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editors. In smaller markets, sound editors are expected to know how to handle it all, often crossing over into the mixing realm as well. Editing effects is likened to creating the sonic world from scratch, while dialogue editing is likened to taking the existing sonic world and fixing it. Dialogue editing is more accurately thought of as "production sound editing", where the editor takes the original sound recorded on the set, and using a variety of techniques, makes the dialogue more understandable, as well as smoother, so the listener doesn't hear the transitions from shot to shot (often the background sounds underneath the words change dramatically from take to take). Among the challenges that effects editors face are creatively adding together various elements to create believable sounds for everything you see on screen, as well as memorizing their sound effects library.
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449:(US) was the specialist who mixed all the audio tracks supplied by the Dubbing Editor (with the addition of 'live sounds' such as Foley) in a special Dubbing Suite. As well as mixing, he would introduce equalization, compression and filtered sound effects, etc. while seated at a large console. Often two or three mixers would sit alongside, each controlling sections of audio, e.g., dialogue, music, effects.
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tracks to a mixing stage, and transfers to magnetic film were measured in hundreds of thousands of feet. Once the materials arrived at the stage, a dozen recordists and mix technicians required a half an hour to load the three or four dozen tracks a predub might require. In the digital era, 250 hours of stereo sound, edited and ready to mix, can be transported on a single 160 GB
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The physical manifestation of the work became computerized: sound recordings, and the decisions the editors made in assembling them, were now digitized, and could be versioned, done, undone, and archived instantly and compactly. In the magnetic recording era, sound editors owned trucks to ship their
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sound. The sound editor works with the supervising sound editor. The supervising sound editor often assigns scenes and reels the sound editor based on the editor's strengths and area of expertise. Sound editing developed out of the need to fix the incomplete, undramatic, or technically inferior sound
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There are primarily three divisions of sound that are combined to create a final mix, these being dialogue, effects, and music. In larger markets such as New York and Los
Angeles, sound editors often specialize in only one of these areas, thus a show will have separate dialogue, effects, and music
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The WaveFrame, Fairlights, and
Audiofile were of the "integrated" variety of DAW, and required the purchase of expensive proprietary hardware and specialized computers (not standard PCs or Macs). Of the two surviving systems, Pro Tools still requires some proprietary hardware (either a low cost
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Because of these innovations, sound editors, as of 2005, face the same issues as other computerized, "knowledge-based" professionals, including the loss of work due to outsourcing to cheaper labor markets, and the loss of royalties due to ineffective enforcement of intellectual property rights.
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In a sound-on-film process, a microphone captures sound and converts it into a signal that can be photographed on film. Since the recording is imposed linearly on the medium, and the medium is easily cut and glued, sounds recorded can be easily re-sequenced and separated onto separate tracks,
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Many sound effects editors make their own customized sound recordings which are accumulated into highly prized personal sound effects libraries. Often, sound effects used in films will be saved and reused in subsequent films. One exemplary case in point is a recording known as the
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Sound-effects editors typically use an organized catalog of sound recordings from which sound effects can be easily accessed and used in film soundtracks. There are several commercially distributed sound-effects libraries available, the two most well-known publishers being
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In the field of animation, traditionally the sound editors have been given the more prestigious title of "film editor" in screen credits. As animated films are more often than not planned to the frame, the traditional functions of a film editor are often unnecessary.
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Warner Bros. developed increasingly sophisticated technology to sequence greater numbers of phonograph sound effects to picture using the
Vitaphone system, but these were rendered obsolete with the widespread adoption of
367:, began experimenting with the mixing of multiple phonograph recordings and intercutting between the "master" sync take and coverage of other angles. The original mixing console used to make the master recording of
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The greater number of options available to the editors led to more complex and creative sound tracks, and it was in this period that a set of standard practices became established which continued until the
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master, which made
Vitaphone recordings impossible to cut or resynchronize, as later processes would allow. This limited the Vitaphone process to capturing musical acts or one-take action scenes, like
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allowing more control in mixing. Options expanded further when optical sound recording processes were replaced with magnetic recording in the 1950s. Magnetic recording offered a better
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of sound. A track that contains dialogue only contains dialogue, a track that contains music should only contain music. Many tracks may carry all the sound for one group.
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acquired features sufficient for use in film production, mainly, the ability to synchronize with picture, and the ability to play back many tracks at once with CD-quality
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noise reduction. In the digital era there is no limit. For example, a single predub can exceed a hundred tracks, and the final dub can be the sum of a thousand tracks.
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portable device such as the "Mbox" or the more expensive multichannel A/D,D/A converters for more professional high end applications), while Nuendo (a successor to
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488:. As well, this 250 hours of material can be copied in four hours or less, as opposed to the old system, which, predictably, would take 250 hours.
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and music, persons who manipulate sound recordings are known simply as "editors", in cases where the producers themselves do not perform the task.
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routines or other re-creations of stage performances; essentially, scenes that required no editing at all. However,
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may be mixed at another time. In the process of predubbing, many tracks can be mixed into one.
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Creative professional that selects and assembles sound recordings before final audio mixing
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of a television program, motion picture, video game, or any production involving
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recognizes the artistic contribution of exceptional sound editing with the
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allowed hundreds of tracks to be mixed together with negligible noise.
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2239:"Tim Nielsen offers insight into the role of Supervising Sound Editor"
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The essential piece of equipment used in modern sound editing is the
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is a creative professional responsible for selecting and assembling
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Tracks may be mixed a group at a time, in a process called
228:. Other systems historically used for sound editing were:
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is known to cartoon fans as the sound effects genius of
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and The
Hollywood Edge. Online search engines, such as
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
903:Cinematographer / director of photography
415:A track will generally contain only one "type" or
349:recorded the sound performed on set directly to a
337:The first sound process to substantially displace
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476:. The quality of 16-bit audio at a 48 kHz
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345:process. Under the Vitaphone process, a
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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433:Predubs are mixed together to create a
245:Several DAWs have been manufactured by
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201:. Another system in use presently is
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302:(1953), Pierre Marette Story (1957),
167:Academy Award for Best Sound Editing
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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2245:from the original on 2 January 2021
408:Sounds are assembled together onto
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271:) is of the "host based" variety.
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517:, Greg Watson and Don Douglas at
341:in the moviegoing market was the
2087:Concentration of media ownership
1981:Television content rating system
525:and various TV cartoon studios.
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262:AudioVision manufactured by Avid
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1463:Director of network programming
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197:, with the majority running on
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383:processes in the early 1930s.
58:"Sound editor" filmmaking
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1786:Broadcasting of sports events
129:in preparation for the final
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2002:Broadcast reference monitor
540:
299:The Charge at Feather River
156:motion picture sound design
10:
2297:
1556:Television program creator
1277:Computer-generated imagery
1082:Special effects supervisor
930:Digital imaging technician
470:digital audio workstations
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2195:
2069:
2044:Professional video camera
2012:Digital on-screen graphic
1994:
1976:List of television awards
1963:
1918:
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1636:Character generator (CG)
1604:
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1442:Transmission control room
1427:Network operations center
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183:digital audio workstation
2054:Lighting control console
1007:Utility sound technician
2107:Influence of mass media
1678:Unit production manager
1432:Production control room
1307:Unit still photographer
992:Director of audiography
721:Unit production manager
496:Animation sound editing
311:Raiders of the Lost Ark
305:The Empire Strikes Back
2281:Filmmaking occupations
1412:Central apparatus room
997:Production sound mixer
726:Production coordinator
521:, and Joe Siracusa of
507:Warner Bros. Animation
241:Emeryville, California
209:'s cross platform DAW
187:American film industry
2029:Multiple-camera setup
1759:Visual effects artist
1708:Broadcast engineering
1381:History of television
1357:Television production
1267:Visual effects editor
1262:VFX creative director
731:Production accountant
533:In the production of
394:signal-to-noise ratio
275:Sound-effects library
2102:Freedom of the press
2034:Outside broadcasting
1986:Television criticism
1971:Audience measurement
1941:Political commentary
1904:Late-night talk show
1683:Production assistant
1648:Graphics coordinator
1643:Studio floor manager
1186:Intimacy coordinator
756:Production assistant
233:WaveFrame AudioFrame
146:recordings of early
43:improve this article
2241:. 25 January 2020.
2007:Character generator
1703:Television director
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1422:Master control room
950:Lighting technician
806:Production designer
515:Walt Disney Studios
361:, even as early as
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2153:Communications law
2122:Media manipulation
1869:Limited-run series
1848:Television special
1821:Reality television
1816:Police crime drama
1713:Technical director
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1571:Production manager
1561:Executive producer
1521:Assistant director
1478:Sports commentator
1244:Technical director
1017:Re-recording mixer
746:Script coordinator
736:Assistant director
675:Executive producer
447:Re-Recording Mixer
387:Mechanical editing
235:, manufactured by
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2158:Entertainment law
2097:Freedom of speech
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1951:Weather forecasts
1936:News broadcasting
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1526:Location manager
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1806:Live television
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1622:Camera operator
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535:radio programs
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373:sound designer
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317:Reservoir Dogs
294:Wilhelm Scream
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252:SonicSolutions
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2208:Media studies
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1591:Script editor
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1161:Choreographer
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1151:Dialect coach
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1125:Layout artist
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1002:Boom operator
1000:
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962:Best boy grip
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871:Matte painter
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838:Set decorator
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681:
680:Line producer
678:
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670:Film producer
668:
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663:
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660:Film director
657:
653:
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637:Ensemble cast
635:
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627:Leading actor
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519:Hanna-Barbera
516:
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504:
493:
489:
487:
481:
479:
478:sampling rate
475:
471:
464:Digital sound
461:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
443:Dubbing Mixer
436:
432:
429:
425:
421:
418:
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411:
407:
406:
405:
403:
397:
395:
384:
382:
381:sound-on-film
376:
374:
370:
366:
365:
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356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
333:Early talkies
325:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2271:Film editing
2247:. Retrieved
2233:
2183:Pixelization
2173:Media reform
2168:Media policy
2148:Bleep censor
2061:Vision mixer
1836:Mockumentary
1811:Variety show
1734:Foley artist
1729:Sound editor
1728:
1632:Videographer
1596:Story editor
1586:Screenwriter
1546:Set designer
1229:Sound editor
1228:
1196:Stunt double
1191:Stage combat
1171:Talent agent
1141:Acting coach
1064:Orchestrator
1059:Music editor
1022:Foley artist
913:Focus puller
811:Art director
665:Screenwriter
532:
529:Other fields
499:
490:
482:
467:
451:
446:
442:
440:
434:
423:
416:
409:
398:
390:
377:
368:
362:
339:silent films
336:
315:
314:(1981), and
309:
303:
297:
290:
278:
265:
224:but also on
180:
171:
160:
131:sound mixing
123:sound editor
122:
120:
105:
99:January 2022
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2022:Microphones
1931:Debate show
1581:Head writer
1551:TV producer
1516:TV director
1224:Film editor
1146:Body double
1027:Voice foley
935:Second unit
895:Photography
876:Illustrator
863:Visual arts
843:Set dresser
828:Hairdresser
797:Production
652:Cameo actor
622:Voice actor
282:Sound Ideas
213:running on
2265:Categories
2225:References
2136:Regulation
2117:Media bias
2082:Censorship
1894:Soap opera
1874:Miniseries
1774:and genres
1673:Dolly grip
1605:Production
1541:Researcher
1490:Showrunner
1302:Swing gang
1272:Compositor
1206:Under-five
967:Dolly grip
776:Storyboard
592:filmmaking
503:Treg Brown
486:hard drive
424:predubbing
355:Vaudeville
351:phonograph
347:microphone
226:Windows XP
69:newspapers
2249:6 January
1995:Technical
1964:Valuation
1899:Talk show
1801:Game show
1754:Publicist
1458:Celebrity
1282:Rendering
1097:Animation
1044:Subtitles
923:Steadicam
823:Greensman
647:Bit actor
588:Film crew
435:final dub
343:Vitaphone
322:Ben Burtt
286:Sounddogs
259:Audiofile
247:Fairlight
237:WaveFrame
207:Steinberg
195:Pro Tools
177:Equipment
143:synthetic
135:mastering
2243:Archived
1744:Colorist
1739:Composer
1668:Key grip
1638:operator
1451:Profiles
1371:Audience
1239:Animator
1234:Colorist
1176:Stand-in
1115:Modeling
1105:Animator
1049:Composer
957:Key grip
541:See also
474:fidelity
445:(UK) or
308:(1980),
257:AMS-Neve
222:Mac OS X
139:recorded
1120:Rigging
1034:Dubbing
513:of the
402:digital
328:History
148:talkies
83:scholar
2196:Theory
2070:Issues
1889:Sitcom
1884:Serial
1857:Series
1749:Editor
1658:gaffer
1576:Writer
1405:Places
1134:Talent
940:Gaffer
799:design
410:tracks
269:Cubase
217:using
211:Nuendo
205:owned
203:Yamaha
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1688:Gofer
1295:Other
1166:Extra
984:Sound
617:Actor
458:Dolby
454:noise
428:foley
417:group
152:craft
90:JSTOR
76:books
2251:2022
1919:News
1663:grip
1468:Host
972:Grip
215:Macs
199:Macs
191:Avid
161:The
62:news
1039:ADR
523:UPA
239:of
193:'s
141:or
133:or
45:by
2267::
324:.
169:.
158:.
121:A
2253:.
1349:e
1342:t
1335:v
594:)
590:(
580:e
573:t
566:v
292:"
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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