489:
like walrus tusks. Chief of the Gruda tribe, in his young days he was one of Abdul Hamid's famous
Albanian guard, but he left it owing to the way the Turks maltreated his country, and fell, therefore, upon evil times. After the war of 1876-77 he sided with the party which wished for free Albania, and in consequence was forced to flee for his life. Hunted like wild beasts, he and his wife took refuge with his wife's tribe, Triepshi, which was then annexed by Montenegro as part of the spoils of war, searched for by both Montenegrins and Turks. Finally, King Nikola, recognizing his value as an influential chieftain, gave him a house and land and employed him largely for Albanian affairs. Sokol served him with doglike fidelity and touching faith, but never forgot his ancestral home across the border. When the Young Turk regime started, he hoped to return to it, but a short visit showed him that was impossible, and he returned to Podgoritza, to play an important part in the drama of the next few years. Poor Sokol! he was used as a cat's-paw. But I believe that he acted in perfect good faith."
148:
89:
104:
393:"he organized with considerable skill the service of supplies to the insurgents". To Sokol, much respected by the tribesmen, Nikola entrusted the task of inducing the Albanian Catholics to migrate in numbers into Montenegro, promising them that if they would revolt against the Turks their wives and children should have shelter and protection till their land was freed from the Turks, and that they should receive sufficient arms and ammunition. Nikola himself promised independence to the tribesmen. Sokol was a simple-minded old fellow.
327:
leaders, showed that Sokol Baci received the largest payment from the
Montenegrin government: 540 florins and 967 measures of flour annually for his service. In mid-July 1902, Sokol Baci gave a list to Prince Nicholas of Malissori chieftains and their escorts, who were given 1,190 florins on the Prince's order. Sokol Baci financed the building of a Catholic church in Podgorica in 1904 (that was destroyed in a May 1944 bombing). Sokol Baci returned briefly to Gruda upon the
316:
397:
405:
339:
443:, in 1912 Montenegro worked hard to rise the Malissori in exchange for arms and freedom, and they believed Montenegro's claimed intent to 'liberate their brethren'. During her war correspondence in the winter of 1913, Durham details her conversation with Sokol Baci and his son, Kole Sokoli, who stated that they were fighting to free Albania from the Ottomans. After the Montenegrin conquest of
662:Пуно име грудског главара који је давао одговоре капетану Лазо- вићу гласи: Сокол Бац Прецај Ивезић Вуксановић (Вуксангељовић) Груда. Шта ова имена уствари означују? Сокол је лично име и у кући оца му Баца он ће бити означаван само по личном имену — Сокол, изван куће он је у роду Сркол Бац, ван рода зову га Сокол Бац Прецај (Прецај је један од родсва у братству), изван свога братства
312:, the Interior Minister. Baci informed Vrbica over Albanian political commitment and movement of Ottoman forces in Malesia. A document dated 21 September 1879 from the French consulate in Shkodër shows that Sokol Baci and other chiefs of the Hoti and Gruda submitted a memorandum to the Great Powers requesting that their land not be ceded to Montenegro.
467:
led the leaders of the Hoti and Gruda on a march from
Montenegro to Shkodër, where they submitted a memorandum to the French Colonel, Bardy de Fourton. The memorandum was addressed to the Ministers of Foreign Affairs in Washington, London, Paris and Rome requesting that Hoti and Gruda be united with
488:
Sokol Baci, for whom, though he is now blamed alike by
Montenegrin and Albanian, I have both esteem and respect. He acted as best he knew, according to his dim lights, and believed that he was acting for the good of his country. A burly figure, in full Albanian dress, and with great white mustachios
292:
wars, while on leave at home, the order came for the disarming of the northern
Albanian tribes (the "Malissori"). The Gruda refused to obey, and refusing to be a traitor to his people, he led his clan in battle against Ottoman forces. He managed to behead two high-ranked Ottoman officers, however,
326:
recognized him, gave him a house and land, and employed him in the
Montenegrin government for northern Albanian affairs. After 1883, Prince Nicholas' diplomacy with the Malissori mainly went through Sokol Baci. A Montenegrin document, dated November 1891, with a list of Herzegovinian and Albanian
35:
420:, came to negotiate with the Malissori, and promised an extension of the armistice and an increase of compensation money; Sokol Baci, however, urged the Malissori to not surrender, saying, "Where is the European guarantee?". In 1912, the tribes of Gruda and
451:) and brigadier of Scutari. When congratulated on his appointment, Sokol replied, "He who does not see through the screen, may his eyes fall out!" On May 26, 1913, 130 leaders of the Gruda, Hoti, Kelmendi, Kastrati and Shkreli sent a petition to
270:), and he belonged to the Precaj family of the Ivezaj brotherhood in Gruda. The Ivezaj brotherhood claimed they were descendants of Iveza, a son of a certain Vuksan Gela (also spelled Vuksan Gelja), who allegedly came from Suma, below
293:
the clan was defeated, and he was forced to flee. He became a fugitive and outlaw, in exile in
Montenegro, against whom he had earlier fought against in the 1870s. He took refuge with his wife's tribe in
855:Груде и Хоти су били уз Црну Гору, па онда већи дио Кострата и Шкреља, и један дио Кли- мената. Тиме је, да је било такта у команди црногорске војске, био олакшан напад и заузеће Скадра, и да се радило
385:, among others. A previously classified intelligence document from the British Foreign Affairs indicates that Sokol Baci along with Ded Gjo Luli and Mirash Luca were the principal instigators of the
281:
in Paris, France. As a result of the many battles he fought for the
Ottomans, he was eventually selected, along with five other young men of high standing, for the personal bodyguard of the Sultan.
277:
As a youth, Sokol was taken by the
Ottoman authorities to be trained and raised in Istanbul. Due to his intelligence and athletic abilities, Sokol was selected to attend the military academy at the
1021:
The man used as intermediary in this offer was Sokol Baci (in
Austrian documents, Nikola Bacci), Albanian chieftain of the clan of Grade, who at the time was in the service of Montenegro.
455:
in Shkodër against the incorporation of their territories into Montenegro. Sokol broke ties with Nicholas I and lived in Shkodër for the remainder of his life. On November 14, 1918,
378:
197:. After his clan was defeated and subjugated, he was exiled and sought refuge in Montenegro, even though he had earlier fought against them in the 1870s, and lived in
468:
Albania, signed by the chiefs of Gruda, including Sokol's closest cousins, Dede Nika Ivezaj, Zef Martini Ivezaj, Mirash Hasi Ivezaj and Marash Pllumi Ivezaj.
1098:
1103:
1093:
1088:
417:
362:
218:
1108:
370:
361:, who had turned their weapons and clans on the Ottomans, was "... the intelligent Sokol Baci" (from Gruda). Other leaders included:
302:
285:
626:
1044:
948:
899:
832:
1133:
937:
Péter, László; Rady, Martyn C.; Studies, University of London. School of Slavonic and East European (1 January 2004).
1113:
606:
289:
638:
193:
in his personal guard, but switched sides after he was mistreated, and fought the Ottoman forces in the
298:
109:
389:. It describes Sokol Baci as "a man of some culture and very considerable intelligence". During the
305:. Baci became a Montenegrin agent among the Catholic Albanians. He had entered cooperation through
250:
202:
1071:
874:
701:
974:
390:
386:
358:
352:
206:
162:
889:
323:
278:
1034:
1016:
822:
409:
331:
regime's accession to the Ottoman government in 1908, but problems arose and he returned to
1128:
1123:
545:
8:
968:
868:
1118:
1065:
695:
805:
166:
1040:
1009:
944:
895:
828:
602:
194:
51:
824:
Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume I: Albania and King Zog, 1908-39
214:
634:
425:
424:
were allied with Montenegro, while support also came from the greater parts of the
230:
988:
938:
848:
744:
675:
655:
598:
Srbija i Albanci u XIX i početkom XX veka: ciklus predavanja 10-25. novembar 1987
596:
429:
234:
456:
382:
374:
222:
190:
147:
94:
55:
309:
1082:
993:. Katedra za južnoslovenske jezike Filozofskog fakulteta. 1988. p. 106.
464:
178:
47:
294:
266:
Sokol Baci Ivezaj was the son of Bac, hence his most commonly used name is (
477:
460:
452:
440:
421:
366:
226:
210:
400:
Copy of the Grece Memorandum (1911) with Sokol Baci as the lead signatory
315:
242:
205:
recognized his status and employed him. He was one of the leaders of the
396:
328:
186:
59:
444:
271:
246:
72:
332:
198:
182:
130:
564:
AMAE ,CPC ,Konsullata e Frances në Shkoder vëll. 21 ,fl.350r-351v.
433:
238:
790:. Vol. 15. University Publications of America. pp. 511–.
759:
AMAE, CPC, Konsullata e Frances në Shkoder vëll. 21, fl.350r-351v.
1032:
627:"Part III. Between the Annexation and the Balkan War (1910–1912)"
76:
631:
Part III. Between the Annexation and the Balkan War (1910–1912)
404:
338:
34:
601:. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. pp. 165–6, 183.
16:
Albanian chief of the Gruda and rebel against Ottoman rule
507:
Sokol Bac Precaj Ivezić Vuksanović (Vuksangeljović) Gruda
955:
Edith Durham, the noted Albanophile, comes here to mind.
680:. Izd. Zadužbine Mikh. R. Radivojeviča. pp. 47–48.
639:
10.1515/9786155225819-004/pdf?licensetype=restricted
480:, was on very close terms with Sokol Baci. In her book
447:(1913), Nicholas I appointed Sokol Baci the commander (
633:. Central European University Press. pp. 79–146.
416:
On June 24, 1911, the Ottoman minister to Montenegro,
594:
505:
His full name which he gave to captain Lazović was:
1008:
1026:
1080:
936:
810:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London.
673:
181:, a northern Albanian tribe in the vicinity of
114:Northern Albanian (Malissor) tribes (1837-1920)
799:
797:
677:Đerdapski ribolovi u prošlosti i u sadašnjosti
590:
245:. In 1913, he was recognized as commander of
1006:
930:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
525:, etc. In Austrian documents, he is known as
1099:Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
1033:Bernard Comrie; Greville G. Corbett (2002).
820:
513:. Other spellings of his short name include
891:Albania in the twentieth century: a history
881:
814:
794:
667:
650:
648:
381:, and (from Nikci) and also intellectual
1104:People from the Principality of Montenegro
1011:The Albanian national awakening, 1878-1912
1000:
943:. Hungarian Cultural Centre. p. 170.
739:
737:
735:
725:
723:
713:
711:
567:
225:. In 1912, the entire tribes of Gruda and
152:Abdul Hamid's Albanian guard (before 1876)
33:
960:
767:
765:
558:
645:
403:
395:
337:
314:
201:beginning in approximately 1884. Prince
1094:Albanian rebels from the Ottoman Empire
1089:19th-century Ottoman military personnel
1039:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 539–.
887:
732:
720:
708:
1081:
1015:. Princeton University Press. p.
966:
940:British-Hungarian relations since 1848
921:
866:
803:
785:
762:
749:. Vol. 76. с.н. 2003. p. 18.
660:. Pravni fakultet. 1955. p. 448.
624:
511:Sokol Rac Grcaj Vezirić Vuksangeljović
995:Сокол Рац Грцај Везирић Вуксангељовић
241:tribes, backed Montenegro during the
1063:
788:British Documents on Foreign Affairs
700:. London: Methuen & Co. p.
693:
533:means "falcon" in Serbian languages.
1070:. London, Methuen and co. pp.
973:. London : E. Arnold. p.
509:. Another source wrote his name as
476:English traveller and Albanophile,
229:, along with major portions of the
13:
657:Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu
625:Nopcsa, Franz (20 February 2014).
14:
1145:
1109:Military personnel from Podgorica
432:tribes, as well as a part of the
189:). Originally, he had served the
177:(1837–1920) was the chief of the
853:. Akademija. 1923. p. 111.
146:
102:
87:
981:
915:
860:
841:
778:
753:
319:Sokol Baci in his middle years.
1067:The Land of the Black Mountain
926:. Shkodër: Botime Françeskane.
697:The Land of the Black Mountain
687:
618:
493:
135:Brigadier-general (Montenegro)
1:
873:. London: E. Arnold. p.
827:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 19–.
821:Owen Pearson (22 July 2005).
807:Twenty years of Balkan Tangle
595:Vladimir Stojančević (1990).
551:
324:Prince Nicholas of Montenegro
261:
1064:Wyon, Reginald (1903). "8".
379:Luc Mark Gjeloshi from Selca
7:
1134:People from Scutari vilayet
894:. I.B. Tauris. p. 43.
539:
297:, which was annexed by the
209:, alongside chiefs such as
99:Albanian League (1878-1884)
10:
1150:
1057:
990:Prilozi proučavanju jezika
850:Srpski etnografski zbornik
499:
350:
346:
299:Principality of Montenegro
110:Principality of Montenegro
674:Mihailo Petrović (1941).
471:
357:Among the leaders of the
158:
139:
126:
118:
82:
66:
41:
32:
23:
1114:Albanian Roman Catholics
970:The Struggle for Scutari
870:The Struggle for Scutari
786:Bourne, Kenneth (1989).
482:The Struggle for Scutari
251:Nicholas I of Montenegro
203:Nicholas I of Montenegro
775:, I.B. Tauris, Canto 28
694:Wyon, Reginald (1905).
408:Memorial plaque of the
391:Albanian Revolt of 1911
387:Albanian Revolt of 1911
359:Albanian Revolt of 1911
353:Albanian Revolt of 1911
303:Montenegrin–Ottoman War
256:
207:Albanian Revolt of 1911
163:Albanian Revolt of 1911
1036:The Slavonic Languages
1007:Stavro Skendi (1967).
967:Durham, Edith (1914).
922:Harapi, Anton (2008).
888:Pearson, Owen (2004).
867:Durham, Edith (1914).
804:Durham, Edith (1920).
491:
413:
401:
343:
320:
279:University of Sorbonne
771:Gjergj Fishta, 2006,
486:
407:
399:
341:
318:
119:Years of service
546:Tringe Smajl Martini
284:In 1877, during the
412:, in Gërçe, Albania
97:(before 1870s–1877)
25:Sokol Baci Ivezaj /
924:Andrra e Pretashit
414:
402:
344:
321:
1046:978-0-415-28078-5
950:978-0-903425-73-5
901:978-1-84511-013-0
834:978-1-84511-013-0
773:The Highland Lute
729:Wyon 1903, p. 315
717:Wyon 1903, p. 314
484:, she explained:
365:(from Kastrati);
342:Sokol Baci (1902)
195:Sanjak of Scutari
172:
171:
52:Sanjak of Scutari
1141:
1075:
1051:
1050:
1030:
1024:
1023:
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812:
811:
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776:
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750:
746:Историски записи
741:
730:
727:
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691:
685:
684:
671:
665:
664:
652:
643:
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622:
616:
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592:
565:
562:
503:
410:Gërçe Memorandum
373:(from Shkreli);
151:
150:
108:
106:
105:
93:
91:
90:
37:
21:
20:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
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355:
349:
264:
259:
167:Battle of Deçiq
154:Scutari (1913–)
153:
145:
144:
134:
113:
103:
101:
100:
98:
88:
86:
71:
46:
28:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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617:
607:
566:
556:
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550:
549:
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541:
538:
536:
535:
517:(Сокол Баца),
504:
497:
495:
492:
473:
470:
457:Luigj Gurakuqi
383:Luigj Gurakuqi
377:(from Shala);
375:Mehmet Shpendi
351:Main article:
348:
345:
263:
260:
258:
255:
223:Luigj Gurakuqi
215:Mehmet Shpëndi
191:Ottoman sultan
170:
169:
160:
156:
155:
141:
137:
136:
128:
124:
123:
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116:
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95:Ottoman Empire
84:
80:
79:
68:
64:
63:
56:Ottoman Empire
43:
39:
38:
30:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1146:
1135:
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1127:
1125:
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608:9788670250949
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485:
483:
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469:
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465:Gjergj Fishta
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:According to
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Saddridin Bey
411:
406:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:(from Hoti);
368:
364:
360:
354:
340:
336:
334:
330:
325:
317:
313:
311:
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290:Russo-Turkish
287:
286:Serbo-Turkish
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40:
36:
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22:
19:
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1020:
1010:
1002:
994:
989:
983:
969:
962:
954:
939:
932:
923:
917:
905:. Retrieved
890:
883:
869:
862:
854:
849:
843:
823:
816:
806:
787:
780:
772:
755:
745:
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689:
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612:
597:
560:
530:
527:Nikola Bacci
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
487:
481:
478:Edith Durham
475:
461:Anton Harapi
453:Cecil Burney
448:
441:Edith Durham
438:
415:
367:Ded Gjo Luli
356:
322:
306:
283:
276:
267:
265:
211:Ded Gjo Luli
174:
173:
159:Battles/wars
18:
1129:1920 deaths
1124:1837 births
907:18 November
529:. The word
523:Sokol Batzi
494:Annotations
363:Mirash Luca
310:Mašo Vrbica
243:Balkan Wars
219:Mirash Luca
133:(bajraktar)
112:(1884–1913)
1083:Categories
613:Sokol Baco
552:References
519:Sokol Baco
515:Sokol Baca
329:Young Turk
301:after the
295:Zatrijebač
268:Sokol Baci
262:Early life
187:Montenegro
175:Sokol Baci
143:Gruda clan
122:1870s–1913
83:Allegiance
60:Montenegro
27:Sokol Baci
333:Podgorica
199:Podgorica
183:Podgorica
131:Commander
540:See also
434:Kelmendi
426:Kastrati
371:Ton Nika
249:by King
239:Kelmendi
231:Kastrati
140:Commands
1119:Malsorë
1058:Sources
682:Ивезићи
449:vojvoda
445:Scutari
436:tribe.
430:Shkreli
347:1911–13
307:vojvoda
272:Shkodër
247:Scutari
235:Shkreli
77:Albania
73:Shkodër
1043:
947:
898:
831:
605:
472:Legacy
237:, and
107:
92:
531:sokol
185:(now
179:Gruda
58:(now
48:Gruda
1074:–16.
1041:ISBN
945:ISBN
909:2011
896:ISBN
829:ISBN
603:ISBN
463:and
428:and
422:Hoti
288:and
257:Life
227:Hoti
221:and
165:and
127:Rank
70:1920
67:Died
45:1837
42:Born
1072:312
1017:449
875:215
702:100
635:doi
1085::
1019:.
975:34
953:.
796:^
764:^
734:^
722:^
710:^
647:^
629:.
611:.
569:^
521:,
459:,
335:.
274:.
253:.
233:,
217:,
213:,
75:,
54:,
50:,
1049:.
977:.
911:.
877:.
837:.
784:*
704:.
641:.
637::
62:)
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