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1272:. The decreases are greatest in farmlands (73% since the mid-1970s) and believed to be due to changes in agricultural practices in recent decades. The precise reasons for the decline are not known but may be related to the loss of hedgerows, a move to sowing crops in autumn rather than spring, and possibly the increased use of pesticides. These changes may have reduced the availability of food and of nest sites. In gardens, the use of poison bait to control slugs and snails may pose a threat. In urban areas, some thrushes are
1041: oz), of which 6% is shell. The female incubates the eggs alone for 10–17 days, and after hatching a similar time elapses until the young fledge. Two or three broods in a year is normal, although only one may be raised in the north of the range. On average, 54.6% of British juveniles survive the first year of life, and the adult annual survival rate is 62.2%. The typical lifespan is three years, but the maximum recorded age is 10 years 8 months. The song thrush is occasionally a host of
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Migration may start as early as late August in the most easterly and northerly parts of the range, but the majority of birds, with shorter distances to cover, head south from
September to mid-December. However, hard weather may force further movement. Return migration varies between mid-February around the
874:. In New Zealand, there appears to be a limited detrimental effect on some invertebrates due to predation by introduced bird species, and the song thrush also damages commercial fruit crops in that country. As an introduced species it has no legal protection in New Zealand, and can be killed at any time.
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territorial species, and in areas where it is fully migratory, the male re-establishes its breeding territory and starts singing as soon as he returns. In the milder areas where some birds stay year round, the resident male remains in his breeding territory, singing intermittently, but the female may
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During migration, the song thrush travels mainly at night with a strong and direct flight action. It flies in loose flocks which cross the sea on a broad front rather than concentrating at short crossings (as occurs in the migration of large soaring birds), and calls frequently to maintain contact.
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are an especially important food item when drought or hard weather makes it hard to find other food. The thrush often uses a favorite stone as an "anvil" on which to break the shell of the snail before extracting the soft body and invariably wiping it on the ground before consumption. Young birds
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ounces). The sexes are similar, with plain brown backs and neatly black-spotted cream or yellow-buff underparts, becoming paler on the belly. The underwing is warm yellow, the bill is yellowish and the legs and feet are pink. The upperparts of this species become colder in tone from west to east
1423:: "Then, as doves or thrushes beating their spread wings against some snare rigged up in thickets—flying in for a cosy nest but a grisly bed receives them." Hunting continues today around the Mediterranean, but is not believed to be a major factor in this species' decline in parts of its range.
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with many birds wintering in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East; it has also been introduced into New
Zealand and Australia. Although it is not threatened globally, there have been serious population declines in parts of Europe, possibly due to changes in farming practices.
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An individual male may have a repertoire of more than 100 phrases, many copied from its parents and neighbouring birds. Mimicry may include the imitation of man-made items like telephones, and the song thrush will also repeat the calls of captive birds, including exotics such as the
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and possibly somewhat further east. It has brown upperparts which are warmer in tone than those of the nominate form, an olive-tinged rump and rich yellow background colour to the underparts. It is a partial migrant with some birds wintering in southern France and
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between 1860 and 1880, apparently for purely sentimental reasons. In New
Zealand, where it was introduced on both the main islands, the song thrush quickly established itself and spread to surrounding islands such as the
1884:
Devoogd, Timothy J.; John R. Krebs; Susan D. Healy; Andy Purvis (1993). "Relations between Song
Repertoire Size and the Volume of Brain Nuclei Related to Song: Comparative Evolutionary Analyses amongst Oscine Birds".
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The song thrush typically nests in forest with good undergrowth and nearby more open areas, and in western Europe also uses gardens and parks. It breeds up to the tree-line, reaching 2,200 metres (7,200 feet) in
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The song thrush has an extensive range, estimated at 10 million square kilometres (4 million square miles), and a large population, with an estimated 40 to 71 million individuals in Europe alone.
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The female song thrush builds a neat cup-shaped nest lined with mud and dry grass in a bush, tree or creeper, or, in the case of the
Hebridean subspecies, on the ground. She lays four or five bright glossy blue
1260:, there is evidence of population decline, but at a level below the threshold required for global conservation concern (i.e., a reduction in numbers of more than 30% in ten years or three generations) and the
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The song thrush is not usually gregarious, although several birds may roost together in winter or be loosely associated in suitable feeding habitats, perhaps with other thrushes such as the blackbird,
1200:. Like its relative, the blackbird, the song thrush finds animal prey by sight, has a run-and-stop hunting technique on open ground, and will rummage through leaf-litter seeking potential food items.
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becoming shorter and more strident with increasing danger. The male's song, given from trees, rooftops or other elevated perches, is a loud clear run of musical phrases, repeated two to four times,
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were found in farmland, whereas gardens held 71.5% of the territories, despite that habitat making up only 2% of the total area. The remaining nests were in woodlands (1% of total area).
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Up to at least the nineteenth century the song thrush was kept as a cage bird because of its melodious voice. As with hunting, there is little evidence that the taking of wild birds for
47:
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In intensively farmed areas where agricultural practices appear to have made cropped land unsuitable, gardens are an important breeding habitat. In one
English study, only 3.5% of
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3048:"Failure of a Member State to fulfil obligations – Directive 79/409/EEC – Conservation of wild birds – Hunting using limed twigs – Summary of the Judgment"
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1060:. The introduced birds in New Zealand, where the cuckoo does not occur, have, over the past 130 years, retained the ability to recognize and reject non-mimetic eggs.
1716:
Voelker G, Rohwer S, Bowie RCK, Outlaw DC (2007). "Molecular systematics of a speciose, cosmopolitan songbird genus: Defining the limits of, and relationships among, the
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initially flick objects and attempt to play with them until they learn to use anvils as tools to smash snails. The nestlings are mainly fed on animal food such as worms,
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derives from this thrush. A Russian study of blood parasites showed that all the fieldfares, redwings and song thrushes sampled carried haematozoans, particularly
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Kipp, Susanne; Goedecke, Andreas; Dorn, Wolfram; Wilske, Bettina; VolkeFingerle (May 2006). "Role of birds in
Thuringia, Germany, in the natural cycle of
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The winter habitat is similar to that used for breeding, except that high ground and other exposed localities are avoided; however, the island subspecies
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shell patterns have been suggested as evolutionary responses to reduce predation; however, song thrushes may not be the only selective force involved.
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song thrushes are commonly found where there are trees and bushes. Such areas include parks, gardens, coniferous and deciduous woodland and hedgerows.
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Comstedt, Pär; Bergström, Sven; Olsen, Björn; Garpmo, Ulf; Marjavaara, Lisette; Mejlon, Hans; Barbour, Alan G.; Bunikis, Jonas (July 2006).
589:. It is the darkest subspecies, with a dark brown back, greyish rump, pale buff background colour to the underparts and grey-tinged flanks.
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Hale, Katrina; Briskie, James V. (March 2007). "Response of introduced
European birds in New Zealand to experimental brood parasitism".
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The song thrush's characteristic song, with melodic phrases repeated twice or more, is described by the nineteenth-century
British poet
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Palinauskas, Vaidas; Markovets, Mikhail Yu; Kosarev, Vladislav V; Efremov, Vladislav D; Sokolov Leonid V; Valkiûnas, Gediminas (2005).
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906:, and in the east of the song thrush's Eurasian range, the nominate subspecies is restricted to the edge of the dense conifer forests.
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thrushes after they spread north from Africa. They are less closely related to other
European thrush species such as the
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concentrated on its hunting prowess: "Nothing but bounce and/stab/and a ravening second". Nineteenth-century Welsh poet
951:. Unlike the more nomadic fieldfare and redwing, the song thrush tends to return regularly to the same wintering areas.
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Thrushes have been trapped for food from as far back as 12,000 years ago and an early reference is found in the
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eggs. However, the song thrush does not demonstrate the same aggression toward the adult cuckoo that is shown by the
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and western Scotland, and in these areas birds show intermediate characteristics. Additional subspecies, such as
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in which the team used to change kept a pet thrush in a cage. It also gave rise to Albion's early nickname,
870:. Although it is common and widespread in New Zealand, in Australia only a small population survives around
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which are lightly spotted with black or purple; they are typically 2.7 cm × 2.0 cm (
98:
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843:, but only some of the birds in the milder west of the breeding range leave their breeding areas.
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to Siberia. The juvenile resembles the adult, but has buff or orange streaks on the back and wing
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establish a separate individual wintering range until pair formation begins in the early spring.
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776:), although much more similar in plumage, has black face markings and does not overlap in range.
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of the bird's "full-hearted song evensong/Of joy illimited", but twentieth-century British poet
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A molecular study indicated that the song thrush's closest relatives are the similarly plumaged
398:, who had her tongue cut out, but was changed into a singing bird. Her name is derived from the
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288:. It has brown upper-parts and black-spotted cream or buff underparts and has three recognised
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1087:. As with other passerine birds, parasites are common, and include endoparasites, such as the
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In Spain, this species is normally caught as it migrates through the country, often using
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2356:"A Review of the impact of Mammalian Predators on Farm Songbird Population Dynamics"
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filip filip filip codidio codidio quitquiquit tittit tittit tereret tereret tereret
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Bird-Keeping – A Practical Guide for the Management of Singing and Cage Birds
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Ageing and sexing (PDF; 1.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
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Birds of the nominate subspecies were introduced to New Zealand and Australia by
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296:, which has repeated musical phrases, has frequently been referred to in poetry.
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2472:"Occurrence of avian haematozoa in Ekaterinburg and Irkutsk districts of Russia"
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Goodhart, C. B. (May 1958). "Thrush Predation on the Snail Cepaea hortensis".
2563:
827:. It reaches to 75°N in Norway, but only to about 60°N in Siberia. Birds from
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The song thrush breeds in most of Europe (although not in the greater part of
3698:
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2443:
Martil, S. Cano; Caballero, E.J. López; del Valle Portilla, María T. (2000).
1936:
Slater, Peter J. B. (1983). "The Buzby phenomenon: Thrushes and telephones".
1883:
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823:, lowland Italy or southern Greece), and across Ukraine and Russia almost to
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78:
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Owen, Denis F.; Bengtson, Sven-Axel (1972). "Polymorphism in the Land Snail
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The State of Our Biodiversity – The State of New Zealand's Environment
1996:
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528:); these three species are early offshoots from the Eurasian lineage of
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Henty, C. J. (1986). "Development of snail-smashing by song thrushes".
2566:"Migratory Passerine Birds as Reservoirs of Lyme Borreliosis in Europe"
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The song thrush breeds in forests, gardens and parks, and is partially
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was created from a revision of this article dated 6 May 2018
3042:
2119:. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia. Archived from
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2421:. The Royal Horticultural Society/The Wildlife Trusts. Archived from
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ticks are also common, and can carry pathogens, including tick-borne
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2504:"Further observations on the significance of wild birds as hosts of
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2988:"Bird remains from a rock-shelter in Krucza Skala (Central Poland)"
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1052:, but this is very rare because the thrush recognizes the cuckoo's
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586:
332:
312:
293:
130:
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Davies, N. B. (March 2002). "Cuckoo tricks with eggs and chicks".
2005:
Te Ara – The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 18-Sep-2007
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tried, but failed, to stop this practice in the Valencian region.
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wrote 15 poems concerning blackbirds or thrushes, including
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787:, similar to the redwing's call but shorter. The alarm call is a
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608:
361:
3018:. Translated by Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Books. p.
2799:
Erritzoe, Johannes; Mazgajski, Tomasz D.; Rejt, Łukasz (2003).
2218:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
1824:
1212:
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1045:
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612:
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120:
2445:"Estudio con microscopia electrónica de barrido de adultos de
2061:. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia. Archived from
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dates back to at least the fourteenth century and was used by
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The song also inspired the nineteenth-century British writer
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383:
320:
228:
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1715:
540:) which are descended from ancestors that had colonised the
2215:
2176:
Mason, Christopher F. (1998). "Habitats of the Song Thrush
2151:. Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand. Archived from
2090:. Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand. Archived from
2001:, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966."
1463:
1208:
996:
676:
The song thrush (as represented by the nominate subspecies
140:
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in a bush or tree and lays four to five dark-spotted blue
1767:. Pelagic Monographs. Exeter: Pelagic. pp. 221–225.
1064:
632:
with the nominate subspecies in central Europe, and with
340:
2024:
1852:"Power capabilities of the avian sound-producing system"
1666:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
544:
from Africa and subsequently reached Europe from there.
2263:"Differences in behaviour of closely related thrushes (
1276:
while using the hard surface of roads to smash snails.
760:, red flanks, and shows a red underwing in flight. The
2007:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga
1474:
1298:
That's the wise thrush; he sings each song twice over,
2798:
2312:
1829:. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. pp. 392–395.
1553:
Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Vogel Deutschlands
768:) is much larger and has white tail corners, and the
2508:
ticks in the Tomsk focus of tick-borne encephalitis"
1637:
390:, and the specific epithet refers to a character in
319:
and has the habit of using a favourite stone as an "
2801:"Bird casualties on European roads — a review"
2216:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
1825:Clement, Peter; Hathway, Ren; Wilczur, Jan (2000).
2671:
2271:) to experimental parasitism by the common cuckoo
2088:State of New Zealand's Environment 1997, Chapter 9
1877:
1680:
1500:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22708822A132076619.en
1454:has had a significant effect on wild populations.
19:"Throstle" redirects here. For the racehorse, see
2339:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2260:
1709:
1673:
1229:) is regularly eaten by the song thrush, and its
3696:
2868:"The Darkling Thrush: A Centennial Appreciation"
1843:
1657:
748:The most similar European thrush species is the
1405:. A few English pubs and hotels share the name
559:, covering the majority of the species' range.
484:meaning "thrush." Mavis (Μαβής) can also mean "
3060:
2985:
2979:
1669:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 1973. p. 808.
1530:. Vol. 2. R. and J. E. Taylor. Plate 78.
1300:Lest you should think he never could recapture
708:inches) in length and weighs 50 to 107 grams (
2944:The Essential History of West Bromwich Albion
2777:. UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Archived from
2530:International Journal of Medical Microbiology
2677:
3221:Feathers of Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos)
2922:William Wordsworth: Complete Poetical Works
2527:sensu lato, the Lyme disease spirochaete".
2027:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
1929:
1849:
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1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
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783:call, replaced on migration by a thin high
504:A parent feeding chicks in their nest in a
350:
331:), it is affected by external and internal
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307:The song thrush builds a neat mud-lined
3210:Song Thrush videos, photos & sounds
3072:
3054:
2734:Breeding Birds in the Wider Countryside
2084:"The State of Our Invertebrate Animals"
1781:
1596:
902:breeds in more open country, including
323:" on which to break open the shells of
3697:
3044:Commission of the European Communities
2966:
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2935:
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2029:. Auckland: Viking. pp. 384–385.
1970:
1935:
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1610:. Chambers. 2006. pp. 195, 1581.
1514:
1075:, and eggs and nestlings are taken by
967:to May in northern Sweden and central
920:will frequent the seashore in winter.
370:in 1831, and still bears its original
3239:
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3105:. Frederick Warne and co. p. 51.
3100:
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2175:
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2105:
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1827:Thrushes (Helm Identification Guides)
1722:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1638:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
1624:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1550:
1520:
1031: in) size and weigh 6.0 g (
3730:Taxa named by Christian Ludwig Brehm
3604:e9db33a5-b822-4c60-9060-94ec74e0ba7c
3493:9b2718e1-d136-447e-bded-d7cd832e8343
2718:
2516:
2379:
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2235:
2134:
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1379:references the song thrush, writing
756:), but that bird has a strong white
227:Global map of sightings reported to
3705:IUCN Red List least concern species
2742:Joint Nature Conservation Committee
2557:
2447:Splendidofilaria (Avifilaria) Mavis
2361:. Songbird Survival. Archived from
2306:
2261:Grim, Tomáŝ; Honza, Marcel (2001).
2220:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2200:
2142:"The State of Our Indigenous Birds"
2025:Heather, B.; Robertson, H. (1996).
1989:
1486:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1387:Come forth into the light of things
1383:Hark, how blithe the throstle sings
1092:Splendidofilaria (Avifilaria) mavis
881:Juvenile in a forest near Dombaih,
779:The song thrush has a short, sharp
13:
3131:
2967:Lawton, John (2020). "Pub birds".
2194:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00010.x
2043:
2018:
1559:
1395:West Bromwich Albion Football Club
652:in 1929, are not widely accepted.
577:(non-migratory) form found in the
14:
3741:
3112:
2986:Bocheñski, Z.; Tomek, T. (2004).
2353:
1975:. Christopher Helm. p. 228.
1393:The song thrush is the emblem of
1118:in forested areas of central and
495:
360:The song thrush was described by
3143:
3066:"Un entramado para cazar tordos"
2327:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2007.03734.x
2180:in a largely arable landscape".
1887:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
1340:Him alone at the end of the lane
1264:categorises this species as of "
979:, various Atlantic islands, and
595:, described by German zoologist
97:
3212:on the Internet Bird Collection
1999:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
1964:
1859:Journal of Experimental Biology
1642:. London: Chatto & Windus.
1475:BirdLife International (2018).
737:across the breeding range from
2449:(Leiper, 1909) Anderson, 1961"
1973:RSPB Handbook Of British Birds
1430:which, although banned by the
1122:and Russia, and, more widely,
655:
1:
3188:Birds of Britain species page
2738:British Trust for Ornithology
2637:The Journal of Animal Ecology
1950:10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80204-8
1584:British Trust for Ornithology
1457:
1063:Adult birds may be killed by
939:Breaking the shell of a snail
835:and Russia winter around the
680:) is 20 to 23.5 centimetres (
327:. Like other perching birds (
2844:"Home Thoughts, from Abroad"
2573:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2288:(5): 549–556. Archived from
1338:I hear the thrush, and I see
1196:, as well as soft fruit and
284:that breeds across the West
7:
2995:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
1850:Brackenbury, J. H. (1979).
1742:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.07.016
1389:Let Nature be your teacher
1342:Near the bare poplar's tip,
10:
3746:
2899:. Poemhunter. January 2004
2543:10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.001
1576:[CL Brehm, 1831 ]"
1445:
1412:
1385:And he is no mean preacher
1291:Home Thoughts, from Abroad
1142:
801:white-faced whistling duck
648:, proposed by the Russian
611:and on mainland Europe in
547:The song thrush has three
18:
3247:
3200:Garden Birds species page
1555:(in German). p. 382.
1551:Brehm, Christian (1831).
1493:: e.T22708822A132076619.
1184:, eating a wide range of
1176:Foraging in hedgerow (UK)
855:acclimatisation societies
259:
252:
226:
217:
199:
192:
94:Scientific classification
92:
70:
61:
56:
44:
35:
30:
2946:. Headline. p. 15.
2315:Journal of Avian Biology
1302:The first fine careless
1280:Relationship with humans
898:. The island subspecies
807:Distribution and habitat
603:, breeds in the rest of
351:Taxonomy and systematics
3725:Birds described in 1831
2502:Fedorov, Yu. V. (1968)
1537:10.5962/bhl.title.65989
1438:. In 2003 and 2004 the
1237:Status and conservation
839:, North Africa and the
815:Juvenile in New Zealand
664:Song thrush in Slovenia
599:in 1909, and named for
463:. Mavis is derived via
435:, being related to the
355:
3139:
3119:Listen to this article
2942:McOwan, Gavin (2002).
2585:10.3201/eid1207.060127
2485:: 8–12. Archived from
2329:(inactive 2024-09-17).
1971:Holden, Peter (2012).
1907:10.1098/rspb.1993.0129
1391:
1364:
1346:
1344:Singing continuously.
1308:
1249:
1177:
1160:
1083:, and, where present,
999:
975:have been recorded in
940:
890:
816:
673:
665:
509:
368:Christian Ludwig Brehm
235: Year-Round Range
3638:Paleobiology Database
3138:
3101:Dyson, C. E. (1889).
2513:Number: 0916176 (PDF)
1763:Reilly, John (2018).
1397:, chosen because the
1381:
1356:
1336:
1296:
1244:
1175:
1150:
994:
987:Breeding and survival
938:
924:Behaviour and ecology
880:
814:
671:
663:
573:in 1913, is a mainly
503:
423:). The dialect names
335:and is vulnerable to
3488:Fauna Europaea (new)
3170:More spoken articles
3064:(14 December 2006).
2821:10.3161/068.038.0204
2525:Borrelia burgdorferi
2415:"Song thrush –
2282:Biologia, Bratislava
1871:10.1242/jeb.78.1.163
1094:whose specific name
949:dark-throated thrush
601:William Eagle Clarke
571:William Eagle Clarke
378:. The generic name,
3046:(9 December 2004).
2918:"The Tables Turned"
2897:Poems by Ted Hughes
2775:Species Action Plan
2696:1972Oikos..23..218O
2649:1958JAnEc..27...47G
1899:1993RSPSB.254...75D
1765:The Ascent of Birds
1734:2007MolPE..42..422V
1606:Chambers Dictionary
1527:The Birds of Europe
1436:Valencian Community
1180:The song thrush is
553:nominate subspecies
460:Parliament of Fowls
64:Conservation status
3226:2018-02-23 at the
3193:2007-04-21 at the
3140:
2846:. Englishverse.com
2808:Acta Ornithologica
2391:Birds and wildlife
2182:Journal of Zoology
1377:William Wordsworth
1365:
1270:regional Red Lists
1250:
1178:
1161:
1131:. Some species of
1000:
941:
891:
887:Caucasus Mountains
817:
674:
666:
510:
292:. Its distinctive
247: Winter Range
241: Summer Range
185:T. philomelos
3692:
3691:
3682:Turdus-philomelos
3625:Open Tree of Life
3317:Turdus_philomelos
3304:Turdus_philomelos
3279:Turdus philomelos
3249:Turdus philomelos
3241:Taxon identifiers
3205:Recording of song
3178:RSPB species page
3136:
2769:Turdus philomelos
2728:Turdus philomelos
2417:Turdus philomelos
2265:Turdus philomelos
2178:Turdus philomelos
2115:Turdus philomelos
2053:Turdus philomelos
1982:978-1-4081-2735-3
1774:978-1-78427-169-5
1574:Turdus philomelos
1479:Turdus philomelos
1369:The Tables Turned
1354:
1173:
936:
918:T. p. hebridensis
900:T. p. hebridensis
634:T. p. hebridensis
561:T. p. hebridensis
376:Turdus philomelos
277:Turdus philomelos
268:
267:
203:Turdus philomelos
87:
50:
3737:
3685:
3684:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3571:NHMSYS0000530678
3561:
3560:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3534:
3522:
3521:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3456:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3391:
3379:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3330:D929EB214A698282
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3236:
3235:
3183:BBC species page
3160:
3158:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3086:. Archived from
3076:
3070:
3069:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2870:. Archived from
2865:Stallings, A. E.
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2805:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2744:. Archived from
2722:
2716:
2715:
2680:Cepaea Hortensis
2675:
2669:
2668:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2579:(7): 1087–1094.
2570:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2520:
2514:
2511:Pentagon Reports
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2453:Revista biologia
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2279:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2213:
2198:
2197:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1938:Animal Behaviour
1933:
1927:
1926:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1822:
1779:
1778:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1691:. 2006. p.
1686:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1640:Birds Britannica
1635:
1622:
1621:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1472:
1355:
1227:Cepaea nemoralis
1174:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1021: in ×
1020:
1019:
1015:
1012:
995:Three eggs in a
937:
868:Auckland Islands
735:
734:
730:
727:
721:
720:
716:
713:
707:
706:
702:
699:
693:
692:
688:
685:
678:T. p. philomelos
557:T. p. philomelos
246:
240:
234:
222:
205:
102:
101:
81:
76:
75:
52:
51:
40:
28:
27:
21:Throstle (horse)
3745:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3720:Birds of Europe
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3612:Observation.org
3610:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3564:
3556:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3439:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3336:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3243:
3228:Wayback Machine
3195:Wayback Machine
3174:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3151:This audio file
3148:
3141:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3059:
3055:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3010:
3006:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2874:on May 19, 2008
2862:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2704:10.2307/3543409
2676:
2672:
2633:
2629:
2614:
2610:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2521:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2368:on July 2, 2007
2365:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2332:
2331:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2277:
2273:Cuculus canorus
2259:
2255:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2214:
2201:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1997:"'BIRDS', from
1995:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1969:
1965:
1934:
1930:
1893:(1340): 75–82.
1882:
1878:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1823:
1782:
1775:
1761:
1757:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1636:
1625:
1618:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1549:
1545:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1473:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1415:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1316:Darkling Thrush
1314:, who spoke in
1301:
1299:
1286:Robert Browning
1282:
1256:In the western
1239:
1163:
1145:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
989:
928:
926:
809:
732:
728:
725:
723:
718:
714:
711:
709:
704:
700:
697:
695:
690:
686:
683:
681:
658:
650:Sergei Buturlin
563:, described by
498:
392:Greek mythology
372:scientific name
358:
353:
248:
244:
242:
238:
236:
232:
213:
207:
201:
188:
96:
88:
77:
73:
66:
46:
24:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3743:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3673:
3660:
3647:
3634:
3621:
3608:
3598:
3588:
3575:
3562:
3549:
3536:
3523:
3510:
3497:
3484:
3475:Fauna Europaea
3471:
3458:
3445:
3432:
3419:
3406:
3393:
3380:
3370:
3357:
3344:
3334:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3284:
3269:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3185:
3180:
3163:
3149:
3142:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:External links
3111:
3109:
3108:
3093:
3090:on 2008-06-14.
3082:(in Spanish).
3071:
3062:Las Provincias
3053:
3035:
3028:
3012:Homer (1997).
3004:
2978:
2959:
2952:
2934:
2924:. bartleby.com
2909:
2884:
2856:
2835:
2791:
2767:"Song Thrush (
2758:
2717:
2690:(2): 218–225.
2670:
2627:
2608:
2556:
2515:
2495:
2492:on 2009-03-26.
2462:
2455:(in Spanish).
2435:
2403:
2378:
2346:
2321:(2): 198–204.
2305:
2253:
2234:
2226:
2199:
2168:
2133:
2113:"Song thrush (
2104:
2075:
2051:"Song thrush (
2042:
2035:
2017:
1988:
1981:
1963:
1928:
1876:
1865:(1): 163–166.
1842:
1835:
1780:
1773:
1755:
1728:(2): 422–434.
1708:
1701:
1672:
1656:
1648:
1623:
1616:
1595:
1558:
1543:
1513:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1447:
1444:
1432:European Union
1414:
1411:
1407:Throstles Nest
1281:
1278:
1238:
1235:
1144:
1141:
1120:eastern Europe
1085:grey squirrels
1048:, such as the
988:
985:
947:, redwing and
925:
922:
833:Eastern Europe
808:
805:
770:Chinese thrush
657:
654:
642:T. p. nataliae
638:Inner Hebrides
579:Outer Hebrides
542:Canary islands
522:Chinese thrush
497:
496:Classification
494:
465:Middle English
449:respectively.
357:
354:
352:
349:
266:
265:
262:Turdus musicus
257:
256:
250:
249:
243:
237:
231:
224:
223:
215:
214:
208:
197:
196:
190:
189:
182:
180:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
90:
89:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
54:
53:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3742:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3152:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3068:(in Spanish).
3067:
3063:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3029:0-14-026886-3
3025:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3001:(1–2): 27–47.
3000:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:(8): 432–435.
2974:
2970:
2969:British Birds
2963:
2955:
2953:0-7553-1146-9
2949:
2945:
2938:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2845:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2781:on 2008-04-15
2780:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2748:on 2016-06-24
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2726:"Song Thrush
2721:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:in Iceland".
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2618:British Birds
2612:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2425:on 2013-05-20
2424:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2392:
2388:
2387:"Song thrush"
2382:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2295:on 2017-08-09
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2250:(3): 101–115.
2249:
2245:
2244:British Birds
2238:
2229:
2227:0-19-854099-X
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2158:on 2015-01-24
2154:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2123:on 2007-12-08
2122:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2094:on 2008-06-17
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2065:on 2007-12-08
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2036:0-670-89370-6
2032:
2028:
2021:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1836:0-7136-3940-7
1832:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
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1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
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1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1702:1-74059-140-2
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:Lonely Planet
1685:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1649:0-7011-6907-9
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1617:0-550-10185-3
1613:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1585:
1581:
1580:BTO Birdfacts
1577:
1575:
1572:"Song Thrush
1567:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1501:
1496:
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1487:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1467:
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1453:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:The Throstles
1400:
1396:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:Edward Thomas
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:Least Concern
1263:
1262:IUCN Red List
1259:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:, snails and
1210:
1205:
1201:
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1195:
1191:
1188:, especially
1187:
1186:invertebrates
1183:
1159:on an 'anvil'
1158:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
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1074:
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1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:common cuckoo
1047:
1044:
1006:
998:
993:
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978:
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970:
966:
965:Mediterranean
960:
957:
952:
950:
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905:
901:
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888:
884:
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875:
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851:
849:
848:Great Britain
844:
842:
838:
837:Mediterranean
834:
830:
826:
822:
813:
804:
802:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
774:T. mupinensis
771:
767:
766:T. viscivorus
763:
762:mistle thrush
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
679:
670:
662:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:Great Britain
602:
598:
597:Ernst Hartert
594:
593:T. p. clarkei
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
568:ornithologist
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:T. mupinensis
523:
519:
518:T. viscivorus
515:
514:mistle thrush
507:
502:
493:
491:
487:
483:
480:
479:Middle Breton
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
461:
456:
452:
448:
445:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
404:
401:
400:Ancient Greek
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
365:ornithologist
363:
348:
346:
345:birds of prey
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
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314:
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302:
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264:
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206:
204:
198:
195:
194:Binomial name
191:
187:
186:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:Passeriformes
149:
146:
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142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
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106:
105:
100:
95:
91:
85:
80:
79:Least Concern
69:
65:
60:
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43:
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3248:
3232:
3102:
3096:
3088:the original
3084:Europa Press
3074:
3056:
3038:
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3007:
2998:
2994:
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2972:
2968:
2962:
2943:
2937:
2926:. Retrieved
2921:
2912:
2901:. Retrieved
2896:
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2872:the original
2859:
2848:. Retrieved
2838:
2814:(2): 77–93.
2811:
2807:
2794:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:the original
2774:
2768:
2761:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:the original
2733:
2727:
2720:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2657:10.2307/2173
2643:(1): 47–57.
2640:
2636:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2576:
2572:
2559:
2534:
2528:
2524:
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2510:
2505:
2498:
2487:the original
2482:
2478:
2465:
2456:
2452:
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2438:
2427:. Retrieved
2423:the original
2416:
2395:. Retrieved
2390:
2381:
2370:. Retrieved
2363:the original
2354:Brown, Roy.
2349:
2335:cite journal
2318:
2314:
2308:
2297:. Retrieved
2290:the original
2285:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2217:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2160:. Retrieved
2153:the original
2148:
2136:
2125:. Retrieved
2121:the original
2114:
2107:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:the original
2087:
2078:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:the original
2058:
2052:
2045:
2026:
2020:
2009:. Retrieved
2004:
1998:
1991:
1972:
1966:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1862:
1858:
1845:
1826:
1764:
1758:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1682:
1675:
1664:
1659:
1639:
1603:
1598:
1587:. Retrieved
1579:
1573:
1552:
1546:
1526:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1490:
1484:
1478:
1449:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1399:public house
1392:
1382:
1368:
1366:
1337:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1312:Thomas Hardy
1309:
1297:
1289:
1288:in his poem
1283:
1255:
1251:
1226:
1220:
1202:
1179:
1157:grove snails
1137:Lyme disease
1132:
1123:
1116:encephalitis
1109:
1103:
1100:Haemoproteus
1099:
1095:
1091:
1073:sparrowhawks
1062:
1001:
961:
953:
942:
917:
915:
908:
899:
892:
852:
845:
818:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
778:
773:
765:
753:
747:
677:
675:
641:
633:
628:. This form
592:
591:
583:Isle of Skye
560:
556:
546:
537:
529:
525:
517:
511:
481:
474:
467:
458:
450:
446:
439:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
405:
402:
387:
379:
375:
359:
306:
298:
276:
275:
271:
269:
261:
260:
202:
200:
184:
183:
171:
31:Song thrush
25:
3594:song-thrush
3514:iNaturalist
3273:Wikispecies
3015:The Odyssey
2537:: 125–128.
1944:: 308–309.
1720:thrushes".
1522:Gould, John
1506:12 November
1358:Dunfermline
1258:Palaearctic
1247:New Zealand
1231:polymorphic
1223:grove snail
1204:Land snails
1105:Trypanosoma
1069:little owls
1054:non-mimetic
981:West Africa
911:territories
896:Switzerland
841:Middle East
829:Scandinavia
825:Lake Baikal
789:chook-chook
758:supercilium
656:Description
630:intergrades
621:Netherlands
551:, with the
506:New Zealand
272:song thrush
3699:Categories
3677:Xeno-canto
3166:Audio help
3157:2018-05-06
2928:2008-01-29
2903:2008-03-11
2893:"Thrushes"
2878:2008-03-11
2850:2008-01-26
2785:2008-03-11
2752:2008-01-27
2624:: 277–281.
2429:2012-04-09
2397:2008-01-27
2372:2008-01-27
2299:2018-09-09
2162:2008-03-13
2127:2008-03-13
2098:2008-03-13
2069:2008-01-25
2011:2008-03-13
1589:2008-01-25
1458:References
1452:aviculture
1332:The Thrush
1320:Ted Hughes
1190:earthworms
1182:omnivorous
956:monogamous
954:This is a
754:T. iliacus
549:subspecies
472:Old French
431:both mean
329:passerines
317:omnivorous
290:subspecies
286:Palearctic
2479:Ekologija
2269:T. merula
2232:1225–1228
2188:: 89–93.
1058:blackbird
1043:parasitic
977:Greenland
945:fieldfare
904:heathland
872:Melbourne
860:Kermadecs
672:In flight
575:sedentary
538:T. merula
534:blackbird
396:Philomela
382:, is the
337:predation
333:parasites
301:migratory
179:Species:
117:Kingdom:
111:Eukaryota
3715:Thrushes
3558:22708822
3532:10215639
3428:45510220
3389:bob12000
3353:22708822
3348:BirdLife
3337:BioLib:
3258:Wikidata
3224:Archived
3191:Archived
3168: ·
2830:52832425
2603:16836825
2551:16530003
1958:53191154
1923:30762905
1750:16971142
1524:(1837).
1428:birdlime
1373:Romantic
1362:Scotland
1324:Thrushes
1133:Borrelia
1129:bacteria
1125:Borrelia
1089:nematode
973:Vagrants
587:Scotland
451:Throstle
425:throstle
315:. It is
309:cup nest
254:Synonyms
161:Turdidae
157:Family:
131:Chordata
127:Phylum:
121:Animalia
107:Domain:
84:IUCN 3.1
3630:1082345
3506:7901064
3415:sonthr1
3376:sonthr1
3325:Avibase
3155: (
3126:minutes
2712:3543409
2692:Bibcode
2645:Bibcode
2594:3291064
1915:8290611
1895:Bibcode
1730:Bibcode
1654:355–359
1446:As pets
1420:Odyssey
1413:As food
1304:rapture
1198:berries
1151:Broken
1143:Feeding
1077:magpies
1046:cuckoos
1036:⁄
1026:⁄
1016:⁄
969:Siberia
864:Chatham
750:redwing
743:coverts
731:⁄
717:⁄
703:⁄
689:⁄
646:Siberia
636:in the
617:Belgium
609:Ireland
565:British
482:milhuyt
457:in the
455:Chaucer
440:drossel
412:), and
280:) is a
167:Genus:
147:Order:
137:Class:
82: (
3710:Turdus
3669:558603
3643:368612
3601:NZOR:
3591:NZBO:
3584:127946
3545:563604
3462:EURING
3441:TURDPH
3292:sonthr
3264:Q26349
3026:
2950:
2828:
2710:
2663:
2601:
2591:
2549:
2506:Ixodes
2393:. RSPB
2224:
2033:
1979:
1956:
1921:
1913:
1833:
1771:
1748:
1718:Turdus
1699:
1646:
1614:
1608:(2006)
1274:killed
1216:larvae
1213:insect
1194:snails
1153:shells
1135:cause
1111:Ixodes
883:Russia
821:Iberia
739:Sweden
626:Iberia
619:, the
613:France
530:Turdus
520:) and
508:garden
486:purple
475:mauvis
447:mauvis
444:French
437:German
433:thrush
410:loving
406:philo-
388:thrush
380:Turdus
362:German
325:snails
282:thrush
245:
239:
233:
212:, 1831
172:Turdus
3664:WoRMS
3656:18289
3527:IRMNG
3519:12748
3480:97234
3467:12000
3449:EUNIS
3410:eBird
3402:59PMR
3373:BOW:
3366:52614
2991:(PDF)
2826:S2CID
2804:(PDF)
2708:JSTOR
2684:Oikos
2661:JSTOR
2569:(PDF)
2490:(PDF)
2475:(PDF)
2366:(PDF)
2359:(PDF)
2293:(PDF)
2278:(PDF)
2156:(PDF)
2145:(PDF)
2059:Birds
1954:S2CID
1919:S2CID
1855:(PDF)
1683:Greek
1375:poet
1209:slugs
1096:mavis
490:Greek
488:" in
477:from
468:mavys
429:mavis
417:melos
414:μέλος
384:Latin
321:anvil
229:eBird
210:Brehm
57:Song
3579:NCBI
3553:IUCN
3540:ITIS
3501:GBIF
3454:1334
3436:EPPO
3361:BOLD
3340:8888
3024:ISBN
2948:ISBN
2665:2173
2599:PMID
2547:PMID
2459:(1).
2341:link
2267:and
2222:ISBN
2031:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1911:PMID
1831:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1746:PMID
1697:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1604:The
1508:2021
1491:2018
1221:The
1192:and
1102:and
1081:jays
1071:and
1065:cats
1005:eggs
997:nest
866:and
785:seep
781:tsip
607:and
581:and
470:and
442:and
427:and
421:song
403:Φιλο
386:for
356:Name
343:and
341:cats
313:eggs
294:song
270:The
141:Aves
3651:TSA
3617:204
3566:NBN
3423:EoL
3397:CoL
3384:BTO
3312:AFD
3299:ADW
3288:ABA
3020:453
2973:113
2816:doi
2700:doi
2653:doi
2589:PMC
2581:doi
2539:doi
2535:296
2323:doi
2190:doi
2186:244
1946:doi
1903:doi
1891:254
1867:doi
1738:doi
1693:244
1532:doi
1495:doi
1367:In
1322:in
1245:In
1155:of
846:In
722:to
694:to
644:of
585:in
339:by
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3666::
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