1276:
942:
824:
153:
5465:
5100:
1898:
730:
951:
Through these processes, carbon is made bioavailable to the microbial metabolic "factory" and subsequently is either (3) respired to the atmosphere or (4) enters the stable carbon pool as microbial necromass. The exact balance of carbon efflux versus persistence is a function of several factors, including aboveground plant community composition and root exudate profiles, environmental variables, and collective microbial phenotypes (i.e., the metaphenome).
5454:
5481:
1350:
4276:
25:
2930:
67:
2048:'s good practice guidance. Tropical deforestation represents nearly 25% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions worldwide. Deforestation, forest degradation, and changes in land management practices can cause releases of carbon from soil to the atmosphere. For these reasons, reliable estimates of soil organic carbon stock and stock changes are needed for
918:, air filed porosity, soil strength, and oxygen diffusion rate. Changes in LLWR are known to alter ecosystems but it's to a different capacity in each region. For example, in polar regions where temperatures are more susceptible to drastic changes, melting permafrost can expose more land which leads to higher rates of
2044:(UNFCCC), countries must estimate and report GHG emissions and removals, including changes in carbon stocks in all five pools (above- and below-ground biomass, dead wood, litter, and soil carbon) and associated emissions and removals from land use, land-use change and forestry activities, according to the
1118:
Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in sandy soils influence soil bulk density which decreases with an increase in SOC. Bulk density is important for calculating SOC stocks and higher SOC concentrations increase SOC stocks but the effect will be somewhat reduced by the decrease in bulk density.
819:
Biotic factors include photosynthetic assimilation of fixed carbon, decomposition of biomass, and the activities of diverse communities of soil organisms. Climate, landscape dynamics, fires, and mineralogy are some of the important abiotic factors. Anthropogenic factors have increasingly changed soil
1127:, in sandy soils. SOC was higher in sandy soils with higher pH. found that up to 76% of the variation in CEC was caused by SOC, and up to 95% of variation in CEC was attributed to SOC and pH. Soil organic matter and specific surface area has been shown to account for 97% of variation in CEC whereas
1131:
content accounts for 58%. Soil organic carbon increased with an increase in silt and clay content. The silt and clay size fractions have the ability to protect SOC in soil aggregates. When organic matter decomposes, the organic matter binds with silt and clay forming aggregates. Soil organic carbon
842:
Soil carbon distribution and accumulation arises from complex and dynamic processes influenced by biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors. Although exact quantities are difficult to measure, soil carbon has been lost through land use changes, deforestation, and agricultural practices. While many
127:
play an important role in breaking down carbon in the soil. Changes in their activity due to rising temperatures could possibly influence and even contribute to climate change. Human activities have caused a massive loss of soil organic carbon. For example, anthropogenic fires destroy the top layer
850:
Although exact quantities are difficult to measure, human activities have caused substantial losses of soil organic carbon. Of the 2,700 Gt of carbon stored in soils worldwide, 1550 GtC is organic and 950 GtC is inorganic carbon, which is approximately three times greater than the
950:
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is fixed by plants (or autotrophic microorganisms) and added to soil through processes such as (1) root exudation of low-molecular weight simple carbon compounds, or deposition of leaf and root litter leading to accumulation of complex plant polysaccharides. (2)
1320:
24, pp. 439–450), a comparison of national data with modelled data is performed. The LUCAS soil organic carbon data are measured surveyed points and the aggregated results at regional level show important findings. Finally, a new proposed model for estimation of soil organic carbon in
2135:
Wang, Chao; Morrissey, Ember M; Mau, Rebecca L; Hayer, Michaela; Piñeiro, Juan; Mack, Michelle C; Marks, Jane C; Bell, Sheryl L; Miller, Samantha N; Schwartz, Egbert; Dijkstra, Paul; Koch, Benjamin J; Stone, Bram W; Purcell, Alicia M; Blazewicz, Steven J (2021-09-01).
1034:. Cellulose and starches readily degrade, resulting in short residence times. More persistent forms of organic C include lignin, humus, organic matter encapsulated in soil aggregates, and charcoal. These resist alteration and have long residence times.
2305:
Wiesmeier, Martin; Urbanski, Livia; Hobley, Eleanor; Lang, Birgit; von LĂĽtzow, Margit; Marin-Spiotta, Erika; van
Wesemael, Bas; Rabot, Eva; Ließ, Mareike; Garcia-Franco, Noelia; Wollschläger, Ute; Vogel, Hans-Jörg; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid (2019-01-01).
2070:
West Africa has experienced significant loss of forest that contains high levels of soil organic carbon. This is mostly due to expansion of small scale, non-mechanized agriculture using burning as a form of land clearance
2526:
Falkowski, P.; Scholes, R. J.; Boyle, E.; Canadell, J.; Canfield, D.; Elser, J.; Gruber, N.; Hibbard, K.; Högberg, P.; Linder, S.; Mackenzie, F. T.; Moore III, B.; Pedersen, T.; Rosenthal, Y.; Seitzinger, S. (2000-10-13).
2453:
Doetterl, Sebastian; Stevens, Antoine; Six, Johan; Merckx, Roel; Van Oost, Kristof; Casanova Pinto, Manuel; Casanova-Katny, Angélica; Muñoz, Cristina; Boudin, Mathieu; Zagal
Venegas, Erick; Boeckx, Pascal (October 2015).
2257:
Doetterl, Sebastian; Stevens, Antoine; Six, Johan; Merckx, Roel; Van Oost, Kristof; Casanova Pinto, Manuel; Casanova-Katny, Angélica; Muñoz, Cristina; Boudin, Mathieu; Zagal
Venegas, Erick; Boeckx, Pascal (October 2015).
843:
environmental factors affect the total stored carbon in terrestrial ecosystems, in general, primary production and decomposition are the main drivers in balancing the total amount of stored carbon on land. Atmospheric CO
1260:) has been encouraged. Increasing soil carbon is not a straightforward matter; it is made complex by the relative activity of soil biota, which can consume and release carbon and are made more active by the addition of
1922:
1177:
health. Several factors affect the variation that exists in soil organic matter and soil carbon; the most significant has, in contemporary times, been the influence of humans and agricultural systems.
933:(SOM) in the ground, and creates a large storage pool (around 1500 Pg) for carbon in just the first few meters of soil and 20-40% of that organic carbon has a residence life exceeding 100 years.
3723:
Lugato, Emanuele; Panagos, Panos; Bampa, Francesca; Jones, Arwyn; Montanarella, Luca (2014-01-01). "A new baseline of organic carbon stock in
European agricultural soils using a modelling approach".
3118:. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of the International Society of Root Research. 82. Madren Conference Center, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, US: Springer Netherlands. pp. 43–54.
894:
as well as in its development of chemical and physical properties. Therefore, changes in climate will impact the soil in many ways that are still are not fully understood, but changes in fertility,
1173:
The exchange of carbon between soils and the atmosphere is a significant part of the world carbon cycle. Carbon, as it relates to the organic matter of soils, is a major component of soil and
820:
carbon distributions. Industrial nitrogen fixation, agricultural practices, and land use and other management practices are some anthropogenic activities that have altered soil carbon.
1970:: increased soil aggregate stability means greater resistance to erosion; mass movement is less likely when soils are able to retain structural strength under greater moisture levels.
3680:
Panagos, Panos; Ballabio, Cristiano; Yigini, Yusuf; Dunbar, Martha B. (2013). "Estimating the soil organic carbon content for
European NUTS2 regions based on LUCAS data collection".
1252:
It has long been encouraged that farmers adjust practices to maintain or increase the organic component in the soil. On one hand, practices that hasten oxidation of carbon (such as
3960:
FAO. 2012. "Soil carbon monitoring using surveys and modelling: General description and application in the United
Republic of Tanzania". FAO Forestry Paper 168 Rome. Available at:
3782:
Lugato, Emanuele; Panagos, Panos; Fernandez-Ugalde, Oihane; Orgiazzi, Alberto; Ballabio, Cristiano; Montanarella, Luca; Borrelli, Pasquale; Smith, Pete; Jones, Arwyn (2018-11-01).
922:
and eventually, higher carbon absorption. In contrast, tropical environments experience worsening soil quality because soil aggregation levels decrease with higher temperatures.
3645:
Panagos, Panos; Hiederer, Roland; Liedekerke, Marc Van; Bampa, Francesca (2013). "Estimating soil organic carbon in Europe based on data collected through a
European network".
2896:
Naylor, Dan; Sadler, Natalie; Bhattacharjee, Arunima; Graham, Emily B.; Anderton, Christopher R.; McClure, Ryan; Lipton, Mary; Hofmockel, Kirsten S.; Jansson, Janet K. (2020).
4089:
Feng, Yu; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Searchinger, Timothy D.; Ziegler, Alan D.; Wu, Jie; Wang, Dashan; He, Xinyue; Elsen, Paul R.; Ciais, Philippe; Xu, Rongrong; Guo, Zhilin (2022).
3554:"There's a Climate Bomb Under Your Feet; Soil locks away carbon just as the oceans do. But that lock is getting picked as the atmosphere warms and development accelerates"
2049:
754:
2614:"Investigating the biochar effects on C-mineralization and sequestration of carbon in soil compared with conventional amendments using stable isotope (δ13C) approach"
910:, aggregation etc. are predicted. In 1996, Least-Limiting Water Range (LLWR) was created to quantify the physical changes in soil. This indicator measures changes in
2060:
1929:
46:
2041:
1316:
have available datasets on organic carbon. In the article "Estimating soil organic carbon in Europe based on data collected through a
European network" (
1325:
in EU agricultural soils. This modelling framework has been updated by integrating the soil erosion component to estimate the lateral carbon fluxes.
5262:
3149:"The relative contribution of hyphae and roots to phosphorus uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants, measured by dual labeling with 32P and 33P"
816:. Soil carbon is critical for terrestrial organisms and is one of the most important carbon pools, with the majority of carbon stored in forests.
5298:
3859:
IPCC. 2003. Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry. Kanagawa, Japan, National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme.
4174:
1180:
Although exact quantities are difficult to measure, human activities have caused massive losses of soil organic carbon. First was the use of
851:
current atmospheric carbon and 240 times higher compared with the current annual fossil fuel emission. The balance of soil carbon is held in
1102:
are another source of soil carbon. 5–20% of the total plant carbon fixed during photosynthesis is supplied as root exudates in support of
2067:—have implemented a forest soil carbon monitoring program to estimate soil carbon stock, using both survey and modelling-based methods.
1216:
management that exposes soil (through either excessive or insufficient recovery periods) can also cause losses of soil organic carbon.
808:. It includes relatively available carbon as fresh plant remains and relatively inert carbon in materials derived from plant remains:
240:
33:
2110:
2045:
1445:
1438:
1103:
525:
198:
1958:
systems and the interpretation of what constitutes soil health; nonetheless, several benefits are proposed in the following points:
5272:
3553:
2012:: soil organic matter contributes to the health of soil flora and, accordingly, the natural links with biodiversity in the greater
3975:"A carbon-sink in a sacred forest: Biologically-driven calcite formation in highly weathered soils in Northern Togo (West Africa)"
5378:
4534:
3847:
698:
225:
882:. An equivalent 60 GtC/yr is respired from soil, joining the 60 GtC/yr plant respiration to return to the atmosphere.
5350:
4811:
3868:
IPCC. 2006. Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Kanagawa, Japan, National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme.
1132:
is higher in silt and clay sized fractions than in sand sized fractions, and is generally highest in the clay sized fractions.
761:
579:
3180:
Hobbie, JE; Hobbie, EA (2006). "15N in symbiotic fungi and plants estimates nitrogen and carbon flux rates in arctic tundra".
3629:
3598:
3131:
2956:
2596:
2510:
1915:
703:
1954:
health aspects are improved as soil carbon is increased. These benefits are difficult to quantify, due to the complexity of
5288:
2115:
1881:
5315:
4517:
1406:
168:
4795:
4327:
1984:: nutrients and sediment tend to be retained by the soil rather than leach or wash off, and are so kept from waterways.
1857:
1477:
1313:
3506:"Cation exchange capacities of soil organic matter fractions in a Ferric Lixisol with different organic matter inputs"
3457:"Cation exchange capacities of soil organic matter fractions in a Ferric Lixisol with different organic matter inputs"
3408:"Cation exchange capacities of soil organic matter fractions in a Ferric Lixisol with different organic matter inputs"
3310:"Cation exchange capacities of soil organic matter fractions in a Ferric Lixisol with different organic matter inputs"
4800:
4167:
3007:
Schmidt, M.W.I.; Skjemstad, J.O.; Czimczik, C.I.; Glaser, B.; Prentice, K.M.; Gelinas, Y.; Kuhlbusch, T.A.J. (2001).
2404:
Jackson, Robert B.; Lajtha, Kate; Crow, Susan E.; Hugelius, Gustaf; Kramer, Marc G.; Piñeiro, Gervasio (2017-11-02).
2355:
Jackson, Robert B.; Lajtha, Kate; Crow, Susan E.; Hugelius, Gustaf; Kramer, Marc G.; Piñeiro, Gervasio (2017-11-02).
3359:"Estimation of Components of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity from Measurements of Specific Surface and Organic Matter"
5343:
5283:
5267:
3114:
Mergel, A. (1998). "Role of plant root exudates in soil carbon and nitrogen transformation". In Box, J. Jr. (ed.).
1322:
1973:
Greater productivity: healthier and more productive soils can contribute to positive socio-economic circumstances.
5321:
1514:
4805:
5326:
5310:
4816:
4199:
2308:"Soil organic carbon storage as a key function of soils - A review of drivers and indicators at various scales"
1275:
3193:
4337:
1902:
4160:
3057:
Mao, J.-D.; Johnson, R. L.; Lehmann, J.; Olk, J.; Neeves, E. G.; Thompson, M. L.; Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2012).
1582:
1574:
1560:
1487:
633:
628:
618:
298:
2405:
2356:
1837:
5278:
4836:
3879:
1942:
Much of the contemporary literature on soil carbon relates to its role, or potential, as an atmospheric
1242:, time, and relief. The greatest contemporary influence has been that of humans; for example, carbon in
5457:
5293:
4821:
4260:
1256:
or over-cultivation) are discouraged; on the other hand, incorporation of organic material (such as in
688:
586:
292:
286:
3513:. Balanced Nutrient Management Systems for cropping systems in the tropics: from concept to practice.
3505:
3464:. Balanced Nutrient Management Systems for cropping systems in the tropics: from concept to practice.
3456:
3415:. Balanced Nutrient Management Systems for cropping systems in the tropics: from concept to practice.
3407:
3317:. Balanced Nutrient Management Systems for cropping systems in the tropics: from concept to practice.
3309:
3059:"Abundant and stable char residues in soils: implications for soil fertility and carbon sequestration"
4265:
3116:
Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems
1309:
693:
313:
116:
3908:
2219:
870:
About 60 GtC/yr accumulates in the soil. This 60 GtC/yr is the balance of 120 GtC/yr
5510:
5415:
5209:
4831:
3083:
3008:
1650:
1645:
1401:
1120:
911:
668:
596:
591:
574:
419:
280:
178:
1997:
Climate change: Soils have the ability to retain carbon that may otherwise exist as atmospheric CO
5484:
4826:
4789:
4510:
4194:
3621:
3590:
1804:
1084:. Soil organic carbon is typically 5–50% derived from char, with levels above 50% encountered in
847:
is taken up by photosynthetic organisms and stored as organic matter in terrestrial ecosystems.
678:
193:
66:
38:
2734:
Kimble, J.M.; Lal, R.; Grossman, R.B. "Alteration of Soil Properties Caused by Climate Change".
2715:
Kimble, J.M.; Lal, R.; Grossman, R.B. "Alteration of Soil Properties Caused by Climate Change".
2138:"The temperature sensitivity of soil: microbial biodiversity, growth, and carbon mineralization"
2137:
1184:, which removes soil cover and leads to immediate and continuing losses of soil organic carbon.
5103:
4477:
3903:
3078:
2612:
Yousaf, Balal; Liu, Guijian; Wang, Ruwei; Abbas, Qumber; Imtiaz, Muhammad; Liu, Ruijia (2016).
2214:
2032:
cause releases of carbon from this pool, which may significantly increase the concentration of
1754:
1297:
1157:, a term that communicates the value of understanding soil as a living system as opposed to an
941:
498:
274:
235:
203:
4091:"Doubling of annual forest carbon loss over the tropics during the early twenty-first century"
5520:
5474:
5158:
3358:
1497:
977:
747:
734:
683:
414:
3383:
2687:
5239:
5133:
4957:
4102:
4035:
3986:
3895:
3795:
3732:
3689:
3654:
3584:
3518:
3469:
3420:
3371:
3322:
3070:
3023:
2981:
2947:
Bird, M. (2015). "Test procedures for biochar in soil". In Lehmann, J.; Joseph, S. (eds.).
2801:
2762:
2753:
Turner, John; Overland, Jim (2009). "Contrasting climate change in the two polar regions".
2540:
2528:
2467:
2319:
2271:
2206:
2100:
1666:
1418:
1411:
1341:
1220:
1027:
907:
879:
610:
512:
268:
173:
2914:
2897:
2421:
2372:
8:
4526:
4467:
4428:
2105:
2037:
1825:
1635:
1526:
961:
956:
930:
805:
800:
559:
375:
230:
92:
4106:
4039:
3990:
3899:
3799:
3736:
3693:
3658:
3522:
3473:
3424:
3375:
3326:
3074:
3027:
2985:
2805:
2766:
2544:
2471:
2323:
2275:
2210:
5430:
5077:
4710:
4503:
4423:
4366:
4322:
4138:
4066:
4023:
4004:
3929:
3824:
3783:
3764:
3615:
3165:
3148:
3039:
2232:
2170:
1764:
1150:
1049:
areas. Soils containing greater than 12–18% organic carbon are generally classified as
791:
638:
406:
390:
385:
308:
100:
96:
4024:"Carbon storage in soils of Southeastern Nigeria under different management practices"
3530:
3481:
3432:
3334:
3268:"Organic carbon, organic matter and bulk density relationships in boreal forest soils"
3227:"Organic carbon, organic matter and bulk density relationships in boreal forest soils"
5123:
4992:
4383:
4230:
4142:
4130:
4071:
4053:
4008:
3921:
3829:
3811:
3756:
3748:
3705:
3625:
3594:
3534:
3485:
3436:
3387:
3338:
3289:
3248:
3207:
3127:
3096:
3058:
2952:
2919:
2878:
2873:
2856:
2837:
2832:
2819:
2789:
2774:
2646:
2592:
2564:
2556:
2506:
2483:
2435:
2406:"The Ecology of Soil Carbon: Pools, Vulnerabilities, and Biotic and Abiotic Controls"
2386:
2357:"The Ecology of Soil Carbon: Pools, Vulnerabilities, and Biotic and Abiotic Controls"
2337:
2287:
2194:
2175:
2157:
1794:
1640:
1492:
1428:
1249:
soils may historically have been twice the present range that is typically 1.6–4.6%.
1158:
569:
348:
183:
3961:
3933:
3768:
3701:
3043:
2236:
1292:
The most homogeneous and comprehensive data on the organic carbon/matter content of
5304:
4997:
4460:
4120:
4110:
4061:
4043:
3994:
3913:
3886:, et al. (2011). "A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World's Forests".
3819:
3803:
3740:
3697:
3662:
3526:
3477:
3428:
3379:
3330:
3279:
3238:
3197:
3189:
3160:
3119:
3088:
3031:
2989:
2909:
2868:
2827:
2809:
2770:
2662:
2625:
2548:
2475:
2425:
2417:
2376:
2368:
2332:
2327:
2307:
2279:
2224:
2165:
2149:
2085:
1955:
1811:
1799:
1509:
1372:
1205:
1011:
903:
823:
535:
429:
424:
3666:
5505:
5425:
5405:
5400:
5229:
5163:
5148:
5128:
5062:
5047:
4907:
4403:
4332:
4300:
3999:
3974:
3973:
Ur Rehman, Hafeez; Poch, Rosa M.; Scarciglia, Fabio; Francis, Michele L. (2021).
2586:
2552:
2456:"Soil carbon storage controlled by interactions between geochemistry and climate"
2260:"Soil carbon storage controlled by interactions between geochemistry and climate"
1789:
1744:
1608:
1591:
1253:
1239:
1106:. Microbial populations are typically higher in the rhizosphere than in adjacent
969:
871:
783:
663:
530:
463:
451:
380:
254:
112:
3123:
5434:
5357:
5037:
4982:
4445:
4418:
4398:
4310:
4255:
4250:
4115:
4090:
2934:
2153:
2095:
2033:
2002:
1951:
1947:
1816:
1759:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1674:
1613:
1596:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1124:
926:
915:
891:
875:
795:
673:
643:
623:
564:
478:
361:
356:
217:
2228:
5515:
5499:
5468:
5371:
5364:
5204:
5173:
5082:
4967:
4472:
4349:
4305:
4134:
4057:
3947:
3815:
3752:
3558:
3538:
3489:
3440:
3391:
3342:
3293:
3252:
2823:
2560:
2487:
2439:
2390:
2341:
2291:
2161:
2029:
1987:
1967:
1749:
1739:
1694:
1689:
1679:
1627:
1550:
1482:
1099:
973:
929:
is fixed in the soil by plant uptakes. This accounts for the majority of the
899:
895:
124:
120:
3917:
2814:
1990:: greater soil water holding capacity reduces overland flow and recharge to
1161:. Specific carbon related benchmarks used to evaluate soil health include CO
152:
5224:
5219:
5194:
5067:
5012:
4440:
4413:
4388:
4344:
4317:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4225:
4183:
4075:
3925:
3833:
3807:
3760:
3709:
3211:
3100:
2993:
2898:"Soil Microbiomes Under Climate Change and Implications for Carbon Cycling"
2882:
2841:
2790:"Potential responses of soil organic carbon to global environmental change"
2568:
2455:
2259:
2179:
2090:
2009:
1994:; the water saved and held by the soil remains available for use by plants.
1724:
1709:
1555:
1521:
1504:
1396:
1388:
1081:
1066:
965:
919:
856:
837:
456:
370:
324:
262:
144:
108:
4048:
2028:
soils constitute a large pool of carbon. Anthropogenic activities such as
1312:
of soils in Europe. In an inventory on available national datasets, seven
1212:
lands from oxidation has been severe as a result of tillage and drainage.
5420:
5234:
5168:
5138:
5072:
5052:
4972:
4952:
4932:
4922:
4917:
4373:
4354:
3035:
1991:
1943:
1684:
1601:
1423:
1367:
1359:
1246:
1197:
1193:
1154:
1141:
1093:
1058:
1054:
520:
493:
488:
483:
473:
443:
329:
104:
2972:
Skjemstad, Jan O. (2002). "Charcoal carbon in U.S. agricultural soils".
859:
at the soil surface (50 GtC). This compares to 780 GtC in the
5410:
5153:
5057:
5007:
4962:
4947:
4912:
4882:
4748:
4655:
4620:
4595:
4435:
4408:
4393:
4295:
4220:
2630:
2613:
2529:"The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our Knowledge of Earth as a System"
2430:
2381:
1769:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1542:
1305:
1301:
1264:
1001:
981:
860:
779:
468:
4495:
4125:
3744:
3284:
3267:
3243:
3226:
3092:
2923:
1076:
Fire derived forms of carbon are present in most soils as unweathered
103:. It is vital to the soil capacity in our ecosystem. Soil carbon is a
5439:
5214:
5199:
5143:
5042:
4987:
4927:
4690:
4685:
4675:
4610:
4580:
4560:
4489:
4378:
3883:
3781:
2666:
2479:
2283:
2013:
1981:
1862:
1830:
1243:
1174:
1107:
1089:
1070:
1019:
1015:
985:
3202:
5395:
5244:
5027:
4942:
4897:
4773:
4753:
4743:
4728:
4700:
4695:
4680:
4650:
4645:
4625:
4615:
4600:
4585:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4455:
4215:
2056:
1977:
1349:
1261:
1235:
1189:
1085:
1077:
1062:
1050:
1042:
1007:
997:
989:
813:
3877:
3850:. IPCC Special Report. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press.
3784:"Soil erosion is unlikely to drive a future carbon sink in Europe"
1014:
is the major source of soil organic carbon. Plant materials, with
5189:
4977:
4937:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4877:
4872:
4768:
4738:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4670:
4665:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4605:
4590:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4361:
2933:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2857:"Protozoa and plant growth: The microbial loop in soil revisited"
2588:
Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate
2080:
2064:
1963:
1296:
soils remain those that can be extracted and/or derived from the
1231:
1213:
1201:
1185:
1147:
1045:
soils. Soils with less than 0.5% organic C are mostly limited to
1038:
864:
551:
334:
2505:(4th ed.). London: Academic press, an imprint of Elsevier.
1192:
both expose soil organic matter to oxygen and oxidation. In the
24:
5087:
5022:
4763:
4758:
4660:
4275:
4152:
2895:
2025:
1293:
1257:
1046:
1023:
713:
84:
3972:
3878:
Pan Y., Birdsey R., Fang J., Houghton R., Kauppi P., Kurz W.,
3644:
3006:
5002:
2929:
2525:
1871:
1037:
Soil organic carbon tends to be concentrated in the topsoil.
1031:
993:
809:
708:
2050:
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
774:
Soil carbon is present in two forms: inorganic and organic.
5032:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4290:
3679:
2304:
1876:
1209:
1181:
1128:
867:. The oceanic pool of carbon accounts for 38,200 GtC.
852:
88:
4088:
5017:
3194:
10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[816:nisfap]2.0.co;2
2403:
2354:
1165:
release, humus levels, and microbial metabolic activity.
2452:
2256:
1950:. Despite this emphasis, a much wider range of soil and
1270:
3722:
2061:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1230:
Natural variations in soil carbon occur as a result of
786:, or from reaction of soil minerals with atmospheric CO
2935:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2199:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
980:
by the biotic material component. Soil biota includes
2501:
Schlesinger, William H.; Bernhardt, Emily S. (2020).
2134:
2042:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3056:
2500:
2410:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
2361:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
1279:
A portable soil respiration system measuring soil CO
1146:
Organic carbon is vital to soil capacity to provide
885:
3613:
3607:
3578:
3576:
3502:
3453:
3404:
3306:
972:derived from biomass. Together these comprise the
925:Soil also has carbon sequestration abilities where
128:of the soil, exposing soil to excessive oxidation.
3504:
3455:
3406:
3357:
3308:
2611:
3962:http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2793e/i2793e00.htm
1041:ranges from 0.5% to 3.0% organic carbon for most
778:consists of mineral forms of carbon, either from
5497:
3573:
2580:
2578:
1328:
1113:
5263:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
3503:Oorts, K; Vanlauwe, B; Merckx, R (2003-12-01).
3454:Oorts, K; Vanlauwe, B; Merckx, R (2003-12-01).
3405:Oorts, K; Vanlauwe, B; Merckx, R (2003-12-01).
3307:Oorts, K; Vanlauwe, B; Merckx, R (2003-12-01).
3146:
2794:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2063:and the financial support of the government of
5299:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
3582:
2752:
4511:
4168:
3355:
3266:Périé, Catherine; Ouimet, Rock (2008-05-02).
3225:Périé, Catherine; Ouimet, Rock (2008-05-02).
2733:
2714:
2591:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2575:
2503:Biogeochemistry: an analysis of global change
1923:
1321:agricultural soils has estimated current top
755:
3179:
2688:"An Introduction to the Global Carbon Cycle"
1300:in combination with associated databases on
947:Soil carbon cycle through the microbial loop
3551:
3265:
3224:
1153:. The condition of this capacity is termed
5480:
4518:
4504:
4175:
4161:
3009:"Comparative analysis of black C in soils"
2902:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
2889:
1930:
1916:
762:
748:
4124:
4114:
4065:
4047:
3998:
3907:
3823:
3511:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
3462:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
3413:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
3315:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
3283:
3242:
3201:
3164:
3082:
2971:
2913:
2872:
2854:
2831:
2813:
2629:
2429:
2380:
2331:
2218:
2195:"Carbon Management in Agricultural Soils"
2169:
2111:Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage
2046:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1310:carbon content (%) in the surface horizon
5273:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
3871:
2787:
2638:
2584:
1274:
940:
822:
794:are the dominant form of soil carbon in
65:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
5379:Soil Science Society of America Journal
4525:
3848:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
3384:10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000030041x
3364:Soil Science Society of America Journal
3356:Curtin, D.; Smillie, G. W. (May 1976).
2974:Soil Science Society of America Journal
2186:
1225:
699:Territorialisation of carbon governance
5498:
5351:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
4812:Canadian system of soil classification
4021:
3617:Soils, their properties and management
3614:Charman, P.E.V.; Murphy, B.W. (2000).
3113:
2951:(2 ed.). Routledge. p. 679.
890:Climate change is a leading factor in
831:
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
4499:
4156:
2915:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-082720
2710:
2708:
2422:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054234
2373:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054234
2052:and GHG reporting under the UNFCCC.
1271:Data available on soil organic carbon
704:Total Carbon Column Observing Network
5453:
5289:International Union of Soil Sciences
3063:Environmental Science and Technology
2949:Biochar for Environmental Management
2946:
2116:Soil regeneration and climate change
855:and wetlands (150 GtC), and in
18:
5316:Soil and Water Conservation Society
2727:
2693:. University of New Hampshire. 2009
2644:
2192:
1838:Biogeochemical planetary boundaries
1314:member states of the European Union
878:reduced by 60 GtC/yr of plant
16:Solid carbon stored in global soils
13:
4796:Unified Soil Classification System
4328:Soil retrogression and degradation
3948:"Forest monitoring and assessment"
3166:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03840.x
2705:
2446:
2397:
1119:Soil organic carbon increased the
14:
5532:
4801:AASHTO Soil Classification System
3586:Soils in the Australian landscape
3147:Pearson, JN; Jakobsen, I (1993).
2788:Trumbore, Susan E. (1997-08-05).
2680:
2348:
2250:
936:
886:Impacts of climate change on soil
5479:
5464:
5463:
5452:
5344:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
5284:Indian Institute of Soil Science
5268:Canadian Society of Soil Science
5099:
5098:
4274:
4182:
3682:Science of the Total Environment
3272:Canadian Journal of Soil Science
3231:Canadian Journal of Soil Science
2928:
2874:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01066.x
2775:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00128.x
2655:Energy and Environmental Science
2647:"Sequestration of atmospheric CO
1897:
1896:
1348:
729:
728:
151:
23:
5322:Soil Science Society of America
4082:
4015:
3966:
3954:
3940:
3862:
3853:
3840:
3775:
3716:
3702:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.017
3673:
3638:
3552:Eric Roston (October 6, 2017).
3545:
3496:
3447:
3398:
3349:
3300:
3259:
3218:
3173:
3140:
3107:
3050:
3000:
2965:
2940:
2848:
2781:
2746:
2605:
2020:
37:may be too short to adequately
5327:World Congress of Soil Science
5311:Soil Science Society of Poland
4817:Australian Soil Classification
4808:(French classification system)
2519:
2494:
2333:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.07.026
2298:
2128:
1135:
1104:rhizospheric mutualistic biota
872:contracted from the atmosphere
664:Climate reconstruction proxies
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
4338:Soil compaction (agriculture)
4028:Carbon Balance and Management
3667:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.07.020
3583:Young, A.; Young, R. (2001).
3531:10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00190-7
3482:10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00190-7
3433:10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00190-7
3335:10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00190-7
2121:
1329:Managing for catchment health
1308:. The modelled data refer to
1114:SOC and other soil properties
1026:, are decomposed and the not-
4000:10.1016/j.catena.2020.105027
3016:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2553:10.1126/science.290.5490.291
1583:Marine biogeochemical cycles
976:, with the living component
634:Carbonate compensation depth
299:Particulate inorganic carbon
7:
5279:German Soil Science Society
4837:List of vineyard soil types
3620:(2nd ed.). Melbourne:
3124:10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_3
2855:Bonkowski, Michael (2004).
2074:
1053:. High levels of organic C
131:
10:
5537:
5458:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil
5294:International Year of Soil
4822:Polish Soil Classification
4261:Environmental soil science
4116:10.1038/s41893-022-00854-3
4022:Anikwe, Martin AN (2010).
2585:Ruddiman, William (2007).
2154:10.1038/s41396-021-00959-1
1218:
1139:
964:is divided between living
954:
835:
689:Carbon capture and storage
293:Particulate organic carbon
287:Dissolved inorganic carbon
119:, and constructing global
5448:
5388:
5335:
5255:
5182:
5116:
5096:
4846:Non-systematic soil types
4845:
4782:
4709:
4533:
4488:
4283:
4272:
4266:Agricultural soil science
4208:
4190:
2229:10.1007/s11027-006-9036-7
2193:Lal, R. (February 2007).
1287:
1168:
694:Carbon cycle re-balancing
117:climate change mitigation
5416:Infiltration (hydrology)
5210:Geotechnical engineering
4832:List of U.S. state soils
1651:Arctic methane emissions
1646:clathrate gun hypothesis
1561:Carbonate–silicate cycle
1121:cation exchange capacity
912:available water capacity
669:Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
629:Carbonate–silicate cycle
597:Carbon dioxide clathrate
592:Clathrate gun hypothesis
420:Net ecosystem production
281:Dissolved organic carbon
107:in regard to the global
5485:List of soil scientists
4827:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
4806:Référentiel pédologique
4790:FAO soil classification
3918:10.1126/science.1201609
3622:Oxford University Press
3591:Oxford University Press
2815:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8284
2651:in global carbon pools"
1805:environmental chemistry
679:Deep Carbon Observatory
139:Part of a series on the
75:on soil carbon reserves
5256:Societies, Initiatives
4478:Soil water (retention)
3808:10.1126/sciadv.aau3523
2994:10.2136/sssaj2002.1249
2736:Advances in GeoEcology
2717:Advances in GeoEcology
1298:European Soil Database
1284:
1030:carbon is retained as
952:
863:, and 600 GtC in
828:
499:Continental shelf pump
275:Total inorganic carbon
241:Satellite measurements
77:
5475:Category soil science
5159:Soil salinity control
4095:Nature Sustainability
4049:10.1186/1750-0680-5-5
3725:Global Change Biology
3647:Ecological Indicators
1342:Biogeochemical cycles
1323:SOC stock of 17.63 Gt
1318:Ecological Indicators
1278:
1254:burning crop stubbles
944:
874:by terrestrial plant
826:
776:Soil inorganic carbon
684:Global Carbon Project
415:Ecosystem respiration
91:. This includes both
71:Impact of elevated CO
69:
5240:Agricultural science
5134:Soil guideline value
4958:Calcareous grassland
4535:World Reference Base
3036:10.1029/2000GB001284
2645:Lal, Rattan (2008).
2101:Carbon sequestration
1488:nitrogen and lichens
1226:Managing soil carbon
1221:Soil carbon feedback
1123:(CEC), a measure of
865:all living organisms
513:Carbon sequestration
269:Total organic carbon
111:, playing a role in
5336:Scientific journals
4527:Soil classification
4468:Soil organic matter
4429:Pore water pressure
4107:2022NatSu...5..444F
4040:2010CarBM...5....5A
3991:2021Caten.19805027U
3900:2011Sci...333..988P
3800:2018SciA....4.3523L
3737:2014GCBio..20..313L
3694:2013ScTEn.442..235P
3659:2013EcInd..24..439P
3523:2003AgEE..100..161O
3474:2003AgEE..100..161O
3425:2003AgEE..100..161O
3376:1976SSASJ..40..461C
3327:2003AgEE..100..161O
3075:2012EnST...46.9571M
3028:2001GBioC..15..163S
2986:2002SSASJ..66.1249S
2806:1997PNAS...94.8284T
2767:2009PolRe..28..146T
2545:2000Sci...290..291F
2472:2015NatGe...8..780D
2324:2019Geode.333..149W
2276:2015NatGe...8..780D
2211:2007MASGC..12..303L
2106:Coarse woody debris
2059:—together with the
1826:Ocean acidification
1636:Atmospheric methane
1336:Part of a series on
962:Soil organic carbon
957:Soil organic matter
931:soil organic matter
832:Global carbon cycle
827:Global Carbon Cycle
806:soil organic matter
801:Soil organic carbon
560:Atmospheric methane
526:Soil carbon storage
376:Reverse Krebs cycle
231:Ocean acidification
93:soil organic matter
5431:Impervious surface
4711:USDA soil taxonomy
4537:for Soil Resources
4424:Pore space in soil
4367:Soil acidification
4323:Soil contamination
2631:10.1111/gcbb.12401
2055:The government of
2001:and contribute to
1285:
1151:ecosystem services
953:
829:
792:Carbonate minerals
639:Great Calcite Belt
587:Aerobic production
407:Carbon respiration
349:Metabolic pathways
309:Primary production
101:carbonate minerals
78:
5493:
5492:
5124:Soil conservation
5110:
5109:
4384:Soil biodiversity
4231:Soil microbiology
3745:10.1111/gcb.12292
3631:978-0-19-551762-0
3600:978-0-19-551550-3
3285:10.4141/cjss06008
3244:10.4141/cjss06008
3133:978-94-010-6218-3
3093:10.1021/es301107c
3069:(17): 9571–9576.
2958:978-0-415-70415-1
2800:(16): 8284–8291.
2598:978-0-691-14634-8
2539:(5490): 291–296.
2512:978-0-12-814608-8
2460:Nature Geoscience
2264:Nature Geoscience
1940:
1939:
1795:geochemical cycle
1641:Methane clathrate
1439:mycorrhizal fungi
1429:deep carbon cycle
1159:abiotic component
772:
771:
570:Methane emissions
226:In the atmosphere
87:stored in global
64:
63:
5528:
5483:
5482:
5467:
5466:
5456:
5455:
5305:OPAL Soil Centre
5102:
5101:
4998:Hydrophobic soil
4520:
4513:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4461:Soil respiration
4278:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4128:
4118:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4069:
4051:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3911:
3894:(6045): 988–93.
3875:
3869:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3794:(11): eaau3523.
3788:Science Advances
3779:
3773:
3772:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3459:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3410:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3361:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3086:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3013:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2980:(4): 1249–1255.
2969:
2963:
2962:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2835:
2817:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2667:10.1039/b809492f
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2624:(6): 1085–1099.
2609:
2603:
2602:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2480:10.1038/ngeo2516
2450:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2284:10.1038/ngeo2516
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2222:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2148:(9): 2738–2747.
2142:The ISME Journal
2132:
2086:Biosequestration
1980:, nutrients and
1956:natural resource
1932:
1925:
1918:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1812:Biosequestration
1800:chemical cycling
1510:Phosphorus cycle
1373:deep water cycle
1352:
1333:
1332:
1208:, subsidence of
1206:California Delta
1063:flood deposition
1055:develop in soils
1012:plant senescence
764:
757:
750:
737:
732:
731:
536:pelagic sediment
430:Soil respiration
425:Photorespiration
155:
136:
135:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5511:Land management
5496:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5444:
5426:Crust (geology)
5406:Land management
5401:Land conversion
5384:
5331:
5251:
5230:Earth materials
5178:
5164:Erosion control
5149:Soil governance
5129:Soil management
5112:
5111:
5106:
5092:
5063:Subaqueous soil
5048:Serpentine soil
4908:Parent material
4841:
4778:
4705:
4536:
4529:
4524:
4484:
4404:Soil resilience
4333:Soil compaction
4301:Soil morphology
4279:
4270:
4204:
4186:
4181:
4151:
4150:
4087:
4083:
4020:
4016:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3909:10.1.1.712.3796
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3845:
3841:
3780:
3776:
3721:
3717:
3678:
3674:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3581:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3550:
3546:
3501:
3497:
3452:
3448:
3403:
3399:
3354:
3350:
3305:
3301:
3264:
3260:
3223:
3219:
3178:
3174:
3153:New Phytologist
3145:
3141:
3134:
3112:
3108:
3055:
3051:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2945:
2941:
2894:
2890:
2861:New Phytologist
2853:
2849:
2786:
2782:
2751:
2747:
2732:
2728:
2713:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2583:
2576:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2499:
2495:
2466:(10): 780–783.
2451:
2447:
2402:
2398:
2353:
2349:
2303:
2299:
2270:(10): 780–783.
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2220:10.1.1.467.3854
2191:
2187:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2077:
2023:
2000:
1936:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1867:
1852:
1851:Research groups
1844:
1843:
1842:
1821:
1790:Biogeochemistry
1784:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1609:Calcareous ooze
1592:Biological pump
1587:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1362:
1331:
1304:, climate, and
1290:
1282:
1273:
1240:parent material
1228:
1223:
1171:
1164:
1144:
1138:
1116:
1059:wetland ecology
1010:resulting from
970:biotic material
959:
949:
939:
888:
846:
840:
834:
796:desert climates
789:
784:parent material
768:
727:
720:
719:
718:
658:
650:
649:
648:
613:
603:
602:
601:
554:
544:
543:
542:
531:Marine sediment
515:
505:
504:
503:
464:Solubility pump
452:Biological pump
446:
436:
435:
434:
409:
399:
398:
397:
381:Carbon fixation
366:
351:
341:
340:
339:
320:
304:
257:
255:Forms of carbon
247:
246:
245:
220:
210:
209:
208:
163:
134:
113:biogeochemistry
76:
74:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5534:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5471:
5460:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5435:Surface runoff
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5358:Plant and Soil
5354:
5347:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5183:Related fields
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5038:Prime farmland
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4993:Fuller's earth
4990:
4985:
4983:Expansive clay
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4448:
4446:Soil biomantle
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4419:Soil structure
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:Soil fertility
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4311:Soil formation
4308:
4303:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Soil chemistry
4253:
4251:Soil mechanics
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4148:
4101:(5): 444–451.
4081:
4014:
3965:
3953:
3939:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3839:
3774:
3731:(1): 313–326.
3715:
3672:
3637:
3630:
3606:
3599:
3572:
3544:
3517:(2): 161–171.
3495:
3468:(2): 161–171.
3446:
3419:(2): 161–171.
3397:
3370:(3): 461–462.
3348:
3321:(2): 161–171.
3299:
3278:(3): 315–325.
3258:
3237:(3): 315–325.
3217:
3188:(4): 816–822.
3172:
3159:(3): 489–494.
3139:
3132:
3106:
3084:10.1.1.698.270
3049:
3022:(1): 163–168.
2999:
2964:
2957:
2939:
2888:
2867:(3): 617–631.
2847:
2780:
2761:(2): 146–164.
2755:Polar Research
2745:
2726:
2704:
2679:
2648:
2637:
2604:
2597:
2574:
2518:
2511:
2493:
2445:
2416:(1): 419–445.
2396:
2367:(1): 419–445.
2347:
2297:
2249:
2205:(2): 303–322.
2185:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Carbon farming
2093:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2034:greenhouse gas
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2006:
2003:global warming
1998:
1995:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1948:climate change
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1817:Deep biosphere
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1786:
1785:
1783:Related topics
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:Siliceous ooze
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1597:microbial loop
1588:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1473:Nitrogen cycle
1470:
1468:Hydrogen cycle
1464:
1463:
1460:Nutrient cycle
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:Boreal forests
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1227:
1224:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1140:Main article:
1137:
1134:
1125:soil fertility
1115:
1112:
1080:and weathered
1071:human activity
1000:and different
955:Main article:
945:
938:
937:Organic carbon
935:
927:carbon dioxide
916:soil structure
892:soil formation
887:
884:
876:photosynthesis
844:
833:
830:
804:is present as
787:
770:
769:
767:
766:
759:
752:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
722:
721:
717:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
674:Deep biosphere
671:
666:
660:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
647:
646:
644:Redfield ratio
641:
636:
631:
626:
624:Nutrient cycle
621:
615:
614:
611:Biogeochemical
609:
608:
605:
604:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
583:
582:
577:
567:
565:Methanogenesis
562:
556:
555:
550:
549:
546:
545:
541:
540:
539:
538:
528:
523:
517:
516:
511:
510:
507:
506:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
479:Microbial loop
476:
471:
466:
461:
460:
459:
448:
447:
442:
441:
438:
437:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
411:
410:
405:
404:
401:
400:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:
378:
373:
367:
365:
364:
362:Chemosynthesis
359:
357:Photosynthesis
353:
352:
347:
346:
343:
342:
338:
337:
332:
327:
321:
319:
318:
317:
316:
305:
303:
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
259:
258:
253:
252:
249:
248:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
221:
218:Carbon dioxide
216:
215:
212:
211:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
148:
147:
141:
140:
133:
130:
125:Microorganisms
121:climate models
72:
70:
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5533:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5486:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5469:Category soil
5461:
5459:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5372:Soil Research
5369:
5367:
5366:
5365:Pochvovedenie
5362:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Geomorphology
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5174:Liming (soil)
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5104:Types of soil
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5083:Tropical peat
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:Dry quicksand
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:Other systems
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4473:Soil moisture
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4350:Soil salinity
4348:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Pedodiversity
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3949:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3589:. Melbourne:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3577:
3561:
3560:
3559:Bloomberg.com
3555:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2709:
2689:
2683:
2668:
2664:
2661:(1): 86–100.
2660:
2656:
2652:
2641:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:GCB Bioenergy
2615:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:(GHG) in the
2035:
2031:
2030:deforestation
2027:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:Water balance
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:sedimentation
1965:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1628:Methane cycle
1624:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:Calcium cycle
1549:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:nitrification
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:Sequestration
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:Root exudates
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:organic soils
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:soil food web
971:
967:
963:
958:
948:
943:
934:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:sequestration
905:
901:
897:
893:
883:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
848:
839:
825:
821:
818:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
793:
785:
781:
777:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
745:
743:
742:
736:
726:
725:
724:
723:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
654:
653:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:Marine cycles
617:
616:
612:
607:
606:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
548:
547:
537:
534:
533:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
509:
508:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
458:
455:
454:
453:
450:
449:
445:
440:
439:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
403:
402:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
345:
344:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
256:
251:
250:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
219:
214:
213:
205:
202:
200:
199:Boreal forest
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
159:
158:
154:
150:
149:
146:
143:
142:
138:
137:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:is the solid
82:
68:
58:
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
5521:Soil science
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5225:Biogeography
5220:Hydrogeology
5195:Geochemistry
5117:Applications
5013:Martian soil
4450:
4441:Soil horizon
4414:Soil texture
4389:Soil quality
4345:Soil sealing
4318:Soil erosion
4246:Soil physics
4241:Soil ecology
4236:Soil zoology
4226:Soil biology
4184:Soil science
4098:
4094:
4084:
4031:
4027:
4017:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3956:
3942:
3891:
3887:
3884:Shvidenko A.
3873:
3864:
3855:
3846:IPCC. 2000.
3842:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3616:
3609:
3585:
3563:. Retrieved
3557:
3547:
3514:
3510:
3498:
3465:
3461:
3449:
3416:
3412:
3400:
3367:
3363:
3351:
3318:
3314:
3302:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3115:
3109:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3019:
3015:
3002:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2948:
2942:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2695:. Retrieved
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2658:
2654:
2640:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2587:
2536:
2532:
2521:
2502:
2496:
2463:
2459:
2448:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2315:
2311:
2300:
2267:
2263:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2202:
2198:
2188:
2145:
2141:
2130:
2091:Carbon cycle
2069:
2054:
2040:. Under the
2024:
2021:Forest soils
2010:biodiversity
1941:
1755:ozone–oxygen
1667:Other cycles
1575:Marine cycle
1556:Silica cycle
1527:assimilation
1522:Sulfur cycle
1515:assimilation
1505:Oxygen cycle
1498:assimilation
1478:human impact
1433:
1389:Carbon cycle
1317:
1291:
1251:
1247:agricultural
1229:
1179:
1172:
1145:
1117:
1098:
1082:black carbon
1075:
1067:fire ecology
1036:
1006:
960:
946:
924:
920:plant growth
889:
869:
857:plant litter
849:
841:
838:Carbon cycle
817:
799:
775:
773:
457:Martin curve
444:Carbon pumps
371:Calvin cycle
325:Black carbon
263:Total carbon
204:Geochemistry
188:
145:Carbon cycle
109:carbon cycle
80:
79:
52:
36:
34:lead section
5421:Groundwater
5235:Archaeology
5169:Agroecology
5139:Soil survey
5078:Terra rossa
5073:Terra preta
5053:Spodic soil
4973:Duplex soil
4953:Brown earth
4933:Alkali soil
4923:Rhizosphere
4918:Laimosphere
4792:(1974–1998)
4749:Inceptisols
4656:Plinthosols
4621:Kastanozems
4451:Soil carbon
4374:Soil health
4355:Alkali soil
4284:Soil topics
4209:Main fields
3880:Phillips O.
3688:: 235–246.
3653:: 439–450.
2431:11336/50698
2382:11336/50698
2318:: 149–162.
1992:groundwater
1944:carbon sink
1602:viral shunt
1434:soil carbon
1424:carbon sink
1407:terrestrial
1402:atmospheric
1368:Water cycle
1360:Water cycle
1265:fertilizers
1198:East Anglia
1194:Netherlands
1155:soil health
1142:Soil health
1136:Soil health
1094:terra preta
1057:supporting
904:temperature
880:respiration
521:Carbon sink
484:Viral shunt
474:Marine snow
330:Blue carbon
184:Deep carbon
179:Atmospheric
169:Terrestrial
105:carbon sink
81:Soil carbon
5500:Categories
5411:Vegetation
5154:Soil value
5058:Stagnogley
5008:Lunar soil
4963:Dark earth
4948:Brickearth
4913:Pedosphere
4883:Soil crust
4691:Technosols
4676:Solonchaks
4596:Ferralsols
4561:Anthrosols
4436:Soil crust
4409:Soil color
4394:Soil value
4296:Pedosphere
4221:Edaphology
4126:2346/92751
3985:: 105027.
2742:: 175–184.
2723:: 175–184.
2697:6 February
2672:16 January
2242:16 January
2122:References
2038:atmosphere
1946:to offset
1543:Rock cycle
1306:topography
1302:land cover
1244:Australian
1219:See also:
1204:, and the
1016:cell walls
1002:arthropods
982:earthworms
966:soil biota
861:atmosphere
836:See also:
780:weathering
494:Whale pump
489:Jelly pump
469:Lipid pump
194:Permafrost
162:By regions
99:carbon as
5440:Petrichor
5215:Hydrology
5200:Petrology
5144:Soil test
5043:Quicksand
4988:Fill dirt
4928:Bulk soil
4774:Vertisols
4764:Spodosols
4754:Mollisols
4744:Histosols
4729:Aridisols
4701:Vertisols
4696:Umbrisols
4686:Stagnosol
4651:Planosols
4646:Phaeozems
4626:Leptosols
4611:Gypsisols
4601:Fluvisols
4581:Chernozem
4576:Cambisols
4571:Calcisols
4566:Arenosols
4490:Soil type
4379:Soil life
4143:247160560
4135:2398-9629
4058:1750-0680
4009:228861150
3904:CiteSeerX
3816:2375-2548
3753:1365-2486
3565:6 October
3539:0167-8809
3490:0167-8809
3441:0167-8809
3392:0361-5995
3343:0167-8809
3294:0008-4271
3253:0008-4271
3079:CiteSeerX
2908:: 29–59.
2824:0027-8424
2561:0036-8075
2488:1752-0908
2440:1543-592X
2391:1543-592X
2342:0016-7061
2292:1752-0908
2215:CiteSeerX
2162:1751-7362
2014:biosphere
1982:turbidity
1978:waterways
1952:catchment
1863:GEOTRACES
1831:acid rain
1745:manganese
1236:organisms
1175:catchment
1108:bulk soil
1090:chernozem
1020:cellulose
986:nematodes
978:sustained
968:and dead
97:inorganic
55:June 2022
39:summarize
5396:Land use
5389:See also
5245:Agrology
5028:Paleosol
4943:Blue goo
4898:Gypcrust
4769:Ultisols
4739:Gelisols
4734:Entisols
4724:Andisols
4719:Alfisols
4681:Solonetz
4671:Retisols
4666:Regosols
4641:Nitisols
4636:Luvisols
4631:Lixisols
4616:Histosol
4606:Gleysols
4591:Durisols
4586:Cryosols
4556:Andosols
4546:Acrisols
4456:Soil gas
4216:Pedology
4076:20868522
4034:(1): 5.
3934:42458151
3926:21764754
3834:30443596
3769:10826877
3761:23765562
3710:23178783
3212:16676524
3203:1912/911
3101:22834642
3044:54976103
2883:33873756
2842:11607735
2569:11030643
2312:Geoderma
2237:59574069
2180:33782569
2075:See also
2057:Tanzania
2008:Greater
1976:Cleaner
1962:Reduced
1903:Category
1765:vanadium
1760:selenium
1715:fluorine
1705:chromium
1700:chlorine
1675:aluminum
1493:fixation
1294:European
1262:nitrogen
1258:manuring
1190:drainage
1086:mollisol
1078:charcoal
1028:respired
1018:high in
1008:Detritus
998:bacteria
990:protozoa
900:moisture
896:salinity
814:charcoal
735:Category
132:Overview
5473:
5275:(India)
5190:Geology
4978:Eluvium
4938:Bay mud
4903:Caliche
4893:Hardpan
4888:Claypan
4878:Subsoil
4873:Topsoil
4759:Oxisols
4661:Podzols
4551:Alisols
4539:(1998–)
4362:Soil pH
4195:History
4103:Bibcode
4067:2955576
4036:Bibcode
3987:Bibcode
3896:Bibcode
3888:Science
3825:6235540
3796:Bibcode
3733:Bibcode
3690:Bibcode
3655:Bibcode
3519:Bibcode
3470:Bibcode
3421:Bibcode
3372:Bibcode
3323:Bibcode
3182:Ecology
3071:Bibcode
3024:Bibcode
2982:Bibcode
2924:1706683
2802:Bibcode
2763:Bibcode
2541:Bibcode
2533:Science
2468:Bibcode
2320:Bibcode
2272:Bibcode
2207:Bibcode
2171:8397749
2081:Biochar
2065:Finland
1964:erosion
1750:mercury
1740:lithium
1695:cadmium
1690:bromine
1680:arsenic
1412:oceanic
1232:climate
1214:Grazing
1202:Florida
1186:Tillage
1148:edaphic
1096:soils.
1039:Topsoil
906:, SOC,
580:Wetland
552:Methane
335:Kerogen
236:Removal
5506:Carbon
5462:
5088:Yedoma
5023:Muskeg
4141:
4133:
4074:
4064:
4056:
4007:
3979:CATENA
3932:
3924:
3906:
3832:
3822:
3814:
3767:
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