Software versioning

191:) is a widely-adopted version scheme that encodes a version by a three-part version number (Major.Minor.Patch), an optional pre-release tag, and an optional build meta tag. In this scheme, risk and functionality are the measures of significance. Breaking changes are indicated by increasing the major number (high risk); new, non-breaking features increment the minor number (medium risk); and all other non-breaking changes increment the patch number (lowest risk). The presence of a pre-release tag (-alpha, -beta) indicates substantial risk, as does a major number of zero (0.y.z), which is used to indicate a work-in-progress that may contain any level of potentially breaking changes (highest risk). As an example of inferring compatibility from a SemVer version, software which relies on version 2.1.5 of an API is compatible with version 2.2.3, but not necessarily with 3.2.4. 121:, early on created package management software which could resolve dependencies between their packages. Debian's first try was that a package knew other packages which depended on it. From 1994 on this idea was inverted, so a package that knew the packages it needed. When installing a package, dependency resolution was used to automatically calculate the packages needed as well, and install them with the desired package. To facilitate upgrades, minimum package versions were introduced. Thus the numbering scheme needed to tell which version was newer than the required one. 659: 139: 27: 1573:, also keep versions for files. Versioning amongst documents is relatively similar to the routine used with computers and software engineering, where with each small change in the structure, contents, or conditions, the version number is incremented by 1, or a smaller or larger value, again depending on the personal preference of the author and the size or importance of changes made. 173: 1557:

the bigger the changes, the larger the chances that something might break (although examining the Changelog, if any, may reveal only superficial or irrelevant changes). This is one reason for some of the distaste expressed in the "drop the major release" approach taken by Asterisk et alia: now, staff must (or at least should) do a full regression test for every update.

1520:, to identify or compare their copy of the software product against another copy, such as the newest version released by the developer. For the programmer or company, versioning is often used on a revision-by-revision basis, where individual parts of the software are compared and contrasted with newer or older revisions of those same parts, often in a collaborative 851:, this numbering scheme continued through macOS 10.15. Under the "X"-based versioning scheme, the third number (instead of the second) denoted a minor release, and additional updates below this level, as well as updates to a given major version of OS X coming after the release of a new major version, were titled Supplemental Updates. 1278:, indicating that the software has at least all major features plus functions the developers wanted to get into that version, and is considered reliable enough for general release. A good example of this is the Linux kernel, which was first released as version 0.01 in 1991, and took until 1994 to reach version 1.0.0. 1308:

A relatively common practice is to make major jumps in version numbers for marketing reasons. Sometimes software vendors just bypass the 1.0 release or quickly release a release with a subsequent version number because 1.0 software is considered by many customers too immature to trust with production

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Programs that are in an early stage are often called "alpha" software, after the first letter in the Greek alphabet. After they mature but are not yet ready for release, they may be called "beta" software, after the second letter in the Greek alphabet. Generally alpha software is tested by developers

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When printed, the sequences may be separated with characters. The choice of characters and their usage varies by the scheme. The following list shows hypothetical examples of separation schemes for the same release (the thirteenth third-level revision to the fourth second-level revision to the second

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the people who wrote the code. The semantic meaning of version.revision.change style numbering is also important to information technology staff, who often use it to determine how much attention and research they need to pay to a new release before deploying it in their facility. As a rule of thumb,

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which code a user is running, so that they can rule out bugs that have already been fixed as a cause of an issue, and the like. This is especially important when a program has a substantial user community, especially when that community is large enough that the people providing technical support are

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jumped from version 7 directly to version 10, QuickTime X and Final Cut Pro X. Like Mac OS X itself, the products were not upgrades to previous versions, but brand-new programs. As with OS X, major releases for these programs incremented the second digit and minor releases were denoted using a third

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An alternative is to refer to pre-release versions as "release candidates", so that software packages which are soon to be released as a particular version may carry that version tag followed by "rc-#", indicating the number of the release candidate; when the final version is released, the "rc" tag

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are NT 6.3. Windows 10 was initially intended to be NT 6.4, as the earliest Technical Preview build shared to the public is numbered 6.4.9841. However, that did not last as the version of Windows 10 was quickly artificially increased to 10.0 to align with the commercial name, resulting in the first

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In some schemes, sequence-based identifiers are used to convey the significance of changes between releases. Changes are classified by significance level, and the decision of which sequence to change between releases is based on the significance of the changes from the previous release, whereby the

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is a form of software release schedule in which a number of distinct series of versioned software releases for multiple products are released as a number of different "trains" on a regular schedule. Generally, for each product line, a number of different release trains are running at a given time,

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build numbers are an encoded date: the first two digits indicate the number of months that have passed from the January of the year in which the project started (with each major Office release being a different project), while the last two digits indicate the day of that month. So 3419 is the 19th

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with each train moving from initial release to eventual maturity and retirement on a planned schedule. Users may experiment with a newer release train before adopting it for production, allowing them to experiment with newer, "raw", releases early, while continuing to follow the previous train's

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Depending on the scheme, significance may be assessed by lines of code changed, function points added or removed, the potential impact on customers in terms of work required to adopt a new version, risk of bugs or undeclared breaking changes, degree of changes in visual layout, the number of new

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scheme with a fixed width. Perl represents its version numbers as a floating-point number; for example, Perl's 5.8.7 release can also be represented as 5.008007. This allows a theoretical version of 5.8.10 to be represented as 5.008010. Other software packages pack each segment into a fixed bit

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In the 21st century, more programmers started to use a formalized version policy, such as the semantic versioning policy. The purpose of such policies is to make it easier for other programmers to know when code changes are likely to break things they have written. Such policies are especially

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minor version numbers to denote stable releases. For example, Linux 2.3 was a development family of the second major design of the Linux kernel, and Linux 2.4 was the stable release family that Linux 2.3 matured into. After the minor version number in the Linux kernel is the release number, in

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features very large version numbers: major releases have numbers such as 50000 and 60000, while minor releases increase the number by 1 (e.g. 50001, 50002). Alpha and beta releases are given decimal version numbers slightly less than the major release number, such as 19999.00071 for alpha 1 of

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departed from this trend, in large part because "X" (the Roman numeral for 10) was in the name of the product. As a result, all versions of OS X began with the number 10. The first major release of OS X was given the version number 10.0, but the next major release was not 11.0. Instead, it was

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Version numbers very quickly evolve from simple integers (1, 2, ...) to rational numbers (2.08, 2.09, 2.10) and then to non-numeric "numbers" such as 4:3.4.3-2. These complex version numbers are therefore better treated as character strings. Operating systems that include package management

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released version of the operating system being numbered 10.0.10240. Note, however, that Windows NT is only on its fifth major revision, as its first release was numbered 3.1 (to match the then-current Windows release number) and the Windows 10 launching made a version leap from 6.3 to 10.0.

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is assigned a unique identifier that consists of one or more sequences of numbers or letters. This is the extent of the commonality; schemes vary widely in areas such as the number of sequences, the attribution of meaning to individual sequences, and the means of incrementing the sequences.

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digit. The "X" was dropped from Final Cut's name with the release of macOS 11.0 (see below), and QuickTime's branding became moot when the framework was deprecated in favor of AVFoundation in 2011 (the program for playing QuickTime video was only named QuickTime Player from the start).

1274:. Initial versions are numbers less than 1, with these 0.x version used to convey that the software is incomplete and not reliable enough for general release or usable in its current state. Backward-incompatible changes are common with 0.x versions. Version 1.0 is used as a major 232:), 1.0rc2 (if more bugs are found) → 1.0. It is a common practice in this scheme to lock out new features and breaking changes during the release candidate phases and, for some teams, even betas are locked down to bug fixes only, to ensure convergence on the target release. 690:

is one example of a project using calendar versioning; Ubuntu 18.04, for example, was released in April 2018. This has the advantage of being easily relatable to development schedules and support timelines. Some video games also use date as versioning, for example the

840:, minor version numbers rarely went beyond ".1". When they did, they usually jumped straight to ".5", suggesting the release was "more significant". Thus, "8.5" was marketed as its own release, representing "Mac OS 8 and a half", and 8.6 effectively meant "8.5.1". 113:

File numbers were used especially in public administration, as well as companies, to uniquely identify files or cases. For computer files this practice was introduced for the first time with MIT's ITS file system, later the TENEX filesystem for the PDP-10 in 1972.

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5 to 5.5. This may be done to emphasize the value of the upgrade to the software user or, as in Adobe's case, to represent a release halfway between major versions (although levels of sequence-based versioning are not necessarily limited to a single digit, as in

369:) often uses a zero in the first ("major") position of the sequence to designate its status. However, this scheme is only useful for the early stages, not for upcoming releases with established software where the version number has already progressed past 0. 806:; the version number is the number of digits.) As of February 2021, the version number is 3.141592653. This is a reflection of TeX being very stable, and only minor updates are anticipated. TeX developer Donald Knuth has stated that the 772:

has published PEP 440 – Version Identification and Dependency Specification, outlining their own flexible scheme, that defines an epoch segment, a release segment, pre-release and post-release segments and a development release segment.

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to unique states of computer software. Within a given version number category (e.g., major or minor), these numbers are generally assigned in increasing order and correspond to new developments in the software. At a fine-grained level,

1061:. However, if the pre-release version is for an existing software package (e.g. version 2.5), then an "a" or "alpha" may be appended to the version number. So the alpha version of the 2.5 release might be identified as 2.5a or 2.5.a. 260:

Again, in these examples, the definition of what constitutes a "major" as opposed to a "minor" change is entirely subjective and up to the author, as is what defines a "build", or how a "revision" differs from a "minor" change.

325:, i.e., the new software is designed to interact correctly with older versions of the software (using old protocols and file formats) and the most recent version (using the latest protocols and file formats). For example, IBM 391:

is another scheme that uses numbers, but apparently under a number of a previous version. A large number in the last position, typically 90 or higher, is used. This is commonly used by older open-source projects like

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A variety of version numbering schemes have been created to keep track of different versions of a piece of software. The ubiquity of computers has also led to these schemes being used in contexts outside computing.

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Some software producers use different schemes to denote releases of their software. The Debian project uses a major/minor versioning scheme for releases of its operating system but uses code names from the movie

914:(version 6.1). This style had remained consistent to this date. The client versions of Windows however did not adopt a consistent style. First, they received names with arbitrary alphanumeric suffixes as with 1536:, but may also be very useful to follow for command-line applications (which may be called from other applications) and indeed any other applications (which may be scripted and/or extended by third parties). 633:

is a notable case where a four-part version number is indicated publicly, as in 10.1.53.64. Some companies also include the build date. Version numbers may also include letters and other characters, such as

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Alpha ran from version 1.0.0 to 1.2.6, and when Beta was released, it reset the major version number and ran from 1.0 to 1.8. Once the game was fully released, the major version number again reset to 1.0.0.

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The complete sequence of classic Mac OS versions (not including patches) is: 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 2.1, 3.0, 3.2 (skipping 3.1), 4.0, 4.1, 5.0, 5.1, 6.0, 7.0, 7.1, 7.5, 7.6, 8.0, 8.1, 8.5 (jumped), 8.6, 9.0, 9.1,

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include a version number – sometimes the same as the version number of the software that wrote it; other times a "protocol version number" independent of the software version number. The code to handle old

1499:, Maximo, moved from Maximo Series 3 directly to Series 5, skipping Series 4 due to that number's perceived marketing difficulties in the Chinese market, where the number 4 is associated with "death" (see 953:, was released on October 5, 2021. Despite being named "11", the new Windows release didn't bump its major version number to 11. Instead, it stayed at the same version number of 10.0, used by Windows 10. 194:

Developers may choose to jump multiple minor versions at a time to indicate that significant features have been added, but are not enough to warrant incrementing a major version number; for example,

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You should identify each release with a pair of version numbers, a major version and a minor. We have no objection to using more than two numbers, but it is very unlikely that you really need them.

1503:). This did not stop Maximo Series 5 version 4.0 from being released. (The "Series" versioning has since been dropped, effectively resetting version numbers after Series 5 version 1.0's release.) 847:

numbered 10.1, followed by 10.2, 10.3, and so on for each subsequent major release. Thus the 11th major version of OS X was labeled "10.10". Even though the "X" was dropped from the name as of

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The two purely numeric forms removes the special logic required to handle the comparison of "alpha < beta < rc < no prefix" as found in semantic versioning, at the cost of clarity.

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Software may have an "internal" version number which differs from the version number shown in the product name (and which typically follows version numbering rules more consistently).

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In conjunction with the various versioning schemes listed above, a system for denoting pre-release versions is generally used, as the program makes its way through the stages of the

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0x0006000325804000. The floating-point scheme breaks down if any segment of the version number exceeds 999; a packed-binary scheme employing 16 bits apiece breaks down after 65535.

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As an example of surprising version number ordering implementation behavior, in Debian, leading zeroes are ignored in chunks, so that 5.0005 and 5.5 are considered as equal, and 5.5

538:. In the decimal scheme, 1.81 is the minor version following 1.8, while maintenance releases (i.e. bug fixes only) may be denoted with an alphabetic suffix, such as 1.81a or 1.81b. 989:

temperature scale): software versions start at a high number and count down to version 0, at which point the software is considered finished and no further modifications are made.

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is used for keeping track of incrementally-different versions of information, whether or not this information is computer software, in order to be able to roll any changes back.

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The Office 2007 release of Microsoft Office had an internal version number of 12. The next version, Office 2010, has an internal version of 14, due to superstitions surrounding

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This approach, panned by many because it breaks the semantic significance of the sections of the version number, has been adopted by an increasing number of vendors including

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ascending order; for example, Linux 2.4.0 → Linux 2.4.22. Since the 2004 release of the 2.6 kernel, Linux no longer uses this system, and has a much shorter release cycle.

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5.0, for example, has the internal version number of 1.5.0, and versions of Windows from NT 4 on have continued the standard numerical versions internally: Windows 2000 is

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On the other hand, some software packages identify releases by decimal numbers: 1.7, 1.8, 1.81, 1.82, 1.9, etc. Decimal versions were common in the 1980s, for example with

515:, treat versions as a series of individual numbers, separated by periods, with a progression such as 1.7.0, 1.8.0, 1.8.1, 1.9.0, 1.10.0, 1.11.0, 1.11.1, 1.11.2, and so on. 164:

features, or almost anything the product developers or marketers deem to be significant, including marketing desire to stress the "relative goodness" of the new version.

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Since the internet has become widespread, most commercial software vendors no longer follow the maxim that a major version should be "complete" and instead rely on

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Versioning is also a required practice to enable many schemes of patching and upgrading software, especially to automatically decide what and where to upgrade to.

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distributions) will use a distribution-specific algorithm for comparing version numbers of different software packages. For example, the ordering algorithms of

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In some cases, developers may decide to reset the major version number. This is sometimes used to denote a new development phase being released. For example,

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is a scheme that uses numbers to indicate the status as if it's part of the sequence. A typical choice is the third position for the four-position versioning.

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since its inception, its designers not expecting to alter it anymore during their (or its) lifetime since it would conflict with its development directives.

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project formerly used a date versioning scheme, which used the year followed by the month followed by the day of the release; for example, "Wine 20040505".

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is a common scheme adopted by semantic versioning. In this scheme, versions have affixed a dash plus some alphanumeric characters to indicate the status.

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open-source PBX construction kit in the early 2010s, whose project leads announced that the current version 1.8.x would soon be followed by version 10.

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using this approach might look like 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 → 1.0b1, 1.0b2 (with some fixes), 1.0b3 (with more fixes) → 1.0rc1 (which, if it is stable

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Other times version numbers are increased to match those of competitors. This can be seen in many examples of product version numbering by Microsoft,

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Some systems use numerical versions less than 1 (such as 0.9), to suggest their approach toward a final "1.0" release. This is a common convention in

1375:. Visual Studio 2013 is Version number 12.0 of the product, and the new version, Visual Studio 2015 has the Version number 14.0 for the same reasons. 926:(6.0). Then, once again Microsoft adopted incremental numbers in the title, but this time, they were not versioning numbers; the version numbers of 160:

first sequence is changed for the most significant changes, and changes to sequences after the first represent changes of decreasing significance.

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is designed to work properly with 3 consecutive major versions of the operating system running in the same sysplex. This enables people who run a

828:. As of February 2021, the version number is 2.71828182. Metafont was also devised by Donald Knuth as a companion to his TeX typesetting system. 1089:

software platform used a release train schedule with many distinct trains for many years. More recently, a number of other platforms including

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2003. When a year is used to denote version, it is generally for marketing purposes, and an actual version number also exists. For example,

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computer cluster to keep most of the computers up and running while one machine at a time is shut down, upgraded, and restored to service.

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Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software

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Sun also dropped the first digit for Solaris, where Solaris 2.8 (or 2.9) is referred to as Solaris 8 (or 9) in marketing materials.

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version 20000, and 29999.50000 for beta 2 of version 30000. Starting at 9001 in 2003, the most recent version as of 2011 is 140000.

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Later lists of files including their versions were added, and dependencies amongst them. Linux distributions like Debian, with its

291:: The difference between the newest and oldest interfaces that the library implements. This use of the third field is specific to 224:

numbers along with an alphanumeric string denoting the release type, e.g. "alpha" (a), "beta" (b), or "release candidate" (rc). A

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5.0006. This can confuse users; string-matching tools may fail to find a given version number; and this can cause subtle bugs in

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family which continued the year-based style with a difference: For minor releases, Microsoft suffixed "R2" to the title, e.g.,

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10 and "3"). The procedure has continued into the next version, X4. The same has happened with Corel's Graphic Suite (i.e.

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had a similar version formatting, but instead used DDHHMM, ex: rd-132211, 13 being the 13th of May, and 2211 being 22:11.

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More often it's used to play on an association with high technology, and doesn't literally indicate a 'version' (e.g.,

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to emulate and thus the project can never be truly completed. Accordingly, version 0.99 was followed by version 0.100.

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Lam, Patrick; Dietrich, Jens; Pearce, David J. (August 16, 2020). "Putting the semantics into semantic versioning".

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A scheme choice of which sequences to separate may be inconsistent, separating some sequences but not others: 2.413

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package numbers are prefixed with an optional "epoch", which is used to allow the versioning scheme to be changed.

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skipped from version 93.0 to 100, partly to fulfill the assertion, "There Will Be No Finnix '95", a reference to

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A similar problem of relative change significance and versioning nomenclature exists in book publishing, where

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revision was added which is always zero in original Emacs packages but increased by distributors. Similarly,

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SUSE Linux Enterprise skipped version 13 and 14 after version 12 and directly released SLES 15 in July 2018.

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went from version 12 to version 14, likely in an effort to skip the superstitions surrounding the number 13.

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3.5, where the rules were revised from the third edition, but not so much as to be considered the fourth).

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The Roman numeral X was concurrently leveraged for marketing purposes across multiple product lines. Both

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A scheme's choice of characters may be inconsistent within the same identifier: 2.4_13 (for instance,

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Frank Kyne, Bert de Beer, Luis Martinez, Harriet Morril, Miha Petric, David Viguers, Suzi Wendler.

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with bugfixes to sort out the known issues which a solution has been found for and could be fixed.

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width; for example, on Microsoft Windows, version number 6.3.9600.16384 would be represented as

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Some projects use the major version number to indicate incompatible releases. Two examples are

300: 225: 1761: 1313:, a product is launched with a version number that implies that it is more mature than it is. 306:

In most proprietary software, the first released version of a software product has version 1.

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Modern computer software is often tracked using two different software versioning schemes: an

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do not ever intend to release a version 1.0 of the program because there will always be more

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There are two schools of thought regarding how numeric version numbers are incremented. Most

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that may be incremented many times in a single day, such as a revision control number, and a

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for their production systems prior to moving to the new release train as it becomes mature.

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14 in its Adaptive Server Enterprise relational database product, moving from 12.5 to 15.0.

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that typically changes far less often, such as semantic versioning or a project code name.

2767:"The Evolution of Asterisk (or: How We Arrived at Asterisk 10) | Inside the Asterisk" 2746:. September 15, 2015. introduced Node with a Linux kernel-style odd/even versioning scheme 1444:, "the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe and everything" mentioned in 1138:

The same odd-even system is used by some other software with long release cycles, such as

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string during pre-1.0 development and Netscape 6.x was built upon Mozilla's code base.

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is a notable example using another scheme where the major number (1) was dropped and a

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files may also use some of kind primitive versioning number to keep track of changes.

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has at times had a hybrid system, where the internal version number has always been 1.

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Apple's next macOS release, provisionally numbered 10.16, was officially announced as

700:. At startup it displays the version number as a date plus a region code, for example 2833: 2417: 1857: 1843: 1639: 1620:, which refers to the second season as Version 2.0). A particularly notable usage is 1400: 1348: 1297: 1233:

if the programmers use string-indexed data structures such as version-number indexed

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at WWDC in June 2020, and released in November 2020. The following macOS version,

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day of the 34th month after the month of January of the year the project started.

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When using dates in versioning, for instance, file names, it is common to use the

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A scheme may use the same character between all sequences: 2.4.13, 2/4/13, 2-4-13

199: 2613: 1959: 2739: 2128: 1963: 1584: 1392: 1337: 1317: 1187: 907: 871: 837: 793: 622: 2215: 894:. After this Microsoft excluded the version number from the product name. For 2934: 1676: 1445: 1263: 1079: 923: 867: 859: 785: 665: 337: 2197: 1839: 1351:, but also because the Mozilla application suite inherited version 5 in its 1218:

and derived distributions differ to those of the Debian-like distributions.

2520:"Windows 10 NT kernel gets bumped from 6.4 to 10 in recent internal builds" 1616: 1123: 903: 891: 848: 789: 752: 535: 2043: 874:, was released in October 2021 and bumped its major version number to 12. 2015: 1903: 1589: 1580: 1566: 1500: 1479: 1441: 1378: 1372: 1329: 1290: 1282: 1252: 1246: 1098: 1034: 935: 887: 748: 692: 647: 635: 630: 2926:

Document Foundation release plan for LibreOffice, showing release trains

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To ease sorting, some software packages represent each component of the

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jumped from version 2.0 to version 7.0, to match the version number of

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during development to refer to stable, unstable, and testing releases.

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version numbering system, an unusual feature invented by its developer

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Microsoft has also been the target of "catch-up" versioning, with the

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only incremented build number and update build revision (UBR) number.

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operating system was first labelled with standard version numbers for

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A number of schemes are used to denote the status of a newer release:

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There is sometimes a fourth, unpublished number which denotes the

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Version numbers are used in practical terms by the consumer, or

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A Slackware Linux distribution was versioned 13.37, referencing

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only, while beta software is distributed for community testing.

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Some projects use negative version numbers. One example is the

554: 279:: The most recent interface number that the library implements. 1490: 1624:, referring to websites from the early 2000s that emphasized 1576:

Software-style version numbers can be found in other media.

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compiler which started from −1.0 and counted upwards to 0.0.

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The NodeSource Blog – Node.js Tutorials, Guides, and Updates

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Version numbers allow people providing support to ascertain

2805:"Aug. 25, 1991: Kid From Helsinki Foments Linux Revolution" 1610: 1496: 1458: 1347:

browsers skipping version 5 to 6, in line with Microsoft's

1286: 1211: 326: 118: 1579:

In some cases, the use is a direct analogy (for example:

1130:

minor version numbers to denote development releases and

781: 542: 295:: others may use a different meaning or simply ignore it. 172: 1149: 676:

Many projects use a date-based versioning scheme called

2367:"Debian FAQ: 6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?" 1358:

Another example of keeping up with competitors is when

797: 2867: 2832:. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. p. 9. 2686:"PEP 0 – Index of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)" 2102: 1733: 1423:

Lingvo Dictionary uses numbering 12, x3 (14), x5 (15).

1253:

Political and cultural significance of version numbers

1112: 735:

Other examples that identify versions by year include

545:

version numbering scheme is major.minor.revision, but

530:, but even in the 2000s have been for example used by 235:

Other schemes impart meaning on individual sequences:

285:: The implementation number of the current interface. 16:

Unique identification of incremental software updates

2829:

Practical MythTV: Building a PVR and Media Center PC

2826:

Still, Michael; Smith, Stewart (December 15, 2007).

2155:"Coding Horror: What's In a Version Number, Anyway?" 146:

In sequence-based software versioning schemes, each

1872:"Library Interface Versioning in Solaris and Linux" 1750:

TENEX, a paged time sharing system for the PDP - 10

1179:

Java 1.5.0, 1.6.0, 1.7.0, 1.8.0 ("Java 5, 6, 7, 8")

808:"absolutely final change (to be made after death)" 1440:distribution started at version 4.2, to reference 1362:Linux jumped from version 4 to version 7 in 1999. 1204: 2317:"Apple macOS Monterey: Everything we know so far" 1819: 2932: 2764: 2174: 601:When a period is used to separate sequences, it 356: 2349:"Windows 11: A new era for the PC begins today" 2308: 2129:"International standard date and time notation" 1303: 1162:but has been marketed by reference only to the 1785:, Javier Fernández-Sanguino et al, 2021-10-26. 1118:Odd-numbered versions for development releases 2873: 2177:"What does the "NT" stand for in Windows NT?" 1925:"Daemonite: The science of version numbering" 1257: 1210:facilities (such as all non-trivial Linux or 613:" section for various interpretation styles. 597:Beta incremented from 1.7 to 1.7_01 to 1.7.2) 176:Semantic versioning three-part version number 133: 2632:"ReleasePlan – The Document Foundation Wiki" 1309:deployments. For example, as in the case of 349:protocols and file formats is often seen as 2722:"VMware Product Release Tracker (vTracker)" 2209: 2207: 2152: 2126: 2038: 2036: 1864: 1491:Overcoming perceived marketing difficulties 992: 610: 401:Comparison of development stage indicators 321:Often programmers write new software to be 2494:"Toward a Frozen Operating System – Urbit" 2271:"Apple turns macOS up to 11 – or to 10.16" 1947:"System z Parallel Sysplex Best Practices" 1511: 1122:Between the 1.0 and the 2.6.x series, the 309: 81:is the process of assigning either unique 2315:De Looper, Christian (October 12, 2021). 2314: 2268: 1829: 502: 303:can be chosen based on varying criteria. 59:Learn how and when to remove this message 2781: 2596:"Firefox Release Calendar – MozillaWiki" 2574:"Wine Headed For a 1.0 Release. Finally" 2542: 2540: 2204: 2120: 2033: 1736:2.0.0. Creative Commons. Retrieved from 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1142:up to version 0.12 as well as GNOME and 942:, the version number leaped to 10.0 and 817:In a similar way, the version number of 810:will be to change the version number to 657: 171: 137: 2567: 2565: 2517: 1542: 1041: 575: 2933: 2900: 2894: 2819: 2802: 2571: 2190: 1917: 1495:In the mid-1990s, the rapidly growing 1109:have adopted the release train model. 938:are respectively 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3. In 616: 167: 154: 2614:"Simultaneous Release – Eclipsepedia" 2537: 2491: 2213: 2175:Per Christensson (October 20, 2006). 2044:"Advogato: Version numbering madness" 1715: 1270:communities tend to release software 1150:Dropping the most significant element 2562: 2269:Gallagher, William (June 22, 2020). 1608:, a video game followup to the film 1451:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 877: 758: 361:Software in the experimental stage ( 213:Java Edition starting from 1.7.10). 43:Please help consolidate the article. 20: 2803:Calore, Michael (August 25, 2009). 2518:Tyrsina, Radu (November 21, 2014). 1896: 1738:https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html 1560: 1186:A similar jump took place with the 1176:J2SE 1.2.0 ("Java 2") through 1.4.2 1113:Modifications to the numeric system 1011:Windows XP Professional x64 Edition 755:is internally versioned as NT 5.0. 641: 216:A different approach is to use the 13: 2765:Kevin P. Fleming (July 21, 2011). 2296:from the original on June 22, 2020 2286:"Apple unveils macOS 11.0 Big Sur" 2283: 2214:Knuth, Donald E. (December 1990). 2146: 1391:, version 13 is marketed as "X3" ( 653: 142:An example version number sequence 14: 2962: 2919: 2901:Finnie, Ryan (October 23, 2010). 2153:Jeff Atwood (February 15, 2007). 2127:Markus Kuhn (December 19, 2004). 2668:"Releases – Fedora Project Wiki" 2216:"The Future of TeX and Metafont" 2012:"GNU Coding Standards: Releases" 1068: 956: 264:Shared libraries in Solaris and 25: 2853: 2796: 2758: 2732: 2714: 2696: 2678: 2660: 2642: 2624: 2606: 2588: 2511: 2485: 2468:"Kelvin Versioning · jtobin.io" 2460: 2435: 2410: 2385: 2359: 2341: 2327: 2277: 2241: 2168: 2095: 2070: 2058: 2004: 1990:Movable Type Documentation Wiki 1978: 1952: 1939: 1695: 1506: 1430: 1365: 1205:Version number ordering systems 609:represent a decimal point—see " 2874:Paul Thurrott (May 14, 2009). 2103:"Calendar Versioning — CalVer" 2078:"Java Edition version history" 1960:"Opera Changelogs for Windows" 1878: 1813: 1788: 1776: 1767: 1755: 1743: 1105:, Fedora, Python, digiKam and 1: 1886:"Libtool's versioning system" 1764:, Robert Sanders, 1994-02-25. 1709: 1667:Product life cycle management 949:The successor of Windows 10, 509:free and open-source software 357:Designating development stage 2790:Notes for linux release 0.01 1732:Preston-Werner, Tom (2013). 1304:Version numbers as marketing 944:subsequent updates to the OS 751:and Windows 4.00; likewise, 560: 7: 2825: 2636:wiki.documentfoundation.org 1649: 1614:, or the television series 1048:software release life cycle 1005:5.0, XP is Windows NT 5.1, 747:is internally versioned as 10: 2967: 2946:Software version histories 1773:, Ian Jackson, 1995-07-30. 1657:Continuous Data Protection 1413:skipped major versions 13 1258:Version 1.0 as a milestone 1021:and Windows 7 are NT 6.1, 985:(named after the absolute 821:asymptotically approaches 770:Python Software Foundation 668:showing release number in 318:(APR) and the FarCry CMS. 134:Sequence-based identifiers 124: 108: 70: 1783:A Brief History of Debian 1762:package interdependencies 763: 2650:"Releases – Ubuntu Wiki" 2418:"News and Updates: BLAG" 1688: 1476:Tagged Image File Format 993:Internal version numbers 831: 301:edition numbers or names 38:too many section headers 2335:"Announcing Windows 10" 2133:University of Cambridge 1840:10.1145/3426428.3426922 1512:In software engineering 1484:internal version number 1478:specification has used 1173:JDK 1.1.2 through 1.1.8 1093:and Fenix for Android, 581:first-level revision): 316:Apache Portable Runtime 310:Degree of compatibility 99:internal version number 2064:Debian Policy Manual, 1626:user-generated content 1596:Dungeons & Dragons 1522:version control system 1405:video editing software 1281:The developers of the 1075:software release train 1031:Windows Server 2012 R2 1019:Windows Server 2008 R2 1017:and Vista are NT 6.0, 912:Windows Server 2008 R2 836:During the era of the 796:approaches the number 776: 673: 611:Incrementing sequences 503:Incrementing sequences 456:Release candidate (RC) 226:software release train 177: 143: 2319:. BGR. Archived from 1890:Libtool documentation 1567:computer file systems 802:. (This is a form of 661: 175: 141: 2728:. February 13, 2015. 2393:"BLAG Linux And GNU" 2373:on December 10, 2020 2323:on October 10, 2021. 1927:. September 14, 2004 1824:. pp. 157–179. 1682:Software engineering 1543:In technical support 1326:Java Virtual Machine 1059:open source software 1042:Pre-release versions 672:format: "961219 USA" 576:Separating sequences 511:packages, including 270:current.revision.age 2740:"Node.js is SemVer" 2572:Gilbertson, Scott. 2550:. February 13, 2017 2046:. February 28, 2000 1734:Semantic Versioning 1662:Maintenance release 1242:major.minor.release 1023:Windows Server 2012 1015:Windows Server 2008 1007:Windows Server 2003 678:Calendar Versioning 617:Number of sequences 402: 377:Alphanumeric suffix 323:backward compatible 198:from 5.1 to 5.5 or 196:Internet Explorer 5 183:Semantic versioning 168:Semantic versioning 155:Change significance 79:Software versioning 2355:. October 4, 2021. 1672:Release management 1571:OpenVMS Filesystem 1530:software libraries 1389:WordPerfect Office 1231:package management 972:BLAG Linux and GNU 741:WordPerfect Office 674: 484:Post-release fixes 400: 178: 144: 73:Mark (designation) 2882:on April 19, 2009 2876:"Office 2010 FAQ" 2839:978-1-59059-779-8 2793:kernel.org, 1991. 2787:Torvalds, Linus: 2710:. March 25, 2018. 2672:fedoraproject.org 1640:Technical drawing 1403:) as well as its 1401:Corel Photo-Paint 1349:Internet Explorer 983:Kelvin versioning 884:Microsoft Windows 878:Microsoft Windows 759:Software examples 737:Adobe Illustrator 697:Street Fighter EX 663:Street Fighter EX 528:Microsoft Windows 497: 496: 331:high availability 69: 68: 61: 2958: 2951:Software release 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2878:. Archived from 2871: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2800: 2794: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2618:wiki.eclipse.org 2610: 2604: 2603: 2600:wiki.mozilla.org 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2369:. Archived from 2363: 2357: 2356: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1833: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1730: 1703: 1699: 1634:interoperability 1561:Non-software use 1334:Microsoft Access 1228: 1224: 1029:are NT 6.2, and 826: 823:Euler's number, 813: 800: 729:Microsoft Office 642:Negative numbers 403: 399: 207:version 2.91 or 185: 184: 148:software release 92:revision control 64: 57: 53: 50: 44: 29: 28: 21: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2941:Version control 2931: 2930: 2922: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2872: 2868: 2861:"Slackware FAQ" 2859: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2801: 2797: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2654:wiki.ubuntu.com 2648: 2647: 2643: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2443:"blag download" 2441: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2422:DistroWatch.com 2416: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2397:DistroWatch.com 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2284:Heater, Brian. 2282: 2278: 2273:. AppleInsider. 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2218: 2212: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2135: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2109: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2021: 2019: 2010: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1993: 1992:. June 25, 2013 1984: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1850: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1800:peps.python.org 1794: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1731: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1652: 1563: 1545: 1514: 1509: 1493: 1433: 1407:"Video Studio". 1368: 1306: 1272:early and often 1260: 1255: 1226: 1222: 1207: 1152: 1120: 1115: 1071: 1044: 995: 959: 898:(version 4.0), 880: 834: 824: 811: 804:unary numbering 798: 779: 766: 761: 656: 654:Date of release 644: 619: 578: 563: 505: 422: 417: 412: 407: 359: 312: 200:Adobe Photoshop 182: 181: 170: 157: 136: 127: 111: 103:release version 87:version numbers 76: 65: 54: 48: 45: 42: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2964: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2920:External links 2918: 2916: 2915: 2893: 2866: 2852: 2838: 2818: 2795: 2780: 2757: 2731: 2713: 2704:"Release Plan" 2695: 2677: 2659: 2641: 2623: 2605: 2587: 2561: 2536: 2524:Windows Report 2510: 2484: 2459: 2434: 2409: 2384: 2358: 2340: 2326: 2307: 2276: 2261: 2240: 2203: 2189: 2167: 2145: 2119: 2094: 2082:Minecraft Wiki 2069: 2066:5.6.12 Version 2057: 2032: 2018:. May 13, 2014 2003: 1977: 1964:Opera Software 1951: 1938: 1916: 1895: 1877: 1863: 1848: 1812: 1787: 1775: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1569:, such as the 1562: 1559: 1544: 1541: 1528:important for 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1472: 1462: 1455: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1408: 1382: 1376: 1367: 1364: 1338:Microsoft Word 1318:America Online 1305: 1302: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1206: 1203: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1151: 1148: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1080:point releases 1070: 1067: 1043: 1040: 994: 991: 958: 955: 908:Windows Server 879: 876: 872:macOS Monterey 838:classic Mac OS 833: 830: 794:asymptotically 778: 775: 765: 762: 760: 757: 655: 652: 643: 640: 623:software build 618: 615: 599: 598: 589: 586: 577: 574: 562: 559: 504: 501: 495: 494: 491: 488: 485: 481: 480: 477: 474: 471: 467: 466: 463: 460: 457: 453: 452: 449: 446: 443: 439: 438: 435: 432: 429: 425: 424: 419: 414: 409: 398: 397: 386: 383:Numeric status 380: 358: 355: 338:packet headers 311: 308: 297: 296: 286: 280: 272:format where: 258: 257: 247: 169: 166: 156: 153: 135: 132: 126: 123: 110: 107: 67: 66: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2963: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2904: 2897: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2862: 2856: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2822: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2791: 2784: 2769:. Digium, Inc 2768: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2452:September 29, 2448: 2444: 2438: 2427:September 29, 2423: 2419: 2413: 2402:September 29, 2398: 2394: 2388: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2354: 2353:Windows Blogs 2350: 2344: 2336: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2272: 2265: 2250: 2244: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2210: 2208: 2199: 2193: 2178: 2171: 2156: 2149: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2087:September 24, 2083: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2045: 2039: 2037: 2029: 2017: 2013: 2007: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1949:. 2011. p. 6. 1948: 1942: 1926: 1920: 1905: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1873: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1849:9781450381789 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1698: 1694: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1677:Release notes 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1446:Douglas Adams 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1373:the number 13 1370: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:free-software 1250: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1076: 1069:Release train 1066: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 973: 969: 967: 966: 957:Other schemes 954: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924:Windows Vista 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 875: 873: 869: 864: 861: 860:Final Cut Pro 857: 852: 850: 845: 841: 839: 829: 827: 820: 815: 809: 805: 801: 795: 791: 787: 786:idiosyncratic 783: 774: 771: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 730: 726: 724: 723: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 698: 694: 689: 685: 683: 679: 671: 667: 666:splash screen 664: 660: 651: 649: 639: 637: 632: 628: 624: 614: 612: 608: 604: 596: 595: 590: 587: 584: 583: 582: 573: 570: 569: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 541:The standard 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 500: 492: 489: 486: 483: 482: 478: 475: 472: 469: 468: 464: 461: 458: 455: 454: 450: 447: 444: 441: 440: 436: 433: 430: 427: 426: 420: 415: 410: 405: 404: 395: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 374: 373: 370: 368: 364: 354: 352: 348: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 307: 304: 302: 294: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 274: 273: 271: 267: 262: 255: 251: 248: 245: 241: 238: 237: 236: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 211: 206: 201: 197: 192: 190: 186: 174: 165: 161: 152: 149: 140: 131: 122: 120: 115: 106: 104: 100: 95: 93: 88: 84: 83:version names 80: 74: 63: 60: 52: 49:February 2022 40: 39: 34:This article 32: 23: 22: 19: 2906:. 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