: 8801: 8771: 8761: 8678: 8643: 8628: 8613: 8568: 8503: 8172: 8103: 8008: 8003: 7744: 7667: 7429: 7311: 7235: 7032: 7022: 6881: 6849: 6787: 6758: 6265: 6260: 6044: 5925: 5885: 5670: 5011: 5006: 4986: 4982: 4546: 4302: 3984: 3944: 3820: 3798: 2331: 2081: 1775: 1653: 1641: 1563: 1345: 1310: 1259: 1199: 1004: 604: 534: 524: 504: 489: 419: 389: 309: 214: 9547: 9492: 9409: 9361: 9336: 9136: 8958: 8953: 8821: 8811: 8633: 8309: 8247: 8067: 7434: 7412: 7331: 7272: 6938: 6377: 6228: 5358: 4957: 4869: 4405: 4287: 4262: 4084: 4039: 3999: 3949: 3914: 3844: 3834: 3760: 3717: 3479: 3177: 2118: 1947: 1535: 1515: 1122: 1024: 919: 835: 660: 589: 564: 394: 354: 314: 299: 264: 237: 164: 6248: 6196: 3591: 3215: 2589:

Wilson, Bryan (1982). Religion in Sociological Perspective, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

2323: 1404:

Because religion helps to define motivation, Weber believed that religion (and specifically

9537: 9527: 9512: 9419: 9346: 9316: 9291: 9256: 9216: 9211: 9186: 9056: 8978: 8928: 8908: 8898: 8786: 8733: 8708: 8558: 8553: 8533: 8498: 8483: 8427: 8197: 8130: 8098: 7978: 7913: 7779: 7657: 7510: 7390: 7289: 7201: 7169: 7164: 7012: 6744: 6113: 5997: 5581: 5341: 4952: 4896: 4847: 4832: 4685: 4297: 4267: 4049: 3994: 3934: 3924: 3854: 3712: 3707: 3494:

Church and religion in contemporary Europe: results from empirical and comparative research

3143: 2319: 2138: 2128: 1972: 1931: 1927: 1811:, according to which societies that restrict supply of religion, either through an imposed 1697: 1580: 1523: 1290: 1115: 1073: 923: 830: 632: 599: 569: 404: 374: 364: 294: 279: 74: 69: 6312: 5194: 4114: 3094: 1039:

Classical, seminal sociological theorists of the late 19th and early 20th century such as

684: 8: 9542: 9517: 9497: 9474: 9401: 9351: 9331: 9246: 9236: 9191: 9151: 9106: 9101: 9091: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9061: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9003: 8913: 8888: 8766: 8756: 8718: 8688: 8673: 8658: 8648: 8638: 8603: 8598: 8548: 8493: 8468: 8412: 8269: 8252: 8140: 8135: 8125: 7993: 7794: 7707: 7652: 7628: 7515: 7400: 7358: 7153: 7002: 6630: 6422: 6297: 6076: 5863: 5748: 5676: 5566: 5487: 5314: 4967: 4791: 4637: 4415: 4139: 4019: 3969: 3874: 3864: 3755: 3673: 2171: 1934:, a Marxist approach. One of the differences between these theories is whether they view 1693: 1570:

approaches, arguing that these approaches fail to understand why believers in systems of

1547:

non-rational accounts of reality can be explained by the benefits they offer to society.

1476: 1159: 704: 449: 349: 187: 174: 3204:"From A Sociology of Latin American Religions to a Latin American Sociology of Religion" 3147: 2805: 9522: 9502: 9469: 9366: 9356: 9301: 9296: 9226: 9206: 9196: 9181: 9176: 9156: 9126: 9121: 9096: 9086: 9018: 8983: 8968: 8873: 8846: 8836: 8796: 8781: 8776: 8728: 8723: 8663: 8618: 8578: 8473: 8460: 8262: 8242: 8167: 8040: 7863: 7537: 7495: 7336: 7304: 7279: 7206: 7186: 7007: 6955: 6943: 6921: 6513: 6471: 6344: 6169: 6164: 6159: 5958: 5742: 5718: 5097: 5021: 4769: 4715: 4551: 4434: 4385: 4362: 4034: 4004: 3939: 3929: 3859: 3401: 3133: 3015: 2652: 2636: 2563: 2466: 1904: 1876: 1588: 1499: 1451: 1322: 1238: 872: 514: 509: 429: 384: 334: 304: 284: 144: 121: 6625: 6174: 5770: 5500: 4229: 780: 9579: 9573: 9507: 9464: 9454: 9444: 9434: 9341: 9261: 9221: 9146: 9116: 9008: 8963: 8943: 8918: 8893: 8856: 8841: 8816: 8791: 8703: 8653: 8608: 8593: 8573: 8563: 8538: 8478: 8422: 8182: 7958: 7554: 7525: 7449: 7444: 7405: 7343: 7299: 7284: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7196: 6931: 6817: 6583: 6553: 6533: 6354: 6149: 6130: 6125: 6039: 6002: 5723: 5638: 5561: 5459: 5449: 5417: 5405: 5373: 5350: 5332: 5228: 5083: 4991: 4977: 4940: 4928: 4757: 4676: 4628: 4380: 4312: 4292: 4169: 4104: 4079: 3964: 3778: 3554: 3435: 3421: 3310: 3265: 3219: 3159: 3074:

Gellner, Ernest (1974). Legitimation of Belief, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press

3019: 2974: 2949: 2886: 2861: 2806:"CAN RELİGİOSİTY BE MEASURED? DİMENSİONS OF RELİGİOUS COMMİTMENT: Theories Revisited" 2684: 2644: 2602: 2551: 2541: 2404: 2354: 2335: 2324: 2299: 2235: 2205: 2133: 1771: 1111: 1107: 732: 676: 656: 614: 594: 424: 414: 344: 194: 139: 7037: 6635: 6285: 6007: 4129: 2656: 1218:

face. We then express ourselves religiously in groups, which for Durkheim makes the

1177: 1040: 930: 696: 9532: 9414: 9311: 8923: 8883: 8831: 8826: 8743: 8713: 8623: 8513: 8377: 8329: 8324: 7883: 7848: 7821: 7579: 7564: 7439: 7363: 7213: 7191: 7099: 6960: 6739: 6702: 6558: 6543: 6491: 6275: 6255: 6223: 6218: 6189: 6184: 6096: 6086: 5895: 5859: 5851: 5822: 5735: 5655: 5650: 5613: 5603: 5529: 5467: 5309: 5146: 4996: 4654: 4410: 4234: 4184: 4119: 3989: 3909: 3889: 3803: 3740: 3211: 3155: 3151: 3007: 2628: 2143: 2020: 1951: 1713: 1689: 1685: 1126: 994: 986: 966: 784: 744: 688: 544: 499: 454: 399: 339: 254: 219: 169: 59: 7176: 929:

Modern sociology as an academic discipline began with the analysis of religion in

9583: 8207: 8187: 7677: 7569: 7559: 7228: 6896: 6687: 6667: 6598: 6563: 6496: 6280: 6206: 6179: 6154: 6091: 6054: 5842: 5785: 5556: 5073: 4874: 4800: 4740: 4695: 4664: 4390: 4244: 4239: 4219: 4194: 4109: 4094: 4044: 3894: 3879: 3869: 3783: 3745: 3304: 3259: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2620: 2028: 2001:

its formal dominance and special relationship with the state across Latin America

1910: 1872: 1840: 1828: 1774:

has remained relatively stable in the past 40 years. In Africa, the emergence of

1306: 1267: 1151: 1138: 1012: 962: 946: 938: 792: 788: 772: 752: 680: 668: 557: 529: 474: 434: 199: 149: 29: 3202:

Odgers-Ortiz, Olga (2020-06-08), Bada, Xóchitl; Rivera-Sánchez, Liliana (eds.),

1762:

relation to the processes of rationalization associated with the development of

8334: 8222: 8162: 7878: 7853: 7638: 7542: 7424: 7368: 7321: 6734: 6682: 6578: 6548: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6501: 6397: 6317: 6290: 6243: 6233: 5245: 4908: 4891: 4710: 4690: 4659: 4526: 4484: 4346: 4224: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4149: 4099: 3300: 3011: 2493: 2148: 2104: 2096: 1996: 1857: 1812: 1753: 1749: 1607: 1426: 1294: 1219: 1147: 978: 974: 907: 860: 776: 768: 764: 760: 712: 672: 259: 105: 5510: 4495: 9600: 8257: 7811: 7692: 7084: 7079: 7027: 6864: 6802: 6697: 6588: 6486: 6417: 6349: 6339: 6302: 6238: 6135: 6101: 6019: 5915: 5878: 5797: 5705: 5156: 5107: 4812: 4395: 4341: 4189: 4174: 4159: 4154: 4069: 3750: 3466: 2996:"Good on paper: sociological critique, pragmatism, and secularization theory" 2555: 2089: 2044: 1939: 1923: 1783: 1130: 997: 982: 942: 748: 736: 720: 716: 642: 154: 100: 6926: 2673:(2008), "Church-Sect-Cult: Constructing Typologies of Religious Groups", in 2095:

Marta Trzebiatowska and Steve Bruce argued there has been a time lag in how

1633: 1380:

For Weber, religion is best understood as it responds to the human need for

8397: 8299: 8155: 7843: 7838: 7816: 7806: 7687: 7119: 7054: 6997: 6982: 6948: 6573: 6481: 5477: 5368: 5363: 5214: 5184: 5058: 5026: 4774: 4745: 4732: 4179: 4124: 3829: 3389: 3374: 3359: 3163: 2941: 1984: 1885: 1795: 1767: 1603: 1234: 1215: 1020: 740: 692: 6620: 5265: 2648: 2535: 2084:

theorists argue that higher level of religiosity among women derives from

1421:, Weber argues that capitalism arose in Europe in part because of how the 8319: 8294: 8113: 8081: 8072: 8018: 7948: 7933: 7826: 7717: 7378: 7326: 7114: 6832: 6812: 6652: 6593: 6331: 6327: 6140: 5628: 5576: 5546: 5383: 5237: 5129: 5053: 4918: 4854: 4805: 4282: 4199: 4164: 4134: 3839: 3655: 3646:

A test of the Stark-Bainbridge theory of affiliation with cults and sects

3444: 2755: 1988: 1681: 1559: 1442: 1385: 1301:, for example, might be said to have its own set of sacred "things": the 989:. Contemporary sociology of religion may also encompass the sociology of 756: 728: 700: 584: 539: 269: 244: 7633: 7574: 6677: 6071: 5890: 5439: 2232:

Testing times : globalisation and investing theology in East Africa

1740:, and along four dimensions: content, frequency, intensity, centrality. 1624: 8285: 8280: 8150: 8145: 8108: 8086: 7943: 7923: 7918: 7759: 7749: 7712: 7316: 7094: 7042: 6782: 6427: 6407: 5943: 5868: 5807: 5571: 5551: 5472: 5124: 5092: 5063: 4842: 4837: 4822: 4375: 3849: 3793: 2713:. W. Ross MacDonald School Resource Services Library. pp. 651–652. 2616: 1935: 1758: 1595: 1584: 1481: 1446: 1398: 1365: 1285:

This definition also does not stipulate what exactly may be considered

1252: 1195: 1181: 1155: 990: 950: 289: 209: 134: 7124: 5963: 3611: 2640: 2512: 1999:

rather than sociologists. The primary focus was on Catholicism due to

1165: 949:

which served to distinguish sociology from other disciplines, such as

8227: 8023: 7938: 7928: 7799: 7754: 7739: 7672: 7520: 6987: 6909: 6869: 6859: 6822: 6797: 6777: 6672: 6538: 6392: 6382: 6144: 6064: 6059: 5970: 5780: 5765: 5730: 5713: 5695: 5608: 5388: 5304: 5283: 5278: 5255: 5250: 5209: 5204: 5141: 5078: 5001: 4972: 4923: 4864: 4817: 4144: 4089: 3696: 3660: 3344: 2057: 1992: 1782:

as a major world religion, especially its new-found influence in the

1763: 1737: 1729: 1575:

point of view of those who believe in them. People do not believe in

1434: 1405: 1394: 1361: 1248: 1088: 1060: 1048: 1044: 958: 954: 915: 708: 664: 51: 5660: 5189: 3606: 8030: 7774: 7764: 7619: 7109: 7089: 6916: 6792: 6647: 6211: 5933: 5873: 5792: 5700: 5687: 5665: 5645: 5623: 5618: 5598: 5538: 5505: 5444: 5288: 5273: 5151: 5112: 5068: 4859: 4796: 4700: 4603: 4530: 3607:

American Sociological Association, Section on Sociology of Religion

3483: 3306:

Catholics and Politics: The Dynamic Tension Between Faith and Power

3181: 3048:

Berger, Peter L. "Reflections on the sociology of religion today."

2632: 1900: 1816: 1721: 1599: 1465: 1461: 1389: 1381: 1052: 1016: 911: 37: 4479: 3138: 2743:. W. Ross MacDonald School Resource Services Library. p. 653. 2728:. W. Ross MacDonald School Resource Services Library. p. 652. 1352: 855: 8304: 7903: 7868: 7789: 7702: 7643: 7547: 7250: 7104: 6854: 6807: 6692: 6568: 6387: 5812: 5775: 5586: 5136: 5102: 4945: 4646: 4336: 3063:

Religions in the modern world: Traditions and transformations 336

2858:

Predicting religion: Christian, Peculiar & alternative Future

1725: 1571: 1430: 1321:

Max Weber published four major texts on religion in a context of

970: 961:(1864–1920) emphasized the relationship between religion and the 95: 33: 2202:

The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion

1278:, in effect this can be paralleled with the distinction between 1078: 8212: 8091: 8076: 7895: 7784: 7769: 7727: 7505: 7383: 6657: 6412: 6402: 6014: 5975: 5817: 5425: 5395: 5119: 2103:

Some religions are gendered social institution. Traditionalist

1733: 1717: 1705: 1422: 1095: 903: 6603: 3508:

Religion and Regime: a Sociological Account of the Reformation

2533: 1293:) have extended Durkheimian insights to talk about notions of 7908: 7682: 7662: 7647: 7223: 7049: 6844: 6707: 6662: 6642: 5802: 5199: 5045: 4827: 3261:

The Emerging Catholic Church: A Community's Search for Itself

1779: 1340:

The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism

1207: 1099: 1056: 1008: 3665: 3463:

1000 City Churches Phases of Adaptation to Urban Environment

1668:

antagonize their social world and/or are antagonized by it.

1087:

revolutionary upheaval of the capitalist system in favor of

7833: 7722: 5633: 4572: 3510:. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press. x, 295 p. 3456:

Trimming the Ark: Catholic Attitudes and the Cult of Change

1649: 1645: 1230: 1134: 918:. This objective investigation may include the use both of 3616: 1660:

with the secular world and are low-tension organizations.

1510: 7732: 7697: 6372: 5709: 3626: 3210:(1 ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 232–238, 3061:

Berger, Peter L. "Secularization and de-secularization."

1576: 1279: 1129:

witnessed and responded to the growth of what he called "

922:(surveys, polls, demographic and census analysis) and of 3515:

The new Blackwell companion to the sociology of religion

3485:

Globalization and Culture, Vol. 2: Globalizing Religions

3183:

Globalization and Culture, Vol. 2: Globalizing Religions

2995: 2994:

Dromi, Shai M.; Stabler, Samuel D. (18 February 2019).

1963: 1938:

as positive or problematic. However, both assumed that

1636:

among sociologists, religious groups are classified as

973:. Contemporary debates have centered on issues such as 4615: 3656:

Associazione Italiana di Sociologia, Sezione Religione

3295: 1247:), religious systems increasingly focus on individual 3208:

The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Latin America

2597: 2595: 981:, and the cohesiveness of religion in the context of 3641:

Hadden: Religion and the Quest for Meaning and Order

3402:

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110522

2038: 1942:

and capitalism would diminish the hold of religion.

1914:

making has shifted more into the individual domain.

1743: 1003:

The sociology of religion is distinguished from the

3420:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 3245:"Religion and Living Arrangements Around the World" 2064:organizations and into civic or secular religions. 1892:role of defining, promoting, and healing deviance. 1620:

Sociological classifications of religious movements

2971:Choice and Religion: A Critique of Rational Choice 2592: 3551:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 3384: 3382: 3354: 3352: 3123: 2601: 2356:The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1915) 1652:(now more commonly referred to in scholarship as 1411:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 1328:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 1237:to a greater and greater extent. However, as the 914:using the tools and methods of the discipline of 9598: 3501:Religion, culture and society: A global approach 3432:The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion 3418:Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments 3369: 3367: 2851: 2849: 2680:The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion 2625:London School of Economics and Political Science 2330:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 1926:. Two older approaches to globalization include 4525: 3612:Association for the Sociology of Religion (ASR) 3478: 3458:. New York: P.J. Kennedy & Sons. vi, 154 p. 3416:Christiano, Kevin J., et al., (3rd ed., 2016), 3176: 1613: 1289:. Thus later sociologists of religion (notably 1023:, theorists tend to acknowledge socio-cultural 3379: 3349: 2833: 2831: 2829: 1704:(sometimes subdivided into private and public 1360:In his sociology, Weber uses the German term " 1334:The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism 4588: 4511: 3681: 3364: 2885:. Seven Treasures Publications. p. 244. 2846: 2585: 2583: 1198:Frenchman, looked at anthropological data of 880: 3636:Center for the Study of Religion and Society 3617:Society for the Scientific Study of Religion 3449:The sociology of religion: A critical agenda 3434:. Oxford/New York. Oxford University Press. 3201: 2993: 2908:"The Idea of Pluralism in the United States" 2762:. Hartford Institute for Religion Research. 2568:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2234:. Milton Keynes: Author House. p. 230. 1214:our social life, and give that perception a 3902: 3492:Pickel, Gert, and Olaf Müller, eds. (2009) 3031: 3029: 2826: 2747: 1505: 1150:than it is for a camel to pass through the 4595: 4581: 4518: 4504: 3688: 3674: 3622:Sociological work of Moisés Espírito Santo 3339: 3337: 2962: 2934: 2580: 2572:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1606:. This rationalist perspective has led to 1222:greater. Religion is an expression of our 1055:and its effects on society. Like those of 887: 873: 58: 3137: 2540:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2491: 1598:, had disappeared, while others, such as 1188:In the field work that led to his famous 7152: 3390:https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508088835 3375:https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038507076613 3360:https://doi.org/10.1177/2050303219874392 3026: 2927:Stark, Rodney. "Secularization, R.I.P." 2445: 2359:: Translated by Joseph Ward Swain, p. 47 2229: 1623: 1351: 1164: 1077: 28: 8449: 3334: 3257: 2534:Stewart-Williams, Steve, 1971– (2010). 2326:Emile Durkheim: on morality and society 1511:Symbolic anthropology and phenomenology 9599: 3553:. Los Angeles: Roxbury Company, 2002. 3092: 3086: 2880: 2837: 2813:ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ İLÂHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ 2738: 2723: 2708: 2669: 2510: 2409:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2318: 2304:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2071: 1034: 8448: 7601: 7151: 4614: 4576: 4499: 3669: 3627:Association of Religion Data Archives 3488:. London, England: Sage Publications. 3216:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190926557.013.15 3197: 3195: 3193: 3039:. Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd, 2011. 2968: 2940: 2855: 2204:(1967). Anchor Books 1990 paperback: 1895: 4453: 3565:Religion in Sociological Perspective 3264:. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. 2948:(10th ed.). Thomson Wadsworth. 2803: 2760:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society 2348: 2172:"The Sociological Study of Religion" 1979:First Period (From the birth of the 1964:Latin American Sociology of Religion 1789: 1429:was interpreted by everyday English 945:populations, a foundational work of 4465: 1160:religion is the opium of the people 13: 8418:Religions and spiritual traditions 4617:Religious groups and denominations 3536:Secularization and its discontents 3410: 3345:https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12303 3190: 3105:from the original on 22 April 2018 2905: 2860:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 19. 2492:Blanshard, Brand (July 22, 2016). 2485: 2108:person in family decision-making. 1930:, a functionalist derivative, and 1867: 1191:Elementary Forms of Religious Life 993:(for instance, in the analysis of 14: 9618: 3571: 3095:"'Extinction threat' to religion" 2753: 2513:"Rationalism and Modal Knowledge" 2446:McGivern, Ron (6 November 2014). 2182:from the original on 2 March 2012 2039:Religion and the social landscape 2008:religious diversity in the region 1851: 1744:Secularization and civil religion 1244:The Division of Labour in Society 1172: 9578: 9569: 9568: 9382:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8524:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4478: 4464: 4452: 4429: 4428: 3522:Handbook of Historical Sociology 2766:from the original on 2013-10-11. 2608:The British Journal of Sociology 1917: 1529: 1454:became an aim in its own right. 1325:and his rationalization thesis: 1019:in assuming indifference to the 854: 22:. For the academic journal, see 7984:Evolutionary origin of religion 3661:Sociology of Religion Resources 3651:Verstehen: Max Weber's Homepage 3394: 3303:; Genovese, Michael A. (eds.). 3289: 3251: 3237: 3170: 3117: 3093:Palmer, Jason (22 March 2011). 3077: 3068: 3055: 3042: 2987: 2921: 2899: 2874: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2732: 2717: 2702: 2663: 2527: 2504: 2439: 2430: 2417: 2392:from the original on 2014-08-18 2371: 2362: 2287:from the original on 2014-08-18 1835: 1823: 440:Peace, war, and social conflict 24:Sociology of Religion (journal) 18:For the book by Max Weber, see 8340:Separation of church and state 6993:Polytheistic reconstructionism 3499:Singleton, Andrew, ed. (2014) 3430:Clarke, Peter B. (ed., 2009), 3156:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.088701 2312: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2223: 2214: 2194: 2164: 1675: 1554: 1297:, or the religion of a state. 1: 5949:Traditional Sabahan religions 3695: 3513:Turner, Bryan S., ed. (2010) 3454:Derrick, Christopher (1967). 2155: 2124:List of religious populations 4602: 3597:Resources in other libraries 3482:; Mandaville, Peter (2010). 3475:(Cambridge University Press) 3186:. London: Sage Publications. 3180:; Mandaville, Peter (2010). 1614:Typology of religious groups 1316: 1067: 20:Sociology of Religion (book) 7: 8193:National religiosity levels 7418:Nauruan Indigenous religion 6973:Hellenism (modern religion) 2973:. Oxford University Press. 2511:McLeod, Stephen K. (2009). 2111: 2050: 1809:theory of religious economy 1610:theories of various kinds. 1502:as pre-religious activity. 1206:, Durkheim argues that the 1154:…") while those who suffer 1144:ideological state apparatus 1051:were greatly interested in 10: 9623: 7602: 4352:Human environmental impact 3567:(Oxford University Press). 3529:Religion and social theory 3012:10.1007/s11186-019-09341-9 2425:Polish Sociological Review 1747: 1617: 1491:world-rejecting asceticism 1480:Weber distinguished three 1102:and misguiding followers. 1071: 111:Human environmental impact 36:praying in the streets of 17: 9564: 9483: 9400: 9272: 9017: 8742: 8459: 8455: 8444: 8353: 8278: 8049: 7957: 7894: 7612: 7608: 7597: 7160: 7147: 7072: 6895: 6877:Transcendental Meditation 6770: 6757: 6722: 6470: 6447: 6436: 6363: 6326: 6028: 5924: 5906: 5850: 5841: 5758: 5686: 5537: 5528: 5486: 5458: 5416: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5297: 5264: 5236: 5227: 5177: 5044: 4731: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4623: 4610: 4537: 4425: 4328: 4253: 4062: 3819: 3769: 3731: 3703: 3592:Resources in your library 3461:Douglas, H. Paul. (1926) 2883:Introduction To Sociology 1888:, as Foucault called it. 1856:Unlike Wilson and Weber, 1591:for their social groups. 1494:inner-worldly asceticism. 1303:flag of the United States 1125:, Marx and his colleague 1110:. The antithesis to this 1098:, inherently masking the 8509:Central African Republic 5496:Vietnamese folk religion 4887:Charismatic Christianity 4562:Theories about religions 3789:Structural functionalism 3527:Turner, Bryan S. (1991) 3506:Swanson, Guy E. (1967). 3496:(Springer-Verlag, 2009). 3471:Gellner, Ernest (1974). 3052:, no. 4 (2001): 443–454. 3050:Sociology of Religion 62 2931:, no. 3 (1999): 249–273. 2929:Sociology of religion 60 2230:Settimba, Henry (2009). 2056:For example, practising 1987:): Religion, especially 1813:state religious monopoly 1572:non-scientific knowledge 1506:Theoretical perspectives 1484:of religious attitudes: 1224:collective consciousness 205:Structural functionalism 8403:New religious movements 8036:Theories about religion 7989:Evolutionary psychology 7018:Modern Finnish paganism 4963:Independent Catholicism 4361:Industrial revolutions 3809:Symbolic interactionism 3126:Physical Review Letters 2838:Conley, Dalton (2019). 2739:Cooley, Dalton (2011). 2724:Cooley, Dalton (2011). 2709:Conley, Dalton (2011). 2617:Chichester, West Sussex 2498:Encyclopedia Britannica 2263:Christiano 2008, p. 125 2254:Christiano 2008, p. 126 2220:Christiano 2008, p. 124 1805:William Sims Bainbridge 1654:new religious movements 1299:American civil religion 225:Symbolic interactionism 120:Industrial revolutions 9052:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7033:Erzyan native religion 6882:Unitarian Universalism 6261:Native American Church 5007:Oneness Pentecostalism 3799:Social constructionism 3563:Wilson, Bryan (1982). 3473:Legitimation of Belief 2756:"Glock, Charles Young" 2448:"Chapter 15. Religion" 1961: 1629: 1488:world-flying mysticism 1357: 1311:Martin Luther King Jr. 1276:sacred and the profane 1260:definition of religion 1200:Indigenous Australians 1180:placed himself in the 1169: 1123:European industrialism 1104:Marx viewed alienation 1083: 1005:philosophy of religion 924:qualitative approaches 215:Social constructionism 40: 9607:Sociology of religion 9372:Saint Kitts and Nevis 8669:São Tomé and Príncipe 8529:Republic of the Congo 6730:Aboriginal Australian 5359:Chinese folk religion 4406:Social stratification 4288:Conversation analysis 3845:Cultural anthropology 3835:Comparative sociology 3761:Sociological practice 3583:Sociology of religion 3544:Sociology of Religion 3297:D'Antonio, William V. 3258:Roberts, Tom (2011). 3037:Sociology of Religion 2969:Bruce, Steve (1999). 2881:Cragun, Ryan (2008). 2856:Davie, Grace (2003). 2119:Economics of religion 1981:sociology of religion 1956: 1627: 1536:symbolic anthropology 1518:and some versions of 1516:Symbolic anthropology 1355: 1168: 1081: 900:Sociology of religion 590:Conversation analysis 165:Social stratification 32: 8994:United Arab Emirates 7780:Religious experience 7154:Historical religions 6114:Four Mothers Society 5516:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 4848:Schwenkfelder Church 3855:Historical sociology 3534:Warner, Rob. (2010) 2840:You May Ask Yourself 2741:You May Ask Yourself 2726:You May Ask Yourself 2711:You May Ask Yourself 2320:Bellah, Robert Nelly 2139:Religious conversion 2129:Religion in politics 1932:world-systems theory 1928:modernization theory 1524:ontological security 1458:The Protestant Ethic 1419:The Protestant Ethic 1291:Robert Neelly Bellah 1074:Marxism and religion 920:quantitative methods 902:is the study of the 9387:Trinidad and Tobago 9282:Antigua and Barbuda 8450:Religion by country 7506:Cult of Magna Mater 5986:Philippine Dayawism 5567:Nimbarka Sampradaya 5315:Chinese Manichaeism 4987:Jehovah's Witnesses 4792:Proto-Protestantism 4416:Social cycle theory 3875:Social anthropology 3865:Political sociology 3756:Sociological theory 3549:Weber, Max. (1928) 3538:(Bloomsbury, 2010). 3247:. 12 December 2019. 3148:2011PhRvL.107h8701A 2454:. BC Open Textbooks 2072:Religion and Gender 1477:Economy and Society 1035:Classical sociology 175:Social cycle theory 46:Part of a series on 9322:Dominican Republic 8368:Abrahamic prophets 7457:Proto-Indo-Iranian 5959:Aliran Kepercayaan 5162:Non-denominational 5084:Modernist Salafism 4770:Oriental Orthodoxy 4552:Religious literacy 4485:Society portal 4386:Social environment 4010:race and ethnicity 3860:Industrial society 3632:Religion resources 3000:Theory and Society 2915:Our Plural History 2603:Beckford, James A. 1905:nonlinear dynamics 1896:Other perspectives 1877:post-structuralist 1630: 1498:He also separated 1358: 1323:economic sociology 1239:division of labour 1170: 1084: 1029:religious practice 861:Society portal 484:History of science 465:Race and ethnicity 145:Social environment 41: 9592: 9591: 9560: 9559: 9556: 9555: 8544:Equatorial Guinea 8440: 8439: 8436: 8435: 7974:Cognitive science 7593: 7592: 7526:Mysteries of Isis 7300:Frankish paganism 7143: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7134: 6887:White Brotherhood 6753: 6752: 6718: 6717: 6119:Keetoowah Society 6020:Sundanese Wiwitan 5837: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5562:Brahma Sampradaya 5524: 5523: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5305:Assianism/Uatsdin 5223: 5222: 4992:British Israelism 4978:Nontrinitarianism 4941:Plymouth Brethren 4936:Nondenominational 4870:Congregationalism 4758:Eastern Orthodoxy 4706:Reconstructionist 4570: 4569: 4493: 4492: 4381:Social complexity 4313:Social experiment 4058: 4057: 3885:Social psychology 3578:Library resources 3440:978-0-19-927979-1 3426:978-0-7425-6111-3 3225:978-0-19-092655-7 2980:978-0-19-829584-6 2955:978-0-495-09344-2 2906:Norman, Richard. 2892:978-0-9800707-7-4 2867:978-0-7546-3010-4 2804:Küçükcan, Talip. 2754:Mauss, Armand L. 2547:978-0-511-90213-0 2241:978-1-4389-4798-3 2200:Berger, Peter L. 2134:Religious capital 1973:Roberto Blancarte 1790:Religious economy 1772:church attendance 1148:Kingdom of Heaven 1108:social inequality 1011:may require what 897: 896: 615:Social experiment 495:Social psychology 140:Social complexity 9614: 9582: 9572: 9571: 9450:Papua New Guinea 9425:Marshall Islands 9252:Northern Ireland 8457: 8456: 8446: 8445: 8330:Secular theology 8325:Secular humanism 7610: 7609: 7599: 7598: 7474:Ancestral Pueblo 7149: 7148: 6768: 6767: 6445: 6444: 5848: 5847: 5604:Shaiva Siddhanta 5535: 5534: 5468:Korean shamanism 5347: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5234: 5233: 5147:Mahdawi movement 5017:Swedenborgianism 4997:Christadelphians 4643: 4642: 4634: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4612: 4611: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4468: 4467: 4456: 4455: 4432: 4431: 4411:Social structure 4308:Network analysis 3900: 3899: 3890:Sociolinguistics 3880:Social movements 3804:Social darwinism 3741:Public sociology 3690: 3683: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3489: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3377: 3371: 3362: 3356: 3347: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3232: 3199: 3188: 3187: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3141: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3059: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3035:Dawson, Andrew. 3033: 3024: 3023: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2938: 2932: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2675:Clarke, Peter B. 2671:Dawson, Lorne L. 2667: 2661: 2660: 2599: 2590: 2587: 2578: 2577: 2567: 2559: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2408: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2329: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2176:hirr.hartsem.edu 2168: 2144:Secular religion 1952:Peter Mandaville 1714:Mervin F. Verbit 1686:Charles Y. Glock 1583:, or think that 1564:phenomenological 1264:Elementary Forms 1204:Elementary Forms 1127:Friedrich Engels 1106:as the heart of 995:secular-humanist 987:multiculturalism 967:social structure 957:(1818–1883) and 935:study of suicide 906:, practices and 889: 882: 875: 859: 858: 610:Network analysis 500:Sociocybernetics 490:Social movements 220:Social darwinism 170:Social structure 62: 43: 42: 9622: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9588: 9552: 9479: 9460:Solomon Islands 9396: 9268: 9172:North Macedonia 9013: 8738: 8451: 8432: 8393:Mass gatherings 8361: 8356: 8349: 8288: 8283: 8274: 8208:Religiocentrism 8188:National church 8056: 8053: 8045: 7960: 7953: 7890: 7812:Bodies of water 7604: 7589: 7374:Jamaican Maroon 7156: 7131: 7068: 6898: 6891: 6762: 6760: 6749: 6714: 6688:Trinidad Orisha 6473: 6466: 6439: 6432: 6359: 6322: 6308:Washat Dreamers 6031: 6024: 5920: 5902: 5829: 5803:Srilankan Vedda 5754: 5682: 5557:Sri Vaishnavism 5520: 5482: 5454: 5412: 5319: 5293: 5260: 5219: 5173: 5098:Twelver Shi'ism 5040: 4902:Neo-charismatic 4875:Presbyterianism 4727: 4619: 4606: 4601: 4571: 4566: 4533: 4524: 4494: 4489: 4477: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4391:Social equality 4324: 4323: 4322: 4249: 4063:Major theorists 4054: 3898: 3895:Urban sociology 3870:Rural sociology 3822: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3784:Critical theory 3779:Conflict theory 3765: 3746:Social research 3733:General aspects 3727: 3699: 3694: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3524:(2003): 349–63. 3413: 3411:Further reading 3408: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3365: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3335: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3301:Rozell, Mark J. 3294: 3290: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3256: 3252: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3200: 3191: 3175: 3171: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3056: 3047: 3043: 3034: 3027: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2854: 2847: 2836: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2752: 2748: 2737: 2733: 2722: 2718: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2668: 2664: 2621:Wiley-Blackwell 2600: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2561: 2560: 2548: 2532: 2528: 2509: 2505: 2490: 2486: 2474: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427:No. 3(171)/2010 2422: 2418: 2402: 2401: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2380:"Archived copy" 2378: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2317: 2313: 2297: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2275:"Archived copy" 2273: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2153: 2114: 2082:rational choice 2074: 2053: 2041: 2021:marginalization 1997:anthropologists 1966: 1920: 1911:Thomas Luckmann 1898: 1873:Michel Foucault 1870: 1868:Michel Foucault 1854: 1841:Bryan R. Wilson 1838: 1826: 1792: 1756: 1748:Main articles: 1746: 1684:. For example, 1678: 1622: 1616: 1589:social cohesion 1557: 1532: 1513: 1508: 1346:Ancient Judaism 1319: 1307:Abraham Lincoln 1268:moral community 1175: 1152:eye of a needle 1139:objectification 1076: 1070: 1037: 1013:Peter L. Berger 953:. The works of 947:social research 893: 853: 846: 845: 806: 796: 795: 723: 649: 635: 633:Major theorists 625: 624: 560: 550: 549: 240: 230: 229: 200:Critical theory 195:Conflict theory 190: 180: 179: 150:Social equality 91: 27: 12: 11: 5: 9620: 9610: 9609: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9576: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9489: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9406: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9278: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9242:United Kingdom 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9023: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8748: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8465: 8463: 8453: 8452: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8335:Secularization 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8315:Deconstruction 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8291: 8289: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8163:Fundamentalism 8160: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8057: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7900: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7641: 7639:Call to prayer 7636: 7631: 7626: 7624:Disaffiliation 7616: 7614: 7606: 7605: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7498: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7393: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7322:Greco-Buddhism 7319: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7282: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6903: 6901: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6765: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6683:Tambor de Mina 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6478: 6476: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6460:Guanche church 6451: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6365:Tibeto-Burmese 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6278: 6273: 6271:Nuu-chah-nulth 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6180:Muscogee Creek 6177: 6172: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6015:Sumbese Marapu 6012: 6011: 6010: 6005: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5936: 5934:Batak Parmalim 5930: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5856: 5854: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5773: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5543: 5541: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5422: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5246:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 5242: 5240: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5050: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4983:Bible Students 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4953:Restorationism 4950: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4909:Evangelicalism 4906: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4820: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4737: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4621: 4620: 4608: 4607: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4527:Social science 4523: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4347:Human behavior 4344: 4339: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4040:stratification 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3821:Related fields 3817: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3737: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572:External links 3570: 3569: 3568: 3561: 3547: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3476: 3469: 3459: 3452: 3442: 3428: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3393: 3378: 3363: 3348: 3333: 3315: 3288: 3270: 3250: 3236: 3224: 3189: 3169: 3116: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3054: 3041: 3025: 3006:(2): 325–350. 2986: 2979: 2961: 2954: 2933: 2920: 2898: 2891: 2873: 2866: 2845: 2842:. W.W. Norton. 2825: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2746: 2731: 2716: 2701: 2689: 2662: 2633:10.2307/590736 2591: 2579: 2546: 2526: 2503: 2484: 2475:|website= 2438: 2429: 2416: 2370: 2361: 2347: 2340: 2311: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2240: 2222: 2213: 2193: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2149:State religion 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2097:secularisation 2073: 2070: 2052: 2049: 2045:everyday lives 2040: 2037: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2004: 1965: 1962: 1919: 1916: 1897: 1894: 1869: 1866: 1858:Ernest Gellner 1853: 1852:Ernest Gellner 1850: 1837: 1834: 1825: 1822: 1791: 1788: 1754:Civil religion 1750:Secularization 1745: 1742: 1677: 1674: 1618:Main article: 1615: 1612: 1608:secularization 1562:object to the 1556: 1553: 1531: 1528: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1427:predestination 1318: 1315: 1295:civil religion 1220:symbolic power 1194:, Durkheim, a 1178:Émile Durkheim 1174: 1173:Émile Durkheim 1171: 1072:Main article: 1069: 1066: 1041:Émile Durkheim 1036: 1033: 998:belief systems 979:civil religion 975:secularization 931:Émile Durkheim 908:organizational 895: 894: 892: 891: 884: 877: 869: 866: 865: 864: 863: 848: 847: 844: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 807: 802: 801: 798: 797: 651: 650: 636: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 561: 556: 555: 552: 551: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 260:Astrosociology 257: 252: 247: 241: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 191: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 118: 113: 108: 106:Human behavior 103: 98: 92: 89: 88: 85: 84: 83: 82: 77: 72: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9619: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9595: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9575: 9567: 9566: 9563: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9485:South America 9482: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9392:United States 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9274:North America 9271: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9132:Liechtenstein 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8584:Guinea-Bissau 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8447: 8443: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408:Organizations 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8352: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8233:Vegetarianism 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8178:Homosexuality 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8048: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7999:Neurotheology 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7693:Folk religion 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7516:Imperial cult 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7085:Discordianism 7083: 7081: 7080:Anthroposophy 7078: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028:Mari religion 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6865:Neo-Theosophy 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6803:New Acropolis 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6756: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6469: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448:North African 6446: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6202:Kwakwakaʼwakw 6200: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5908:Austroasiatic 5905: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5879:Vattisen Yaly 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5798:Kirat Mundhum 5796: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157:Milah Abraham 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4813:Protestantism 4811: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4427: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4396:Social equity 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4342:Globalization 4340: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4278:Computational 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3920:consciousness 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3823:and subfields 3818: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3751:Social theory 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3559:1-891487-43-4 3556: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3503:(Sage, 2014). 3502: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3451:(Sage, 2013). 3450: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3330: 3318: 3316:9781589012165 3312: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3285: 3273: 3271:9781570759468 3267: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3246: 3240: 3227: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3132:(8): 088701. 3131: 3127: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942:Stark, Rodney 2937: 2930: 2924: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2705: 2692: 2690:9780199279791 2686: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2530: 2523:(122): 29–42. 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2494:"Rationalism" 2488: 2480: 2468: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2433: 2426: 2420: 2412: 2406: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2365: 2358: 2357: 2351: 2343: 2341:9780226173368 2337: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2307: 2301: 2283: 2276: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2217: 2211: 2210:0-385-07305-4 2207: 2203: 2197: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2090:socialisation 2087: 2086:risk-aversion 2083: 2078: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2048: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2031:, aging, and 2030: 2026: 2022: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1941: 1940:modernization 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:globalization 1918:Globalization 1915: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1833: 1830: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1794:According to 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642:denominations 1639: 1635: 1626: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1602:, had become 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1568:functionalist 1565: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1544:functionalism 1541: 1540:phenomenology 1537: 1530:Functionalism 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520:phenomenology 1517: 1503: 1501: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:surplus value 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1080: 1075: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983:globalization 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 890: 885: 883: 878: 876: 871: 870: 868: 867: 862: 857: 852: 851: 850: 849: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 826:Organizations 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 805: 800: 799: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 775: · 774: 771: · 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 731: · 730: 727: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 663: · 662: 658: 655: 648: 644: 641: 638: 637: 634: 629: 628: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 580:Computational 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 559: 554: 553: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 485: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 325:Environmental 323: 320: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 275:Consciousness 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 239: 234: 233: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 189: 184: 183: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 155:Social equity 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 101:Globalization 99: 97: 94: 93: 87: 86: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 66: 65: 61: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 44: 39: 35: 31: 25: 21: 16: 9594: 8989:Turkmenistan 8949:Saudi Arabia 8694:South Africa 8684:Sierra Leone 8489:Burkina Faso 8398:Names of God 8345:Unaffiliated 8300:Antireligion 8156:Universalism 8104:Assimilation 8013: 7969:Anthropology 7844:Supernatural 7839:Spirituality 7807:Sacred space 7795:Purification 7668:Denomination 7622: / 7430:Paleo-Balkan 7396:Mesopotamian 7236:Cook Islands 7207:Old Prussian 7120:UFO religion 7059: 7055:Zalmoxianism 6983:Neoshamanism 6840:Spiritualism 6723:Other ethnic 6612: 6438:Traditional 6398:Bongthingism 6286:Acoma Pueblo 6229:Mesoamerican 5926:Austronesian 5747: 5743:Neo-Buddhism 5675: 5671:Neo-Hinduism 5592:Swaminarayan 5430: 5379:Salvationist 5364:Confucianism 5215:Samaritanism 5185:Ali-Illahism 5166: 5033: 5027:Unitarianism 4968:Old Catholic 4775:Nestorianism 4733:Christianity 4720: 4686:Conservative 4556: 4542:Anthropology 4476: 4469: 4457: 4433: 4401:Social power 4303:Mathematical 4283:Ethnographic 4263:Quantitative 4030:small groups 4014: 3903:Sociology of 3830:Anthropology 3770:Perspectives 3582: 3564: 3550: 3542: 3541:Weber, Max, 3535: 3528: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3484: 3472: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3445:Davie, Grace 3417: 3396: 3329:Protestants. 3327: 3320:. Retrieved 3305: 3291: 3282: 3275:. Retrieved 3260: 3253: 3239: 3229:, retrieved 3207: 3182: 3172: 3129: 3125: 3119: 3107:. Retrieved 3098: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3062: 3057: 3049: 3044: 3036: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2970: 2964: 2945: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2914: 2901: 2882: 2876: 2857: 2839: 2816:. Retrieved 2812: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2759: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2704: 2694:, retrieved 2679: 2665: 2612: 2606: 2536: 2529: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2497: 2487: 2456:. Retrieved 2451: 2441: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2394:. Retrieved 2373: 2364: 2355: 2350: 2325: 2314: 2289:. Retrieved 2268: 2259: 2250: 2231: 2225: 2216: 2201: 2196: 2184:. Retrieved 2175: 2166: 2159: 2105:evangelicals 2102: 2094: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2042: 2017: 1985:World War II 1980: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1944: 1921: 1909: 1899: 1890: 1886:medical gaze 1882: 1871: 1862: 1855: 1846: 1839: 1836:Bryan Wilson 1829:Peter Berger 1827: 1824:Peter Berger 1800:David Martin 1796:Rodney Stark 1793: 1776:Christianity 1768:World War II 1757: 1710:consequences 1679: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1631: 1604:marginalized 1593: 1560:Rationalists 1558: 1549: 1533: 1514: 1497: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1457: 1456: 1439: 1418: 1416: 1409: 1403: 1379: 1370: 1359: 1344: 1343:(1915), and 1338: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1284: 1282:and humans. 1271: 1263: 1257: 1242: 1235:universalism 1228: 1216:supernatural 1212: 1203: 1189: 1187: 1176: 1120: 1093: 1085: 1038: 1021:supernatural 1002: 937:rates among 928: 899: 898: 811:Bibliography 725: 653: 652: 639: 605:Mathematical 585:Ethnographic 565:Quantitative 469: 250:Architecture 188:Perspectives 160:Social power 15: 9440:New Zealand 9377:Saint Lucia 9327:El Salvador 9232:Switzerland 9167:Netherlands 8939:Philippines 8867:South Korea 8862:North Korea 8752:Afghanistan 8699:South Sudan 8589:Ivory Coast 8373:Deification 8320:Objectivism 8295:Agnosticism 8248:Persecution 8238:Video games 8203:Populations 8114:Proselytism 8082:Monasticism 8073:Clericalism 8063:Agriculture 8054:and society 8019:Soteriology 7979:Comparative 7949:Transtheism 7934:Panentheism 7718:Monasticism 7511:Gallo-Roman 7413:Micronesian 7379:Manichaeism 7327:Hermeticism 7295:Continental 7290:Anglo-Saxon 7170:Paleolithic 7165:Prehistoric 7115:Scientology 6978:Italo-Roman 6833:Radha Soami 6813:New Thought 6653:Espiritismo 6594:Waaqeffanna 6534:Fon and Ewe 6472:Sub-Saharan 6355:Satsana Phi 6141:Ghost Dance 6082:Californian 6050:Anishinaabe 5976:Karo Pemena 5955:Indonesian 5629:Lingayatism 5577:Mahanubhava 5547:Vaishnavism 5478:Jeungsanism 5401:Folk Taoism 5384:Xiantiandao 5238:Zoroastrian 4897:Charismatic 4892:Pentecostal 4855:Anglicanism 4806:Waldensians 4741:Catholicism 4471:WikiProject 4273:Comparative 4268:Qualitative 4235:Baudrillard 4085:Tocqueville 3980:immigration 3955:environment 3840:Criminology 3480:James, Paul 3467:online free 3178:James, Paul 2818:21 December 2627:: 208–229. 1989:Catholicism 1682:religiosity 1676:Religiosity 1632:One common 1579:, practice 1555:Rationalism 1482:ideal types 1473:magnum opus 1445:implied by 1443:rationalism 1386:soteriology 1374:perspective 1258:Durkheim's 1025:reification 816:Terminology 785:Baudrillard 661:Tocqueville 575:Comparative 570:Qualitative 540:Victimology 370:Immigration 355:Generations 270:Criminology 9430:Micronesia 9307:Costa Rica 9202:San Marino 9162:Montenegro 9142:Luxembourg 8999:Uzbekistan 8974:Tajikistan 8879:Kyrgyzstan 8852:Kazakhstan 8802:East Timor 8772:Bangladesh 8762:Azerbaijan 8679:Seychelles 8644:Mozambique 8629:Mauritania 8614:Madagascar 8504:Cape Verde 8286:irreligion 8281:Secularism 8183:Minorities 8151:Toleration 8146:Syncretism 8131:Fanaticism 8121:Disability 8109:Missionary 8099:Conversion 8087:Ordination 8009:Psychology 8004:Philosophy 7944:Polytheism 7924:Monotheism 7919:Henotheism 7760:Orthopraxy 7750:Ordination 7713:Meditation 7708:Indigenous 7673:Entheogens 7658:Conversion 7484:Pueblo III 7401:Babylonian 7391:Melanesian 7317:Gnosticism 7202:Lithuanian 7095:Fourth Way 6949:Circassian 6927:Dievturība 6850:Tensegrity 6783:Falun Gong 6428:Sanamahism 6408:Donyi-Polo 5998:Polynesian 5944:Kaharingan 5869:Burkhanism 5808:Ravidassia 5786:Śvetāmbara 5572:Pushtimarg 5552:Krishnaism 5488:Vietnamese 5473:Cheondoism 5406:Yao Taoism 5342:East Asian 5108:Isma'ilism 5064:Maturidism 4843:Mennonites 4838:Hutterites 4823:Anabaptism 4716:Humanistic 4547:Psychology 4435:Categories 4376:Popularity 4329:Key themes 4293:Historical 4045:technology 3850:Demography 3794:Positivism 3465:; in U.S. 3322:8 February 3277:8 February 3231:2024-08-29 2696:2013-02-03 2458:2018-06-08 2396:2014-10-26 2291:2014-10-26 2156:References 1993:historians 1948:Paul James 1936:capitalism 1759:Secularism 1698:experience 1596:witchcraft 1447:monotheism 1399:motivation 1366:positivist 1253:conscience 1182:positivist 1156:oppression 1112:alienation 991:irreligion 951:psychology 943:Protestant 841:By country 595:Historical 520:Technology 460:Punishment 445:Philosophy 420:Mathematic 410:Literature 375:Industrial 365:Historical 290:Demography 210:Positivism 135:Popularity 90:Key themes 9548:Venezuela 9493:Argentina 9410:Australia 9362:Nicaragua 9337:Guatemala 9137:Lithuania 8959:Sri Lanka 8954:Singapore 8934:Palestine 8822:Indonesia 8812:Hong Kong 8634:Mauritius 8355:Overviews 8310:Criticism 8263:Sectarian 8253:Terrorism 8228:Theocracy 8173:Happiness 8141:Pluralism 8126:Education 8052:Religion 8024:Salvation 8014:Sociology 7959:Religious 7939:Pantheism 7929:Nontheism 7822:Mountains 7800:Sacrifice 7755:Orthodoxy 7745:Mythology 7740:Mysticism 7629:Behaviour 7538:Canaanite 7521:Mithraism 7489:Pueblo IV 7479:Pueblo II 7384:Mazdakism 7359:Hungarian 7332:Mysteries 7241:Dravidian 7023:Hungarian 6939:Caucasian 6910:Godianism 6870:Agni Yoga 6860:Theosophy 6823:Rastafari 6798:Modekngei 6778:Brahmoism 6771:Syncretic 6763:movements 6761:religious 6673:Quimbanda 6621:Candomblé 6614:Diasporic 6393:Bathouism 6383:Benzhuism 6298:Tsimshian 6249:Purépecha 6170:Longhouse 6145:Sun Dance 6077:Blackfoot 6065:Wabunowin 6060:Midewiwin 5981:Malaysian 5971:Kapitayan 5781:Digambara 5766:Ayyavazhi 5731:Vajrayana 5696:Theravada 5609:Ganapatya 5582:Ramanandi 5511:Hoahaoism 5389:Yiguandao 5284:Yarsanism 5279:Shabakism 5266:Yazdânism 5256:Zurvanism 5251:Mazdaznan 5210:Rastafari 5205:Mandaeism 5079:Wahhabism 5059:Ash'arism 5022:Tolstoyan 5012:Spiritual 5002:Mormonism 4973:Judaizers 4946:Quakerism 4924:Methodist 4914:Irvingism 4865:Calvinism 4818:Adventism 4801:Moravians 4638:Abrahamic 4557:Sociology 4298:Interview 4080:Martineau 3985:knowledge 3945:education 3940:economics 3697:Sociology 3447:. (2013) 3139:1012.1375 3020:151250246 2946:Sociology 2564:cite book 2556:668413625 2477:ignored ( 2467:cite book 2058:Catholics 2033:education 2029:migration 2025:ethnicity 1817:religions 1764:modernity 1738:community 1730:knowledge 1694:knowledge 1638:ecclesias 1435:damnation 1406:Calvinism 1395:salvation 1362:Verstehen 1356:Max Weber 1317:Max Weber 1249:salvation 1089:socialism 1082:Karl Marx 1068:Karl Marx 1061:Aristotle 1049:Karl Marx 1045:Max Weber 959:Max Weber 955:Karl Marx 916:sociology 910:forms of 657:Martineau 600:Interview 525:Terrorism 505:Sociology 450:Political 390:Knowledge 310:Education 52:Sociology 9601:Category 9574:Category 9538:Suriname 9528:Paraguay 9513:Colombia 9420:Kiribati 9347:Honduras 9317:Dominica 9292:Barbados 9257:Scotland 9217:Slovenia 9212:Slovakia 9187:Portugal 9057:Bulgaria 8979:Thailand 8929:Pakistan 8909:Mongolia 8904:Maldives 8899:Malaysia 8787:Cambodia 8734:Zimbabwe 8709:Tanzania 8559:Ethiopia 8554:Eswatini 8534:Djibouti 8499:Cameroon 8484:Botswana 8428:Timeline 8423:Scholars 8383:Founders 8243:Violence 8198:Politics 8068:Business 8031:Theology 7775:Prophecy 7765:Paganism 7653:Covenant 7620:Apostasy 7555:Scythian 7496:Rapa Nui 7450:Thracian 7445:Illyrian 7435:Albanian 7406:Sumerian 7349:Harappan 7285:Germanic 7280:Georgian 7273:Selk'nam 7258:Etruscan 7246:Egyptian 7224:Druidism 7187:Armenian 7110:Satanism 7090:Eckankar 7013:Estonian 6998:Romanian 6988:Ossetian 6968:Germanic 6917:Armenian 6906:African 6899:paganism 6828:Sant Mat 6818:Rajneesh 6793:Meivazhi 6788:Japanese 6745:Siberian 6678:Santería 6648:Convince 6514:Bushongo 6418:Kiratism 6345:Hmongism 6212:Wocekiye 6197:Jivaroan 6165:Iroquois 6160:Ho-Chunk 6109:Cherokee 6032:American 6003:Hawaiian 5916:Sarnaism 5886:Tungusic 5874:Tengrism 5864:Mongolic 5793:Sarnaism 5724:Nichiren 5701:Mahayana 5688:Buddhism 5666:Sant Mat 5656:Sauraism 5651:Smartism 5646:Shaktism 5639:Balinese 5624:Kaumaram 5619:Kapalika 5614:Kashmiri 5599:Shaivism 5539:Hinduism 5506:Caodaism 5450:Ryukyuan 5445:Tenrikyo 5440:Shugendō 5418:Japanese 5289:Yazidism 5274:Ishikism 5152:Quranism 5125:Khawarij 5074:Salafism 5069:Atharism 4958:Esoteric 4929:Holiness 4919:Lutheran 4880:Reformed 4860:Baptists 4833:Brethren 4797:Hussites 4785:Assyrian 4701:Haymanot 4655:Orthodox 4604:Religion 4531:religion 4446:Journals 4357:Identity 4240:Bourdieu 4230:Habermas 4225:Luhmann 4220:Foucault 4155:Mannheim 4130:Durkheim 4015:religion 4005:military 4000:medicine 3950:emotions 3935:deviance 3718:Timeline 3164:21929211 3103:Archived 3099:BBC News 2944:(2007). 2764:Archived 2657:31493695 2623:for the 2452:Religion 2405:cite web 2387:Archived 2322:(1973). 2300:cite web 2282:Archived 2180:Archived 2112:See also 2051:Families 1901:BBC News 1722:doctrine 1702:practice 1634:typology 1600:religion 1466:Buddhism 1462:Hinduism 1431:Puritans 1382:theodicy 1337:(1915), 1331:(1905), 1053:religion 1017:theology 963:economic 939:Catholic 933:'s 1897 912:religion 836:Timeline 821:Journals 789:Bourdieu 781:Habermas 777:Luhmann 773:Foucault 717:Mannheim 697:Durkheim 470:Religion 430:Military 395:Language 380:Internet 335:Feminist 319:Jealousy 305:Economic 300:Disaster 295:Deviance 238:Branches 116:Identity 38:Istanbul 9543:Uruguay 9518:Ecuador 9498:Bolivia 9475:Vanuatu 9402:Oceania 9352:Jamaica 9332:Grenada 9287:Bahamas 9247:England 9237:Ukraine 9192:Romania 9152:Moldova 9112:Ireland 9107:Iceland 9102:Hungary 9092:Germany 9082:Finland 9077:Estonia 9072:Denmark 9067:Czechia 9062:Croatia 9047:Belgium 9042:Belarus 9037:Austria 9032:Andorra 9027:Albania 9004:Vietnam 8914:Myanmar 8889:Lebanon 8807:Georgia 8767:Bahrain 8757:Armenia 8719:Tunisia 8689:Somalia 8674:Senegal 8659:Nigeria 8649:Namibia 8639:Morocco 8604:Liberia 8599:Lesotho 8549:Eritrea 8519:Comoros 8494:Burundi 8469:Algeria 8413:Outline 8378:Deities 8305:Atheism 8218:Science 8136:Freedom 7994:History 7961:studies 7914:Dualism 7904:Animism 7869:Worship 7849:Symbols 7790:Liturgy 7703:Goddess 7663:Deities 7644:Laicism 7634:Beliefs 7613:Aspects 7585:Zapotec 7580:Vainakh 7548:Yahwism 7533:Semitic 7462:Iranian 7364:Hurrian 7354:Hittite 7344:Guanche 7337:Orphism 7268:Fuegian 7263:Finnish 7251:Atenism 7197:Latvian 7182:Arabian 7125:Raëlism 7105:Jediism 7100:Goddess 7073:De novo 6961:Druidry 6855:Thelema 6808:New Age 6693:Umbanda 6584:Tumbuka 6569:Odinala 6554:Lugbara 6474:African 6440:African 6388:Bimoism 6378:Burmese 6224:Mapuche 6190:Wyandot 6150:Guarani 6131:Choctaw 6126:Chilote 6045:Alaskan 6040:Abenaki 5991:Tagalog 5964:Kejawèn 5813:Sikhism 5776:Jainism 5736:Tibetan 5719:Amidism 5587:Warkari 5501:Đạo Mẫu 5351:Chinese 5333:Eastern 5310:Roshani 5229:Iranian 5137:Alevism 5130:Ibadism 5103:Zaydism 4780:Ancient 4751:Eastern 4711:Renewal 4696:Karaite 4677:Zionist 4665:Hasidic 4647:Judaism 4629:Western 4459:Commons 4337:Society 4254:Methods 4245:Giddens 4210:Goffman 4205:Schoeck 4150:Du Bois 4115:Tönnies 4095:Spencer 4025:science 3995:leisure 3925:culture 3713:History 3708:Outline 3531:(1991). 3517:(2010). 3144:Bibcode 3065:(2002). 2677:(ed.), 2649:6883016 2517:Critica 1726:emotion 1585:witches 1534:Unlike 1471:In his 1349:(1920). 1262:, from 1196:secular 1116:freedom 971:society 904:beliefs 793:Giddens 791:· 787:· 779:· 767:· 765:Goffman 761:Schoeck 747:· 739:· 715:· 713:Du Bois 711:· 703:· 699:· 691:· 685:Tönnies 683:· 669:Spencer 667:· 645:· 558:Methods 535:Utopian 480:Science 425:Medical 415:Marxist 405:Leisure 315:Emotion 280:Culture 96:Society 75:Outline 70:History 34:Muslims 9584:Portal 9523:Guyana 9503:Brazil 9470:Tuvalu 9367:Panama 9357:Mexico 9302:Canada 9297:Belize 9227:Sweden 9207:Serbia 9197:Russia 9182:Poland 9177:Norway 9157:Monaco 9127:Latvia 9122:Kosovo 9097:Greece 9087:France 9019:Europe 8984:Turkey 8969:Taiwan 8874:Kuwait 8847:Jordan 8837:Israel 8797:Cyprus 8782:Brunei 8777:Bhutan 8729:Zambia 8724:Uganda 8664:Rwanda 8619:Malawi 8579:Guinea 8569:Gambia 8474:Angola 8461:Africa 8270:Wealth 8213:Schism 8168:Growth 8092:Priest 8077:Clergy 7896:Theism 7879:Nature 7874:Astral 7817:Groves 7785:Ritual 7770:Prayer 7728:Novice 7678:Ethnic 7603:Topics 7575:Urartu 7570:Tongan 7565:Somali 7560:Slavic 7440:Dacian 7219:Celtic 7214:Basque 7192:Baltic 7043:Udmurt 7008:Uralic 7003:Slavic 6956:Celtic 6944:Abkhaz 6932:Romuva 6922:Baltic 6897:Modern 6740:Papuan 6703:Voodoo 6658:Kumina 6599:Yoruba 6589:Urhobo 6559:Maasai 6544:Lotuko 6492:Baluba 6482:Akamba 6455:Berber 6413:Heraka 6403:Dongba 6281:Pueblo 6276:Pawnee 6266:Navajo 6256:Muisca 6219:Lenape 6207:Lakota 6185:Seneca 6175:Mohawk 6097:Ohlone 6072:Apache 6055:Ojibwe 6030:Native 5896:Manchu 5891:Evenki 5852:Altaic 5843:Ethnic 5818:Khalsa 5771:Kalash 5661:Śrauta 5530:Indian 5460:Korean 5426:Shinto 5396:Taoism 5369:Luoism 5195:Baháʼí 5190:Bábism 5142:Ahmadi 5120:Sufism 5113:Alawis 4763:Church 4691:Reform 4672:Modern 4660:Haredi 4318:Survey 4215:Bauman 4190:Nisbet 4185:Merton 4175:Gehlen 4170:Adorno 4135:Addams 4125:Simmel 4120:Veblen 4110:Pareto 4100:Le Bon 4075:Sieyès 3975:health 3970:gender 3960:family 3580:about 3557: 3438: 3424: 3313: 3268: 3222: 3162: 3018: 2977: 2952: 2889: 2864: 2687: 2655: 2647: 2641:590736 2639: 2554: 2544: 2338: 2238: 2208: 1983:until 1875:was a 1734:ethics 1718:ritual 1708:) and 1706:ritual 1690:belief 1452:profit 1423:belief 1390:divine 1287:sacred 1208:totems 1096:reason 1047:, and 1009:dogmas 831:People 769:Bauman 749:Nisbet 745:Merton 737:Gehlen 733:Adorno 726:1900s: 701:Addams 693:Simmel 689:Veblen 681:Pareto 673:Le Bon 654:1800s: 647:Sieyès 640:1700s: 620:Survey 545:Visual 455:Public 360:Health 350:Gender 340:Fiscal 330:Family 9508:Chile 9465:Tonga 9455:Samoa 9445:Palau 9435:Nauru 9342:Haiti 9262:Wales 9222:Spain 9147:Malta 9117:Italy 9009:Yemen 8964:Syria 8944:Qatar 8919:Nepal 8894:Macau 8857:Korea 8842:Japan 8817:India 8792:China 8704:Sudan 8654:Niger 8609:Libya 8594:Kenya 8574:Ghana 8564:Gabon 8539:Egypt 8479:Benin 8388:Index 8359:lists 8223:State 8041:Women 7909:Deism 7884:Place 7864:Water 7859:Truth 7827:Trees 7683:Faith 7648:Laity 7543:Punic 7501:Roman 7467:Vedic 7425:Olmec 7312:Greek 7305:Norse 7229:Irish 7050:Wicca 6845:Subud 6735:Inuit 6708:Winti 6698:Vodou 6663:Obeah 6643:Comfa 6626:Bantu 6579:Serer 6564:Mbuti 6524:Dogon 6519:Dinka 6502:Kongo 6497:Bantu 6423:Qiang 6313:Yaqui 6244:Olmec 6234:Aztec 6155:Haida 6092:Miwok 6087:Kuksu 6008:Māori 5939:Dayak 5860:Turko 5823:Sects 5759:Other 5714:Thiền 5298:Other 5200:Druze 5178:Other 5054:Sunni 5046:Islam 4828:Amish 4746:Latin 4441:lists 4195:Mills 4165:Fromm 4160:Elias 4145:Weber 4070:Comte 4035:space 4020:sport 3930:death 3723:Index 3284:1940. 3134:arXiv 3109:2 May 3016:S2CID 2911:(PDF) 2809:(PDF) 2653:S2CID 2637:JSTOR 2615:(2). 2390:(PDF) 2383:(PDF) 2285:(PDF) 2278:(PDF) 2186:2 May 1780:Islam 1650:cults 1648:, or 1646:sects 1581:magic 1500:magic 1231:clans 1135:wages 1100:truth 1057:Plato 804:Lists 753:Mills 729:Fromm 721:Elias 709:Weber 643:Comte 530:Urban 515:Sport 510:Space 475:Rural 435:Music 385:Jewry 285:Death 245:Aging 80:Index 9533:Peru 9415:Fiji 9312:Cuba 8924:Oman 8884:Laos 8832:Iraq 8827:Iran 8744:Asia 8714:Togo 8624:Mali 8514:Chad 8357:and 8284:and 7854:Text 7834:Soul 7723:Monk 7688:Fire 7369:Inca 7177:Ainu 7061:list 7038:Sámi 6668:Palo 6636:Ketu 6631:Jejé 6549:Lozi 6529:Efik 6507:Zulu 6487:Akan 6340:Ahom 6332:Miao 6330:and 6318:Zuni 6291:Hopi 6239:Maya 6136:Crow 6102:Pomo 5749:list 5706:Chan 5677:list 5634:Nath 5432:list 5168:list 5093:Shia 5035:list 4722:list 4529:and 4200:Bell 4180:Aron 4140:Mead 4105:Ward 4090:Marx 4050:work 3965:food 3915:body 3555:ISBN 3436:ISBN 3422:ISBN 3324:2020 3311:ISBN 3279:2020 3266:ISBN 3220:ISBN 3160:PMID 3111:2018 2975:ISBN 2950:ISBN 2887:ISBN 2862:ISBN 2820:2013 2685:ISBN 2645:PMID 2574:link 2570:link 2552:OCLC 2542:ISBN 2479:help 2411:link 2336:ISBN 2306:link 2236:ISBN 2206:ISBN 2188:2018 1950:and 1807:, a 1784:West 1752:and 1566:and 1538:and 1464:and 1384:and 1272:does 1251:and 1091:." 1059:and 985:and 941:and 757:Bell 741:Aron 705:Mead 677:Ward 665:Marx 345:Food 265:Body 8258:War 7733:Nun 7698:God 6759:New 6604:Ifá 6574:San 6373:Bon 6328:Tai 6303:Ute 5710:Zen 5374:Nuo 3990:law 3910:art 3634:at 3212:doi 3152:doi 3130:107 3008:doi 2629:doi 2332:191 2035:. 1995:or 1577:God 1425:in 1417:In 1280:God 1114:is 1027:of 1000:). 969:of 965:or 400:Law 255:Art 9603:: 8075:/ 7646:/ 6539:Ik 6350:Mo 4369:/ 4365:/ 3381:^ 3366:^ 3351:^ 3336:^ 3326:. 3281:. 3218:, 3206:, 3192:^ 3158:. 3150:. 3142:. 3128:. 3101:. 3097:. 3028:^ 3014:. 3004:48 3002:. 2998:. 2913:. 2848:^ 2828:^ 2811:. 2758:. 2651:. 2643:. 2635:. 2619:: 2613:34 2611:. 2594:^ 2582:^ 2566:}} 2562:{{ 2550:. 2521:41 2519:. 2515:. 2496:. 2471:: 2469:}} 2465:{{ 2450:. 2407:}} 2403:{{ 2385:. 2334:. 2302:}} 2298:{{ 2280:. 2178:. 2174:. 2047:. 2027:, 2023:, 1954:: 1798:, 1736:, 1732:, 1728:, 1724:, 1720:, 1700:, 1696:, 1692:, 1644:, 1640:, 1542:, 1468:. 1414:. 1401:. 1309:, 1305:, 1255:. 1043:, 1031:. 977:, 783:· 763:· 759:· 755:· 751:· 743:· 735:· 719:· 707:· 695:· 687:· 679:· 675:· 671:· 659:· 128:/ 124:/ 6616:: 6143:/ 5862:- 5712:/ 5708:/ 4985:/ 4799:/ 4596:e 4589:t 4582:v 4519:e 4512:t 4505:v 4371:5 4367:4 4363:3 3689:e 3682:t 3675:v 3214:: 3166:. 3154:: 3146:: 3136:: 3113:. 3022:. 3010:: 2983:. 2958:. 2917:. 2895:. 2870:. 2822:. 2659:. 2631:: 2576:) 2558:. 2500:. 2481:) 2461:. 2413:) 2399:. 2344:. 2308:) 2294:. 2244:. 2190:. 2003:. 888:e 881:t 874:v 486:) 482:( 321:) 317:( 130:5 126:4 122:3 26:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.