Solid-state drive - Knowledge

1790: 1779: 2085: 1500: 175: 1621: 1361: 1285: 1524: 1512: 1536: 1933: 1301: 49: 581: 8418: 401: 163: 9022: 9010: 1438: 1570:, has produced a drive that sits directly on the SATA connector (SATADOM) on the motherboard without any need for a power cable. Some SSDs are based on the PCIe form factor and connect both the data interface and power through the PCIe connector to the host. These drives can use either direct PCIe flash controllers or a PCIe-to-SATA bridge device which then connects to SATA flash controllers. 420:. As SSDs do not need to spin or seek to locate data, they are vastly superior to HDDs in such tests. However, SSDs have challenges with mixed reads and writes, and their performance may degrade over time. Therefore, SSD testing typically looks at when the full drive is first used, as the new and empty drive may have much better write performance than it would show after only weeks of use. 614:

the failure of a single chip may result in the loss of all data stored on it. Nonetheless, studies indicate that SSDs are generally reliable, often exceed their manufacturer-stated lifespan and having lower failure rates than HDDs. However, studies also note that SSDs experience higher rates of uncorrectable errors, which can lead to data loss, compared to HDDs.

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infrequently changed (cold data) from heavily used blocks, so that data that changes more frequently (hot data) can be written to those blocks. This helps distribute wear more evenly across the entire SSD. However, this process introduces additional writes, known as write amplification, which must be managed to balance performance and durability.

1333:(ICs) and an interface connector, its shape is no longer limited to the shape of rotating media drives. Some solid-state storage solutions come in a larger chassis that may even be a rack-mount form factor with numerous SSDs inside. They would all connect to a common bus inside the chassis and connect outside the box with a single connector. 2129:. CFQ was designed for traditional magnetic media and seek optimization, thus many of those I/O scheduling efforts are wasted when used with SSDs. As part of their designs, SSDs offer much bigger levels of parallelism for I/O operations, so it is preferable to leave scheduling decisions to their internal logic, especially for high-end SSDs. 1562:, and many more. The SATADIMM from Viking Technology uses an empty DDR3 DIMM slot on the motherboard to provide power to the SSD with a separate SATA connector to provide the data connection back to the computer. The result is an easy-to-install SSD with a capacity equal to drives that typically take a full 2.5-inch 254:. However, SSDs are generally more expensive on a per-gigabyte basis and have a finite number of write cycles, which can lead to data loss over time. Despite these limitations, SSDs are increasingly replacing HDDs, especially in performance-critical applications and as primary storage in many consumer devices. 1834:

In 2021, NVMe 2.0 with Zoned Namespaces (ZNS) was announced. ZNS allows data to be mapped directly to its physical location in memory, providing direct access on an SSD without a flash translation layer. In 2024, Samsung announced what it called the world's first SSD with a hybrid PCIe interface, the

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For general computer use, the 2.5-inch form factor (typically found in laptops and used for most SATA SSDs) is the most popular, in three thicknesses (7.0mm, 9.5mm, 14.8 or 15.0mm; with 12.0mm also available for some models). For desktop computers with 3.5-inch hard disk drive slots, a simple adapter

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file requires manual modifications. This is because the current Linux TRIM command implementation might not be optimal. It has been proven to cause a performance degradation instead of a performance increase under certain circumstances. As of January 2014, Linux sends an individual TRIM command

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As SSD technology continues to improve, they are increasingly used in ultra-mobile PCs and lightweight laptop systems. The first flash-memory SSD based PC to become available was the Sony Vaio UX90, announced for pre-order on 27 June 2006 and began shipping in Japan on 3 July 2006 with a 16 GB

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from traditional magnetic hard drives. Because solid-state drives contain no moving parts, they are generally not subject to mechanical failures. However, other types of failures can occur. For example, incomplete or failed writes due to sudden power loss may be more problematic than with HDDs, and

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Most of the advantages of solid-state drives over traditional hard drives are due to their ability to access data completely electronically instead of electromechanically, resulting in superior transfer speeds and mechanical ruggedness. On the other hand, hard disk drives offer significantly higher

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The reliability of both HDDs and SSDs varies greatly among models. Some field failure rates indicate that SSDs are significantly more reliable than HDDs. However, SSDs are sensitive to sudden power interruption, sometimes resulting in aborted writes or even cases of the complete loss of the drive.

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Windows 8.1 and later Windows systems also support automatic TRIM for PCI Express SSDs based on NVMe. For Windows 7, the KB2990941 update is required for this functionality and needs to be integrated into Windows Setup using DISM if Windows 7 has to be installed on the NVMe SSD. Windows 8/8.1 also

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to exploit characteristics of USB-connected flash devices, but for SSDs it only improves the default partition alignment to prevent read-modify-write operations that reduce the speed of SSDs. Most SSDs are typically split into 4 KiB sectors, while earlier systems may be based on 512 byte

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As the technology advanced, SSDs saw dramatic improvements in capacity, speed, and affordability. By 2016, commercially available SSDs had more capacity than the largest available HDDs. By 2018, flash-based SSDs had reached capacities of up to 100 TB in enterprise products, with consumer SSDs

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form factor, formerly known as the Next Generation Form Factor (NGFF), is a natural transition from the mSATA and physical layout it used, to a more usable and more advanced form factor. While mSATA took advantage of an existing form factor and connector, M.2 has been designed to maximize usage of

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An SSD with a 2.5-inch HDD form factor, opened to show solid-state electronics. Empty spaces next to the NAND chips are for additional NAND chips, allowing the same circuit board design to be used on several drive models with different capacities; other drives may instead use a circuit board whose

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3D XPoint is a type of non-volatile memory technology developed by Intel and Micron, announced in 2015. It operates by changing the electrical resistance of materials in its cells, offering much faster access times than NAND flash. 3D XPoint-based SSDs, such as Intel’s Optane drives, provide lower

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stored in each cell (between 1 and 4). Single-level cells (SLC) store one bit of data per cell and provide higher performance and endurance. In contrast, multi-level cells (MLC), triple-level cells (TLC), and quad-level cells (QLC) store more data per cell but have lower performance and endurance.

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in kernel version 3.13, released on 19 January 2014. This leverages the performance offered by SSDs and NVMe by allowing much higher I/O submission rates. With this new design of the Linux kernel block layer, internal queues are split into two levels (per-CPU and hardware-submission queues), thus

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The host interface of an SSD refers to the physical connector and the signaling methods used to communicate between the SSD and the host system. This interface is managed by the SSD's controller and is often similar to those found in traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). Common interfaces include:

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Micron and Intel pioneered faster SSDs by implementing techniques such as data striping and interleaving to enhance read/write speeds. More recently, SandForce introduced controllers that incorporate data compression to reduce the amount of data written to the flash memory, potentially increasing

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would be to take advantage of the extensive infrastructure already in place to mount and connect the drives to the host system. These traditional form factors are known by the size of the rotating media (i.e., 5.25-inch, 3.5-inch, 2.5-inch or 1.8-inch) and not the dimensions of the drive casing.

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Wear leveling is a technique used in SSDs to ensure that write and erase operations are distributed evenly across all blocks of the flash memory. Without this, specific blocks could wear out prematurely due to repeated use, reducing the overall lifespan of the SSD. The process moves data that is

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products will be available in 2016, in both standard SSD (PCIe) form factors for everything from Ultrabooks to servers, and in a DIMM form factor for Xeon systems for even greater bandwidth and lower latencies. As expected, Intel will be providing storage controllers optimized for the 3D XPoint

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By default, Windows 7 and newer versions execute TRIM commands automatically if the device is detected to be a solid-state drive. However, because TRIM irreversibly resets all freed space, it may be desirable to disable support where enabling data recovery is preferred over wear leveling.

228:, to store data in memory cells. The performance and endurance of SSDs vary depending on the number of bits stored per cell, ranging from high-performing single-level cells (SLC) to more affordable but slower quad-level cells (QLC). In addition to flash-based SSDs, other technologies such as 1089:

devices, are equipped with backup power sources such as internal batteries or external AC/DC adapters. These power sources ensure data is transferred to a backup system (usually NAND flash or another storage medium) in the event of power loss, preventing data corruption or loss. Similarly,

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The following are noted standardization organizations and bodies that work to create standards for solid-state drives (and other computer storage devices). The table below also includes organizations which promote the use of solid-state drives. This is not necessarily an exhaustive list.

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Some SSDs use volatile DRAM instead of NAND flash, offering very high-speed data access but requiring a constant power supply to retain data. DRAM-based SSDs are typically used in specialized applications where performance is prioritized over cost or non-volatility. Many SSDs, such as

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mechanism to temporarily store data in single-level cell (SLC) mode, even on multi-level cell (MLC) or triple-level cell (TLC) SSDs. This improves write performance by allowing data to be written to faster SLC storage before being moved to slower, higher-capacity MLC or TLC storage.

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Higher-performing SSDs may include a capacitor or battery, which helps preserve data integrity in the event of an unexpected power loss. The capacitor or battery provides enough power to allow the data in the cache to be written to the non-volatile memory, ensuring no data is lost.

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In some SSDs that use multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory, a potential issue known as "lower page corruption" can occur if power is lost while programming an upper page. This can result in previously written data becoming corrupted. To address this, some high-end SSDs incorporate

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In 2017, Intel introduced SSDs based on 3D XPoint technology under the Optane brand. Unlike NAND flash, 3D XPoint uses a different method to store data, offering higher IOPS performance, although sequential read and write speeds remain slower compared to traditional SSDs.

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sectors with their default partition setups unaligned to the 4 KiB boundaries. Windows Vista does not send the TRIM command to solid-state drives, but some third-party utilities such as SSD Doctor will periodically scan the drive and TRIM the appropriate entries.

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flash memory for data storage, primarily due to its cost-effectiveness and ability to retain data without a constant power supply. NAND flash-based SSDs store data in semiconductor cells, with the specific architecture influencing performance, endurance, and cost.

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layer that temporarily absorbs the large volume of user requests to slower HDD-based backend storage systems. This layer provides much higher bandwidth and lower latency than the storage system would, and can be managed in a number of forms, such as a distributed

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and most SSDs use flash memory, they have very different characteristics, including power consumption, performance, size, and reliability. Originally, solid state drives were shaped and mounted in the computer like hard drives. In contrast, memory cards (such as

1812:, which released its first product in 1991:a 20 MB SSD for IBM laptops. While the storage capacity was limited and the price high (around $ 1,000), this marked the beginning of a transition to flash memory as an alternative to traditional hard drives. 2017:

partitions, it might be possible to use swap files inside an ordinary file system instead. For example, OS X does not support swap partitions; it only swaps to files within a file system, so it can use TRIM when, for example, swap files are deleted.

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While Windows 7 supported automatic TRIM for internal SATA SSDs, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 support manual TRIM as well as automatic TRIM for SATA, NVMe and USB-attached SSDs. Disk Defragmenter in Windows 10 and 11 may execute TRIM to optimize an SSD.

1072:, advanced error correction, and wear leveling to optimize performance and extend the lifespan of the drive. Lower-end SSDs often use QLC or TLC memory, while higher-end drives for enterprise or performance-critical applications may use MLC or SLC. 1656:(DRAM). The STC 4305 was significantly faster than its mechanical counterparts and cost around $ 400,000 for a 45 MB capacity. Though early SSD-like devices existed, they were not widely used due to their high cost and small storage capacity. 601:(CF), and many others) were originally designed for digital cameras and later found their way into cell phones, gaming devices, GPS units, etc. Most memory cards are physically smaller than SSDs, and designed to be inserted and removed repeatedly. 1963:

SSD shipments were 11 million units in 2009, 17.3 million units in 2011 for a total of US$ 5 billion, 39 million units in 2012, and were expected to rise to 83 million units in 2013 to 201.4 million units in 2016 and to 227 million units in 2017.

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slowly leak charge when not powered, while heavily-used consumer drives may start losing data typically after one to two year in storage. SSDs have a limited lifetime number of writes, and also slow down as they reach their full storage capacity.

7519: 1850:), reliability, and energy efficiency. EFDs often have higher specifications than consumer SSDs, making them suitable for mission-critical applications. The term was first used by EMC in 2008 to describe SSDs built for enterprise environments. 728:

flash drive containing the operating system and application software can substitute for larger, less reliable disk drives or CD-ROMs. Appliances built this way can provide an inexpensive alternative to expensive router and firewall hardware.

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technology, such as Intel’s Optane, store data by changing electrical resistance instead of storing electrical charges in cells, which can provide faster speeds and longer data persistence compared to conventional flash memory. SSDs based on

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The overall performance of an SSD can scale with the number of parallel NAND chips and the efficiency of the controller. For example, controllers that enable parallel processing of NAND flash chips can improve bandwidth and reduce latency.

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Another significant product is the Toshiba PX02SS series, launched in 2016. Designed for write-intensive applications like online transaction processing, these drives achieved impressive read and write speeds and high endurance ratings.

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Every SSD includes a controller, which manages the data flow between the NAND memory and the host computer. The controller is an embedded processor that runs firmware to optimize performance, managing data, and ensuring data integrity.

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and automatic defragmentation. Despite the initial statement by Steven Sinofsky before the release of Windows 7, however, defragmentation is not disabled, even though its behavior on SSDs differs. One reason is the low performance of

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used on hard disk drives can typically also be used on solid state drives. File systems that support SSDs generally also support the TRIM command, which helps the SSD to recycle discarded data. The file system does not need to manage

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Worn-out SSDs may start losing data after as little as three months without power, especially at high temperatures. Newer SSDs, depending on usage, may retain data longer. SSDs are generally not suited for long-term archival storage.

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as a Terminal command that enables TRIM on non-Apple SSDs. There is also a technique to enable TRIM in versions earlier than Mac OS X 10.6.8, although it remains uncertain whether TRIM is actually utilized properly in those cases.

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Versions since Mac OS X 10.6.8 (Snow Leopard) support TRIM but only when used with an Apple-purchased SSD. TRIM is not automatically enabled for third-party drives, although it can be enabled by using third-party utilities such as

1182:(FTL) mapping table. Examples include the Crucial M500 and Intel 320 series. Enterprise-class SSDs, such as the Intel DC S3700 series, often come with more robust power-loss protection mechanisms like supercapacitors or batteries. 493:

SSDs lack mechanical parts, theoretically making them more reliable than HDDs. However, SSD cells wear out after a limited number of writes. Controllers help mitigate this, allowing for many years of use under normal conditions.

309:, SSDs do not have moving mechanical parts, which provides advantages such as resistance to physical shock, quieter operation, and faster access times. Their lower latency results in higher input/output rates (IOPS) than HDDs. 5378: 1853:

One example of an EFD is the Intel DC S3700 series, launched in 2012. These drives were notable for their consistent performance, maintaining IOPS variation within a narrow range, which is crucial for enterprise environments.

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Some SSD controllers, like those from SandForce, achieve high performance without using an external DRAM cache. These designs rely on other mechanisms, such as on-chip SRAM, to manage data and minimize power consumption.

797:(SSHDs) are based on the same principle, but integrate some amount of flash memory on board of a conventional drive instead of using a separate SSD. The flash layer in these drives can be accessed independently from the 7346: 4432: 431:

In traditional HDDs, a rewritten file will generally occupy the same location on the disk surface as the original file, whereas in SSDs the new copy will often be written to different NAND cells for the purpose of

269:, each offering different levels of performance. Hybrid storage solutions, such as solid-state hybrid drives (SSHDs), combine SSD and HDD technologies to offer improved performance at a lower cost than pure SSDs. 5438: 6629: 2982: 1154:

On NVMe SSDs, Host Memory Buffer (HMB) technology allows the SSD to use a portion of the system’s DRAM instead of relying on a built-in DRAM cache, reducing costs while maintaining a high level of performance.

1216:: A newer interface designed for SSDs that is more compact than SATA or PCIe, often found in laptops and high-end desktops. M.2 supports both SATA (up to 6.0 Gbit/s) and PCIe (up to 31.5 Gbit/s) interfaces. 1075:

In addition to the flat (planar) NAND structure, many SSDs now use 3D NAND (or V-NAND), where memory cells are stacked vertically, increasing storage density while improving performance and reducing costs.

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In the late 1980s, companies like Zitel began selling DRAM-based SSD products under the name "RAMDisk." These devices were primarily used in specialized systems like those made by UNIVAC and Perkin-Elmer.

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plate can be used to make such a drive fit. Other types of form factors are more common in enterprise applications. An SSD can also be completely integrated in the other circuitry of the device, as in the

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in hard disk drives. This cache can temporarily hold data while it is being written to the flash memory, and it also stores metadata such as the mapping of logical blocks to physical locations on the SSD.

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physical layout. It remains electrically compatible with the PCI Express Mini Card interface specification while requiring an additional connection to the SATA host controller through the same connector.

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In certain high-end consumer and enterprise SSDs, larger amounts of DRAM are included to cache both file table mappings and written data, reducing write amplification and enhances overall performance.

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HDDs, when stored in a cool, dry environment, can retain data for longer periods without power. However, over time, mechanical parts may fail, such as the inability to spin up after prolonged storage.

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Recovering data from SSDs presents challenges due to the non-linear and complex nature of data storage in solid-state drives. The internal operations of SSDs vary by manufacturer, with commands (e.g.

6122: 4056: 2956: 1597:), and Memoright's M1000 for use in embedded systems. The main benefits of BGA SSDs are their low power consumption, small chip package size to fit into compact subsystems, and that they can be 6035: 5234: 239:(HDDs), SSDs have no moving parts, allowing them to deliver faster data access speeds, reduced latency, increased resistance to physical shock, lower power consumption, and silent operation. 1831:

offering up to 16 TB. These advancements were accompanied by significant increases in read and write speeds, with some high-end consumer models reaching speeds of up to 14.5 GB/s.

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Windows 7 and later versions have native support for SSDs. The operating system detects the presence of an SSD and optimizes operation accordingly. For SSD devices, Windows 7 disables

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SSD benchmark, showing about 230 MB/s reading speed (blue), 210 MB/s writing speed (red) and about 0.1 ms seek time (green), all independent from the accessed disk location

4089: 5382: 1280:(NVMe): A modern interface designed specifically for SSDs, NVMe takes full advantage of the parallelism in SSDs, providing significantly lower latency and higher throughput than AHCI. 497:

HDDs have moving parts prone to mechanical wear, but the storage medium (magnetic platters) does not degrade from read/write cycles. Studies have suggested HDDs may last 9–11 years.

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are combining the usage of separate SSD and HDD devices installed in the same computer, with overall performance optimization managed by the computer user, or by the computer's

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should be disabled on solid-state drives because the location of the file components on an SSD does not significantly impact its performance, but moving the files to make them

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Form factors which were more common to memory modules are now being used by SSDs to take advantage of their flexibility in laying out the components. Some of these include

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DRAM-based SSDs are often used for tasks where data must be accessed at high speeds with low latency, such as in high-performance computing or certain server environments.

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SSDs may support various logical interfaces, which define the command sets used by operating systems to communicate with the SSD. Two common logical interfaces include:

5430: 1499: 1465:(HDD). DOM devices emulate a traditional hard disk drive, resulting in no need for special drivers or other specific operating system support. DOMs are usually used in 6626: 2978: 1641: 6184: 7630: 7445: 5261: 4119: 2057:

partitions are by default performing discard operations when the underlying drive supports TRIM, with the possibility to turn them off. Support for queued TRIM, a

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components required to get sufficient capacity to store the data along with the backup power supplies requires a larger space than traditional HDD form factors.

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HDDs transfer data at approximately 200 MB/s, depending on the rotational speed and location of data on the disk. Outer tracks allow faster transfer rates.

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Windows 7 also includes support for the TRIM command to reduce garbage collection for data that the operating system has already determined is no longer valid.

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As of 2016, storage capacities range from 4 MB to 128 GB with different variations in physical layouts, including vertical or horizontal orientation.

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SSDs are generally more expensive than HDDs and are expected to remain so. As of early 2018, SSD prices were around $ 0.30 per gigabyte for 4 TB models.

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Windows implements TRIM for more than just file-delete operations. The TRIM operation is fully integrated with partition- and volume-level commands such as

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became the first widely available consumer computers using SSDs aside from the MacBook Air. At present, SDD devices are widely used and distributed by a

4621: 3794: 3746: 2948: 6651: 6341: 4881: 7810: 6045: 5226: 4899: 4227: 3040: 3005: 1976: 8982: 7024: 6857: 6584: 6395: 3537: 4600: 6695: 5494: 5204: 2702: 1228:: Typically used in enterprise systems, Fibre Channel interfaces offer high data transfer speeds, with modern versions supporting up to 128 Gbit/s. 1222:: Another interface used for enterprise-grade SSDs, providing PCIe 3.0 x4 speeds but with a more robust connector suitable for server environments. 436:. The wear-leveling algorithms are complex and difficult to test exhaustively. As a result, one major cause of data loss in SSDs is firmware bugs. 6261: 4992: 3342: 6562: 4496: 370: 4394: 3116: 5489: 4709: 4661: 4579: 3901: 2177:

RADOS objects as block devices) have been modified to actually use this new interface; other drivers will be ported in the following releases.

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removing bottlenecks and allowing much higher levels of I/O parallelization. As of version 4.0 of the Linux kernel, released on 12 April 2015,

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There are also SSDs that are in the form of PCIe cards, these are sometimes called HHHL (Half Height Half Length), or AIC (Add in Card) SSDs.

1523: 1204:: Primarily used in enterprise environments, SAS interfaces are faster and more robust than SATA. SAS 3.0 offers speeds of up to 12.0 Gbit/s. 6913: 5854: 4749: 2061:

feature that results in TRIM commands not disrupting the command queues, was introduced in Linux kernel 3.12, released on November 2, 2013.

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The size and shape of any device are largely driven by the size and shape of the components used to make that device. Traditional HDDs and

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Prior to version 7, Microsoft Windows did not take any specific measures to support solid state drives. From Windows 7, the standard

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SSD prices have also fallen dramatically, with the cost per gigabyte decreasing from around $ 50,000 in 1991 to less than $ 0.05 by 2020.

9062: 7881: 3377: 784: 395: 6460: 6275: 5592: 5062: 3514: 1429:. There are also adapter boards that converts other form factors, especially M.2 drives with PCIe interface, into regular add-in cards. 7263: 6992: 2226:, with file-system commands relating to truncate and compression, and with the System Restore (also known as Volume Snapshot) feature. 2029:

Kernel support for the TRIM operation was introduced in version 2.6.33 of the Linux kernel mainline, released on 24 February 2010. The

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Single-Level Cell (SLC): Stores 1 bit per cell. SLC provides the highest performance, reliability, and endurance but is more expensive.

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SSDs also have internal parallelism that allows them to manage multiple operations simultaneously, which enhances their performance.

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Drive Writes Per Day (DWPD) – the number of times the full capacity of the drive can be written to per day within its warranty period

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supports the SCSI unmap command, an analog of SATA TRIM, for USB-attached SSDs or SATA-to-USB enclosures. It is also supported over

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on fragmented SSDs. The second reason is to avoid reaching the practical maximum number of file fragments that a volume can handle.

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file systems include support for the discard (TRIM or UNMAP) function. To make use of TRIM, a file system must be mounted using the

1274:(AHCI): Initially designed for HDDs, AHCI is commonly used with SATA SSDs but is less efficient for modern SSDs due to its overhead. 470:

By 2018, SSDs were available in sizes up to 100 TB, though lower-cost models typically ranged from 120 GB to 512 GB.

5144: 4827: 4307: 2583: 1559: 673: 313: 7325: 6604: 6067: 5948: 3227: 2340:. A low-latency SSD can be used for the ZFS Intent Log (ZIL), where it is named the SLOG. An SSD may also be used for the level 2 320:. These drives use both flash memory and spinning magnetic disks in order to improve the performance of frequently-accessed data. 8449: 8383: 8358: 8213: 6435: 6356: 5297: 4954: 4447: 4266: 4202: 4180: 2665: 2537: 2499: 1846:

Enterprise flash drives (EFDs) are designed for high-performance applications requiring fast input/output operations per second (

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The primary components of an SSD are the controller and the memory used to store data. Traditionally, early SSDs used volatile

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Quad-Level Cell (QLC): Stores 4 bits per cell. QLC is the most affordable option but has the lowest performance and endurance.

9057: 8422: 8373: 7553: 5891: 3725: 3654: 2473: 1123: 5357:"New From SST: SST85LD0128 NANDrive - Single Package Flash Based 128MB Solid State Hard Disk Drive with ATA / IDE Interface" 3279: 3146: 8987: 2726:"Essential roles of exploiting internal parallelism of flash memory based solid state drives in high-speed data processing" 7697: 6104: 4111: 4028: 3062: 1884:

project. Mass production of these computers, built for children in developing countries, began in December 2007. By 2009,

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HDDs use between 2 and 5 watts for 2.5-inch drives, while high-performance 3.5-inch drives can require up to 20 watts.

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allow such SSDs to be used as drop-in replacements for HDDs in computers and other devices. Newer form factors such as

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The first devices resembling solid-state drives (SSDs) used semiconductor technology, with an early example being the

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Triple-Level Cell (TLC): Stores 3 bits per cell. TLC is less expensive but slower and less durable than SLC and MLC.

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Samsung 990 EVO. The hybrid interface runs in either the x4 PCIe 4.0 or x2 PCIe 5.0 modes, a first for an M.2 SSD.

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Revenues for the SSD market worldwide totaled $ 585 million in 2008, rising over 100% from $ 259 million in 2007.

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form factor to house additional memory chips, permit the use of higher power levels, and allow the use of a large

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Terabytes Written (TBW) – the total number of terabytes that can be written to a drive within its warranty period

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HDDs need cooling in high-temperature environments (above 35 °C (95 °F)) to avoid reliability issues.

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Top and bottom views of a 2.5-inch 100 GB SATA 3.0 (6 Gbit/s) model of the Intel DC S3700 series

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Many of the DRAM-based solutions use a box that is often designed to fit in a rack-mount system. The number of

900: 206: 115: 6539: 5556: 5530: 4005: 3695: 3199: 3186:"Nimbus Data Launches the World's Largest Solid State Drive – 100 Terabytes – to Power Data-driven Innovation" 1198:: One of the most widely used interfaces in consumer SSDs. SATA 3.0 supports transfer speeds up to 6.0 Gbit/s. 1058:

Multi-Level Cell (MLC): Stores 2 bits per cell. MLC offers a balance between cost, performance, and endurance.

8977: 7177: 4625: 4596: 3975: 3918: 3742: 3619: 2114:

to each sector, instead of a vectorized list defining a TRIM range as recommended by the TRIM specification.

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that goes through all of the unused blocks in a filesystem and dispatches TRIM commands for those areas. The

9052: 8845: 8816: 7959: 7853: 6387: 3357: 3171: 3009: 2862: 2084: 2026:

Since 2010, standard Linux drive utilities have taken care of appropriate partition alignment by default.

2006:

on SSDs, especially in situations where only very small amounts of data are changed, such as when updating

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SSDs have no moving parts and are silent. Some SSDs may produce a high-pitched noise during block erasure.

174: 8642: 8584: 8378: 8040: 6858:"kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git: mm/swapfile.c, line 2507 (Linux kernel stable tree, version 3.12.5)" 3032: 2898: 2698: 2507:

Develops and promotes standards, technologies, and educational services in the management of information

2486: 6692: 5200: 4425:"Intel, Micron reveal Xpoint, a new memory architecture that could outclass DDR4 and NAND – ExtremeTech" 1068:

Over time, SSD controllers have improved the efficiency of NAND flash, incorporating techniques such as

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Works on storage industry standards needing attention when not addressed by other standards committees

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Coordinates technical standards activity between ANSI in the US and joint ISO/IEC committees worldwide

2341: 2309: 2278: 1991: 1590: 242:

Often interfaced to a system in the same way as HDDs, SSDs are used in a variety of devices, including

7969: 7842: 4492: 8635: 6417: 4741: 3876: 2729:. 2011 IEEE 17th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture. pp. 266–277. 1051:

There are various types of NAND flash memory, categorized by the number of bits stored in each cell:

768: 552:

HDDs generate noise from spinning disks and moving heads, which can vary based on the drive's speed.

516:

Consumer SSDs offer transfer rates between 200 MB/s and 3500 MB/s, depending on the model.

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will also not materially improve performance and causes additional overhead in the system and SSD.

1106:

latency and higher endurance than NAND-based drives, although they are more expensive per gigabyte.

1094:

devices use components designed for DIMM modules, but only use flash memory, similar to a DRAM SSD.

8952: 8865: 8838: 8809: 8572: 8178: 7934: 7744: 6959: 6670: 3455: 1119: 816: 794: 7472: 6905: 5846: 8895: 8890: 8778: 8751: 8310: 7929: 5883: 5759: 5726: 2532: 2468:

Provides standard software and hardware programming interfaces for nonvolatile memory subsystems

2233: 1620: 1609: 1360: 1326: 1318: 1179: 2240:

routine will cause unnecessary write wear on the limited number of write cycles on the SSD. The

1469:, which are often deployed in harsh environments where mechanical HDDs would simply fail, or in 8368: 5677:

was 20 MB for $ 1000, so 20÷1000=50 so $ 50 per MB, a GB is 1000 MB so 50×1000=50,000

4722: 4639: 3410: 1649: 462:

HDDs, as of early 2018, were priced around $ 0.02 to $ 0.03 per gigabyte for 1 TB models.

365: 8287: 6004: 4470:"Intel, Micron debut 3D XPoint storage technology that's 1,000 times faster than current SSDs" 3644: 3381: 1284: 813:

in the cache of these drives when the system hibernates, making the subsequent resume faster.

312:

Some SSDs are combined with traditional hard drives in hybrid configurations, such as Intel's

8785: 8100:(bankrupt, assets sold to Toshiba, which later spun off its SSD and flash business to Kioxia) 2166: 2145: 1400: 1069: 904: 720:

Flash-based solid-state drives can be used to create network appliances from general-purpose

697: 409: 7372:"Recovering Evidence from SSD Drives: Understanding TRIM, Garbage Collection and Exclusions" 6988: 6311: 3570: 755:

from a write-locked SD card is reliable, persistent and impervious to permanent corruption.

741: 8773: 8264: 5879:

Intellectual Property Rights, Development, and Catch Up: An International Comparative Study

3775: 3487: 1881: 1551: 1201: 860: 328: 31: 6185:"Samsung's Hybrid 990 EVO SSD announced — world's first hybrid PCIe 4.0 x4 and 5.0 x2 SSD" 5908: 2169:(UBI) driver (which implements erase block management layer for flash memory devices) and 560:

SSDs generally tolerate higher operating temperatures and do not require special cooling.

8: 8647: 8116: 8010: 7989: 7974: 6210:"EMC has changed enterprise disk storage for ever:First into the enterprise flash breech" 5311: 4675: 2003: 1147: 1134:

Many flash-based SSDs include a small amount of volatile DRAM as a cache, similar to the

951: 198: 7964: 7264:"Mac OS X Lion has TRIM support for SSDs, HiDPI resolutions for improved pixel density?" 7109:"Linux kernel 3.13, Section 1.1 A scalable block layer for high-performance SSD storage" 6740:"Changes between v2.17 and v2.17.1-rc1, commit 1a2416c6ed10fcbfb48283cae7e68ee7c7f1c43d" 4835: 4311: 2481:

Provides the industry with guidance and support for implementing the SATA specification

2117:

For performance reasons, it is recommended to switch the I/O scheduler from the default

2064:

An alternative to the kernel-level TRIM operation is to use a user-space utility called

1946:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

9014: 8163: 8121: 7949: 7317: 6601: 5952: 3362: 2241: 2126: 2104: 1990:

or other flash memory characteristics, as they are handled internally by the SSD. Some

1601:

directly onto a system motherboard to reduce adverse effects from vibration and shock.

1594: 1461:

interface, intended to be plugged directly into the motherboard and used as a computer

1330: 1314: 1234:: Some external SSDs use the Universal Serial Bus interface, with modern versions like 706: 530:

HDD random access times range from 2.9 ms (high-end) to 12 ms (laptop HDDs).

413: 247: 202: 7823:

Cheng Li, Philip Shilane, Fred Douglis, Hyong Shim, Stephen Smaldone, Grant Wallace, "

6431: 4258: 4195: 4172: 1411:

the card space, while minimizing the footprint. The M.2 standard allows both SATA and

9026: 8659: 8557: 8469: 8111: 8005: 7914: 7780: 7288: 7197: 6799: 5887: 5696: 5561: 4395:"Next-gen storage that makes SSD look slow Using RAM drives for ultimate performance" 3721: 3650: 3204: 2825: 2557: 2294: 2042: 1919:, with a small number of companies manufacturing the NAND flash devices within them. 983: 885: 783:) for a conventional, magnetic hard disk drive. A similar technology is available on 776: 721: 701: 303: 243: 4517: 2190:. The status of TRIM can be checked in the System Information application or in the 1300: 232:

offer faster speeds and higher endurance through different data storage mechanisms.

8630: 8521: 7979: 7954: 7924: 7599:"Deactivating Windows 7 Defragmentation for Solid-state Drives – Thomas-Krenn-Wiki" 7576: 7079: 2781: 2353: 1629: 979: 918: 895: 820: 798: 749: 725: 656: 306: 7549: 5974:"Fusion-io announces ioDrive, placing the power of a SAN in the palm of your hand" 4281:"Samsung Introduces World's First 3D V-NAND Based SSD for Enterprise Applications" 2007: 855:

memory, which retains data even when powered off. Flash memory SSDs store data in

617:

The endurance of an SSD is typically listed on its datasheet in one of two forms:

8790: 8768: 8731: 8679: 8499: 8494: 8486: 8363: 8065: 8030: 7774: 7406: 6722: 6699: 6677: 6655: 6633: 6608: 6511:"Lenovo slips out the new ThinkPad X301: new CPUs, 128GB SSD, still thin as hell" 5877: 5431:"Compact, shock- and error-tolerant SSDs offer auto infotainment storage options" 4562: 4542: 4032: 3142: 2547: 2229: 2174: 2093: 1876:

flash memory hard drive. Another of the first mainstream releases of SSD was the

1625: 1582: 1466: 1462: 1393: 1370: 745: 352: 282: 236: 48: 6169: 5611:"Samsung's 25GB / 50GB Enterprise SSDs can't stop, won't stop under heavy loads" 5006: 8855: 8756: 8526: 8509: 8305: 8193: 5460: 4025: 3299: 3054: 2724: 2460: 2237: 2170: 2122: 2097: 1172: 805:

commands, allowing the operating system to manage it. For example, Microsoft's

652:

SSD (2018) with 1 TB of capacity has an endurance rating of 600 TBW.

594: 538:

High-performance SSDs use about half to a third of the power required by HDDs.

7006: 6484: 5781: 3855: 2843: 2775: 1365:

size increases along with drive capacity, leaving the rest of the drive empty.

1244:(PATA): An older interface used in early SSDs, with speeds up to 1064 Mbit/s. 1178:

Some consumer SSDs have built-in capacitors to save critical data such as the

677:(JEDEC) has established standards for SSD reliability metrics, which include: 9036: 8957: 8947: 8927: 8743: 8669: 8622: 8567: 8562: 8514: 8398: 8235: 7984: 4918: 2427: 2414: 2329: 2312:

as of version 10 Update 6 (released in October 2008), and recent versions of

2256: 2252: 2158: 1987: 1805: 1225: 947: 927: 433: 278: 251: 8434: 7371: 6960:"openSUSE mailing list: SSD detection when creating first time fstab ?" 5876:

Odagiri, Hiroyuki; Goto, Akira; Sunami, Atsushi; Nelson, Richard R. (2010).

4333: 2949:"Three-year, 27,000 drive study reveals the most reliable hard drive makers" 2785: 1304:

An SSD with 1.2 TB of MLC NAND, using PCI Express as the host interface

580: 8833: 8721: 8704: 8699: 8477: 8403: 8253: 7919: 6123:"Samsung's massive 15TB SSD can be yours – for about $ 10K – Computerworld" 5326: 3799: 2442:

Develops open standards and publications for the microelectronics industry

1454: 1322: 1241: 1115: 922: 836: 714: 610: 598: 317: 64: 7848: 7723: 7200:"Linux Block IO: Introducing Multi-queue SSD Access on Multi-core Systems" 6828: 1815:

In the 1990s, new manufacturers of flash memory drives emerged, including

8932: 8900: 8803: 8763: 8726: 8694: 8536: 8302: 8247: 8241: 5227:"PCI Express SSD from Fusion-io ioXtreme Is Aimed at the Consumer Market" 2313: 2162: 2089: 1982: 1908: 1547: 1470: 1422: 1419: 1412: 1341: 1277: 1207: 1135: 710: 589: 575: 378: 374: 360: 348: 8142:'s NAND flash SSD business including controllers and renamed it Solidigm 7856:(USENIX 2013, by Mai Zheng, Joseph Tucek, Feng Qin and Mark Lillibridge) 7199: 6770: 3671:"Intel Z68 Chipset & Smart Response Technology (SSD Caching) Review" 2780:. International Conference on Supercomputing (ICS '11). pp. 22–23. 2778:"Hystor | Proceedings of the international conference on Supercomputing" 2352:

ZFS for FreeBSD introduced support for TRIM on September 23, 2012. The

1555: 8664: 8594: 8589: 8579: 8258: 8188: 7904: 7029: 6744: 6152:"Samsung 15.36TB MZ-ILS15T0 PM1633a 15TB Enterprise Class SAS 2.5" SSD" 6040: 5087: 3940: 3779: 3593:"Tech Brief – Matching SSD Endurance to Common Enterprise Applications" 3488:"Poorly ventilated system cases can shorten the life of the hard drive" 2722: 2620: 2273: 2260: 2107:

usually do not configure the installed system to use TRIM and thus the

1897: 1816: 1808:

at Toshiba. Flash-based SSDs were patented in 1989 by the founders of

1338: 1195: 1122:(SSHDs) use a hybrid of spinning disks and flash memory. Some SSDs use 1091: 988: 890: 879: 852: 806: 780: 400: 292: 225: 54: 4776:(Press release). Serial ATA International Organization. May 27, 2009. 2745:"SSD vs HDD Price and Performance Study, a Dell technical white paper" 1804:

Flash memory, a key component in modern SSDs, was invented in 1980 by

162: 8942: 8937: 8921: 8850: 8689: 8541: 8504: 8126: 8075: 7859: 7626: 7418: 6882: 5490:"Mushkin Enhanced Source HC 16 TB SSD Begins Showing Up at Retailers" 5258:"LSI delivers Flash-based PCIe card with 6 Gbit/s SAS interface" 5230: 4745: 3325:"Samsung SSD 960 Pro Has 3,500 MB/s Read and 2,100 MB/s Write Speeds" 2562: 2141: 1912: 1911:

line began using solid state drives as the default. In 2011, Intel's

1877: 1820: 1563: 1426: 1396:, a few compact form factors were standardized for flash-based SSDs. 1392:

For applications where space is at a premium, like for ultrabooks or

1175:

to ensure all data can be safely written during a sudden power loss.

1044: 992: 508:

HDDs require several seconds to spin up before data can be accessed.

417: 287: 229: 7198:

Matias Bjørling; Jens Axboe; David Nellans; Philippe Bonnet (2013).

6535: 6036:"Micron Announces World's First Native 6Gbps SATA Solid State Drive" 3228:"IBM ESS Alert: Potential for SSD data loss after extended shutdown" 2584:"Solid-State Disk Prices Falling, Still More Costly than Hard Disks" 1861: 1473:

because of small size, low power consumption, and silent operation.

505:

SSDs are nearly instantaneous, with no mechanical parts to prepare.

9009: 8880: 8531: 8466: 8133: 8103: 8015: 7944: 7167: 7054: 6671:

39 Million SSDs Shipped WW in 2012, Up 129% From 2011 – IHS iSuppli

6627:

Solid State Drives to Score Big This Year with Huge Shipment Growth

6294:"Micron's X100 SSD is its first 3D XPoint product | TechRadar" 5032:"Apple Is Now Using SanDisk SSDs in the Retina MacBook Pro As Well" 3997: 3967: 3941:"OCZ's Vertex 2 Pro Preview: The Fastest MLC SSD We've Ever Tested" 2881:"EDSFF Based Intel Data Center SSDs (Formerly "Ruler" Form Factor)" 2058: 1645: 1598: 908: 828: 9021: 7138:"Linux kernel 3.18, Section 1.8. Optional multiqueue SCSI support" 6883:"LKML: Tejun Heo: [GIT PULL] libata changes for v3.12-rc1" 6716:

Samsung leads in 2008 SSD market with over 30% share, says Gartner

2132:

A scalable block layer for high-performance SSD storage, known as

8714: 8652: 8606: 8173: 8070: 7619:"The real and complete story – Does Windows defragment your SSD?" 7172: 6024:

One terabyte (1 TB) is equal to one trillion bytes (1000 B).

4948:"Solid State Storage 101: An introduction to Solid State Storage" 4001: 3971: 3117:"Intel confirms data corruption bug in new SSDs, halts shipments" 2659:"Solid State Storage 101: An introduction to Solid State Storage" 2333: 2321: 1889: 1809: 1586: 1437: 1235: 752: 733: 257:

SSDs come in various form factors and interface types, including

178: 74: 5938:

One gigabyte (1 GB) is equal to one billion bytes (1000 B).

5909:"Solid-state drives meet military storage security requirements" 3538:

Flash Reliability in Production: The Expected and the Unexpected

1505:

Viking Technology SATA Cube and AMP SATA Bridge multi-layer SSDs

8828: 8601: 8183: 8092: 8034: 6455: 3716:

Russinovich, Mark E.; Solomon, David A.; Ionescu, Alex (2009).

2150: 2054: 2014: 2013:

If an operating system does not support using TRIM on discrete

1901: 1086: 875:

Some of the primary functions performed by the controller are:

856: 824: 660: 30:"SSD" and "Electronic disk" redirect here. For other uses, see 4556:"Everspin first to ship ST-MRAM, claims 500x faster than SSDs" 1635: 381:(PCIe) can further increase performance over HDD performance. 281:

cells, with its properties varying according to the number of

8353: 8332: 8315: 8292: 8139: 8021: 5731: 4448:"Intel Announces Optane Storage Brand For 3D XPoint Products" 3172:"HDD vs SSD: What Does the Future for Storage Hold? – Part 2" 2447: 2434: 2325: 2109: 2034: 1999: 1383: 1345: 832: 663:) being able to erase and modify the bits of a deleted file. 356: 336: 167: 5557:"Crucial T705 2TB SSD Review: The Fastest SSD on The Planet" 851:

for storage, but since 2009, most SSDs utilize non-volatile

713:. On supercomputers, this layer is typically referred to as 8905: 8799: 8393: 8085: 8080: 7939: 6357:"Dell adds 256GB SSD option to XPS M1330 and M1730 laptops" 5593:"Seagate's first Pulsar SSDs ready to blast the enterprise" 5145:"SSD Moving into the Mainstream as PCs Go 100% Solid State" 4590: 4588: 3438:"Toshiba Announces 1.8-inch HDD for Tablets, Media Devices" 2792: 2552: 2401: 2211: 2154: 2073: 2046: 2030: 1995: 1893: 1885: 1847: 1605: 1458: 1352:

form factors also gained popularity, primarily in laptops.

1260: 1256: 1249: 1245: 848: 788: 772: 324: 266: 262: 258: 182: 7811:"Solid-state revolution: in-depth on how SSDs really work" 7550:"Solid State Doctor – Solid State Drive Utility for SSD's" 7007:"Patrick Nagel: Impact of ext4's discard option on my SSD" 6086:"Seagate boasts of the fastest SSD flash drive at 10 GB/s" 5284:"SSD Form Factors Proliferate at Flash Memory Summit 2018" 3795:"Solid-state revolution: in-depth on how SSDs really work" 3696:"SSD Caching (Without Z68): HighPoint's RocketHybrid 1220" 1977:

File systems optimized for flash memory, solid state media

1418:

Some high performance, high capacity drives uses standard

1329:

inside. Since an SSD is made up of various interconnected

1252:

due to higher data transfer rates and greater reliability.

8885: 8709: 8327: 8322: 8297: 8270: 8097: 7825:

Nitro: A Capacity-Optimized SSD Cache for Primary Storage

7289:"Yosemite 10.10.4 and El Capitan Third-Party SSD Support" 7051:"Linux I/O Scheduler Comparison On The Linux 3.4 Desktop" 5381:. Computer Technology Review. 26 Oct 2006. Archived from 3715: 3474:

A Large-Scale Study of Flash Memory Failures in the Field

2337: 2118: 2038: 1407: 1387: 1349: 1293: 1289: 1231: 1219: 1213: 764: 527:

SSD random access times are typically below 0.1 ms.

412:

tend to focus on the performance characteristics such as

344: 340: 4650: 4585: 3646:

The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture

3254:"SSD reliability in the real world: Google's experience" 2979:"Validating the Reliability of Intel Solid-State Drives" 2800:"WD shows off its first hybrid drive, the WD Black SSHD" 2455:

Focuses on solid-state drive standards and publications

1644:. This device was a plug-compatible replacement for the 763:

In 2011, Intel introduced a caching mechanism for their

7494:"Samsung, Microsoft in talks to speed up SSDs on Vista" 7369: 5875: 4308:"Flash SSDs – Inferior Technology or Closet Superstar?" 3709: 3456:"How do SSD's function & do they hold up to HDD's?" 2776:

Feng Chen, David A. Koufaty and Xiaodong Zhang (2011).

2614:"SSD Power Savings Render Significant Reduction to TCO" 1581:

In the early 2000s, a few companies introduced SSDs in

7854:

Understanding the Robustness of SSDs under Power Fault

7818:

Understanding the Robustness of SSDs under Power Fault

7816:

Mai Zheng, Joseph Tucek, Feng Qin, Mark Lillibridge, "

6105:"Seagate Introduces 10 GB/s PCIe SSD And 60TB SAS SSD" 2863:"Toshiba Unveils XFMEXPRESS Form Factor for NVMe SSDs" 2520:

Fosters the growth and success of solid state storage

8998: 6725:, 10 June 2009, Josephine Lien, Taipei; Jessie Shen, 6649:

SSDs sales rise, prices drop below $ 1 per GB in 2012

5379:"SST announces small ATA solid-state storage devices" 4228:"Over-provisioning: a winning strategy or a retreat?" 2255:

generally expects hard disk drives rather than SSDs.

384: 5531:"Samsung 32GB Solid State Drive | bit-tech.net" 4805:. SCSI Trade Association. 2015-10-14. Archived from 4698: 4493:"Seagate Upgrades Hybrids, Phases Out 7,200RPM HDDs" 7843:

Linux & NVM: File and Storage System Challenges

7708: 7668:"6 Things You Shouldn't Do with Solid-State Drives" 7646:"Windows 7 and Optimization for Solid State Drives" 7347:"ATA Trim/Delete Notification Support in Windows 7" 6935:"Enabling and Testing SSD TRIM Support Under Linux" 6276:"PX02SSB080 / PX02SSF040 / PX02SSF020 / PX02SSF010" 4985:"Huawei Tecal ES3000 PCIe Enterprise SSD Internals" 3720:(5th ed.). Microsoft Press. pp. 772–774. 3649:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 499–500. 3280:"Study: Hard Drive MTBF Ratings Highly Exaggerated" 2079: 1529:

MO-297 SATA drive-on-a-module (DOM) SSD form factor

859:(MOS) integrated circuit chips, using non-volatile 8024:'s NAND flash SSD business and renamed it Solidigm 7776:UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook, 4/e 7722:. Sun Microsystem blog. 2008-07-12. Archived from 6850: 6479: 6477: 6432:"Toshiba announces world's first 512GB SSD laptop" 4771:"SATA-IO Releases SATA Revision 3.0 Specification" 4439: 4233:. StorageStrategies Now. p. 2. Archived from 3507:"The Differences Between an SSD and a Memory Card" 2344:(L2ARC), which is used to cache data for reading. 2092:as the logical device interface, in the form of a 659:and the ATA Secure Erase) and programs like (e.g. 7486: 7469:"If your SSD sucks, blame Vista, says SSD vendor" 5813: 4073: 3501: 3499: 3497: 1862:Drives using other persistent memory technologies 1344:(starting with the fall 2010 model). As of 2014, 473:HDDs of up to 30 TB were available by 2023. 9034: 7520:"SSD Storage Demands Proper Partition Alignment" 6388:"Dell first: 256GB solid-state drive on laptops" 6310: 6255: 4857:"SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps – Ready for Development" 4739: 4142:"Methodologies for Calculating SSD Useable Life" 3740: 3552:"The SSD Endurance Experiment: They're All Dead" 3476:. ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference. 2015. 3166: 3164: 2723:Feng Chen, Rubao Lee and Xiaodong Zhang (2011). 2359: 1441:A 2 GB disk-on-a-module with PATA interface 1432: 7165: 6903: 6622: 6620: 6508: 6474: 6229: 6027: 3995: 3612: 3143:"More hard drive firmware bugs cause data loss" 2997: 2197:Versions since OS X 10.10.4 (Yosemite) include 1576: 1399:There is the mSATA form factor, which uses the 6418:"Toshiba Ships First Laptop With a 512 GB SSD" 5298:"ASUS ROG RAIDR Express 240GB PCIe SSD Review" 4568: 4082:"Solid-state disk lackluster for laptops, PCs" 3890: 3643:Null, Linda; Lobur, Julia (14 February 2014). 3494: 2336:all can use SSDs as a performance booster for 1292:(2242) solid-state-drive (SSD) connected into 823:software. Examples of this type of system are 8983:History of computing hardware (1960s–present) 8464: 8450: 7875: 7813:. Lee Hutchinson. Ars Technica. June 4, 2012. 6792: 6686: 6585:"NAND Flash manufacturers' market share 2018" 6338:"Dell Gets Flash With SSD Option for Laptops" 6182: 5821:"1991: Solid State Drive module demonstrated" 5755:"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced" 5090:. The Serial ATA International Organization. 4622:"Intel SSD, now off the sh..err, shamed list" 4193: 4139: 3965: 3814: 3636: 3161: 2940: 2543:List of flash memory controller manufacturers 2157:layer (which is used by Serial ATA drivers), 1377: 1161: 809:technology explicitly stores portions of the 7411:"Support and Q&A for Solid-State Drives" 6617: 6555:"MacBook Air vs. the ultrabook alternatives" 5142: 4828:"PCI Express 3.0 Frequently Asked Questions" 4417: 4259:"Are MLC SSDs Ever Safe in Enterprise Apps?" 4173:"Are MLC SSDs Ever Safe in Enterprise Apps?" 4112:"SSD laptop drives 'slower than hard disks'" 3915:"Flash SSD with 250 MB/s writing speed" 3820: 3540:– Schroeder, Lagisetty & Merchant, 2016. 3533: 3531: 3403:"An SSD crash course: What you need to know" 3370: 3200:"Seagate Ships First 30TB+ HAMR Hard Drives" 2738: 2736: 1585:(BGA) form factors, such as M-Systems' (now 1355: 842: 224:SSDs rely on non-volatile memory, typically 27:Computer storage device with no moving parts 7838:JEDEC Continues SSD Standardization Efforts 7716:"ZFS L2ARC and SSD drives by Brendan Gregg" 6821: 6068:"Seagate's new 60TB SSD is world's largest" 4490: 4225: 3620:"Product: Samsung 970 EVO NVMe M.2 SSD 1TB" 2742: 1636:Early SSDs using RAM and similar technology 1238:Gen 2 supporting speeds of up to 10 Gbit/s. 396:Hard disk drive performance characteristics 8457: 8443: 7882: 7868: 6329: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5515:100,000,000,000,000 divided by 20,000,000. 5114:"SSD prices face uncertain future in 2014" 5060: 4219: 3968:"Optimizing Linux with cheap flash drives" 3792: 3466: 2844:"All-Flash NVMe Servers | Supermicro" 2696: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 1841: 1615: 1491: 7616: 6737: 5795:"History of the SanDisk brand. 1991 News" 5685: 5683: 5483: 5481: 4940: 4594: 4462: 4299: 3760: 3642: 3528: 3033:"How SSD power faults scramble your data" 2733: 1604:Such embedded drives often adhere to the 1453:) is a flash drive with either 40/44-pin 748:environment or other writable medium, an 7405: 6258:"The Intel SSD DC S3700 (200GB) Review?" 6005:"OCZ's New Blazing Fast 1TB Z SSD Drive" 5869: 5847:"There's a lot of sizzle with this STEC" 5647:"WD Black SN850 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD Review" 5255: 4795: 4251: 4187: 3743:"Advanced Hard Drive Caching Techniques" 3246: 2287: 2083: 1904:had began producing laptops with SDDs. 1619: 1436: 1359: 1299: 1283: 767:chipset (and mobile derivatives) called 674:JEDEC Solid State Technology Association 579: 399: 173: 161: 8214:List of solid-state drive manufacturers 7466: 6335: 6234:. The Storage Anarchist. Archived from 6065: 5979:. Fusion-io. 2007-09-25. Archived from 5906: 5554: 5541: 5518: 5111: 4982: 4916: 4742:"The Intel SSD DC S3700 (200GB) Review" 4708:was invoked but never defined (see the 4660:was invoked but never defined (see the 4578:was invoked but never defined (see the 4196:"SSD flash drives enter the enterprise" 4165: 4133: 4079: 3900:was invoked but never defined (see the 3355: 3114: 2750:. Dell PowerVault Technical Marketing. 2692: 2690: 2642: 2538:List of solid-state drive manufacturers 2214:provides support for the TRIM command. 604: 14: 9035: 7889: 7772: 7766: 7737: 7660: 7637: 7633:from the original on 22 December 2014. 7612: 7610: 7608: 7568: 7542: 7517: 7511: 7460: 7435: 7429: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7363: 7339: 7310: 7281: 7256: 7227: 7191: 7159: 7130: 7101: 7072: 7043: 7017: 6999: 6981: 6952: 6927: 6897: 6874: 6763: 6731: 6709: 6664: 6642: 6595: 6577: 6565:from the original on 24 September 2015 6546: 6528: 6502: 6442: 6424: 6410: 6379: 6367:from the original on 24 September 2015 6354: 6348: 6312:"文庫本サイズのVAIO「type U」フラッシュメモリー搭載モデル発売" 6304: 6286: 6268: 6249: 6223: 6201: 6144: 6115: 6096: 6078: 6059: 6033: 6018: 5997: 5966: 5941: 5932: 5900: 5838: 5787: 5774: 5747: 5719: 5710: 5689: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5639: 5630: 5621: 5603: 5585: 5576: 5509: 5478: 5453: 5422: 5397: 5371: 5349: 5318: 5249: 5218: 5193: 5168: 5136: 5105: 5080: 5054: 5023: 4910: 4892: 4874: 4849: 4763: 4733: 4715: 4667: 4632: 4614: 4386: 4364:"Hybrid DIMMs And The Quest For Speed" 4325: 4273: 4147:. 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Block" 6611:, January 20th, 2010, Brian Beeler, 6448: 6385: 5692:"Best SSD and Hard Drive Deals 2024" 5555:Downing, Shane (February 20, 2024). 5264:from the original on 6 November 2010 5124:from the original on 2 December 2014 5029: 4597:"SandForce SSDs break TPC-C records" 4536:"Buffalo Shows SSDs with MRAM Cache" 4405:from the original on 4 December 2014 3845: 3823:"The Solid State Storage Revolution" 3358:"Computing Without a Whirring Drive" 3123:from the original on 25 January 2013 3055:"SSD vs HDD – Why Solid State Drive" 2985:from the original on 18 January 2012 2946: 2818: 2699:"The Truth About SSD Data Retention" 2687: 2594:from the original on 2 December 2012 2575: 2205: 1926: 1517:Viking Technology SATADIMM based SSD 1415:SSDs to be fitted onto M.2 modules. 681:Unrecoverable Bit Error Ratio (UBER) 373:and higher speed interfaces such as 7643: 7605: 7394: 6449:Chen, Shu-Ching Jean (2007-06-07). 5727:"1987: Toshiba Launches NAND Flash" 5487: 5324: 5225:Pop, Sebastian (17 November 2009). 5224: 5178:. 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Engadget. 27 February 2011. 7166:Jonathan Corbet (2013-06-05). 6904:Michael Larabel (2013-11-19). 6509:Joshua Topolsky (2008-08-15). 6230:Burke, Barry A. (2009-02-18). 5690:Bendle, Stewart (2024-06-20). 5312:"SSD Form Factors | SNIA" 5150:. Samsung Semiconductor, Inc. 4957:. January 2009. Archived from 4902:. Super Talent. Archived from 4446:Smith, Ryan (18 August 2015). 3996:Jonathan Corbet (2007-05-15). 3846:Rent, Thomas M. (2010-04-09). 3006:"Components returns rates (7)" 2917:"Benchmarking Enterprise SSDs" 2716: 2668:. January 2009. Archived from 1750:0.045 ms read, 0.013 ms write 901:Error detection and correction 513:Sequential-access performance 116:Storage Technology Corporation 13: 1: 8978:History of computing hardware 7577:"Windows 7 gets SSD-friendly" 7518:Sexton, Koka (29 June 2010). 7436:Butler, Harry (27 Aug 2009). 6636:, April 2, 2012, Fang Zhang, 6420:. Tom's Hardware. 2009-04-14. 6336:Aughton, Simon (2007-04-25). 5949:"BiTMICRO 1999 News Releases" 5914:. Military Embedded Systems. 5429:Chung, Yuping (19 Nov 2008). 4723:"Crucial's M500 SSD reviewed" 4640:"Crucial's M500 SSD reviewed" 4080:Mearian, Lucas (2008-08-27). 3768:"What is a Solid State Disk?" 3339:"The PC Guide: Spindle Speed" 2947:Paul, Ian (14 January 2014). 2568: 2360:Standardization organizations 2121:(Completely Fair Queuing) to 1593:'s NANDrive (now produced by 1566:. At least one manufacturer, 1433:Disk-on-a-module form factors 1248:has largely been replaced by 866: 478:Reliability – data retention 323:Traditional interfaces (e.g. 272: 9058:Solid-state computer storage 8846:Network interface controller 7168:"The multiqueue block layer" 6989:"SSD discard (trim) support" 6485:"Macbook Air Specifications" 6183:Shane Downing (2024-01-23). 6007:. Tom's Hardware. 2009-03-04 5359:. Memec Newsletter. Dec 2006 5112:Hachman, Mark (2014-01-17). 4917:Kerekes, Zsolt (July 2010). 4624:. 2011-04-09. Archived from 4140:Drossel, Gary (2009-09-14). 3966:Arnd Bergmann (2011-02-18). 3917:. Micron.com. Archived from 3698:. Tom's Hardware. 2011-05-10 3600:Documents.WesternDigital.com 3356:Markoff, John (2008-12-11). 3174:. Backblaze. March 13, 2018. 3031:Harris, Robin (2013-03-01). 3008:. BeHardware. Archived from 2861:Liu, Zhiye (6 August 2019). 2267: 1654:dynamic random-access memory 1648:hard drive, initially using 1577:Ball grid array form factors 1100: 1037: 1034: 1026: 1023: 1015: 1012: 1004: 1001: 971:Comparison of architectures 740:operating system are easily 445:Attribute or characteristic 211:semiconductor storage device 7: 8643:Refreshable braille display 8585:Refreshable braille display 7644:Yam, Marcus (May 5, 2009). 5407:. Memoright. Archived from 4884:. Transcend. Archived from 3821:Bechtolsheim, Andy (2008). 2526: 2140:and developed primarily by 1992:log-structured file systems 1541:A custom-connector SATA SSD 1043:Most SSDs use non-volatile 976:Comparison characteristics 127:; 46 years ago 86:; 33 years ago 10: 9079: 7849:Linux and SSD Optimization 7025:"block/blk-lib.c, line 29" 6538:. Apple, Inc. 2010-10-20. 4491:The SSD Guy (2013-03-30). 4310:. BiTMICRO. Archived from 4226:Bagley, Jim (2009-07-01). 2371:Organization or committee 2347: 2342:Adaptive Replacement Cache 2279:Volume Shadow Copy Service 2072:utility is usually run by 1974: 1591:Silicon Storage Technology 1381: 1378:Standard card form factors 1162:Battery and supercapacitor 945: 573: 524:Random-access performance 428:capacity for their price. 393: 29: 8970: 8914: 8873: 8864: 8742: 8678: 8621: 8550: 8485: 8476: 8412: 8341: 8280: 8222: 8206: 8156: 8058: 8049: 7998: 7897: 6693:SSDs weather the PC storm 6434:. CNET News. 2009-04-14. 6034:Jansen, Ng (2009-12-02). 5461:"StorageTek – circa 2004" 5061:Ruth, Gene (2010-01-27). 4834:. PCI-SIG. Archived from 1940:This section needs to be 1356:Standard HDD form factors 1126:(MRAM) for storing data. 1120:solid-state hybrid drives 960: 857:metal–oxide–semiconductor 843:Architecture and function 817:Dual-drive hybrid systems 795:Solid-state hybrid drives 769:Smart Response Technology 638:maximum terabytes written 333:standard HDD form factors 209:. It is sometimes called 152: 147: 139: 121: 111: 106: 98: 80: 70: 62: 46: 9048:Computer storage devices 6937:. Techgage. 2011-05-06. 6738:Karel Zak (2010-02-04). 6602:SSD Sales up 14% in 2009 5716:50,000 divided by 0.05 . 4658:Demerjian TPC-C Records3 4201:. Silverton Consulting. 4110:Lai, Eric (2008-11-07). 2180: 2021: 1922: 1642:1978 StorageTek STC 4305 1109: 650:Samsung 970 EVO NVMe M.2 490:Reliability – longevity 448:Solid-state drive (SSD) 302:Unlike HDDs and similar 9043:20th-century inventions 8752:Central processing unit 7930:Flash memory controller 6706:, accesat la 9 mai 2013 6278:. Toshiba Corporation. 5884:Oxford University Press 5825:Computer History Museum 5760:Computer History Museum 4518:"Hybrid Storage Drives" 3848:"SSD Controller Detail" 3418:Cite magazine requires 3085:"Price Comparison SSDs" 2786:10.1145/1995896.1995902 2533:Board solid-state drive 1880:, built as part of the 1842:Enterprise flash drives 1616:Development and history 1492:Bare-board form factors 1180:Flash Translation Layer 1010:Sequential write ratio 369:, form factor XT2) and 8354:JEDEC / JC-42, JC-64.8 7623:Scott Hanselman's blog 6680:, January 24th, 2013, 6170:"NVMe Gets Refactored" 5405:"M1000 Specifications" 2304: 2173:driver (which exports 2100: 1716:Sequential write speed 1650:charge-coupled devices 1632: 1442: 1366: 1305: 1297: 1021:Sequential read ratio 886:Read and write caching 627:n drive writes per day 585: 451:Hard disk drive (HDD) 405: 366:Crossover Flash Memory 277:An SSD stores data in 186: 171: 8342:Related organizations 7583:. Future Publishing. 7415:Engineering Windows 7 6771:"Linux kernel 2.6.33" 6682:storagenewsletter.com 5782:U.S. patent 5,297,148 5176:"Enterprise SATADIMM" 5143:Beard, Brian (2009). 3327:. September 21, 2016. 2288:Windows 8.1 and later 2199:sudo trimforce enable 2167:unsorted block images 2146:Linux kernel mainline 2103:During installation, 2087: 2076:as a scheduled task. 1764:US$ 0.05 per gigabyte 1702:Sequential read speed 1623: 1440: 1401:PCI Express Mini Card 1363: 1303: 1287: 905:error-correcting code 698:distributed computing 583: 403: 177: 165: 8271:Universal Serial Bus 8265:Serial attached SCSI 7773:Nemeth, Evi (2011). 6316:ソニー製品情報・ソニーストア – ソニー 5886:. pp. 224–227. 5801:. SanDisk Corp. 1991 4706:Werner SSD Features2 4628:on February 3, 2012. 4599:. SemiAccurate.com. 3776:Texas Memory Systems 3745:. linuxjournal.com. 2981:. Intel. July 2011. 2094:PCI Express 3.0 2008:file-system metadata 1882:One Laptop Per Child 1202:Serial attached SCSI 775:SSD to be used as a 609:SSDs have different 605:Failure and recovery 557:Temperature control 32:SSD (disambiguation) 9053:Non-volatile memory 7999:Flash manufacturers 7990:Write amplification 7975:Solid-state storage 7565:Link to information 4476:. CBS Interactive. 3782:on 4 February 2008. 3260:. February 25, 2016 3039:. CBS Interactive. 2194:command-line tool. 2105:Linux distributions 2004:write amplification 1971:File-system support 1917:number of companies 1670: 1331:integrated circuits 972: 952:Write amplification 667:Reliability metrics 456:Price per capacity 441: 235:Unlike traditional 203:integrated circuits 199:solid-state storage 43: 18:Solid state storage 8164:Greenliant Systems 7935:Garbage collection 7891:Solid-state drives 7749:Svnweb.freebsd.org 7720:brendan_entry_test 6964:Lists.OpenSuse.org 6829:"SSD Optimization" 6721:2013-06-03 at the 6698:2013-12-16 at the 6676:2013-05-28 at the 6654:2013-12-16 at the 6632:2013-04-16 at the 6607:2013-06-15 at the 6386:Crothers, Brooke. 6300:. 24 October 2019. 5649:. 9 November 2020. 5300:. 6 December 2013. 4863:on 11 October 2014 4561:2013-04-03 at the 4541:2013-12-16 at the 4031:2013-04-05 at the 3444:. 25 January 2011. 3363:The New York Times 3061:. OCZ Technology. 2242:SuperFetch feature 2153:block driver, the 2101: 1767:10,000,000-to-one 1668: 1633: 1595:Greenliant Systems 1443: 1367: 1306: 1298: 999:Persistence ratio 970: 921:and management of 914:Garbage collection 801:by the host using 744:. Combined with a 709:and a distributed 707:key-value database 586: 535:Power consumption 439: 414:rotational latency 406: 248:enterprise servers 244:personal computers 215:solid-state device 187: 172: 81:Introduction date: 41: 8996: 8995: 8966: 8965: 8896:Analog audio jack 8617: 8616: 8432: 8431: 8364:NVMHCI Work Group 8207:SSD manufacturers 8202: 8201: 7960:Over-provisioning 7915:Flash file system 7359:on July 28, 2013. 7324:. 25 March 2011. 7318:"MacRumors Forum" 7239:kernelnewbies.org 7142:kernelnewbies.org 7113:kernelnewbies.org 6775:kernelnewbies.org 6613:storagereview.com 6127:ComputerWorld.com 5893:978-0-19-957475-9 5851:theregister.co.uk 5465:storagesearch.com 5385:on 1 October 2011 5331:StorageSearch.com 5030:Kristian, Vättö. 5011:wiki.geekworm.com 4923:StorageSearch.com 4680:storagesearch.com 4368:Network Computing 4338:storagesearch.com 4263:Storagesearch.com 4177:Storagesearch.com 4086:Computerworld.com 3852:StorageReview.com 3727:978-0-7356-2530-3 3718:Windows internals 3656:978-1-284-15077-3 3119:. ComputerWorld. 2588:Between the Lines 2582:Whittaker, Zack. 2558:Flash Core Module 2524: 2523: 2374:Subcommittee of: 2297:Protocol (UASP). 2295:USB Attached SCSI 2206:Microsoft Windows 2088:An SSD that uses 2053:parameter. Linux 2002:) help to reduce 1961: 1960: 1907:By 2010, Apple's 1771: 1770: 1739:31,645.56-to-one 1697:5-million-to-one 1694:100 TB 1589:) DiskOnChip and 1041: 1040: 771:, which allows a 732:SSDs based on an 722:personal computer 702:distributed cache 567: 566: 467:Storage capacity 304:electromechanical 201:device that uses 191:solid-state drive 160: 159: 156:Up to 200 TB 57:solid-state drive 42:Solid-state drive 16:(Redirected from 9070: 9025: 9024: 9013: 9012: 9004: 8871: 8870: 8522:Optical trackpad 8487:Pointing devices 8483: 8482: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8436: 8435: 8420: 8419: 8288:HDD form factors 8056: 8055: 7955:Open-channel SSD 7884: 7877: 7870: 7861: 7860: 7827:", USENIX ATC'14 7798: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7694: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7674:. 20 June 2013. 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7648:. Tom's Hardware 7641: 7635: 7634: 7614: 7603: 7602: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7526:. Archived from 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7496:. Archived from 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7471:. Archived from 7464: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7407:Sinofsky, Steven 7403: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7352:. Archived from 7351: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7295:. 30 June 2015. 7285: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7215: 7204: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7084:ubuntuforums.org 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6735: 6729: 6713: 6707: 6690: 6684: 6668: 6662: 6646: 6640: 6624: 6615: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6513:. engadget.com. 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6481: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6459:. Archived from 6446: 6440: 6439: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6129:. Archived from 6119: 6113: 6112: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6044:. Archived from 6031: 6025: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5978: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5735:. April 11, 2012 5723: 5717: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5687: 5678: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5552: 5539: 5538: 5527: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5325:Kerekes, Zsolt. 5322: 5316: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5065:. Burton Group. 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4964:on June 10, 2019 4963: 4952: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4674:Kerekes, Zsolt. 4671: 4665: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4592: 4583: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4552: 4546: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4332:Kerekes, Zsolt. 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4287:. 13 August 2013 4277: 4271: 4270: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4239: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4200: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4146: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4050: 4042: 4036: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3854:. Archived from 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3827: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3778:. Archived from 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3597: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3513:. Archived from 3503: 3492: 3491: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3406: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3380:. Archived from 3374: 3368: 3367: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3188:. 19 March 2018. 3182: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3012:on 9 August 2013 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2928: 2922:. Archived from 2921: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2905:. 8 August 2019. 2895: 2889: 2888: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2850:. 28 April 2023. 2840: 2834: 2833: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2697:Kristian Vättö. 2694: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2675:on June 10, 2019 2674: 2663: 2655: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2629: 2623:. Archived from 2618: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2579: 2368: 2367: 2354:Unix File System 2212:NTFS file system 2200: 2193: 2112: 2071: 2067: 2052: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1792: 1781: 1722:15.200 GB/s 1671: 1667: 1664:SSDs using Flash 1538: 1526: 1514: 1502: 1480:Box form factors 1467:embedded systems 1447:disk-on-a-module 1394:tablet computers 1130:Cache and buffer 1114:Drives known as 973: 969: 896:Crypto-shredding 821:operating system 811:hibernation file 799:magnetic storage 787:'s RocketHybrid 759:Hard-drive cache 442: 438: 408:Traditional HDD 390:Hard disk drives 307:magnetic storage 237:hard disk drives 219:solid-state disk 135: 133: 128: 107:Original concept 94: 92: 87: 51: 44: 40: 21: 9078: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9019: 9007: 8999: 8997: 8992: 8962: 8910: 8860: 8738: 8732:USB flash drive 8681: 8674: 8613: 8546: 8500:Game controller 8495:Graphics tablet 8472: 8463: 8433: 8428: 8408: 8337: 8276: 8218: 8198: 8152: 8106:(bought by OCZ) 8066:Western Digital 8045: 8031:Western Digital 7994: 7898:Key terminology 7893: 7888: 7834: 7807: 7805:Further reading 7802: 7801: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7771: 7767: 7758: 7756: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7729: 7727: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7679: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7642: 7638: 7615: 7606: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7573: 7569: 7559: 7557: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7530:on 23 July 2010 7516: 7512: 7503: 7501: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7478: 7476: 7465: 7461: 7451: 7449: 7434: 7430: 7404: 7395: 7385: 7383: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7349: 7345: 7344: 7340: 7331: 7329: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7302: 7300: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7273: 7271: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7248: 7246: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7202: 7196: 7192: 7183: 7181: 7164: 7160: 7151: 7149: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7122: 7120: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7093: 7091: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7064: 7062: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7035: 7033: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7009:. 8 July 2011. 7005: 7004: 7000: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6973: 6971: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6944: 6942: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6919: 6917: 6902: 6898: 6879: 6875: 6866: 6864: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6842: 6840: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6813: 6811: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6784: 6782: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6755: 6753: 6736: 6732: 6723:Wayback Machine 6714: 6710: 6700:Wayback Machine 6691: 6687: 6678:Wayback Machine 6669: 6665: 6656:Wayback Machine 6647: 6643: 6634:Wayback Machine 6625: 6618: 6609:Wayback Machine 6600: 6596: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6566: 6551: 6547: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6520: 6518: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6492: 6483: 6482: 6475: 6466: 6464: 6447: 6443: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6384: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6353: 6349: 6334: 6330: 6321: 6319: 6309: 6305: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6254: 6250: 6241: 6239: 6228: 6224: 6215: 6213: 6208:Mellor, Chris. 6206: 6202: 6193: 6191: 6181: 6177: 6172:. 30 June 2021. 6168: 6167: 6163: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6136: 6134: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6103:Tallis, Billy. 6101: 6097: 6092:. 9 March 2016. 6084: 6083: 6079: 6064: 6060: 6051: 6049: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6010: 6008: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5958: 5956: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5845:Mellor, Chris. 5843: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5702: 5700: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5617:. 18 July 2019. 5609: 5608: 5604: 5599:. 19 July 2019. 5591: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5553: 5542: 5529: 5528: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5486: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5427: 5423: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5323: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5223: 5219: 5210: 5208: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5185: 5183: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5110: 5106: 5097: 5095: 5088:"SATA M.2 Card" 5086: 5085: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5028: 5024: 5015: 5013: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4932: 4930: 4915: 4911: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4866: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4839: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4755: 4753: 4738: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4705: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4672: 4668: 4657: 4651: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4593: 4586: 4575: 4569: 4563:Wayback Machine 4553: 4549: 4543:Wayback Machine 4534:Douglas Perry. 4533: 4529: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4502: 4500: 4495:. The SSD Guy. 4489: 4485: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4444: 4440: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4123: 4108: 4104: 4095: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4033:Wayback Machine 4024: 4020: 4011: 4009: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3979: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3937: 3933: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3897: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3861: 3859: 3844: 3840: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3791: 3787: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3714: 3710: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3680: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3641: 3637: 3628: 3626: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3604: 3602: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3556:The Tech Report 3548: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3505: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3420:|magazine= 3419: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3354: 3350: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3208:. 21 April 2023 3198: 3197: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3113: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2859: 2855: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2741: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2708: 2706: 2695: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2548:Hard disk drive 2529: 2362: 2350: 2307: 2290: 2270: 2250: 2230:Defragmentation 2208: 2198: 2192:system_profiler 2191: 2183: 2108: 2082: 2069: 2065: 2050: 2024: 1979: 1973: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1873: 1864: 1844: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1666: 1638: 1626:computer memory 1618: 1583:Ball Grid Array 1579: 1542: 1539: 1530: 1527: 1518: 1515: 1506: 1503: 1494: 1482: 1463:hard disk drive 1435: 1390: 1382:Main articles: 1380: 1371:HDD form factor 1358: 1325:along with the 1311: 1188: 1173:supercapacitors 1164: 1132: 1112: 1103: 1082: 968: 963: 954: 946:Main articles: 944: 907:(ECC), such as 869: 845: 761: 746:cloud computing 726:write protected 694: 669: 648:For example, a 640:), abbreviated 607: 578: 572: 546:Acoustic noise 398: 392: 387: 275: 197:) is a type of 131: 129: 126: 90: 88: 85: 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9076: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9030: 9029: 9017: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8918: 8916: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8877: 8875: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8856:Expansion card 8853: 8848: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8793: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8757:Microprocessor 8748: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8697: 8692: 8686: 8684: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8645: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8627: 8625: 8623:Output devices 8619: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8576: 8575: 8565: 8560: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8527:Pointing stick 8524: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8480: 8474: 8473: 8462: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8439: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8308: 8306:expansion card 8300: 8295: 8290: 8284: 8282: 8281:Configurations 8278: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8101: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8062: 8060: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8013: 8008: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7887: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7851: 7846: 7840: 7833: 7832:External links 7830: 7829: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7786:978-8131761779 7785: 7765: 7736: 7707: 7689: 7659: 7636: 7604: 7590: 7567: 7541: 7510: 7485: 7459: 7428: 7409:(5 May 2009). 7393: 7362: 7338: 7309: 7280: 7255: 7241:. 2015-05-01. 7226: 7190: 7158: 7144:. 2014-12-07. 7129: 7115:. 2014-01-19. 7100: 7071: 7057:. 2012-05-11. 7042: 7016: 6998: 6980: 6966:. 2011-06-02. 6951: 6926: 6896: 6873: 6849: 6835:. 2013-11-22. 6820: 6806:. 2013-09-17. 6791: 6777:. 2010-02-24. 6762: 6730: 6708: 6685: 6663: 6641: 6616: 6594: 6576: 6553:Simms, Craig. 6545: 6527: 6501: 6473: 6441: 6423: 6409: 6378: 6347: 6328: 6303: 6285: 6267: 6248: 6222: 6200: 6189:Tom's Hardware 6175: 6161: 6143: 6114: 6095: 6077: 6058: 6026: 6017: 5996: 5965: 5940: 5931: 5899: 5892: 5868: 5837: 5812: 5786: 5773: 5746: 5718: 5709: 5697:Tom's Hardware 5679: 5670: 5661: 5652: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5602: 5584: 5575: 5562:Tom's Hardware 5540: 5517: 5508: 5495:The FPS Review 5477: 5452: 5421: 5396: 5370: 5348: 5317: 5303: 5289: 5275: 5248: 5217: 5192: 5167: 5135: 5104: 5079: 5053: 5022: 4998: 4975: 4939: 4909: 4906:on 2010-11-23. 4900:"Netbook SSDs" 4891: 4888:on 2011-07-17. 4873: 4848: 4819: 4794: 4762: 4732: 4725:. 2013-04-18. 4714: 4697: 4666: 4649: 4642:. 2013-04-18. 4631: 4613: 4584: 4576:SSD Anthology3 4567: 4554:Rick Burgess. 4547: 4527: 4509: 4483: 4461: 4438: 4416: 4385: 4370:. 2014-03-12. 4355: 4324: 4298: 4272: 4250: 4218: 4186: 4164: 4132: 4102: 4072: 4037: 4018: 3988: 3958: 3931: 3906: 3898:SSD Anthology2 3889: 3868: 3838: 3813: 3785: 3759: 3733: 3726: 3708: 3687: 3662: 3655: 3635: 3611: 3584: 3561: 3542: 3527: 3493: 3479: 3465: 3447: 3429: 3394: 3369: 3348: 3330: 3316: 3291: 3271: 3245: 3234:. May 23, 2022 3219: 3205:Tom's Hardware 3191: 3177: 3160: 3134: 3107: 3076: 3046: 3023: 2996: 2970: 2939: 2908: 2890: 2872: 2867:Tom's Hardware 2853: 2848:SuperMicro.com 2835: 2817: 2791: 2768: 2732: 2715: 2686: 2641: 2605: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2361: 2358: 2349: 2346: 2306: 2303: 2289: 2286: 2269: 2266: 2249: 2246: 2238:Windows Defrag 2207: 2204: 2182: 2179: 2134:blk-multiqueue 2098:expansion card 2081: 2078: 2023: 2020: 1975:Main article: 1972: 1969: 1959: 1958: 1939: 1937: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1843: 1840: 1797: 1796: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1711:304.25-to-one 1709: 1706: 1705:49.3 MB/s 1703: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1669:SSD evolution 1665: 1662: 1637: 1634: 1617: 1614: 1578: 1575: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1481: 1478: 1434: 1431: 1379: 1376: 1357: 1354: 1315:optical drives 1310: 1309:Configurations 1307: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1265: 1264: 1253: 1239: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1187: 1186:Host Interface 1184: 1163: 1160: 1131: 1128: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1081: 1078: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1000: 996: 995: 986: 977: 967: 964: 962: 959: 943: 940: 931: 930: 925: 919:Read scrubbing 916: 911: 898: 893: 888: 883: 868: 865: 863:memory cells. 844: 841: 835:, and Apple's 760: 757: 693: 690: 689: 688: 685: 682: 668: 665: 646: 645: 630: 606: 603: 595:Secure Digital 574:Main article: 571: 568: 565: 564: 561: 558: 554: 553: 550: 547: 543: 542: 539: 536: 532: 531: 528: 525: 521: 520: 517: 514: 510: 509: 506: 503: 502:Start-up time 499: 498: 495: 491: 487: 486: 483: 479: 475: 474: 471: 468: 464: 463: 460: 457: 453: 452: 449: 446: 391: 388: 386: 383: 274: 271: 252:mobile devices 205:to store data 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 82: 78: 77: 72: 71:Introduced by: 68: 67: 60: 59: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9075: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9005: 9002: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8928:Parallel port 8926: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8744:Computer case 8741: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8670:Graphics card 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8568:Graphics card 8566: 8564: 8563:Image scanner 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8478:Input devices 8475: 8471: 8468: 8460: 8455: 8453: 8448: 8446: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8425: 8424: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8379:SFF Committee 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8279: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8236:Fibre Channel 8234: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7985:Wear leveling 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7769: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7726:on 2009-08-30 7725: 7721: 7717: 7711: 7703: 7702:www.urtech.ca 7699: 7693: 7677: 7673: 7672:Howtogeek.com 7669: 7663: 7647: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7600: 7594: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7500:on 2009-02-05 7499: 7495: 7489: 7475:on 2008-10-14 7474: 7470: 7467:Smith, Tony. 7463: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7381: 7377: 7376:belkasoft.com 7373: 7366: 7355: 7348: 7342: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7179: 7175: 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Apple Inc. 6486: 6480: 6478: 6463:on 2007-06-15 6462: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6419: 6413: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6318:(in Japanese) 6317: 6313: 6307: 6299: 6298:TechRadar.com 6295: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6263: 6260:. AnandTech. 6259: 6252: 6238:on 2010-06-12 6237: 6233: 6226: 6211: 6204: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6133:on 2020-10-25 6132: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6110: 6109:AnandTech.com 6106: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6048:on 2009-12-05 6047: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5986:on 2010-05-09 5982: 5975: 5969: 5955:on 2010-05-01 5954: 5950: 5944: 5935: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5872: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5783: 5777: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5713: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5684: 5674: 5665: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5633: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5579: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5512: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5484: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5411:on 2011-11-25 5410: 5406: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5358: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5285: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5182:on 2011-11-04 5181: 5177: 5171: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5041: 5037: 5036:anandtech.com 5033: 5026: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4983:Paul Alcorn. 4979: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4838:on 2014-02-01 4837: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4809:on 2016-03-07 4808: 4804: 4798: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4711: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4663: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4589: 4581: 4571: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4399:techradar.com 4396: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4314:on 2011-07-19 4313: 4309: 4306:Cash, Kelly. 4302: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4240:on 2010-01-04 4236: 4229: 4222: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4121: 4117: 4116:Computerworld 4113: 4106: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3946: 3943:. AnandTech. 3942: 3935: 3921:on 2009-06-26 3920: 3916: 3910: 3903: 3893: 3878: 3872: 3858:on 2010-10-15 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3824: 3817: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3697: 3691: 3676: 3673:. AnandTech. 3672: 3666: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3639: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3601: 3594: 3588: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3517:on 2015-01-16 3516: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3425: 3412: 3411:cite magazine 3405:. 2010-06-07. 3404: 3398: 3384:on 2011-07-15 3383: 3379: 3373: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3326: 3320: 3305: 3301: 3300:"HDD vs. SSD" 3295: 3281: 3275: 3264:September 20, 3259: 3255: 3249: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2929:on 2012-05-07 2925: 2918: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2719: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2630:on 2010-07-04 2626: 2622: 2615: 2609: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2487:SFF Committee 2485: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2357: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2257:Windows Vista 2254: 2253:Windows Vista 2248:Windows Vista 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2203: 2195: 2189: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159:device mapper 2156: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2077: 2075: 2062: 2060: 2059:SATA 3.1 2056: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988:wear leveling 1984: 1978: 1968: 1965: 1955: 1943: 1938: 1929: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1868: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1806:Fujio Masuoka 1791: 1780: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1375: 1372: 1362: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1327:spindle motor 1324: 1320: 1316: 1302: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1226:Fibre Channel 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1168: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116:hybrid drives 1107: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1080:DRAM and DIMM 1077: 1073: 1071: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1035:1 : 1.3 1031: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1009: 1008: 998: 997: 994: 990: 987: 985: 981: 978: 975: 974: 958: 953: 949: 948:Wear leveling 942:Wear leveling 939: 935: 929: 928:Wear leveling 926: 924: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 906: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 864: 862: 861:floating-gate 858: 854: 850: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 756: 754: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 703: 699: 686: 683: 680: 679: 678: 676: 675: 664: 662: 658: 653: 651: 643: 639: 635: 631: 628: 624: 620: 619: 618: 615: 612: 611:failure modes 602: 600: 596: 591: 582: 577: 562: 559: 556: 555: 551: 548: 545: 544: 540: 537: 534: 533: 529: 526: 523: 522: 518: 515: 512: 511: 507: 504: 501: 500: 496: 492: 489: 488: 484: 480: 477: 476: 472: 469: 466: 465: 461: 458: 455: 454: 450: 447: 444: 443: 437: 435: 434:wear leveling 429: 425: 421: 419: 415: 411: 402: 397: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 315: 310: 308: 305: 300: 297: 294: 289: 284: 280: 279:semiconductor 270: 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 240: 238: 233: 231: 227: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 184: 180: 176: 169: 164: 155: 151: 146: 142: 138: 124: 120: 117: 114: 110: 105: 101: 97: 83: 79: 76: 73: 69: 66: 61: 56: 50: 45: 37: 33: 19: 8834:Power MOSFET 8817:Power supply 8795: 8786:Data storage 8722:Flash memory 8700:Optical disc 8682:data storage 8421: 8254:SATA Express 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