1180:, the sole American manufacturer of the drug, objected to the use of thiopental in lethal injection. "Hospira manufactures this product because it improves or saves lives, and the company markets it solely for use as indicated on the product labeling. The drug is not indicated for capital punishment and Hospira does not support its use in this procedure." On January 21, 2011, the company announced that it would stop production of sodium thiopental from its plant in Italy, because it could not provide Italian authorities with guarantees that exported doses would not be used in executions. According to a company spokesperson, Italy was the only viable place where it could produce the drug, leaving the US without a supplier.
746:
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898:(gas) agent. Inhaled anesthetics are eliminated relatively quickly, so that stopping the inhaled anesthetic will allow rapid return of consciousness. Sodium thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain unconsciousness during anaesthesia due to its rapid redistribution throughout the body (as it has a high
1037:. A very large dose is given to ensure rapid loss of consciousness. Although death usually occurs within ten minutes of the beginning of the injection process, some have been known to take longer. The use of sodium thiopental in execution protocols was challenged in court after a study in the medical journal
1088:
to weaken the resolve of a subject and make the individual more compliant to pressure. Barbiturates decrease both higher cortical brain function and inhibition. It is thought that because lying is a more involved process than telling the truth, suppression of the higher cortical functions may lead to
1069:
in the US, the United
Kingdom introduced a ban on the export of sodium thiopental in December 2010, after it was established that no European supplies to the US were being used for any other purpose. The restrictions were based on "the European Union Torture Regulation (including licensing of drugs
998:
Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia. Death is quick. A coma is first induced by intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg thiopental sodium (Nesdonal) in a small volume (10 mL physiological saline). Then, a triple dose of a non-depolarizing
966:
in reducing intracranial pressure. This phenomenon is also called an inverse steal or Robin Hood effect as cerebral perfusion to all parts of the brain is reduced (due to the decreased cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide) allowing optimal perfusion to ischaemic areas of the brain which have
1070:
used in execution by lethal injection)". From 21 December 2011, the EU extended trade restrictions to prevent the export of certain medicinal products for capital punishment, stating that "the Union disapproves of capital punishment in all circumstances and works towards its universal abolition".
1155:
receptor currents are increased by barbiturates (and other general anesthetics), ligand-gated ion channels that are predominantly permeable for cationic ions are blocked by these compounds. For example, neuronal nAChR are blocked by clinically relevant anesthetic concentrations of both sodium
921:
will have prolonged recoveries from sodium thiopental due to their lack of body fat and their lean body mass. Conversely, obese animals will have rapid recoveries, but it will take much longer for the drug to be entirely removed (metabolized) from their bodies. Sodium thiopental is always
1187:
confiscated an overseas shipment of thiopental destined for the states of
Arizona and Texas. FDA spokesman Jeff Ventura said in a statement, "Courts have concluded that sodium thiopental for the injection in humans is an unapproved drug and may not be imported into the country".
871:
within 30–45 seconds. At one minute, the drug attains a peak concentration of about 60% of the total dose in the brain. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body, and in about 5–10 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain that consciousness returns.
1395:. It was first used in human beings on March 8, 1934, by Dr. Ralph M. Waters in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia. Three months later, Dr. John S. Lundy started a clinical trial of thiopental at the
1241:, as do specific disease states and other patient factors. Among patient factors are: age, sex, and lean body mass. Specific disease conditions that can alter the dose requirements of thiopentone and for that matter any other intravenous anaesthetic are:
10030:
1204:
molecule. As with all lipid-soluble anaesthetic drugs, the short duration of action of sodium thiopental is due almost entirely to its redistribution away from central circulation into muscle and fatty tissue, due to its very high lipid–water
7485:
1050:
On
December 8, 2009, Ohio became the first state to use a single dose of sodium thiopental for an execution, following the failed use of the standard three-drug cocktail during a prior execution, due to inability to locate suitable veins.
950:, either secondary to trauma or following surgery, may benefit from this drug. Sodium thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity thereby decreasing cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO
9651:
8392:
1305:. Intravenous administration of sodium thiopental is followed instantly by an odor and/or taste sensation, sometimes described as being similar to rotting onions, or to garlic. Residual side-effects may last up to 36 hours.
9970:
8380:
1606:
The selection and use of essential medicines : report of the WHO Expert
Committee, March 2011 (including the 17th WHO model list of essential medicines and the 3rd WHO model list of essential medicines for
1983:
Abraham P, Rennert RC, Gabel BC, Sack JA, Karanjia N, Warnke P, Chen CC (December 2017). "ICP management in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials".
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obstruction. For these reasons, thiopental should only be administered by suitably trained medical personnel, who should give thiopental in an environment equipped to provide (respiratory) support, such as
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1062:
was the first in the state to use a single-dose, single-drug injection. His death was pronounced approximately one and a half minutes after the intravenous administration of five grams of the drug.
1047:
of executed inmates showed the level of thiopental in their bloodstream was insufficient to cause unconsciousness although this is dependent on different factors and not just on the drug itself.
7385:
803:. Despite this, thiopental is listed as an acceptable alternative to propofol, depending on local availability and cost of these agents. It was the first of three drugs administered during most
6335:
1729:
Bryson EO (December 2014). "The Abuse of Agents Used to Induce or
Maintain General Anesthesia: Intravenous Hypnotics and the Halogenated Hydrocarbons". In Kaye AD, Vadivelu N, Urman RD (eds.).
8388:
8376:
8234:
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the uncovering of the truth. The drug tends to make subjects verbose and cooperative with interrogators; however, the reliability of confessions made under thiopental is questionable.
8961:
3032:
211:
991:. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, where active euthanasia is allowed by law, the standard protocol recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma, followed by
1410:. These deaths, relatively soon after the drug's introduction, were said to be due to excessive doses given to shocked trauma patients. However, recent evidence available through
8981:
954:), decrease the cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide, which in turn decreases intracranial pressure. Patients with refractory elevated intracranial pressure (RICH) due to
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The usual dose range for induction of anesthesia using thiopental is from 3 to 6 mg/kg; however, there are many factors that can alter this. Premedication with
6462:
6452:
1460:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
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Washington State became the second state in the US to use the single-dose sodium thiopental injections for executions. On
September 10, 2010, the execution of
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1822:"Comparison of the Effects of Thiopental Sodium and Propofol on Haemodynamics, Awareness and Newborns During Caesarean Section Under General Anaesthesia"
1486:
Russo H, Brès J, Duboin MP, Roquefeuil B (1995). "Pharmacokinetics of thiopental after single and multiple intravenous doses in critical care patients".
11360:
8363:
2675:"[The relationship of age to the pharmacokinetics of early drug distribution: the concurrent disposition of thiopental and indocyanine green.]"
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higher metabolic demands, since vessels supplying ischaemic areas of the brain would already be maximally dilated because of the metabolic demand.
8328:
1209:(approximately 10), leading to sequestration in fatty tissue. Once redistributed, the free fraction in the blood is metabolized in the liver by
11517:
9736:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8514:
2432:"Intravenous anaesthetics inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated currents and Ca2+ transients in rat intracardiac ganglion neurons"
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7762:
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6325:
2514:
1953:
236:
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815:
banned the export of the drug for this purpose. Although thiopental abuse carries a dependency risk, its recreational use is rare.
2617:"Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite"
942:. It has now been superseded by drugs such as propofol because their effects wear off more quickly than thiopental. Patients with
11795:
9287:
8738:
1217:, 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-hydroxybutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, and 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-carboxypropyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid.
10180:
10015:
9429:
9262:
9197:
1164:
receptor is an inhibitory channel that decreases neuronal activity, and barbiturates enhance the inhibitory action of the GABA
12170:
10062:
3497:
3448:
2328:
2301:
796:
735:
12175:
7755:
1399:
at the request of Abbott. Abbott continued to make the drug until 2004, when it spun off its hospital-products division as
1457:
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2110:
260:
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1411:
1160:) ligand-gated ion channels, e.g. the neuronal nAChR, in mediating some of the (side) effects of barbiturates. The GABA
1424:, only 13 did not survive, and it is unlikely that thiopentone overdose was responsible for more than a few of these.
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8909:
7733:
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704:
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3465:
2353:
2139:
1797:"'Truth serum' drugs do exist. Here's how medicines like sodium pentothal and scopolamine can manipulate the brain"
1140:
712:
InChI=1S/C11H18N2O2S.Na/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15;/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16);/q;+1/p-1
354:
196:
2085:
12180:
11455:
11051:
9884:
2182:
1796:
1416:
1066:
894:, leading to a long period before consciousness is regained. Instead, anesthesia is usually maintained with an
886:
Sodium thiopental is not used to maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays
875:
A normal dose of sodium thiopental (usually 4–6 mg/kg) given to a pregnant woman for operative delivery (
12185:
9632:
8970:
8679:
6684:
1458:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"
1101:
and to "facilitate the recall of painful repressed memories." One psychiatrist who worked with thiopental is
1000:
1420:, which has suggested that this story was grossly exaggerated. Of the 344 wounded that were admitted to the
12155:
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10964:
8902:
8708:
7729:
3052:
2616:
1461:
1184:
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459:
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is added to their neurointensive care treatment. Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to
11145:
10259:
7453:
6564:
5002:
4652:
2479:
Franks NP, Lieb WR (November 1998). "Which molecular targets are most relevant to general anaesthesia?".
1421:
539:
2518:
1905:"Injury due to extravasation of thiopental and propofol: Risks/effects of local cooling/warming in rats"
1011:
but pancuronium bromide may be administered intramuscularly at an increased dosage level of 40 mg.
12110:
11469:
11195:
11065:
10052:
6574:
4757:
4571:
8550:
2811:
Pereda J, Gómez-Cambronero L, Alberola A, Fabregat G, Cerdá M, Escobar J, et al. (October 2006).
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528:
336:
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1679:
1648:
1601:
1573:
6589:
6584:
6579:
2344:
Pearlman T (December 1980). "Behavioral desensitization of phobic anxiety using thiopental sodium".
12055:
9685:
7146:
7142:
6315:
4734:
4548:
3181:
2813:"Co-administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary oedema in rats"
1176:
Following a shortage that led a court to delay an execution in
California, a company spokesman for
1128:
1127:
class of drugs, which are relatively non-selective compounds that bind to an entire superfamily of
852:
555:
3022:
1139:
channel is one of several representatives. This superfamily of ion channels includes the neuronal
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4602:
2591:"The FDA Confiscated A Supply Of Execution Drugs Texas Is Thought To Have Imported Illegally"
1903:
Shibata Y, Yokooji T, Itamura R, Sagara Y, Taogoshi T, Ogawa K, et al. (December 2016).
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remains conscious. However, larger or repeated doses can depress the baby's consciousness.
468:
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33:
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8:
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Bory C, Chantin C, Boulieu R, Cotte J, Berthier JC, Fraisse D, Bobenrieth MJ (1986). "".
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57:
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32:"Sodium Pentathol" and "C11 H17 N2 O2 S Na" redirect here. For the song by Anthrax, see
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Thiopental is famously associated with a number of anesthetic deaths in victims of the
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In addition to anesthesia induction, sodium thiopental was historically used to induce
844:
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106:
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2162:"Kenneth Biros Execution: Ohio Man First to Die Under 1-Drug Thiopental Sodium Method"
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and sloughing can occur if it is injected incorrectly into the tissue around a vein.
887:
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1534:"Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section"
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of 5.5 to 26 hours is quite long, consciousness would take a long time to return.
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2907:"From this point in time: some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia"
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1007:(Norcuron). The muscle relaxant should be given intravenously to ensure optimal
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1997:
1708:"Death Penalty Opposition: EU Set to Ban Export of Drug Used in US Executions"
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drug is given, such as 20 mg pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) or 20 mg
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administered intravenously, as it can be fairly irritating to tissue and is a
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World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)
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6639:
6609:
6558:
6485:
6177:
6167:
5939:
5934:
5924:
5919:
5849:
5674:
5664:
5556:
5516:
5481:
5461:
5446:
5431:
5366:
5361:
5346:
5316:
5311:
5296:
5242:
5232:
5088:
4990:
4985:
4895:
4798:
4749:
4684:
4612:
4563:
4508:
4503:
4309:
4226:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4132:
4028:
4018:
3950:
3864:
3806:
3791:
3693:
3653:
3643:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3598:
3409:
3391:
3342:
3236:
3231:
3101:
2996:
2979:
2846:
2828:
2797:
2788:
2632:
2496:
2465:
2447:
2062:
2005:
1938:
1855:
1653:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
1238:
939:
792:
174:
164:
7822:
3005:
2922:
2700:
2659:
2369:
1586:
1559:
1507:
12065:
12030:
12010:
11925:
11915:
11870:
11850:
11770:
11700:
11690:
11680:
11675:
11645:
11435:
11430:
11420:
11410:
11355:
11320:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11290:
11230:
11205:
11200:
11120:
10909:
10894:
10874:
10844:
10774:
10658:
10638:
10628:
10623:
10603:
10564:
10514:
10509:
10494:
10484:
10449:
10399:
10369:
10364:
10354:
10274:
10217:
10170:
10102:
10077:
10025:
9940:
9826:
9764:
9741:
9449:
9434:
9380:
9368:
9182:
9157:
9045:
9020:
8871:
8788:
8654:
8596:
8588:
8478:
8333:
8254:
8244:
8191:
8141:
8040:
8025:
7997:
7868:
7634:
7629:
7599:
7579:
7334:
7314:
7264:
7087:
7069:
7064:
7054:
7031:
7026:
6993:
6915:
6756:
6723:
6713:
6569:
6553:
6457:
6340:
6257:
6237:
6227:
6197:
6162:
6114:
6104:
6064:
6059:
6034:
6019:
5979:
5969:
5904:
5874:
5824:
5769:
5744:
5724:
5719:
5684:
5581:
5536:
5491:
5471:
5436:
5411:
5306:
5283:
5207:
5177:
5073:
5017:
5012:
4968:
4942:
4900:
4877:
4862:
4821:
4767:
4635:
4581:
4531:
4498:
4483:
4443:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4165:
4147:
4137:
4066:
4046:
4008:
3884:
3821:
3816:
3761:
3746:
3718:
3683:
3668:
3603:
3590:
3555:
3322:
3317:
3289:
3226:
3218:
3203:
3156:
2233:
2202:
2118:
1396:
1345:
1277:
1242:
1124:
1118:
1085:
1079:
943:
840:
823:
777:
149:
7699:
1731:
Substance abuse: inpatient and outpatient management for every clinician
1692:
1661:
917:. Since it is redistributed to fat, certain lean breeds of dogs such as
428:
12025:
12005:
11965:
11940:
11905:
11895:
11840:
11830:
11825:
11815:
11790:
11755:
11710:
11705:
11685:
11670:
11630:
11595:
11527:
11512:
11502:
11255:
11245:
11190:
11150:
11135:
10947:
10919:
10869:
10854:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10754:
10724:
10714:
10653:
10589:
10574:
10554:
10499:
10469:
10454:
10429:
10414:
10379:
10374:
10334:
10329:
10299:
10284:
10244:
10222:
10185:
10155:
10140:
10120:
9878:
9848:
9831:
9821:
9576:
9566:
9541:
9496:
9373:
9358:
9353:
9333:
9292:
9282:
9272:
9252:
9247:
9207:
9202:
9162:
9152:
9137:
9077:
9052:
8828:
8803:
8783:
8778:
8753:
8658:
8646:
8618:
8536:
8510:
8506:
8492:
8482:
8453:
8441:
8437:
8408:
8403:
8358:
8297:
8279:
8264:
8183:
8167:
8163:
8145:
8129:
8081:
8069:
8055:
7992:
7915:
7873:
7667:
7619:
7614:
7532:
7527:
7433:
7404:
7400:
7309:
7274:
7219:
7209:
7169:
7102:
6930:
6895:
6860:
6855:
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6799:
6728:
6689:
6649:
6634:
6614:
6604:
6543:
6538:
6528:
6495:
6477:
6373:
6320:
6285:
6232:
6222:
6192:
6187:
6124:
6099:
6054:
6029:
6009:
5989:
5984:
5974:
5954:
5909:
5899:
5884:
5844:
5839:
5809:
5764:
5759:
5739:
5729:
5709:
5704:
5694:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5586:
5441:
5356:
5351:
5237:
5227:
5202:
5068:
5041:
5031:
4952:
4932:
4905:
4840:
4816:
4811:
4694:
4689:
4679:
4669:
4630:
4625:
4536:
4478:
4463:
4274:
4180:
4076:
4056:
4023:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3960:
3942:
3927:
3874:
3869:
3831:
3826:
3801:
3786:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3723:
3430:
3404:
3399:
3381:
3366:
3348:
3332:
3136:
3106:
3096:
2409:
1615:
1499:
1298:
1269:
1266:
1039:
988:
918:
860:
856:
634:
439:
300:
144:
2810:
11865:
11860:
11835:
11810:
11805:
11775:
11725:
11715:
11695:
11565:
11350:
11345:
11335:
11160:
11140:
11130:
11125:
11080:
10744:
10734:
10692:
10618:
10608:
10534:
10529:
10489:
10464:
10459:
10409:
10384:
10314:
10289:
10279:
10254:
10249:
10239:
10115:
10000:
9985:
9965:
9950:
9945:
9836:
9661:
9656:
9602:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9439:
9348:
9343:
9318:
9227:
9167:
9147:
9142:
9132:
9122:
9097:
9025:
8987:
Tooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor
8856:
8813:
8798:
8793:
8664:
8608:
8604:
8497:
8428:
8368:
8308:
8303:
8269:
8179:
8175:
8116:
8106:
8085:
8031:
7935:
7902:
7657:
7609:
7604:
7589:
7547:
7542:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7448:
7344:
7329:
7269:
7254:
7239:
7059:
6970:
6925:
6890:
6880:
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6830:
6804:
6766:
6761:
6738:
6733:
6718:
6624:
6619:
6500:
6378:
6368:
6360:
6295:
6272:
6252:
6247:
6217:
6202:
6172:
6154:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6109:
6094:
6089:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6039:
6014:
5964:
5949:
5944:
5929:
5914:
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5889:
5879:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5779:
5774:
5749:
5679:
5659:
5629:
5551:
5486:
5416:
5406:
5371:
5268:
5172:
5078:
4872:
4762:
4729:
4664:
4576:
4541:
4493:
4336:
4289:
4096:
4081:
4071:
4061:
3970:
3932:
3922:
3914:
3899:
3856:
3846:
3841:
3811:
3766:
3703:
3638:
3425:
3312:
3284:
3274:
3246:
3131:
3126:
3116:
2430:
Weber M, Motin L, Gaul S, Beker F, Fink RH, Adams DJ (January 2005).
2114:
1820:Çakırtekin V, Yıldırım A, Bakan N, Çelebi N, Bozkurt Ö (April 2015).
1527:
1525:
1353:
1234:
1157:
1106:
394:
92:
1033:, thiopental is used in 34 states of the US to execute prisoners by
362:
sodium 5-ethyl-5-pentan-2-yl-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione
48:
12019:
11945:
11760:
11750:
11570:
11325:
11315:
11275:
11270:
11260:
11225:
11175:
11170:
11075:
10889:
10687:
10594:
10419:
10404:
10319:
10234:
10150:
10040:
9922:
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9843:
9705:
9571:
9469:
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8637:
8622:
8612:
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8469:
8459:
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8259:
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8101:
8060:
7925:
7714:
7647:
7624:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7505:
7479:
7339:
7299:
7279:
7259:
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7189:
7184:
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6960:
6910:
6875:
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6789:
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5217:
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4699:
4428:
4398:
4324:
4259:
4114:
4091:
4086:
4051:
3904:
3836:
3698:
3613:
3517:
3513:
3371:
3327:
3307:
3279:
3208:
3198:
3121:
2241:
2210:
2166:
1337:
1309:
1246:
1226:
923:
848:
800:
488:
419:
1522:
1320:, and does not show the allergic reactions of sulfa/sulpha drugs.
657:
12015:
11995:
11575:
11546:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11375:
11279:
11165:
11100:
11095:
10933:
10779:
10769:
10749:
10704:
10190:
9805:
9790:
9756:
9690:
9581:
9459:
9177:
9107:
9087:
9035:
8748:
8580:
8249:
8195:
8133:
8036:
7940:
7886:
7878:
7863:
7842:
7837:
7661:
7651:
7410:
7349:
7324:
7319:
7194:
7174:
7154:
6975:
6965:
6950:
6935:
6920:
6905:
6900:
6885:
6870:
6751:
6490:
6350:
5804:
5511:
5212:
5007:
4744:
4558:
4433:
4329:
4236:
3955:
3688:
3190:
1400:
1177:
1044:
808:
2472:
1097:
Psychiatrists have used thiopental to desensitize patients with
11605:
11425:
11235:
11020:
10809:
10709:
10082:
9813:
9795:
9772:
9067:
9062:
8576:
7894:
7850:
7594:
7557:
7179:
7132:
7003:
6985:
6945:
6629:
6427:
5058:
4210:
4106:
3299:
2890:(9). American Society of Anesthesiologists: 7–9. Archived from
1313:
1302:
1285:
1098:
880:
519:
2880:"The Investigator and His 'Uncompromising Scientific Honesty'"
11975:
10804:
10229:
10020:
9746:
9556:
9082:
9072:
8209:
6955:
5083:
4403:
3171:
2911:
The Journal of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
2722:
2614:
1819:
1281:
811:
objected and stopped manufacturing the drug in 2011, and the
648:
499:
293:
8969:
2615:
Winters WD, Spector E, Wallach DP, Shideman FE (July 1955).
2109:
Royal Dutch Society for the Advancement of Pharmacy (1994).
987:
Sodium thiopental is used intravenously for the purposes of
544:
10697:
10524:
10110:
10097:
9731:
9551:
9521:
9511:
9424:
9257:
9222:
9212:
9010:
8669:
8541:
8214:
6388:
3550:
2947:
History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist
2388:
1902:
1578:
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 16th list, March 2009
1156:
thiopental and pentobarbital. Such findings implicate (non-
851:, but may retain some popularity as an induction agent for
826:," although its efficacy in this role has been questioned.
479:
11033:
9935:
8155:
2917:(2). American Association of Nurse Anesthetists: 95–102.
2621:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2541:"US executions delayed by shortage of death penalty drug"
1678:
1647:
1600:
1572:
1485:
2423:
2263:"Controls on torture goods - Detailed guidance - GOV.UK"
1665:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
2645:
2234:"US lethal injection drug faces UK export restrictions"
1982:
1532:
Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ (June 1981).
1531:
1387:
Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early 1930s by
797:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
11456:
11052:
10227:
Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site):
5144:
822:, especially under the name "sodium pentothal," as a "
12108:
9633:
8680:
4923:
2417:
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
2203:"Drug sold in UK to be used for execution in Georgia"
2111:"Administration and Compounding of Euthanasic Agents"
879:) rapidly makes her unconscious, but the baby in her
843:
and has been used commonly in the induction phase of
3041:. Vol. 35, issue 4. June 18, 2008. pp. 957–968.
2672:
2648:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III
2566:"Key death penalty drug discontinued by U.S. maker"
2429:
2140:"Ohio executes inmate with 1-drug lethal injection"
1328:Thiopental should be used with caution in cases of
1826:Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation
1580:. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
1367:in rats. This pulmonary edema was not mediated by
776:(also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting
7697:Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators:
979:, thiopental may be used to terminate a seizure.
847:. Its use has been largely replaced with that of
12132:
2863:. Anesthesia History Association. Archived from
2747:. eMedicineHealth. 12 April 2009. Archived from
2078:"Anesthetic Management of Head-injured Patients"
867:, the drug rapidly reaches the brain and causes
407:
7777:
2294:
2029:"Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury"
2026:
1862:
958:(TBI) may have improved long term outcome when
795:. Sodium thiopental was a core medicine in the
379:
11951:Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
9885:
9870:
3512:
3074:
2405:"The LSD Therapy Career of Jan Bastiaans, M.D"
2183:"Killer on death row 16-1/2 years is executed"
2104:
2102:
807:in the United States until the US division of
12206:World Health Organization essential medicines
12151:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
12092:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
11006:
8955:
8839:
8726:
7763:
5130:
4527:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
3498:
3060:
2563:
2318:
1954:"TRAUMA.ORG: Critical Care: Barbiturate Coma"
1213:. Sodium thiopental is mainly metabolized to
1084:Thiopental is still used in some places as a
12087:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
2302:"Truth serum used on 'serial child killers'"
2020:
1976:
5146:
4916:
2971:
2099:
2033:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1868:
1055:was executed using the single-drug method.
839:Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting
11013:
10999:
10972:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators
8962:
8948:
7770:
7756:
5137:
5123:
3505:
3491:
3067:
3053:
2538:
2478:
1196:Thiopental rapidly and easily crosses the
581:
558:
447:
139:Intravenous (most common), oral, or rectal
11038:Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
10979:Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators
2995:
2980:"Thiopentone anaesthesia at Pearl Harbor"
2877:
2861:"This Month in Anesthesia History: March"
2836:
2787:
2769:
2690:
2515:University of Virginia School of Medicine
2455:
2288:"EU Council Regulation (EU) No 1352/2011"
2052:
1928:
1875:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 169.
1845:
1691:
1674:
1672:
1660:
1614:
1585:
1549:
1488:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
933:
467:
11581:Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
9391:
8928:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
7807:
2977:
2939:
2402:
2343:
2231:
2180:
2159:
995:to paralyze muscles and stop breathing.
744:
2673:Avram M, Krejcie T, Henthorn T (1990).
2588:
2321:The Howdunit Book of Poisons (Howdunit)
2027:Roberts I, Sydenham E (December 2012).
1293:. Other side-effects include headache,
1272:, thiopental causes cardiovascular and
554:
427:
12133:
11461:Tooltip negative allosteric modulators
11057:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators
10702:Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related:
1869:Gleason CA, Juul SE (12 August 2011).
1728:
1669:
1641:
1452:
1112:
913:, sodium thiopental is used to induce
572:
242:
10994:
9858:Other positive allosteric modulators:
9638:Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
8943:
8685:Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
7751:
5118:
5103:
3486:
3048:
3023:PubChem Substance Summary: Thiopental
2904:
1771:"Can a drug make you tell the truth?"
1686:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1655:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1609:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1363:and thiopental causes death by acute
1123:Sodium thiopental is a member of the
970:
527:
507:
254:
97:
8377:4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
8235:4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine
7738:GABA metabolism/transport modulators
5104:
2564:Welsh-Huggins A (January 21, 2011).
2323:. Cincinnati: Writers Digest Books.
2132:
1323:
1151:and others. Surprisingly, while GABA
178:
168:
83:Truth serum, thiopentone, thiopental
10599:Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:
8200:trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
7355:Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
2075:
1909:Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
1733:. New York: Springer. p. 115.
1637:. WHO technical report series; 965.
1391:and Donalee L. Tabern, working for
1375:but was due to increased pulmonary
1014:
818:Sodium thiopental is well-known in
487:
398:
13:
9163:Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)
8804:Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)
6418:11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain
2346:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1951:
1412:freedom of information legislation
14:
12217:
11666:Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
7165:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
4232:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
3016:
2142:. Associated Press. December 2001
1794:
1185:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
205:
117:
12118:
11022:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
2692:10.1097/00000542-199003000-00002
2354:American Psychiatric Association
2181:Sullivan J (10 September 2010).
1551:10.1097/00000542-198106000-00006
1237:will reduce requirements due to
1171:
1141:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
612:
606:
56:
47:
12046:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
11371:Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
11366:Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
10639:Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)
9586:Negative allosteric modulators:
9474:Positive allosteric modulators:
9297:Negative allosteric modulators:
9050:Positive allosteric modulators:
7585:Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
2933:
2898:
2878:Steinhaus JE (September 2001).
2871:
2853:
2817:British Journal of Pharmacology
2804:
2770:James MF, Hift RJ (July 2000).
2763:
2737:
2707:
2666:
2639:
2608:
2582:
2557:
2532:
2503:
2436:British Journal of Pharmacology
2396:
2376:
2337:
2312:
2280:
2255:
2232:Casciani D (29 November 2010).
2225:
2195:
2174:
2153:
2069:
1945:
1896:
1872:Avery's Diseases of the Newborn
1813:
1788:
1763:
1468:from the original on 2023-08-03
1260:
717:Key:AWLILQARPMWUHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M
692:.O=C1NC(=S)/N=C(/)C1(C(C)CCC)CC
9875:Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone
9183:Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)
9078:Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)
6534:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
3029:Thiopental in Lethal Injection
2984:British Journal of Anaesthesia
2978:Bennetts FE (September 1995).
2942:"Chapter 7: Illegal or Legal?"
2776:British Journal of Anaesthesia
2589:Solomon D (October 27, 2015).
2160:Martinez E (8 December 2009).
2045:10.1002/14651858.CD000033.pub2
1722:
1710:. Spiegel Online International
1700:
1594:
1566:
1479:
1446:
1417:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1073:
1067:execution of Jeffrey Landrigan
627:
621:
618:
600:
231:
218:
16:Barbiturate general anesthetic
1:
12082:Receptor/signaling modulators
11736:Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
10965:Receptor/signaling modulators
10814:Unknown/unsorted antagonists:
9378:Unknown/unsorted antagonists:
8971:Ionotropic glutamate receptor
8903:Receptor/signaling modulators
8844:Tooltip Glycine transporter 2
8754:Bitopertin (RG1678/RO4917838)
8731:Tooltip Glycine transporter 1
7730:Receptor/signaling modulators
6286:Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)
2489:10.1016/S0378-4274(98)00158-1
2319:Bannon A, Stevens SD (2007).
1439:
1191:
1092:
982:
834:
12171:Kainate receptor antagonists
8921:receptor positive modulators
7480:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)
6565:anabolic-androgenic steroids
5347:Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital
5152:receptor positive modulators
2308:. Reuters. January 12, 2007.
1739:10.1007/978-1-4939-1951-2_10
783:. It is the thiobarbiturate
7:
12176:Lethal injection components
11816:Methorphan (racemethorphan)
11146:Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
10663:NR2A-selective antagonists:
10195:Polyamine site antagonists:
9420:Acromelic acid (acromelate)
9006:Acromelic acid (acromelate)
6120:Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)
4758:Tetracyclic antidepressants
4572:Tetracyclic antidepressants
2539:Pilkington E (2010-09-28).
1921:10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.09.005
1427:
1312:of thiopental contains one
10:
12222:
11196:Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
9103:Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
7959:chlorobutanol (chloretone)
6448:5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin
2511:"Anesthesia and Analgesia"
1696:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
1382:
1116:
1077:
1018:
590:Chemical and physical data
31:
20:
12191:Drugs developed by Pfizer
12161:Glycine receptor agonists
12146:AMPA receptor antagonists
12141:Drugs developed by AbbVie
12074:
11988:
11449:
11045:
11031:
10956:
10045:Glycine site antagonists:
9631:
9389:
8980:
8894:
8837:
8724:
8707:
8678:
8074:pregnenolone (eltanolone)
8051:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
7805:
7788:
7723:
7373:
7141:
7078:
7045:
7012:
6984:
6698:
6640:Pregnanolone (eltanolone)
6519:
6476:
6387:
6359:
6271:
6153:
5595:
5282:
5183:Chlorobutanol (cloretone)
5158:
5112:
4961:
4914:
4886:
4853:
4833:
4779:
4735:Tricyclic antidepressants
4720:
4708:
4651:
4593:
4549:Tricyclic antidepressants
4517:
4454:
4442:
4371:
4219:
4156:
4123:
4105:
4037:
3984:
3941:
3913:
3855:
3732:
3589:
3541:
3529:
3443:
3418:
3390:
3357:
3298:
3265:
3217:
3189:
3180:
3087:
3038:Fordham Urban Law Journal
1998:10.1007/s00701-017-3363-1
1680:World Health Organization
1649:World Health Organization
1602:World Health Organization
1574:World Health Organization
1352:, or a family history of
1220:
1129:ligand-gated ion channels
749:Pentothal vintage package
725:
700:
680:
668:
646:
633:
594:
589:
570:
538:
518:
498:
478:
458:
438:
418:
393:
370:
350:
345:
335:
322:
312:
299:
287:
277:
269:
195:
190:
155:
143:
131:
105:
87:
79:
69:
64:
55:
46:
12056:Phosphatidylethanolamine
9933:Competitive antagonists:
9841:Polyamine site agonists:
9827:Neboglamine (nebostinel)
9396:Tooltip Kainate receptor
8910:GABA receptor modulators
7812:Tooltip Glycine receptor
7734:GABA receptor modulators
7644:sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
4320:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
2745:"Pentothal (thiopental)"
1464:(published 2023-04-04).
853:rapid-sequence induction
799:, but was supplanted by
21:Not to be confused with
11836:Morphanol (racemorphan)
11776:Laudexium (laudolissin)
11186:Desformylflustrabromine
10915:Pentamidine isethionate
10659:Traxoprodil (CP-101606)
9898:Epipregnanolone sulfate
8555:3β-androsterone sulfate
8551:3α-androsterone sulfate
4807:Atypical antipsychotics
4621:Atypical antipsychotics
2905:Lundy JS (April 1966).
2362:10.1176/ajp.137.12.1580
1838:10.5152/TJAR.2014.75547
1462:Diário Oficial da União
946:, causing elevation of
829:
10945:Allosteric modulators:
10880:Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)
10535:Pethidine (meperidine)
10156:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
10078:Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
9742:Apimostinel (NRX-1074)
9710:Glycine site agonists:
9542:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
9253:Licostinel (ACEA-1021)
9138:Mibampator (LY-451395)
8799:ORG-25935 (SCH-900435)
7988:Alkylbenzene sulfonate
7620:Retigabine (ezogabine)
6896:Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)
6463:7,8-Dihydromethysticin
6453:5,6-Dehydromethysticin
5332:Benzylbutylbarbiturate
4981:Chlorophenylalkyldiols
4789:Typical antipsychotics
4603:Typical antipsychotics
3027:Vassallo, Susi, M.D. "
2829:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706871
2483:. 100–101 (1–2): 1–8.
2448:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705942
1408:attack on Pearl Harbor
1373:pulmonary hypertension
1291:mechanical ventilation
1274:respiratory depression
1065:After its use for the
1001:neuromuscular blocking
956:traumatic brain injury
934:Medically-induced coma
900:volume of distribution
750:
12181:Nicotinic antagonists
12041:Glycerophosphocholine
10614:CO-101244 (PD-174494)
10330:Delucemine (NPS-1506)
10280:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
8872:Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
8172:diethyl ether (ether)
2306:Sydney Morning Herald
1422:Tripler Army Hospital
1377:vascular permeability
1359:Co-administration of
1207:partition coefficient
1078:Further information:
1019:Further information:
948:intracranial pressure
915:anesthesia in animals
865:intravenous injection
748:
12186:Organic sodium salts
12036:Dimethylethanolamine
11901:Rapacuronium bromide
11881:Pipecuronium bromide
11721:Gantacurium chloride
11681:Dizocilpine (MK-801)
11266:MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
11216:Ethoxysebacylcholine
10634:Radiprodil (RGH-896)
10609:Buphenine (nylidrin)
10186:Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
10001:Midafotel (d-CPPene)
9908:Pregnenolone sulfate
9832:Rapastinel (GLYX-13)
9623:Pregnenolone sulfate
9364:Pregnenolone sulfate
8567:pregnenolone sulfate
8547:Neuroactive steroids
8505:constituents (e.g.,
8465:Cyanotriphenylborate
8426:Negative modulators:
8349:N,N-Dimethylmuscimol
8275:Cyanotriphenylborate
8112:Tetrahydrocannabinol
8078:pregnenolone acetate
8066:Neuroactive steroids
8039:constituents (e.g.,
7948:Positive modulators:
7675:constituents (e.g.,
7459:Deuterated etifoxine
6521:Neuroactive steroids
6491:Apronal (apronalide)
6343:constituents (e.g.,
5960:N-Desalkylflurazepam
4938:Gabapentin enacarbil
3986:Neuroactive steroids
3956:Apronal (apronalide)
3392:Neuroactive steroids
3359:Arylcyclohexylamines
2997:10.1093/bja/75.3.366
2940:Thatcher VS (1953).
2789:10.1093/bja/85.1.143
2392:. February 24, 1958.
2082:www.amcresidents.com
1986:Acta Neurochirurgica
1414:was reviewed in the
1183:In October 2015 the
227:(Psychoactive drugs)
34:Sound of White Noise
12156:General anesthetics
12051:Phosphatidylcholine
11936:Threohydrobupropion
11921:Stercuronium iodide
11856:Pancuronium bromide
9865:-Hydroxycholesterol
9676:Homoquinolinic acid
9649:Main site agonists:
9407:Main site agonists:
9001:5-Fluorowillardiine
8998:Main site agonists:
8559:deoxycorticosterone
8339:N-Methylbicuculline
7468:dihydroergocryptine
6780:Pyrazolopyrimidines
6438:5,6-Dihydroyangonin
6423:7,8-Dihydroyangonin
5610:3-Hydroxyphenazepam
5452:Methylphenobarbital
3076:General anesthetics
2950:. J.B. Lippincott.
2403:Snelders S (1998).
1393:Abbott Laboratories
1265:As with nearly all
1211:zero-order kinetics
1198:blood–brain barrier
1113:Mechanism of action
1027:pancuronium bromide
993:pancuronium bromide
911:veterinary medicine
791:, and an analog of
762:Abbott Laboratories
386:76-75-5 (free acid)
214:(Prescription only)
75:Pentothal, Trapanal
43:
11971:Vecuronium bromide
11911:Rocuronium bromide
11821:Methyllycaconitine
11746:Hydroxynorketamine
11641:Dextropropoxyphene
11626:Dehydronorketamine
11616:Dacuronium bromide
10213:Diethylenetriamine
9892:prasterone sulfate
9667:Homocysteic acid (
9410:5-Bromowillardiine
8769:Glycyldodecylamide
8373:4-hydroxyquinoline
8344:N-Methylstrychnine
7562:4-O-methylhonokiol
7225:Dichloralphenazone
7123:Methylmethaqualone
6700:Nonbenzodiazepines
6413:Desmethoxyyangonin
6408:11-Hydroxyyangonin
6403:11-Methoxyyangonin
6398:10-Methoxyyangonin
5785:Ethyl carfluzepate
5387:Cyclopentobarbital
5003:Diethylpropanediol
4285:Dichloralphenazone
4201:Methylmethaqualone
4039:Nonbenzodiazepines
3566:Diethylpropanediol
3470:Never to phase III
2751:on 18 January 2015
2725:. 15 November 2021
2481:Toxicology Letters
1500:10.1007/BF00192371
1389:Ernest H. Volwiler
1350:breathing disorder
1316:atom, it is not a
1295:agitated emergence
1031:potassium chloride
1005:vecuronium bromide
977:status epilepticus
971:Status epilepticus
896:inhaled anesthetic
845:general anesthesia
781:general anesthetic
751:
337:Duration of action
39:
12106:
12105:
12100:
12099:
12061:Phosphorylcholine
11999:
11984:
11983:
11781:Levacetylmethadol
11661:Dihydrochandonium
11541:sodium thiopental
11211:Ethanol (alcohol)
10988:
10987:
10839:
10795:Trichloroethylene
10740:Ethanol (alcohol)
10105:
10048:4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)
9816:
9808:
9775:
9767:
9759:
9716:
9701:Tetrazolylglycine
9670:
9608:Ethanol (alcohol)
9597:sodium thiopental
9415:5-Iodowillardiine
9324:Ethanol (alcohol)
9308:sodium thiopental
8937:
8936:
8890:
8889:
8862:Ethanol (alcohol)
8764:Ethanol (alcohol)
8718:
8703:
8702:
8324:Isonipecotic acid
8230:2-Nitrostrychnine
8225:2-Aminostrychnine
8204:trichloroethylene
8006:sodium thiopental
7963:ethanol (alcohol)
7905:
7897:
7889:
7881:
7853:
7845:
7799:
7745:
7744:
7705:MRK-409 (MK-0343)
7476:dihydroergotamine
7419:potassium bromide
7413:compounds (e.g.,
7360:Trichloroethylene
7128:Nitromethaqualone
7047:Pyrazolopyridines
6549:3α-Androstanediol
6443:7,8-Dihydrokavain
5795:Ethyl loflazepate
5572:Thiotetrabarbital
5188:Ethanol (alcohol)
5097:
5096:
4849:
4848:
4647:
4646:
4367:
4366:
4248:Potassium bromide
4206:Nitromethaqualone
3714:Thiotetrabarbital
3561:Ethanol (alcohol)
3480:
3479:
3439:
3438:
3257:Thiotetrabarbital
3162:Trichloroethylene
2384:"Drugged Future?"
2330:978-1-58297-456-9
2213:. 24 January 2011
2188:The Seattle Times
1992:(12): 2279–2287.
1964:on 19 August 2016
1334:Addison's disease
1324:Contraindications
877:caesarean section
805:lethal injections
754:Sodium thiopental
743:
742:
659:Interactive image
540:CompTox Dashboard
258:
246:
234:
222:
209:
121:
41:Sodium thiopental
12213:
12201:Thiobarbiturates
12123:
12122:
12121:
12114:
11993:
11931:Thiocolchicoside
11741:Hydroxybupropion
11636:Dextromethorphan
11508:Allopregnanolone
11462:
11458:
11361:Suberyldicholine
11071:6-Chloronicotine
11058:
11054:
11043:
11042:
11039:
11035:
11015:
11008:
11001:
10992:
10991:
10837:
10790:Trichloroethanol
10350:Dextromethorphan
10103:
9887:
9876:
9872:
9814:
9806:
9773:
9765:
9757:
9714:
9668:
9639:
9635:
9397:
9393:
9228:Fanapanel (MPQX)
8988:
8984:
8964:
8957:
8950:
8941:
8940:
8845:
8841:
8732:
8728:
8722:
8721:
8712:
8686:
8682:
8585:dextromethorphan
8475:Dihydropyridines
8414:Thiocolchicoside
8364:Pseudostrychnine
8304:Gaboxadol (THIP)
8298:anandamide (AEA)
8290:Endocannabinoids
8022:Dihydropyridines
7982:trifluoroethanol
7978:trichloroethanol
7903:
7895:
7887:
7879:
7851:
7843:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7793:
7779:Glycine receptor
7772:
7765:
7758:
7749:
7748:
7464:Dihydroergolines
7381:3-Hydroxybutanal
7014:Piperidinediones
6747:Imidazopyridines
6281:6-Methylapigenin
6213:Hydroxyphenamate
6085:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
5790:Ethyl dirazepate
5670:Chlordiazepoxide
5562:Thiobutabarbital
5274:Trifluoroethanol
5264:Trichloroethanol
5254:-Pentanol (2M2B)
5148:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5116:
5115:
5106:Pharmacodynamics
5101:
5100:
5022:muscle relaxants
4925:
4922:
4718:
4717:
4452:
4451:
4389:4-Fluorophenibut
4125:Piperidinediones
3999:Allopregnanolone
3581:Trichloroethanol
3539:
3538:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3187:
3186:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2960:. Archived from
2937:
2931:
2930:
2925:. Archived from
2902:
2896:
2895:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2517:. Archived from
2507:
2501:
2500:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2117:. Archived from
2106:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2084:. Archived from
2073:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2039:(12): CD000033.
2024:
2018:
2017:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1960:. Archived from
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1801:Business Insider
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1618:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1450:
1149:glycine receptor
1060:Cal Coburn Brown
1035:lethal injection
1021:Lethal injection
1015:Lethal injection
960:barbiturate coma
892:pharmacokinetics
760:(a trademark of
758:Sodium Pentothal
756:, also known as
739:
738:
731:
661:
641:
629:
623:
620:
614:
608:
602:
585:
574:
563:
562:
548:
546:
531:
511:
491:
471:
451:
431:
411:
401:
400:
383:
327:
256:
253:
244:
241:
233:
230:
220:
217:
207:
204:
182:
172:
119:
116:
101:
60:
51:
44:
42:
38:
12221:
12220:
12216:
12215:
12214:
12212:
12211:
12210:
12131:
12130:
12129:
12119:
12117:
12109:
12107:
12102:
12101:
12096:
12070:
11992:
11980:
11586:Chlorisondamine
11460:
11453:
11445:
11056:
11049:
11037:
11027:
11019:
10989:
10984:
10952:
10850:Flufenamic acid
10785:Trichloroethane
10560:Rhynchophylline
10480:Methoxphenidine
10445:Levomilnacipran
10345:Dextromethadone
10270:α-Endopsychosin
9874:
9786:Dimethylglycine
9696:Quinolinic acid
9637:
9627:
9465:Quisqualic acid
9395:
9385:
9041:Quisqualic acid
8986:
8976:
8968:
8938:
8933:
8920:
8886:
8843:
8833:
8744:ALX-5407 (NFPS)
8730:
8711:
8699:
8684:
8674:
8434:Benzodiazepines
8319:Isobutyric acid
8160:chloral hydrate
8012:Chlormethiazole
7974:tribromoethanol
7970:-butanol (2M2P)
7811:
7792:
7784:
7776:
7746:
7741:
7719:
7677:isovaleric acid
7640:Sulfonylalkanes
7538:Hopantenic acid
7522:tolfenamic acid
7510:flufenamic acid
7472:dihydroergosine
7415:lithium bromide
7374:Others/unsorted
7369:
7230:Dichloromethane
7205:Chloral hydrate
7200:Chloral betaine
7137:
7074:
7041:
7008:
6980:
6709:Cyclopyrrolones
6694:
6600:Etiocholanolone
6515:
6472:
6433:5-Hydroxykavain
6383:
6355:
6267:
6149:
5597:Benzodiazepines
5591:
5402:Ethallobarbital
5397:Enallylpropymal
5278:
5259:Tribromoethanol
5246:-Butanol (2M2P)
5192:alcoholic drink
5154:
5151:
5143:
5108:
5098:
5093:
4957:
4920:
4910:
4882:
4845:
4829:
4775:
4722:Antidepressants
4713:
4704:
4675:Dexmedetomidine
4656:
4643:
4589:
4519:Antidepressants
4513:
4474:Diphenhydramine
4447:
4438:
4376:
4363:
4352:Isovaleric acid
4315:Sulfonylalkanes
4270:Chloral hydrate
4265:Chloral betaine
4243:Lithium bromide
4215:
4152:
4119:
4101:
4033:
3980:
3937:
3909:
3851:
3734:Benzodiazepines
3728:
3634:Ethallobarbital
3585:
3534:
3525:
3511:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3460:Clinical trials
3435:
3414:
3386:
3353:
3294:
3267:Benzodiazepines
3261:
3213:
3176:
3083:
3073:
3019:
3014:
3013:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2938:
2934:
2903:
2899:
2876:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2809:
2805:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2671:
2667:
2644:
2640:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2477:
2473:
2428:
2424:
2401:
2397:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2317:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2179:
2175:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2100:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2070:
2025:
2021:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1867:
1863:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1749:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1677:
1670:
1646:
1642:
1627:
1599:
1595:
1571:
1567:
1530:
1523:
1494:(1–2): 127–37.
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1430:
1385:
1369:cardiac failure
1365:pulmonary edema
1326:
1263:
1255:hypoproteinemia
1231:benzodiazepines
1223:
1194:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1136:
1131:, of which the
1121:
1115:
1095:
1082:
1076:
1023:
1017:
1009:bioavailability
985:
973:
953:
936:
928:tissue necrosis
869:unconsciousness
837:
832:
820:popular culture
734:
732:
729:(what is this?)
726:
721:
718:
713:
708:
707:
696:
693:
688:
687:
675:Racemic mixture
664:
639:
626:
617:
611:
605:
566:
542:
534:
514:
494:
474:
454:
434:
414:
397:
389:
385:
366:
363:
358:
357:
325:
314:Onset of action
279:Protein binding
271:Pharmacokinetic
265:
186:
134:
127:
108:
37:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12219:
12209:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12158:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12128:
12127:
12104:
12103:
12098:
12097:
12095:
12094:
12089:
12084:
12079:
12075:
12072:
12071:
12069:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12013:
12008:
12002:
12000:
11986:
11985:
11982:
11981:
11979:
11978:
11973:
11968:
11963:
11958:
11953:
11948:
11943:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11888:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11766:Kynurenic acid
11763:
11758:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11560:κ-bungarotoxin
11556:α-bungarotoxin
11549:
11544:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11515:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11494:, many others)
11484:α-bungarotoxin
11477:
11472:
11466:
11464:
11447:
11446:
11444:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11416:Tribendimidine
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11341:Sebacylcholine
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11198:
11193:
11188:
11183:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11156:Butyrylcholine
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11062:
11060:
11040:
11029:
11028:
11018:
11017:
11010:
11003:
10995:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10982:
10975:
10968:
10957:
10954:
10953:
10951:
10950:
10938:
10937:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10760:Methoxyflurane
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10695:
10690:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10505:Nitromemantine
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10440:Levomethorphan
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10360:Dieticyclidine
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10340:Dextrallorphan
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10295:Argiotoxin-636
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10208:Diaminopropane
10205:
10200:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10136:Kynurenic acid
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9926:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9882:
9867:
9851:
9846:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9811:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9770:
9762:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9642:
9640:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9537:Kynurenic acid
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9500:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9400:
9398:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9243:Kynurenic acid
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9186:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8991:
8989:
8978:
8977:
8967:
8966:
8959:
8952:
8944:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8924:
8918:
8913:
8906:
8899:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8848:
8846:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8735:
8733:
8719:
8705:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8697:
8689:
8687:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8616:
8574:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8431:
8422:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8354:Nipecotic acid
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8188:methoxyflurane
8149:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8045:ginsenoside-Rf
8034:
8029:
8019:
8014:
8009:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7921:Picolinic acid
7918:
7913:
7908:
7900:
7892:
7884:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7848:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7816:
7814:
7800:
7786:
7785:
7775:
7774:
7767:
7760:
7752:
7743:
7742:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7693:
7692:
7685:valerenic acid
7670:
7665:
7655:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7514:mefenamic acid
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7423:sodium bromide
7408:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7290:Methoxypropane
7287:
7285:Methoxyflurane
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7245:Ethyl chloride
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7151:
7149:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7084:
7082:
7080:Quinazolinones
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7051:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7018:
7016:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6990:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6742:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6704:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6394:
6392:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6365:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6277:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5502:Propylbarbital
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5377:Crotylbarbital
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5342:Brophebarbital
5339:
5337:Brallobarbital
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5223:Methylpentynol
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5149:
5142:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5069:Passion flower
5066:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4796:
4794:Chlorpromazine
4785:
4783:
4781:Antipsychotics
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4765:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4742:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4633:
4628:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4608:Chlorpromazine
4599:
4597:
4595:Antipsychotics
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4579:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4469:Cyproheptadine
4466:
4460:
4458:
4456:Antihistamines
4449:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4413:sodium oxybate
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4384:1,4-Butanediol
4380:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4357:Valerenic acid
4354:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4253:Sodium bromide
4250:
4245:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4158:Quinazolinones
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Propylbarbital
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3576:Methylpentynol
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:Methoxypropane
3144:
3142:Methoxyflurane
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3025:
3018:
3017:External links
3015:
3012:
3011:
2970:
2967:on 2011-05-01.
2956:
2932:
2929:on 2011-05-01.
2897:
2894:on 2011-05-13.
2884:ASA Newsletter
2870:
2867:on 2011-05-01.
2852:
2803:
2762:
2736:
2706:
2685:(3): 403–411.
2679:Anesthesiology
2665:
2638:
2607:
2581:
2556:
2531:
2502:
2471:
2422:
2395:
2375:
2336:
2329:
2311:
2293:
2279:
2254:
2224:
2194:
2173:
2152:
2131:
2098:
2068:
2019:
1975:
1944:
1895:
1881:
1861:
1832:(2): 106–112.
1812:
1787:
1762:
1748:978-1493919512
1747:
1721:
1699:
1668:
1640:
1625:
1593:
1565:
1538:Anesthesiology
1521:
1478:
1456:(2023-03-31).
1444:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1384:
1381:
1361:pentoxifylline
1325:
1322:
1308:Although each
1262:
1259:
1222:
1219:
1193:
1190:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1145:5-HT3 receptor
1134:
1117:Main article:
1114:
1111:
1094:
1091:
1075:
1072:
1016:
1013:
984:
981:
975:In refractory
972:
969:
951:
944:brain swelling
935:
932:
836:
833:
831:
828:
813:European Union
741:
740:
723:
722:
720:
719:
716:
714:
711:
703:
702:
701:
698:
697:
695:
694:
691:
683:
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
666:
665:
663:
662:
654:
652:
644:
643:
637:
631:
630:
624:
615:
609:
603:
598:
592:
591:
587:
586:
576:
568:
567:
565:
564:
551:
549:
536:
535:
533:
532:
524:
522:
516:
515:
513:
512:
504:
502:
496:
495:
493:
492:
484:
482:
476:
475:
473:
472:
464:
462:
456:
455:
453:
452:
444:
442:
436:
435:
433:
432:
424:
422:
416:
415:
413:
412:
404:
402:
391:
390:
388:
387:
376:
374:
368:
367:
365:
364:
361:
353:
352:
351:
348:
347:
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
329:
320:
319:
316:
310:
309:
303:
297:
296:
291:
285:
284:
281:
275:
274:
267:
266:
264:
263:
251:
239:
228:
215:
201:
199:
193:
192:
188:
187:
185:
184:
161:
159:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
137:
135:administration
129:
128:
126:
125:
123:
113:
111:
103:
102:
95:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12218:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12138:
12136:
12126:
12116:
12115:
12112:
12093:
12090:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12077:
12076:
12073:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12021:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12003:
12001:
11997:
11991:
11987:
11977:
11974:
11972:
11969:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11952:
11949:
11947:
11944:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11892:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11876:Phencyclidine
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11846:Nitrous oxide
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11786:Levomethadone
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11731:Hexafluronium
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11621:Decamethonium
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11591:Cisatracurium
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11561:
11557:
11553:
11552:Bungarotoxins
11550:
11548:
11545:
11542:
11538:
11537:pentobarbital
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11493:
11489:
11485:
11481:
11480:α-Neurotoxins
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11467:
11465:
11459:
11452:
11448:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11281:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11197:
11194:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11181:Decamethonium
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11116:Acetylcholine
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11055:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11036:
11030:
11026:
11023:
11016:
11011:
11009:
11004:
11002:
10997:
10996:
10993:
10981:
10980:
10976:
10974:
10973:
10969:
10967:
10966:
10963:
10959:
10958:
10955:
10949:
10946:
10943:
10940:
10939:
10935:
10931:
10930:Transcrocetin
10928:
10926:
10925:Psychotridine
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10905:Niflumic acid
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10765:Nitrous oxide
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10730:Diethyl ether
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10585:Tenocyclidine
10583:
10581:
10580:Tabernanthine
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10570:Rolicyclidine
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10545:Phencyclidine
10543:
10541:
10540:Phencyclamine
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10478:
10476:
10475:Methoxetamine
10473:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10435:Levomethadone
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10395:Fluorolintane
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9976:Kaitocephalin
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9931:
9928:
9927:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9893:
9889:
9883:
9880:
9873:
9868:
9866:
9864:
9859:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9812:
9810:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9771:
9769:
9763:
9761:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9711:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9681:Ibotenic acid
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9647:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9636:
9630:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9598:
9594:
9593:pentobarbital
9590:
9587:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9532:Kaitocephalin
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9502:
9501:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9477:Cyclothiazide
9475:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9445:Ibotenic acid
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9405:
9402:
9401:
9399:
9394:
9388:
9382:
9379:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9309:
9305:
9304:pentobarbital
9301:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9238:Kaitocephalin
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9188:
9187:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9058:Cyclothiazide
9056:
9054:
9051:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9031:Ibotenic acid
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8985:
8979:
8975:
8972:
8965:
8960:
8958:
8953:
8951:
8946:
8945:
8942:
8930:
8929:
8925:
8923:
8922:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8907:
8905:
8904:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8893:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8842:
8836:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8736:
8734:
8729:
8723:
8720:
8716:
8710:
8706:
8695:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8617:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8593:levomethadone
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8455:
8451:
8450:flunitrazepam
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8329:Isostrychnine
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8092:Nitrous oxide
8090:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8027:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8007:
8003:
8002:pentobarbital
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7969:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7949:
7946:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7931:Quisqualamine
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7901:
7899:
7893:
7891:
7885:
7883:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7815:
7810:
7804:
7801:
7797:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7773:
7768:
7766:
7761:
7759:
7754:
7753:
7750:
7740:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7728:
7722:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7681:isovaleramide
7678:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7519:
7518:niflumic acid
7515:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7444:Clomethiazole
7442:
7440:
7439:Chlormezanone
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7429:Carbamazepine
7427:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7406:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7305:Nitrous oxide
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7235:Diethyl ether
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7044:
7038:
7037:Pyrithyldione
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:Phenprobamate
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6208:Hexapropymate
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6183:Difebarbamate
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5995:Nortetrazepam
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5855:Flutoprazepam
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:Flunitrazolam
5833:
5831:
5830:Flunitrazepam
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5820:Flubromazolam
5818:
5816:
5815:Flubromazepam
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:Cloniprazepam
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:2-Oxoquazepam
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5547:Thialbarbital
5545:
5543:
5542:Tetrabarbital
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5527:Spirobarbital
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:Proxibarbital
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:Propallylonal
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:Phenobarbital
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5467:Pentobarbital
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Narcobarbital
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5422:Heptobarbital
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5392:Difebarbamate
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5382:Cyclobarbital
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:Benzobarbital
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:Ethchlorvynol
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5140:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5047:Methocarbamol
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Mephenoxalone
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:Chlorphenesin
5025:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4996:Phenaglycodol
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Amitriptyline
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4650:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Amitriptyline
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:Methapyrilene
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Aceburic acid
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4370:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Isovaleramide
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:Sesquiterpene
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:Clomethiazole
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:Pyrithyldione
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Phenprobamate
3893:
3891:
3890:Methocarbamol
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:Hexapropymate
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Flutoprazepam
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Flunitrazepam
3780:
3778:
3777:Flunitrazolam
3775:
3773:
3772:Flubromazolam
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:Phenobarbital
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Pentobarbital
3662:
3660:
3659:Narcobarbital
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Mephobarbital
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Cyclobarbital
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Ethchlorvynol
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Phencyclidine
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Phenoperidine
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Narcobarbital
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Nitrous oxide
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Diethyl ether
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2963:
2959:
2957:0-8240-6525-5
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2782:(1): 143–53.
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:(in French).
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2627:(3): 343–57.
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2596:
2595:Texas Monthly
2592:
2585:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2521:on 2007-05-18
2520:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:(1): 98–107.
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2121:on 2008-08-21
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2088:on 2020-10-18
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1884:
1882:9781455727148
1878:
1874:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1626:9789241209656
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1544:(6): 474–80.
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1434:Pentobarbital
1432:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:heart disease
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:liver disease
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:resulting in
1275:
1271:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:liver failure
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1215:pentobarbital
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1172:Controversies
1169:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1143:(nAChR), the
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:Jan Bastiaans
1100:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1053:Kenneth Biros
1048:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
994:
990:
980:
978:
968:
965:
964:pentobarbital
961:
957:
949:
945:
941:
940:medical comas
931:
929:
925:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
902:). Since its
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
873:
870:
866:
862:
859:, such as in
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
827:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:pentobarbital
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
747:
737:
730:
724:
715:
710:
709:
706:
699:
690:
689:
686:
679:
676:
673:
671:
667:
660:
656:
655:
653:
650:
645:
638:
636:
632:
599:
597:
593:
588:
584:
580:
577:
575:
573:ECHA InfoCard
569:
561:
557:
556:DTXSID1021744
553:
552:
550:
541:
537:
530:
526:
525:
523:
521:
517:
510:
506:
505:
503:
501:
497:
490:
486:
485:
483:
481:
477:
470:
466:
465:
463:
461:
457:
450:
446:
445:
443:
441:
437:
430:
426:
425:
423:
421:
417:
410:
406:
405:
403:
396:
392:
384:(sodium salt)
382:
378:
377:
375:
373:
369:
360:
359:
356:
349:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
328:
321:
318:30–45 seconds
317:
315:
311:
307:
306:Pentobarbital
304:
302:
298:
295:
292:
290:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
252:
250:
240:
238:
229:
226:
216:
213:
203:
202:
200:
198:
194:
189:
181:
176:
171:
166:
163:
162:
160:
158:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
138:
136:
130:
124:
115:
114:
112:
110:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
65:Clinical data
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
35:
28:
27:phenobarbital
24:
23:pentobarbital
19:
11961:Tubocurarine
11891:Promegestone
11886:Progesterone
11801:Mecamylamine
11611:Cyclopropane
11601:Coronaridine
11540:
11533:Barbiturates
11518:Anatruxonium
11488:α-cobratoxin
11331:Sazetidine A
11251:JNJ-39393406
11241:Ispronicline
10977:
10970:
10961:
10960:
10944:
10941:
10813:
10720:Cyclopropane
10701:
10684:
10662:
10598:
10550:Propoxyphene
10520:Orphenadrine
10425:Ketobemidone
10390:Eticyclidine
10325:Coronaridine
10310:ARL-15896-AR
10226:
10194:
10106:-Cycloserine
10088:Carisoprodol
10044:
9932:
9930:Antagonists:
9929:
9862:
9857:
9840:
9768:-Cycloserine
9709:
9648:
9645:
9596:
9589:Barbiturates
9585:
9562:Selurampanel
9517:Dasolampanel
9504:Antagonists:
9503:
9473:
9406:
9403:
9377:
9314:Cyclopropane
9307:
9300:Barbiturates
9296:
9268:Selurampanel
9218:Dasolampanel
9190:Antagonists:
9189:
9173:Pramiracetam
9049:
8997:
8994:
8926:
8915:
8908:
8901:
8627:picrotoxinin
8571:progesterone
8563:DHEA sulfate
8531:ginkgolide M
8527:ginkgolide J
8523:ginkgolide C
8519:ginkgolide B
8515:ginkgolide A
8487:nitrendipine
8425:
8222:Antagonists:
8221:
8097:Penicillin G
8041:ginsenosides
8005:
7998:Barbiturates
7967:
7947:
7828:β-ABA (BABA)
7819:
7726:
7725:
7696:
7553:Lavender oil
7295:Nitric oxide
7215:Cryofluorane
7160:Acetophenone
7118:Methaqualone
7113:Mecloqualone
7108:Mebroqualone
7098:Diproqualone
7093:Cloroqualone
7022:Glutethimide
6826:
6778:
6745:
6707:
6680:Testosterone
6645:Progesterone
6610:Hydroxydione
6559:Androsterone
6486:Acecarbromal
6391:constituents
6178:Cyclarbamate
6168:Carisoprodol
5940:Metaclazepam
5935:Menitrazepam
5925:Meclonazepam
5920:Lormetazepam
5850:Flutemazepam
5675:Ciclotizolam
5665:Carburazepam
5566:
5557:Thiobarbital
5517:Secobarbital
5482:Phetharbital
5462:Nealbarbital
5447:Methohexital
5432:Hexobarbital
5367:Butallylonal
5362:Butobarbital
5317:Barbexaclone
5312:Aprobarbital
5297:Allobarbital
5284:Barbiturates
5251:
5243:
5233:Petrichloral
5089:Valnoctamide
4991:Metaglycodol
4986:Fenpentadiol
4896:Daridorexant
4799:Thioridazine
4750:Trimipramine
4685:Medetomidine
4613:Thioridazine
4564:Trimipramine
4509:Propiomazine
4504:Promethazine
4310:Petrichloral
4295:Kavalactones
4227:Acetophenone
4196:Methaqualone
4191:Mecloqualone
4186:Mebroqualone
4176:Diproqualone
4171:Cloroqualone
4133:Glutethimide
4029:Progesterone
4019:Hydroxydione
3951:Acecarbromal
3865:Carisoprodol
3807:Lormetazepam
3792:Flutemazepam
3708:
3694:Secobarbital
3654:Methohexital
3644:Hexobarbital
3624:Butobarbital
3619:Butabarbital
3609:Aprobarbital
3599:Allobarbital
3591:Barbiturates
3410:Hydroxydione
3343:Remifentanil
3251:
3237:Methohexital
3232:Hexobarbital
3219:Barbiturates
3102:Cyclopropane
3089:Inhalational
3036:
2990:(3): 366–8.
2987:
2983:
2973:
2962:the original
2946:
2935:
2927:the original
2914:
2910:
2900:
2892:the original
2887:
2883:
2873:
2865:the original
2855:
2823:(4): 450–5.
2820:
2816:
2806:
2779:
2775:
2772:"Porphyrias"
2765:
2753:. Retrieved
2749:the original
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2718:
2709:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2584:
2573:. Retrieved
2569:
2559:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:
2534:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:the original
2505:
2480:
2474:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2387:
2378:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2237:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2186:
2176:
2165:
2155:
2144:. Retrieved
2134:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2090:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2081:
2071:
2036:
2032:
2022:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1957:
1947:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1871:
1864:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:
1790:
1779:. Retrieved
1777:. 2013-10-03
1774:
1765:
1730:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1702:
1693:10665/345533
1683:
1662:10665/325771
1652:
1643:
1605:
1596:
1587:10665/70642/
1577:
1568:
1541:
1537:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1448:
1415:
1405:
1386:
1358:
1327:
1307:
1297:, prolonged
1264:
1261:Side effects
1239:drug synergy
1224:
1195:
1182:
1175:
1122:
1096:
1083:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1038:
1024:
997:
986:
974:
937:
908:
890:elimination
885:
874:
863:. Following
838:
817:
793:thiobarbital
773:
769:
765:
757:
753:
752:
733:
727:
341:5–10 minutes
331:5.5–26 hours
324:Elimination
261:Schedule III
197:Legal status
191:Legal status
18:
12066:Pirisudanol
12031:Cyprodenate
12011:Adafenoxate
11926:Surugatoxin
11916:Sevoflurane
11871:Pentolinium
11851:Norketamine
11771:Laudanosine
11701:Erythravine
11691:Encenicline
11676:Dipyrandium
11646:Dextrorphan
11492:α-conotoxin
11451:Antagonists
11436:WAY-317,538
11431:Varenicline
11421:Tropisetron
11411:Tebanicline
11356:SSR-180,711
11321:Rivanicline
11311:Pozanicline
11306:PNU-282,987
11301:PNU-120,596
11296:PHA-709,829
11291:PHA-543,613
11231:Galantamine
11206:Epiboxidine
11201:Epibatidine
11121:Altinicline
10910:Pentamidine
10895:Minocycline
10875:Hodgkinsine
10845:Dexanabinol
10775:Sevoflurane
10629:Isoxsuprine
10624:Haloperidol
10604:Besonprodil
10565:Rimantadine
10515:Norketamine
10510:Noribogaine
10485:Milnacipran
10450:Levorphanol
10400:Gacyclidine
10370:Dizocilpine
10365:Diphenidine
10355:Dextrorphan
10275:Alaproclate
10218:Huperzine A
10171:Meprobamate
10131:Harkoseride
10026:Perzinfotel
9903:Plazinemdor
9450:Kainic acid
9435:Domoic acid
9381:Minocycline
9369:Sevoflurane
9046:Willardiine
9021:Domoic acid
8824:SSR-504,734
8819:SSR-103,800
8809:PF-03463275
8789:Mardepodect
8709:Transporter
8655:tropisetron
8597:levorphanol
8589:dextrorphan
8511:ginkgolides
8479:nicardipine
8334:Laudanosine
8255:Cacotheline
8245:Bicuculline
8192:sevoflurane
8142:tropisetron
8026:nicardipine
7869:Hypotaurine
7635:Stiripentol
7630:Seproxetine
7600:Niacinamide
7580:Loreclezole
7401:Avermectins
7365:Vinyl ether
7335:Sevoflurane
7315:Paraldehyde
7265:Halopropane
7088:Afloqualone
7070:Tracazolate
7065:ICI-190,622
7055:Cartazolate
7032:Piperidione
7027:Methyprylon
6994:Fospropofol
6916:Pipequaline
6724:Pazinaclone
6714:Eszopiclone
6570:Cholesterol
6554:Androstenol
6478:Monoureides
6458:Methysticin
6258:Tetrabamate
6238:Pentabamate
6228:Meprobamate
6198:Febarbamate
6163:Carisbamate
6115:Triflubazam
6105:Tolufazepam
6065:Rilmazafone
6060:Remimazolam
6035:Proflazepam
6020:Pivoxazepam
5980:Nitrazepate
5970:Nimetazepam
5905:Lopirazepam
5875:Haloxazolam
5825:Fludiazepam
5770:Doxefazepam
5745:Delorazepam
5725:Clotiazepam
5720:Clorazepate
5685:Cinolazepam
5582:Vinbarbital
5537:Tetrabamate
5492:Probarbital
5472:Phenallymal
5437:Metharbital
5412:Febarbamate
5307:Amobarbital
5208:Isopropanol
5178:Chloralodol
5074:Scopolamine
5018:Guaifenesin
5013:Fenadiazole
4969:Cannabidiol
4943:Mirogabalin
4901:Lemborexant
4878:Tasimelteon
4863:Agomelatine
4822:Risperidone
4768:Mirtazapine
4657:-Adrenergic
4636:Risperidone
4582:Mirtazapine
4532:Etoperidone
4499:Pheniramine
4484:Hydroxyzine
4305:Paraldehyde
4300:Loreclezole
4166:Afloqualone
4148:Piperidione
4138:Methyprylon
4067:Pazinaclone
4047:Eszopiclone
4009:Alphaxolone
4004:Alphadolone
3943:Monoureides
3885:Meprobamate
3822:Nitemazepam
3817:Nimetazepam
3762:Doxefazepam
3747:Cinolazepam
3719:Vinbarbital
3684:Proxibarbal
3669:Phenallymal
3604:Amobarbital
3556:Chloralodol
3456:from market
3323:Embutramide
3318:Anileridine
3290:Remimazolam
3227:Amobarbital
3204:Fospropofol
3167:Vinyl ether
3157:Sevoflurane
2715:"PENTOTHAL"
2654:(1): 7–12.
2076:Trickey D.
1915:: 207–211.
1616:10665/44771
1397:Mayo Clinic
1348:, a severe
1346:hypotension
1318:sulfonamide
1278:hypotension
1243:hypovolemia
1200:as it is a
1125:barbiturate
1119:Barbiturate
1086:truth serum
1080:Truth serum
1074:Truth serum
1025:Along with
919:sighthounds
841:barbiturate
824:truth serum
778:barbiturate
770:thiopentone
642: g·mol
579:100.000.694
346:Identifiers
301:Metabolites
237:Schedule IV
150:Barbiturate
80:Other names
71:Trade names
12135:Categories
12026:Citicoline
12006:Acetyl-coA
11990:Precursors
11966:Vanoxerine
11956:Tropeinium
11941:Toxiferine
11906:Reboxetine
11896:Radafaxine
11841:Neramexane
11831:Mivacurium
11826:Metocurine
11791:Malouetine
11756:Isoflurane
11711:Fazadinium
11706:Esketamine
11686:Doxacurium
11671:Dioscorine
11631:Desflurane
11596:Coclaurine
11528:Atracurium
11513:Amantadine
11503:Alcuronium
11256:Levamisole
11246:Ivermectin
11191:Dianicline
11151:Butinoline
11136:Anatoxin-a
11025:modulators
10948:AGN-241751
10920:Piretanide
10870:Furosemide
10855:Flupirtine
10832:Conantokin
10827:Caroverine
10822:Bumetanide
10755:Isoflurane
10725:Desflurane
10715:Chloroform
10654:Safaprodil
10649:Ro 25-6981
10590:Tiletamine
10575:Sabeluzole
10555:Remacemide
10500:Neramexane
10470:Methorphan
10455:Loperamide
10430:Lanicemine
10415:Indantadol
10380:Esketamine
10375:Ephenidine
10335:Dexoxadrol
10300:Arketamine
10285:Amantadine
10245:3-MeO-PCMo
10223:Putrescine
10166:MDL-105519
10141:Kynurenine
10121:Gavestinel
10036:SDZ-220581
9996:MDL-100453
9879:prasterone
9849:Spermidine
9822:Milacemide
9727:ACC (ACPC)
9613:Evans blue
9577:Topiramate
9567:Tezampanel
9497:Isoflurane
9374:Talampanel
9359:Perampanel
9354:Isoflurane
9339:GYKI-53655
9334:GYKI-52466
9329:Evans blue
9293:Zonampanel
9283:Topiramate
9273:Tezampanel
9248:Kynurenine
9208:Caroverine
9203:Becampanel
9153:Oxiracetam
9053:Aniracetam
8974:modulators
8829:Tilapertin
8784:LY-2365109
8779:Iclepertin
8774:GSK1018921
8659:zatosetron
8647:bemesetron
8619:Picrotoxin
8537:Imipramine
8507:bilobalide
8493:Furosemide
8483:nifedipine
8454:flurazepam
8442:clonazepam
8438:bromazepam
8409:Strychnine
8404:Sinomenine
8369:Quinolines
8359:Pitrazepin
8280:Dendrobine
8265:Colchicine
8184:isoflurane
8168:desflurane
8164:chloroform
8146:zatosetron
8130:bemesetron
8082:minaxolone
8070:alfaxolone
8056:Ivermectin
7993:Anandamide
7916:Milacemide
7906:-Threonine
7874:Ivermectin
7782:modulators
7668:Topiramate
7658:Terpenoids
7615:Propanidid
7605:Org 25,435
7533:Flupirtine
7528:Fluoxetine
7434:Chloralose
7405:ivermectin
7310:Norflurane
7275:Isoflurane
7220:Desflurane
7210:Chloroform
7170:Aliflurane
7103:Etaqualone
6931:SB-205,384
6861:CP-615,003
6856:CL-218,872
6810:Panadiplon
6800:Lorediplon
6729:Suproclone
6690:Zuranolone
6650:Renanolone
6635:Posovolone
6615:Minaxolone
6605:Ganaxolone
6544:Alfaxalone
6539:Alfadolone
6529:Acebrochol
6496:Bromisoval
6374:Metomidate
6361:Imidazoles
6321:Hispidulin
6273:Flavonoids
6233:Nisobamate
6223:Mebutamate
6193:Ethinamate
6188:Emylcamate
6155:Carbamates
6125:Tuclazepam
6100:Tetrazepam
6055:Reclazepam
6030:Premazepam
6010:Phenazepam
5990:Nordazepam
5985:Nitrazolam
5975:Nitrazepam
5955:Motrazepam
5910:Loprazolam
5900:Lofendazam
5885:Imidazenil
5845:Flutazolam
5840:Flurazepam
5810:Fletazepam
5765:Dimdazenil
5760:Diclazepam
5740:Cyprazepam
5730:Cloxazolam
5710:Clonazolam
5705:Clonazepam
5695:Climazolam
5655:Brotizolam
5650:Bromazolam
5645:Bromazepam
5640:Bretazenil
5635:Bentazepam
5625:Arfendazam
5620:Alprazolam
5615:Adinazolam
5587:Vinylbital
5567:Thiopental
5442:Methitural
5357:Buthalital
5352:Butalbital
5203:Isobutanol
5042:Metaxalone
5032:Mephenesin
4953:Pregabalin
4933:Gabapentin
4906:Suvorexant
4841:Niaprazine
4817:Quetiapine
4812:Olanzapine
4695:Tizanidine
4690:Romifidine
4680:Lofexidine
4670:Detomidine
4631:Quetiapine
4626:Olanzapine
4537:Nefazodone
4479:Doxylamine
4464:Captodiame
4275:Chloralose
4239:compounds
4181:Etaqualone
4077:Suproclone
4057:Lirequinil
4024:Minaxolone
4014:Eltanolone
3994:Acebrochol
3961:Bromisoval
3928:Metomidate
3915:Imidazoles
3875:Ethinamate
3870:Emylcamate
3857:Carbamates
3832:Nitrazolam
3827:Nitrazepam
3802:Loprazolam
3787:Flurazepam
3757:Clonazolam
3752:Climazolam
3742:Brotizolam
3724:Vinylbital
3709:Thiopental
3431:Propanidid
3405:Alfaxalone
3400:Alfadolone
3382:Tiletamine
3367:Esketamine
3349:Sufentanil
3333:Alfentanil
3252:Thiopental
3137:Isoflurane
3107:Desflurane
3097:Chloroform
2755:15 October
2575:2022-06-18
2550:2022-06-18
2525:2007-08-05
2356:: 1580–2.
2146:2009-12-08
2125:2008-07-18
2092:2020-10-13
1958:trauma.org
1952:Takeko T.
1806:2024-05-19
1781:2024-05-19
1714:23 January
1472:2023-08-16
1440:References
1299:somnolence
1267:anesthetic
1202:lipophilic
1192:Metabolism
1168:receptor.
1093:Psychiatry
1040:The Lancet
989:euthanasia
983:Euthanasia
888:zero-order
861:obstetrics
857:intubation
835:Anesthesia
766:thiopental
647:3D model (
635:Molar mass
509:CHEBI:9561
469:49Y44QZL70
440:ChemSpider
372:CAS Number
355:IUPAC name
289:Metabolism
145:Drug class
12196:Sedatives
12166:Hypnotics
11866:Pentamine
11861:Pempidine
11811:Methadone
11806:Memantine
11726:Halothane
11716:Gallamine
11696:Enflurane
11651:Diadonium
11566:Bupropion
11351:SIB-1553A
11346:SIB-1508Y
11336:SB-206553
11161:Carbachol
11141:AR-R17779
11131:Anatabine
11126:Anabasine
11091:A-867,744
11086:A-582,941
11081:A-366,833
10962:See also:
10942:Unsorted:
10885:MDL-27266
10865:FR-115427
10860:FPL-12495
10817:ARR-15896
10745:Halothane
10735:Enflurane
10693:Magnesium
10644:Ro 8-4304
10619:Eliprodil
10530:PD-137889
10490:Morphanol
10465:Methadone
10460:Memantine
10410:Ibogamine
10385:Etoxadrol
10315:ARL-16247
10305:ARL-12495
10290:Aptiganel
10255:4-MeO-PCP
10250:3-MeO-PCP
10240:3-MeO-PCE
10203:Co 101676
10176:MRZ 2/576
10126:GV-196771
10116:Felbamate
10093:CGP-39653
10073:ACEA-1328
10068:ACEA-1011
10011:NPC-17742
10006:NPC-12626
9991:LY-274614
9986:LY-235959
9981:LY-233053
9966:CGS-19755
9961:CGP-40116
9956:CGP-39653
9951:CGP-39551
9946:CGP-37849
9936:AP5 (APV)
9837:Sarcosine
9713:β-Fluoro-
9662:Glutamate
9657:Aspartate
9646:Agonists:
9603:Enflurane
9547:LY-382884
9507:ACEA-1011
9492:Halothane
9487:Enflurane
9482:Diazoxide
9455:LY-339434
9440:Glutamate
9404:Agonists:
9349:Irampanel
9344:Halothane
9319:Enflurane
9193:ACEA-1011
9168:Piracetam
9148:ORG-26576
9143:Nooglutyl
9133:LY-503430
9128:LY-451646
9123:LY-404187
9118:LY-395153
9113:LY-392098
9098:Diazoxide
9026:Glutamate
8995:Agonists:
8877:ORG-25543
8857:Amoxapine
8814:Sarcosine
8794:ORG-24598
8759:CP-802079
8665:Verapamil
8651:LY-278584
8643:Tropeines
8609:pethidine
8605:oripavine
8498:Genistein
8429:Amiloride
8309:Gelsemine
8285:Diaboline
8270:Colubrine
8180:halothane
8176:enflurane
8152:Volatiles
8138:LY-278584
8122:Tropeines
8117:Triclofos
8107:Tamoxifen
8086:ORG-20599
8032:Etomidate
7955:brometone
7936:Sarcosine
7911:MDL-27531
7823:β-Alanine
7820:Agonists:
7727:See also:
7689:valerenol
7610:Phenytoin
7590:Monastrol
7548:Lanthanum
7543:KRM-II-81
7506:Fenamates
7501:Etifoxine
7496:Etazepine
7491:Efavirenz
7449:Darigabat
7345:Teflurane
7330:Roflurane
7325:Propylene
7270:Halothane
7255:Fluroxene
7240:Enflurane
7143:Volatiles
7060:Etazolate
6971:Viqualine
6926:RWJ-51204
6891:L-838,417
6881:Imepitoin
6851:CGS-20625
6846:CGS-13767
6831:Adipiplon
6805:Ocinaplon
6767:Saripidem
6762:Necopidem
6739:Zopiclone
6734:Suriclone
6719:Pagoclone
6625:ORG-21465
6620:ORG-20599
6511:Ectylurea
6501:Carbromal
6379:Propoxate
6369:Etomidate
6296:Baicalein
6253:Styramate
6248:Procymate
6218:Lorbamate
6203:Felbamate
6173:Clocental
6145:Zomebazam
6140:Zolazepam
6135:Zapizolam
6130:Uldazepam
6110:Triazolam
6095:Temazepam
6090:Sulazepam
6080:Ro48-8684
6075:Ro48-6791
6070:Ripazepam
6040:Pyrazolam
6015:Pinazepam
5965:Nifoxipam
5950:Midazolam
5945:Mexazolam
5930:Medazepam
5915:Lorazepam
5895:Ketazolam
5890:Irazepine
5880:Iclazepam
5870:Halazepam
5865:Gidazepam
5860:Fosazepam
5780:Estazolam
5775:Elfazepam
5750:Demoxepam
5680:Cinazepam
5660:Camazepam
5630:Avizafone
5552:Thiamylal
5487:Primidone
5417:Heptabarb
5407:Eterobarb
5372:Carbubarb
5269:Triclofos
5168:Brometone
5079:Trazodone
5020:-related
4873:Ramelteon
4868:Melatonin
4855:Melatonin
4763:Mianserin
4730:Trazodone
4665:Clonidine
4577:Mianserin
4542:Trazodone
4494:Perlapine
4337:Triclofos
4290:Gaboxadol
4097:Zopiclone
4082:Suriclone
4072:Saripidem
4062:Necopidem
3976:Ectylurea
3971:Carbromal
3933:Propoxate
3923:Etomidate
3900:Procymate
3847:Triazolam
3842:Temazepam
3812:Midazolam
3767:Estazolam
3704:Thiamylal
3639:Heptabarb
3518:sedatives
3514:Hypnotics
3466:Phase III
3454:Withdrawn
3426:Etomidate
3313:Oxycodone
3285:Lorazepam
3275:Midazolam
3247:Thiamylal
3182:Injection
3132:Halothane
3127:Fluroxene
3117:Enflurane
2600:March 10,
2272:18 August
2247:18 August
2238:bbc.co.uk
2217:18 August
2207:bbc.co.uk
2115:The Hague
1968:18 August
1888:13 August
1795:Orwig J.
1757:897466425
1635:0512-3054
1607:children)
1354:porphyria
1344:, severe
1340:, severe
1245:, burns,
1235:clonidine
1227:sedatives
1158:GABAergic
1107:Holocaust
1045:autopsies
1043:reported
926:; severe
904:half-life
670:Chirality
529:ChEMBL738
326:half-life
133:Routes of
107:Pregnancy
99:Monograph
93:Drugs.com
12125:Medicine
12078:See also
12020:lecithin
11996:prodrugs
11946:Tramadol
11796:ME-18-MC
11761:Ketamine
11751:Ibogaine
11571:BW284C51
11326:RJR-2429
11316:Pyrantel
11276:Nicotine
11271:Morantel
11261:Lobeline
11226:EVP-6124
11221:EVP-4473
11176:Cytisine
11171:Cotinine
11076:A-84,543
11047:Agonists
10890:Metaphit
10800:Urethane
10688:Hydrogen
10685:Cations:
10595:Tramadol
10420:Ketamine
10405:Ibogaine
10320:Budipine
10235:3-HO-PCP
10161:LU-73068
10151:L-701324
10146:L-689560
10053:5,7-DCKA
10041:Selfotel
9923:SAGE-718
9918:SAGE-301
9913:SAGE-201
9854:Spermine
9844:Neomycin
9809:-Alanine
9801:L-687414
9760:-Alanine
9717:-alanine
9706:Theanine
9572:Theanine
9470:SYM-2081
9278:Theanine
8898:See also
8852:ALX-1393
8715:blockers
8696:instead.
8638:Riluzole
8623:picrotin
8613:thebaine
8601:morphine
8470:Daidzein
8460:Corymine
8446:diazepam
8381:5,7-CIQA
8314:iso-THAZ
8260:Caffeine
8126:atropine
8102:Propofol
8061:Ketamine
7951:Alcohols
7926:Propofol
7890:-Proline
7882:-Alanine
7846:-Alanine
7790:Receptor
7715:TCS-1205
7710:TCS-1105
7700:α-Pinene
7673:Valerian
7648:tetronal
7625:Safranal
7574:obovatol
7570:magnolol
7566:honokiol
7396:Alogabat
7391:AA-29504
7340:Synthane
7300:Nitrogen
7280:Kerosine
7260:Gasoline
7250:Ethylene
7190:Centalun
7185:Butylene
6999:Propofol
6961:U-89843A
6941:TGSC01AA
6911:NS-11394
6876:GBLD-345
6841:CGS-9896
6836:CGS-8216
6820:Zaleplon
6815:Taniplon
6795:Indiplon
6790:Fasiplon
6785:Divaplon
6772:Zolpidem
6675:SAGE-872
6670:SAGE-689
6665:SAGE-516
6660:SAGE-324
6655:SAGE-105
6563:Certain
6506:Capuride
6468:Yangonin
6345:baicalin
6341:Skullcap
6331:Luteolin
6306:Catechin
6301:Baicalin
6291:Apigenin
6263:Tybamate
6050:Quazepam
6045:QH-II-66
6025:Prazepam
6005:Oxazolam
6000:Oxazepam
5800:Etizolam
5755:Diazepam
5735:CP-1414S
5700:Clobazam
5690:Clazolam
5577:Valofane
5532:Talbutal
5522:Sigmodal
5427:Hexethal
5322:Barbital
5302:Alphenal
5292:(-)-DMBB
5238:Propanol
5228:Pentanol
5218:Methanol
5160:Alcohols
5063:morphine
5054:Midaflur
4974:Cannabis
4948:Phenibut
4700:Xylazine
4429:Phenibut
4399:Baclofen
4325:Tetronal
4260:Centalun
4115:Propofol
4092:Zolpidem
4087:Zaleplon
4052:Indiplon
3966:Capuride
3905:Tybamate
3837:Quazepam
3699:Talbutal
3614:Barbital
3543:Alcohols
3372:Ketamine
3328:Fentanyl
3308:Morphine
3280:Diazepam
3209:Propofol
3199:Ciprofol
3122:Ethylene
2847:16953192
2798:10928003
2633:13243246
2570:NBC News
2545:Guardian
2497:10049127
2466:15644873
2419:: 18–20.
2242:BBC News
2211:BBC News
2167:CBS News
2063:23235573
2006:29058090
1939:28955958
1856:27366476
1775:BBC News
1682:(2021).
1651:(2019).
1604:(2012).
1576:(2009).
1516:24285007
1466:Archived
1428:See also
1338:myxedema
1310:molecule
1247:azotemia
1229:such as
1137:receptor
924:vesicant
849:propofol
801:propofol
774:Trapanal
736:(verify)
420:DrugBank
308:, others
225:Class B1
157:ATC code
109:category
12016:Choline
11576:BW-A444
11554:(e.g.,
11547:BNC-210
11535:(e.g.,
11498:ABT-126
11482:(e.g.,
11441:XY-4083
11406:TC-6683
11401:TC-5619
11396:TC-5214
11391:TC-2216
11386:TC-1827
11381:TC-1734
11376:TC-1698
11286:NS-1738
11280:tobacco
11166:Choline
11111:ABT-894
11106:ABT-560
11101:ABT-418
11096:ABT-202
10934:saffron
10780:Toluene
10770:Octanol
10750:Hexanol
10705:Benzene
10681:TCN-213
10676:TCN-201
10671:MPX-007
10666:MPX-004
10260:8A-PDHQ
10198:Arcaine
10191:ZD-9379
9888:sulfate
9817:-Serine
9791:Glycine
9776:-Serine
9691:Proline
9618:NS-3763
9591:(e.g.,
9582:UBP-302
9460:Proline
9302:(e.g.,
9178:S-18986
9108:IDRA-21
9093:CX-1942
9088:CX-1739
9036:Proline
8882:VVZ-368
8749:ASP2535
8645:(e.g.,
8621:(i.e.,
8581:codeine
8579:(e.g.,
8577:Opioids
8549:(e.g.,
8513:(e.g.,
8477:(e.g.,
8436:(e.g.,
8399:RU-5135
8371:(e.g.,
8292:(e.g.,
8250:Brucine
8196:toluene
8158:(e.g.,
8134:cocaine
8124:(e.g.,
8068:(e.g.,
8043:(e.g.,
8037:Ginseng
8024:(e.g.,
8017:D12-116
8000:(e.g.,
7953:(e.g.,
7941:Taurine
7898:-Serine
7864:Glycine
7854:-Serine
7838:Caesium
7796:ligands
7662:borneol
7660:(e.g.,
7652:trional
7642:(e.g.,
7560:(e.g.,
7558:Lignans
7508:(e.g.,
7466:(e.g.,
7411:Bromide
7403:(e.g.,
7386:α-EMTBL
7350:Toluene
7320:Propane
7195:Chloral
7175:Benzene
7155:Acetone
6986:Phenols
6976:Y-23684
6966:U-90042
6951:TPA-023
6936:SX-3228
6921:ROD-188
6906:NS-2710
6901:NS-2664
6886:JM-1232
6871:ELB-139
6866:CTP-354
6752:Alpidem
6351:Wogonin
6326:Linarin
5805:FG-8205
5512:Reposal
5213:Menthol
5173:Butanol
5061:(e.g.,
5059:Opioids
5008:Evoxine
4745:Doxepin
4559:Doxepin
4434:Tolibut
4330:Trional
4237:Bromide
4107:Phenols
3689:Reposal
3300:Opioids
3191:Phenols
3033:Archive
3006:7547061
2923:5175948
2838:1978439
2729:18 June
2701:2310019
2660:3093002
2457:1575970
2370:6108082
2054:7061245
2014:3013248
1930:5613958
1847:4917150
1560:7235275
1508:8751034
1401:Hospira
1383:History
1257:, etc.
1178:Hospira
1099:phobias
809:Hospira
596:Formula
449:2272257
429:DB00599
409:3000714
395:PubChem
381:71-73-8
249:Class B
235::
177: (
175:N05CA19
173:)
167: (
165:N01AF03
122: D
12111:Portal
11606:Curare
11523:AQW051
11470:18-MAC
11426:UB-165
11236:GTS-21
11066:5-HIAA
11034:nAChRs
10810:Xylene
10710:Butane
10083:AV-101
9796:HA-966
9083:CX-717
9073:CX-614
9068:CX-546
9063:CX-516
8503:Ginkgo
8393:7-TFQA
8240:αEMBTL
7833:β-AIBA
7595:Niacin
7180:Butane
7133:SL-164
7004:Thymol
6946:TP-003
6827:Others
6630:P1-185
6590:5β-DHP
6585:5α-DHP
6580:3α-DHP
6428:Kavain
6336:Rc-OMe
4962:Others
4888:Orexin
4834:Others
4824:, etc.
4801:, etc.
4770:, etc.
4752:, etc.
4638:, etc.
4615:, etc.
4584:, etc.
4566:, etc.
4220:Others
4211:SL-164
3449:WHO-EM
3419:Others
3004:
2954:
2921:
2845:
2835:
2796:
2719:RXList
2699:
2658:
2631:
2495:
2464:
2454:
2368:
2352:(12).
2327:
2267:gov.uk
2061:
2051:
2012:
2004:
1937:
1927:
1879:
1854:
1844:
1755:
1745:
1633:
1623:
1558:
1514:
1506:
1454:Anvisa
1371:or by
1314:sulfur
1303:nausea
1301:, and
1286:airway
1284:, and
1221:Dosage
1147:, the
881:uterus
785:analog
685:SMILES
640:264.32
520:ChEMBL
489:D00714
259:
247:
223:
210:
11994:(and
11976:Xenon
11475:18-MC
11454:(and
11050:(and
10805:Xenon
10265:18-MC
10230:2-MDP
10058:7-CKA
10021:PEAQX
9747:B6B21
9737:AK-51
9671:-HCA)
9634:NMDAR
9557:NS102
9288:YM90K
8983:AMPAR
8867:NAGly
8840:GlyT2
8739:ACPPB
8727:GlyT1
8681:NMDAR
8419:Tutin
8389:7-TFQ
8385:7-CIQ
8210:Xenon
8156:gases
7454:DEABL
7147:gases
6956:TP-13
6685:THDOC
6575:DHDOC
5084:UMB68
4404:GABOB
3172:Xenon
2965:(PDF)
2723:WebMD
2415:(1).
2010:S2CID
1512:S2CID
1282:apnea
1270:drugs
772:, or
705:InChI
649:JSmol
500:ChEBI
294:Liver
11656:DHβE
11457:NAMs
11053:PAMs
10900:MPEP
10840:-αAA
10698:Zinc
10525:PCPr
10495:NEFA
10181:PNQX
10111:DNQX
10098:CNQX
10031:PPDA
10016:PBPD
9886:DHEA
9871:DHEA
9781:DHPG
9732:ACPD
9722:ACBD
9686:NMDA
9652:AMAA
9552:NBQX
9527:GAMS
9522:DNQX
9512:CNQX
9430:ATPA
9425:AMPA
9263:PNQX
9258:NBQX
9233:GAMS
9223:DNQX
9213:CNQX
9198:ATPO
9158:PEPA
9016:BOAA
9011:AMPA
8917:GABA
8694:here
8692:See
8670:Zinc
8633:PMBA
8625:and
8542:NBQX
8294:2-AG
8215:Zinc
7968:tert
7859:GABA
7808:GlyR
6757:DS-1
6389:Kava
6316:EGCG
5252:tert
5244:tert
5147:GABA
4924:VDCC
4710:5-HT
4373:GABA
3551:2M2B
3531:GABA
3522:N05C
3080:N01A
3002:PMID
2952:ISBN
2919:PMID
2843:PMID
2794:PMID
2757:2010
2731:2023
2697:PMID
2656:PMID
2629:PMID
2602:2021
2493:PMID
2462:PMID
2389:TIME
2366:PMID
2325:ISBN
2274:2016
2249:2016
2219:2016
2059:PMID
2037:2012
2002:PMID
1970:2016
1935:PMID
1890:2016
1877:ISBN
1852:PMID
1753:OCLC
1743:ISBN
1716:2014
1631:ISSN
1621:ISBN
1556:PMID
1504:PMID
1133:GABA
1029:and
855:and
830:Uses
480:KEGG
460:UNII
273:data
89:AHFS
10063:ACC
9971:CPP
9941:AP7
9752:CCG
9392:KAR
7486:DS2
6595:DHT
6311:EGC
4424:GVL
4419:GBL
4409:GHB
3035:).
3031:" (
2992:doi
2833:PMC
2825:doi
2821:149
2784:doi
2687:doi
2652:303
2625:114
2485:doi
2452:PMC
2444:doi
2440:144
2358:doi
2350:137
2049:PMC
2041:doi
1994:doi
1990:159
1925:PMC
1917:doi
1842:PMC
1834:doi
1735:doi
1688:hdl
1657:hdl
1611:hdl
1582:hdl
1546:doi
1496:doi
1233:or
909:In
787:of
764:),
545:EPA
399:CID
283:80%
180:WHO
170:WHO
25:or
12137::
11558:,
11539:,
11490:,
11486:,
10812:;
10700:;
10683:;
10661:;
10597:;
10225:;
10193:;
10043:;
9861:24
9856:;
9839:;
9708:;
9595:,
9584:;
9472:;
9376:;
9306:,
9295:;
9048:;
8657:,
8653:,
8649:,
8611:,
8607:,
8603:,
8599:,
8595:,
8591:,
8587:,
8583:,
8569:,
8565:,
8561:,
8557:,
8553:,
8533:))
8529:,
8525:,
8521:,
8517:,
8509:,
8485:,
8481:,
8452:,
8448:,
8444:,
8440:,
8391:,
8387:,
8383:,
8379:,
8375:,
8296:,
8202:,
8198:,
8194:,
8190:,
8186:,
8182:,
8178:,
8174:,
8170:,
8166:,
8162:,
8144:,
8140:,
8136:,
8132:,
8128:,
8084:,
8080:,
8076:,
8072:,
8047:))
8004:,
7980:,
7976:,
7972:,
7965:,
7961:,
7957:,
7736:•
7732:•
7687:,
7683:,
7679:,
7650:,
7646:,
7572:,
7568:,
7564:,
7520:,
7516:,
7512:,
7478:,
7474:,
7470:,
7421:,
7417:,
6829::
6783::
6750::
6712::
4712:2A
3462::
3000:.
2988:75
2986:.
2982:.
2944:.
2915:34
2913:.
2909:.
2888:65
2886:.
2882:.
2841:.
2831:.
2819:.
2815:.
2792:.
2780:85
2778:.
2774:.
2721:.
2717:.
2695:.
2683:72
2681:.
2677:.
2623:.
2619:.
2593:.
2568:.
2543:.
2513:.
2491:.
2460:.
2450:.
2438:.
2434:.
2411:.
2407:.
2386:.
2364:.
2348:.
2304:.
2265:.
2240:.
2236:.
2209:.
2205:.
2185:.
2164:.
2113:.
2101:^
2080:.
2057:.
2047:.
2035:.
2031:.
2008:.
2000:.
1988:.
1956:.
1933:.
1923:.
1911:.
1907:.
1850:.
1840:.
1830:43
1828:.
1824:.
1799:.
1773:.
1751:.
1741:.
1671:^
1629:.
1619:.
1554:.
1542:54
1540:.
1536:.
1524:^
1510:.
1502:.
1492:49
1490:.
1403:.
1379:.
1356:.
1336:,
1332:,
1280:,
1253:,
1249:,
1109:.
768:,
619:Na
610:17
604:11
255:US
243:UK
232:CA
219:BR
212:S4
206:AU
118:AU
12113::
12022:)
12018:(
11998:)
11562:)
11543:)
11463:)
11282:)
11278:(
11059:)
11014:e
11007:t
11000:v
10936:)
10932:(
10838:D
10104:D
9894:)
9890:(
9881:)
9877:(
9863:S
9815:L
9807:L
9774:D
9766:D
9758:D
9715:D
9669:L
9599:)
9310:)
8963:e
8956:t
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