368:
187:, published an analysis that charted the evolution and improvements in effectiveness of violin F-hole design over time. One of the conclusions of this paper was that acoustic conductance (air flow) is proportional to the length of the perimeter of the sound hole and not the area. They proved this mathematically, and showed how it drove the evolution of shape of the F-holes in the violin family. The highest air flow in a violin's F-hole are the places at the top and bottom where the points nearly touch the other side. The effect is analogous to putting one's thumb over the end of a hose to accelerate the water coming out. By this measure, the open round hole of a flat-top acoustic guitar is not very effective.
332:
317:
301:
269:
251:
1134:
353:
285:
27:
141:
may have F-holes, round or oval holes). A round or oval hole or a rosette is usually a single one, under the strings. C-holes, D-holes and F-holes are usually made in pairs placed symmetrically on both sides of the strings. Most
209:
has developed a unique "paisley" sound hole placed on the left side of the upper bout of their "Wing Series" guitars. This is a relatively low-stress area that requires less bracing to support the hole.
367:
239:. They are usually supplementary to a main sound hole, and are located on an instrument's side facing upward in playing position, allowing players to monitor their own sound.
168:
more freely, and letting vibrating air inside the instrument travel outside the instrument. The F-holes in the violin family instruments also serve the purpose of enabling a
331:
300:
472:
222:
316:
268:
509:"Q. What is the effect of the soundport? | Shelley D. Park Guitars :: Gypsy Jazz Guitar Luthier in the Style of Selmer Maccaferri"
199:
stringed instruments feature a particularly unique sound hole architecture with multiple smaller sound holes that, being combined with a
797:
228:
B&G Guitars, a private build guitar company from Tel Aviv, Israel, uses their signature "backwards" sound holes on their guitars.
529:
1160:
557:
1165:
176:
508:
722:
414:
Nia, Hadi T.; Jain, Ankita D.; Liu, Yuming; Alam, Mohammad-Reza; Barnas, Roman; Makris, Nicholas C. (March 8, 2015).
345:
250:
284:
1109:
1036:
594:
1041:
156:
project sound more efficiently, sound does not emanate solely from the sound hole. Sound emanates from the
550:
476:
275:
218:
184:
532:- brief explanation of the effects of sound holes, with a closeup diagram of an F-shaped soundhole
772:
1138:
543:
291:
196:
832:
1114:
1062:
698:
965:
427:
352:
8:
874:
747:
153:
143:
58:
39:
431:
599:
448:
415:
396:
200:
161:
54:
869:
453:
338:
322:
51:
1082:
1057:
1011:
945:
807:
609:
443:
435:
420:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
307:
146:
1021:
950:
859:
670:
665:
604:
589:
512:
416:"The evolution of air resonance power efficiency in the violin and its ancestors"
232:
214:
111:
1170:
1072:
985:
960:
955:
940:
925:
915:
897:
777:
680:
632:
260:
206:
130:
97:
87:
1154:
970:
930:
782:
637:
566:
101:
83:
35:
1119:
1099:
980:
975:
935:
642:
614:
457:
439:
157:
1089:
1031:
1016:
920:
864:
815:
767:
735:
690:
660:
374:
172:
to use specialized tools to adjust the sound post inside the instrument.
165:
120:
1001:
891:
820:
787:
257:
160:
of the sounding boards, with sound holes providing an opening into the
341:
1067:
886:
879:
826:
792:
20:
1077:
854:
842:
752:
740:
730:
708:
138:
73:
1006:
847:
837:
703:
675:
180:
169:
105:
535:
1026:
757:
581:
69:
490:
203:
bowl back body, are said to produce a clear and bright sound.
38:
are known as F-holes and are located on opposing sides of the
26:
1094:
652:
624:
31:
225:, have one f-hole instead of two, usually on the bass side.
1104:
359:
116:
401:
MIT News | Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
190:
1152:
164:formed by the body, letting the sounding boards
413:
137:Some instruments come in more than one style (
551:
16:Opening in the body of a stringed instrument
558:
544:
447:
25:
1153:
470:
231:Holes not positioned on the top of an
61:. Sound holes have different shapes:
539:
19:For parts of wind instruments, see
13:
325:have D or oval shaped sound holes.
306:Many acoustic guitars incorporate
14:
1182:
565:
523:
1133:
1132:
397:"Power efficiency in the violin"
366:
351:
330:
315:
299:
283:
267:
249:
213:A few hollowbody or semi-hollow
50:is an opening in the body of a
473:"interview with Leith Anderson"
1161:String instrument construction
511:. May 15, 2008. Archived from
501:
483:
464:
407:
389:
191:Alternative sound hole designs
1:
382:
34:and other instruments of the
1166:Guitar parts and accessories
471:Salter, Trent (2004-04-13).
7:
86:, archtop mandolins and in
10:
1187:
276:Fender Telecaster Thinline
242:
219:Fender Telecaster Thinline
185:North Bennet Street School
144:hollowbody and semi-hollow
72:and traditional bowl-back
18:
1128:
1050:
994:
906:
806:
721:
689:
651:
623:
580:
573:
894:(changing string tuning)
179:, in collaboration with
175:In 2015, researchers at
152:Though sound holes help
82:in instruments from the
337:Unique Sound Hole with
440:10.1098/rspa.2014.0905
310:around the sound hole.
290:Leaf sound hole in an
43:
1115:Violin musical styles
1063:History of the violin
699:Electric upright bass
29:
966:Double bass concerto
154:acoustic instruments
57:, usually the upper
995:Related instruments
909:and genres of music
875:Finger substitution
432:2015RSPSA.47140905N
403:. 10 February 2015.
274:Single F-Hole on a
149:also have F-holes.
30:The sound holes of
600:Five-string violin
426:(2175): 20140905.
323:Maccaferri guitars
55:musical instrument
44:
1148:
1147:
717:
716:
491:"B&G Guitars"
339:Chinese character
100:and occasionally
1178:
1136:
1135:
1058:Violin acoustics
1012:Hardanger fiddle
946:String orchestra
610:Alexander violin
578:
577:
560:
553:
546:
537:
536:
517:
516:
505:
499:
498:
487:
481:
480:
475:. Archived from
468:
462:
461:
451:
411:
405:
404:
393:
377:with two F-holes
370:
355:
334:
319:
308:rosette patterns
303:
287:
271:
253:
215:electric guitars
162:resonant chamber
147:electric guitars
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1124:
1110:Violin lutherie
1046:
1022:Lira da braccio
990:
951:Violin concerto
908:
902:
802:
713:
685:
671:Cello da spalla
666:Baritone violin
647:
619:
605:Violino piccolo
590:Electric violin
569:
564:
526:
521:
520:
515:on 15 May 2008.
507:
506:
502:
495:B&G Guitars
489:
488:
484:
469:
465:
412:
408:
395:
394:
390:
385:
378:
371:
362:
356:
347:
335:
326:
320:
311:
304:
295:
288:
279:
272:
263:
254:
245:
233:acoustic guitar
193:
98:viola da gambas
88:archtop guitars
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:Bass amplifier
1065:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
991:
989:
988:
986:Carnatic music
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
961:Cello concerto
958:
956:Viola concerto
953:
948:
943:
941:String section
938:
933:
928:
926:String quintet
923:
918:
916:String quartet
912:
910:
904:
903:
901:
900:
895:
889:
884:
883:
882:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
823:
812:
810:
804:
803:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
744:
743:
733:
727:
725:
719:
718:
715:
714:
712:
711:
706:
701:
695:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
681:Electric cello
678:
673:
668:
663:
657:
655:
649:
648:
646:
645:
640:
635:
633:Vertical viola
629:
627:
621:
620:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
584:
575:
571:
570:
563:
562:
555:
548:
540:
534:
533:
525:
524:External links
522:
519:
518:
500:
482:
479:on 2004-04-13.
463:
406:
387:
386:
384:
381:
380:
379:
372:
365:
363:
357:
350:
348:
336:
329:
327:
321:
314:
312:
305:
298:
296:
292:Ovation Adamas
289:
282:
280:
273:
266:
264:
261:archtop guitar
255:
248:
244:
241:
223:Gibson ES-120T
217:, such as the
207:Tacoma Guitars
192:
189:
135:
134:
124:
119:and sometimes
108:
91:
77:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1183:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:Violin sonata
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
931:String sextet
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
911:
905:
899:
896:
893:
890:
888:
885:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
814:
813:
811:
809:
805:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
783:Shoulder rest
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
726:
724:
720:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
694:
692:
688:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
656:
654:
650:
644:
641:
639:
638:Viola pomposa
636:
634:
631:
630:
628:
626:
622:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
585:
583:
579:
576:
572:
568:
567:Violin family
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
541:
538:
531:
530:Stringworks U
528:
527:
514:
510:
504:
496:
492:
486:
478:
474:
467:
459:
455:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
410:
402:
398:
392:
388:
376:
369:
364:
361:
358:C-holes on a
354:
349:
346:
344:by Cc Guitar
343:
340:
333:
328:
324:
318:
313:
309:
302:
297:
293:
286:
281:
277:
270:
265:
262:
259:
256:F-holes on a
252:
247:
246:
240:
238:
234:
229:
226:
224:
220:
216:
211:
208:
204:
202:
198:
188:
186:
182:
181:violin makers
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
145:
140:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
114:
113:
109:
107:
103:
102:double-basses
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
84:violin family
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
62:
60:
56:
53:
49:
41:
37:
36:violin family
33:
28:
22:
1137:
1120:Violin octet
1100:Stradivarius
981:Cello sonata
976:Viola sonata
936:String octet
825:
762:
643:Tenor violin
615:Stroh violin
513:the original
503:
494:
485:
477:the original
466:
423:
419:
409:
400:
391:
375:Morin Khuurs
236:
230:
227:
212:
205:
194:
174:
158:surface area
151:
136:
126:
121:harpsichords
110:
93:
79:
68:in flat-top
65:
47:
45:
1090:Jazz violin
1032:Nyckelharpa
1017:Hurdy-gurdy
921:String trio
865:Double stop
768:Fingerboard
691:Double bass
661:Bass violin
574:Instruments
235:are called
131:bowed lyras
59:sound board
1155:Categories
1002:Arpeggione
892:Scordatura
821:Bow stroke
808:Techniques
798:Tuning peg
788:Sound post
383:References
258:Gibson L-5
237:soundports
48:sound hole
1083:Slap bass
1068:Jazz bass
907:Ensembles
887:Pizzicato
880:Bariolage
870:Fingering
860:Harmonics
827:Col legno
793:Tailpiece
201:composite
139:mandolins
74:mandolins
21:Tone hole
1139:Category
1078:Big band
1037:Pochette
855:Arpeggio
843:Spiccato
753:Chinrest
731:Bass bar
709:Octobass
595:Pochette
458:25792964
221:and the
112:Rosettes
52:stringed
1042:Quinton
1007:Baryton
898:Vibrato
848:Tremolo
838:Portato
833:Martelé
704:Violone
676:Cellone
449:4353046
428:Bibcode
243:Gallery
197:Ovation
170:luthier
166:vibrate
127:D-holes
106:guitars
94:C-holes
80:F-holes
70:guitars
1027:Lirone
816:Bowing
778:Scroll
763:F-hole
758:Endpin
748:Bridge
582:Violin
456:
446:
294:guitar
278:guitar
40:bridge
32:cellos
1171:Holes
1095:Rosin
1051:Other
723:Parts
653:Cello
625:Viola
195:Some
117:lutes
66:Round
1105:Viol
741:Frog
454:PMID
373:Two
360:viol
104:and
773:Nut
736:Bow
444:PMC
436:doi
424:471
183:at
177:MIT
129:in
115:in
96:in
1157::
493:.
452:.
442:.
434:.
422:.
418:.
399:.
46:A
559:e
552:t
545:v
497:.
460:.
438::
430::
342:龙
133:.
123:;
90:;
76:;
42:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
