Knowledge

Soundscape

Source 📝

578:'s ideas of the whole world as composition, soundscape researchers investigate people's attitudes to soundscapes as a whole rather than individual aspects – and look at how the entire environment can be changed to be more pleasing to the ear. This body of knowledge approaches the sonic environment subjectively as well, as in how some sounds are tolerated while others disdained, with still others preferred, as seen in Fong's 2016 research comparing the soundscapes of Bangkok, Thailand and Los Angeles, California. To respond to unwanted sounds, however, a typical application of this is the use of masking strategies, as in the use of water features to cover unwanted white noise from traffic. It has been shown that masking can work in some cases, but that the successful outcome is dependent on several factors, like sound pressure levels, orientation of the sources, and character of the water sound. 241: 3004: 40: 294:, who led much of the groundbreaking work on the subject from the 1960s and onwards. According to an interview with Schafer published in 2013, Schafer himself attributes the term to city planner Michael Southworth. Southworth, a former student of Kevin Lynch, led a project in Boston in the 1960s, and reported the findings in a paper entitled "The Sonic Environment of Cities" in 1969, where the term is used. 558:) and WHO (Burden of noise disease), the positive effects have as yet received less attention. The positive effects of nature sounds can be acknowledged in everyday planning of urban and rural environments, as well as in specific health treatment situations, like nature-based sound therapy and nature-based rehabilitation. 550:. Noise has been shown to correlate with health-related problems like stress, reduced sleep and cardiovascular disease. More recently however, it has also been shown that some sounds, like sounds of nature and music, can have positive effects on health, some of which might be explained by natural sounds increasing 610:
is the combination of all the acoustic resources within a given area – natural sounds and human-caused sounds – as modified by the environment. The acoustic environment includes sound vibrations made by geological processes, biological activity, and even sounds that are inaudible to most humans, such
460:
of a piece, not always audible ... the key might stray from the original, but it will return. The keynote sounds may not always be heard consciously, but they "outline the character of the people living there" (Schafer). They are created by nature (geography and climate): wind, water, forests,
429:
creates an opportunity to hear incidences from near and afar. In a lo-fi soundscape, signals are obscured by too many sounds, and perspective is lost within the broad-band of noises. In lo-fi soundscapes everything is very close and compact. A person can only listen to immediate encounters; in most
593:
Soundscaping as a method to reduce noise pollution incorporates natural elements rather than just man made elements. Soundscapes can be designed by urban planners and landscape architects. By incorporating knowledge of soundscapes in their work, certain sounds can be enhanced, while others can be
512:
Consisting of the prefix, geo (gr. earth), and phon (gr. sound), this refers to the soundscape sources that are generated by non-biological natural sources such as wind in the trees, water in a stream or waves at the ocean, and earth movement, the first sounds heard on earth by any sound-sentient
594:
reduced or controlled. It has been argued that there are three main ways in which soundscapes can be designed: localization of functions, reduction of unwanted sounds and introduction of wanted sounds, each of which should be considered to ensure a comprehensive approach to soundscape design.
305:
and Hildegard Westerkamp. Schafer subsequently collected the findings from the world soundscape project and fleshed out the soundscape concept in more detail in his seminal work about the sound environment, "Tuning of the World". Schafer has also used the concept in music education.
1506:
Saadatmand, V., Rejeh, N., Heravi-Karimooi, M., Tadrisi, S.D., Zayeri, F., Vaismoradi, M. & Jasper, M. (2013). "Effect of nature-based sounds' intervention on agitation, anxiety, and stress in patients under mechanical ventilator support: A randomised controlled trial".
573:
Papers on noise pollution are increasingly taking a holistic, soundscape approach to noise control. Whereas acoustics tends to rely on lab measurements and individual acoustic characteristics of cars and so on, soundscape takes a top-down approach. Drawing on
1653:
Smalley, A. J., White, M. P., Sandiford, R., Desai, N., Watson, C., Smalley, N., Tuppen, J., Sakka, L., Fleming, L. E. (1 August 2023). "Soundscapes, music, and memories: Exploring the factors that influence emotional responses to virtual nature content".
615:
is the component of the acoustic environment that can be perceived and comprehended by the humans. The character and quality of the soundscape influence human perceptions of an area, providing a sense of place that differentiates it from other regions.
581:
Research has shown that variation is an important factor to consider, as a varied soundscape give people the possibility to seek out their favorite environment depending on preference, mood and other factors. One way to ensure variation is to work with
1445:
Annerstedt, M., Jonsson, P., Wallergard, M., Johansson, G., Karlson, B., Grahn, P., Hansen, A.M. & Wahrborg, P.. (2013). "Inducing physiological stress recovery with sounds of nature in a virtual reality forest - Results from a pilot study".
201:
of sounds heard as an environment, which Truax describes as "how that environment is understood by those living within it" and therefore mediates their relations. The disruption of these acoustic environments results in
1558:
Biological mechanisms and neurophysiological responses to sensory impact from nature.In: Van den Bosch & M.Bird, W. (eds.) Oxford Textbook of Nature and Public Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press
2302:
2016 Fong, Jack "Making Operative Concepts from Murray Schafer's Soundscapes Typology: A Qualitative and Comparative Analysis of Noise Pollution in Bangkok, Thailand and Los Angeles, California."
2191: 259: 606:
are physical sound sources, including both natural sounds (wind, water, wildlife, vegetation) and cultural and historic sounds (battle reenactments, tribal ceremonies, quiet reverence). The
1784:
Irvine, K. N.; Devine-Wright, P.; Payne, S. R.; Fuller, R. A.; Painter, B.; Gaston, K. J. (2009). "Green space, soundscape and urban sustainability: An interdisciplinary, empirical study".
390:
Music soundscapes can also be generated by automated software methods, such as the experimental TAPESTREA application, a framework for sound design and soundscape composition, and others.
624:
include opportunities for appropriate transmission of cultural and historic sounds that are fundamental components of the purposes and values for which the parks were established.
2172:
2006, "Gebiete, Schichten und Klanglandschaften in den Alpen. Zum Gebrauch einiger historischer Begriffe aus der Musikethnologie", Marcello Sorce Keller, in T. Nussbaumer (ed.),
1702:"Making Operative Concepts from Murray Schafer's Soundscapes Typology: A Qualitative and Comparative Analysis of Noise Pollution in Bangkok, Thailand and Los Angeles, California" 257: 586:" in urban situations. It has been suggested that people's opportunity to access quiet, natural places in urban areas can be enhanced by improving the ecological quality of 1284:
Pijanowski, Bryan C.; Villanueva-Rivera, Luis J.; Dumyahn, Sarah L.; Farina, Almo; Krause, Bernie; Napoletano, Brian M.; Gage, Stuart H.; Pieretti, Nadia (March 2011).
602:
The National Park Service Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division actively protects the soundscapes and acoustic environments in national parks across the country.
258: 525:
Consisting of the prefix, bio (gr. life) and the suffix for sound, this term refers to all of the non-human, non-domestic biological soundscape sources of sound.
620:
refers to sound which is unwanted, either because of its effects on humans and wildlife, or its interference with the perception or detection of other sounds.
197:, and language, work, and sounds of mechanical origin resulting from use of industrial technology. Crucially, the term soundscape also includes the listener's 2407: 2001: 221:(sounds derived from objects not standardly used for music) of an acoustic environment, either exclusively or in conjunction with musical performances. 2217: 2213: 2135: 1701: 501:, naturalist and soundscape ecologist, redefined the sources of sound in terms of their three main components: geophony, biophony, and anthropophony. 2369: 1444: 3085: 2184: 2112: 1639: 1571: 1542: 1489: 1431: 1366: 1039: 491:, Schafer wrote, "Once a Soundmark has been identified, it deserves to be protected, for soundmarks make the acoustic life of a community unique." 401:
is used to interpret the timbre of the soundscape. This timbre is mimicked and reproduced using the voice or rich harmonic producing instruments.
409:
In Schafer's analysis, there are two distinct soundscapes, "hi-fi" and "lo-fi", created by the environment. A hi-fi system possesses a positive
310: 132: 290:
The origin of the term soundscape is somewhat ambiguous. It is often miscredited as having been coined by Canadian composer and naturalist,
1505: 2242: 437:
All sounds are unique in nature. They occur at one time in one place and cannot be replicated. In fact, it is physically impossible for
3060: 2042: 471:
These are foreground sounds, which are listened to consciously; examples would be warning devices, bells, whistles, horns, sirens, etc.
3050: 234:, defined the term "soundscape" as "All of the waveforms faithfully transmitted to our audio cortex by the ear and its mechanisms". 2893: 387:(1969–79) consisted of 30-minute, uninterrupted environmental soundscapes and synthesized or processed versions of natural sound. 131:
is the combination of all the acoustic resources, natural and artificial, within a given area as modified by the environment. The
2400: 3100: 2978: 2208:
2008 "Soundscape, postcolonial and music education: Experiencing the earliest grain of the body and music" - Tadahiko Imada in
2062: 1555: 554:
and feelings of calm, for example. While the negative effects of sound has been widely acknowledged by organizations like EU (
2336: 2297: 2282: 2264: 2250: 2232: 2069: 1753: 1249: 1110: 993: 968: 932: 2850: 907: 266: 1316: 1218: 217:
of sounds that create the sensation of experiencing a particular acoustic environment, or compositions created using the
2855: 2393: 561:
Soundscapes from a computerized acoustic device with a camera may also offer synthetic vision to the blind, utilizing
3095: 3030: 2203: 2101: 2059: 1991: 1972: 1951: 1939: 1924: 882: 83: 2107:
2005 "Acoustic Ecology Considered as a Connotation: Semiotic, Post-Colonial and Educational Views of Soundscape" in
65: 1912:
1974 Soundscape studies: An introduction to the World Soundscape Project. Truax, B. Numus-West, 5, pp. 36–39.
537:
Consisting of the prefix, anthro (gr. human), this term refers to all of the sound signatures generated by humans.
2789: 2353: 2142: 3035: 2860: 2322:. Luca Maria Aiello, Rossano Schifanella, Daniele Quercia, Francesco Aletta (2016). Royal Society Open Science. 2020: 50: 546:
Research has traditionally focused mostly on the negative effects of sound on human beings, as in exposure to
2834: 2027: 555: 2886: 2426: 551: 116:. There is a varied history of the use of soundscape depending on discipline, ranging from urban design to 3230: 383: 2968: 3118: 1556:
Hägerhäll, C., Taylor, R., Cerwén, G., Watts, G., Van den Bosch, M., Press, D. & Minta, S. (2018).
3055: 3158: 2983: 1983: 298: 1317:
Basner, M., Babisch, W., Davis, A., Brink, M., Clark, C., Janssen, S. & Stansfeld, S. (2014).
874: 3040: 3012: 2879: 2610: 101: 61: 2120: 2083: 2052: 1241: 1235: 960: 952: 127:. An important distinction is to separate soundscape from the broader acoustic environment. The 2958: 136: 3138: 2948: 2943: 2460: 2443: 2290:
Acoustic Competence: Investigating sonic empowerment in urban cultures. Berlin / Johannesburg
1633: 1536: 1483: 1425: 1360: 1102: 659: 410: 326: 3153: 2317: 2313:. Kang, J. & Schulte-Fortkamp, B. (eds.) (2016). Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis Group. 1094: 866: 809: 461:
plains, birds, insects, animals. In many urban areas, traffic has become the keynote sound.
3090: 3080: 3075: 2993: 2938: 2794: 2033: 821: 724: 394: 371: 338: 231: 218: 250: 8: 3199: 3148: 3128: 2923: 2701: 2327: 2221: 2195: 867: 547: 190: 28: 825: 674: 3194: 3179: 2819: 2715: 2666: 2558: 2416: 1870: 1801: 1721: 1616: 1589: 1565: 1471: 1408: 1381: 1343: 1318: 1068: 1033: 842: 775: 714: 699: 562: 369:. The work landed on the ground of Titan in 2005 after traveling inside the spacecraft 350: 330: 158: 20: 1334: 1127: 808:
Aiello, Luca Maria; Schifanella, Rossano; Quercia, Daniele; Aletta, Francesco (2016).
112:, in context. The term was originally coined by Michael Southworth was popularized by 2988: 2953: 2804: 2784: 2568: 2526: 2450: 2332: 2293: 2278: 2271:
Voices of the Wild: Animal Songs, Human Din, and the Call to Save Natural Soundscapes
2260: 2246: 2228: 2199: 2150: 2116: 2097: 2079: 2065: 2055: 2048: 2016: 1987: 1968: 1947: 1935: 1920: 1907: 1749: 1671: 1621: 1524: 1463: 1413: 1348: 1245: 1214: 1106: 989: 964: 928: 903: 878: 847: 779: 689: 587: 426: 398: 291: 150: 113: 2257:
The Great Animal Orchestra: Finding the Origins of Music in the World's Wild Places,
1874: 1805: 1725: 173:
vocalizations, the collective habitat expression of which is now referred to as the
57: 3240: 3110: 3025: 3020: 2918: 2691: 2686: 2563: 2521: 2482: 2465: 2365: 1860: 1852: 1793: 1713: 1663: 1611: 1601: 1520: 1516: 1475: 1455: 1403: 1393: 1338: 1330: 1297: 1237:
The Great Animal Orchestra: Finding the Origins of Music in the World's Wild Places
1095: 837: 829: 765: 757: 418: 322: 224: 154: 124: 1459: 590:
through targeted planning and design and that in turn has psychological benefits.
2963: 2824: 2743: 2728: 2438: 709: 664: 354: 210: 203: 2074:
2004 "Voicescapes: The (en)chanting voice & its performance soundscapes" in
1856: 1667: 1652: 393:
The soundscape is often the subject of mimicry in timbre-centered music such as
3235: 2928: 2902: 2748: 2738: 2733: 2676: 761: 421:
to obstruct even the smallest disturbance. A rural landscape offers more hi-fi
358: 166: 2361: 1797: 1688: 1590:"The role of soundscape in nature-based rehabilitation: A patient perspective" 1162: 297:
Around the same time as Southworth's project in Boston, Schafer initiated the
147: 3224: 3133: 3070: 2933: 2814: 2656: 2477: 2274: 2154: 2012: 1717: 1675: 1379: 1176:
Where Rivers and Mountains Sing, Sound, Music and Nomadism in Tuva and Beyond
684: 639: 634: 530: 498: 448: 186: 2381:
SonorCities: Learning Culture through City Soundscapes – An Educational Tool
1819: 1302: 1285: 810:"Chatty maps: constructing sound maps of urban areas from social media data" 24: 3184: 3123: 2492: 2093: 1625: 1606: 1528: 1467: 1417: 1352: 851: 654: 366: 228: 194: 2319:
Chatty maps: constructing sound maps of urban areas from social media data
1843:
Brown, Lex (2004). "An approach to the acoustic design of outdoor space".
1398: 3163: 3003: 2758: 2661: 2487: 2455: 1964: 1587: 1382:"Stress Recovery during Exposure to Nature Sound and Environmental Noise" 1198:. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 29–38. 953:"Electroacoustic Music and the Soundscape: The inner and the Outer World" 770: 719: 583: 457: 422: 342: 334: 302: 214: 189:. The anthropophony comprises a sub-set called controlled sound, such as 1283: 833: 487:. A soundmark is a sound which is unique to an area. In his 1977 book, 3143: 3065: 3045: 2753: 2723: 2651: 2620: 2593: 2548: 2543: 2531: 2470: 2224: 1026:
The soundscape : our sonic environment and the tuning of the world
900:
Voices of the Wild: Human Din, and the Call to Save Natural Soundscapes
378: 277: 1865: 1151: 444:
According to Schafer there are three main elements of the soundscape:
3204: 2809: 2696: 2671: 2603: 2598: 2578: 2573: 2538: 2385: 2210:
Music Education Policy and Implementation: International Perspectives
2158: 704: 694: 679: 575: 431: 162: 353:
has created soundscape compositions from the sounds of sky dome and
68:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3189: 2973: 2774: 2681: 2646: 2641: 2583: 2553: 2374: 2128:
Qualitative Judgements of Urban Soundscapes: Questionning [
669: 649: 644: 518: 505: 483: 182: 174: 117: 1771:
Unwanted Wanted Sounds: Perception of Sounds from Water Structures
1265:
Krause, B (January–February 2008). "The Anatomy of a Soundscape".
2871: 2636: 2615: 2588: 2174:
Volksmusik in den Alpen: Interkulturelle Horizonte und Crossovers
2041:
Site Soundscapes: Landscape architecture in the light of sound -
1932:
The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World
1594:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1386:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1211:
The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World
795:
The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World
489:
The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment and the Tuning of the World
178: 120: 105: 495:
The elements have been further defined as to essential sources:
2799: 2328:
Sound in Landscape Architecture: A Soundscape Approach to Noise
1746:
Sound in Landscape Architecture: A Soundscape Approach to Noise
927:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 198, 214. 748:
Southworth, Michael (1969). "The Sonic Environment of Cities".
438: 362: 349:(1970) is an early soundscape composition. Soundscape composer 170: 109: 2380: 1783: 807: 16:
Audible characteristics, resonances of an acoustic environment
2910: 1888:
National Park Service Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division
414: 143: 2064:
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Diss. summary:
2009:
Wild Soundscapes: Discovering the Voice of the Natural World
1930:
These 2 works were adapted to become part of the 1993 book,
375:
over seven years and four billion kilometers through space.
2779: 1887: 1286:"Soundscape Ecology: The Science of Sound in the Landscape" 1055:
The new soundscape: a handbook for the modern music teacher
441:
to reproduce any phoneme twice in exactly the same manner.
1944:
Five village soundscapes (Music of the environment series)
357:
and deep sea underwater recordings, and a work entitled "
2176:, Salzburg, Verlag Mueller-Speiser, 2006, pp. 9–18. 2348: 2377:
Web archive of the audio mapping of the city of Naples
1380:
Alvarsson, J.J., Wiens, S. & Nilsson, M.E (2010).
1319:"Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health" 1152:
Boodler ambient soundscape generator written in Python
321:
In music, soundscape compositions are often a form of
146:
or combination of sounds that forms or arises from an
1189: 1187: 1185: 1069:"Soundscapes - Getting to Know Atish | Red Bull MEA" 161:. The idea of soundscape refers to both the natural 2138:, Acta Acustica united with Acustica 92(6), 929–937 2029:
Linking Soundscape Composition and Acoustic Ecology
1163:
fLOW ambient soundscape generator (Apple Macintosh)
565:, as is the goal of the seeing with sound project. 185:; and environmental sounds created by humans, the 181:and other natural elements, now referred to as the 1588:Cerwén, G., Pedersen, E. & Pálsdóttir (2016). 1182: 597: 568: 430:cases even ordinary sounds have to be exuberantly 329:. Composers who use soundscapes include real-time 19:For the study of the acoustic relationships, see 3222: 3086:Ultra-short baseline acoustic positioning system 2090:The Auditory Culture Reader (Sensory Formations) 1845:Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 361:" to be performed at the extreme environment of 413:. These settings make it possible for discrete 135:(ISO) standardized these definitions in 2014. ( 1213:. Inner Traditions/Bear & Co. p. 10. 153:. The study of soundscape is the subject of 133:International Organization for Standardization 2887: 2401: 1768: 2241:- R. Murray Schafer & Tadahiko Imada ( 1980:Acoustic Communication : Second Edition 1638:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1570:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1541:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1488:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1430:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1365:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1038:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2355:Soundscape: The Journal of Acoustic Ecology 2181:The West Meets the East in Acoustic Ecology 2109:Soundscape: The Journal of Acoustic Ecology 2076:Soundscape: The Journal of Acoustic Ecology 986:Deep Listening: A Composer's Sound Practice 925:Background Noise: Perspectives on Sound Art 456:This is a musical term that identifies the 209:The term "soundscape" can also refer to an 3061:Short baseline acoustic positioning system 2894: 2880: 2408: 2394: 747: 3051:Long baseline acoustic positioning system 1864: 1615: 1605: 1407: 1397: 1342: 1301: 977: 957:Companion to Contemporary Musical Thought 946: 944: 873:. Ablex Publishing Corporation. pp.  841: 769: 84:Learn how and when to remove this message 2132:] Questionnaires and Semantic Scales 1509:International Journal of Nursing Studies 1267:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 1178:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 983: 2349:World Forum for Acoustic Ecology (WFAE) 2292:- Felix Urban (Marburg: Tectum Verlag) 2285:) - book & links to audio examples 1208: 1196:Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music 1193: 1052: 1023: 922: 902:. Yale University Press. pp. all. 792: 3223: 3101:Underwater acoustic positioning system 2979:Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System 2415: 2259:Bernie Krause, Little Brown New York, 2192:Japanese Association for Sound Ecology 1743: 1264: 1233: 1227: 941: 897: 417:to be heard clearly since there is no 2875: 2389: 2375:Napolisoundscape Urban Space Research 1842: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1583: 1581: 1501: 1499: 1173: 1092: 1011:Avant-gardes Sonores en architecture 950: 864: 285: 2851:List of experimental music festivals 2311:Soundscape and the Built Environment 1998:Soundscapes: Essays on Vroom and Moo 1699: 1028:. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. 1008: 743: 741: 33: 1656:Journal of Environmental Psychology 309:One of Soundscape's co-founders is 177:, and, for instance, the sounds of 23:. For the PC sound card brand, see 13: 2901: 2856:List of electronic music festivals 1896: 1773:. Stockholm: Stockholm University. 1732: 1578: 1560:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1496: 1125: 404: 239: 27:. For the Cedar Walton album, see 14: 3252: 3096:Underwater acoustic communication 3031:Acoustic Doppler current profiler 2342: 2078:Vol.5 No.2 - Henry Johnson 26-29 738: 541: 3002: 2023:) - book & QR link to audio 1101:. Cambridge: MIT Press. p.  276:Problems playing this file? See 255: 38: 3154:Hearing range of marine mammals 2790:Experimental musical instrument 2143:"Soundscapes / Paesaggi sonori" 1881: 1836: 1812: 1777: 1762: 1693: 1682: 1646: 1549: 1438: 1373: 1310: 1277: 1258: 1202: 1167: 1156: 1145: 1119: 1086: 1061: 1046: 1017: 598:In United States National Parks 569:Soundscapes and noise pollution 3036:Acoustic seabed classification 2861:List of experimental musicians 2004:- Department of Folk Tradition 1820:"Soundscaping | Sound Control" 1521:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.11.018 1002: 916: 891: 858: 801: 786: 481:This is derived from the term 1: 2835:Electroacoustic improvisation 1961:Handbook for Acoustic Ecology 1769:Rådsten Ekman, Maria (2015). 1460:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.023 1335:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61613-X 1013:. Dijon: Les Presses du Réel. 731: 251:"Soundscape from Puerto Rico" 1128:"Mother Nature Goes Digital" 1024:Schafer, Murray, R. (1977). 7: 2198:International Music Centre 1857:10.1080/0964056042000284857 1668:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102060 1209:Schafer, R. Murray (1993). 793:Schafer, R. Murray (1977). 627: 611:as bat echolocation calls. 316: 165:environment, consisting of 64:the claims made and adding 10: 3257: 3119:Acoustic survey in fishing 1057:. Toronto: Berandol Music. 984:Oliveros, Pauline (2005). 955:. In Paynter, John (ed.). 814:Royal Society Open Science 762:10.1177/001391656900100104 18: 3172: 3109: 3056:Ocean acoustic tomography 3011: 3000: 2909: 2843: 2767: 2714: 2629: 2514: 2503: 2423: 2331:. Cerwén, G. Alnarp: SLU 1798:10.1080/13549830802522061 1448:Physiology & Behavior 988:. iUniverse. p. 18. 923:LaBelle, Brandon (2006). 301:together with colleagues 25:Ensoniq § Soundscape 3159:Marine mammals and sonar 2984:Synthetic aperture sonar 2277:(Yale University Press, 2239:A Little Sound Education 2220:and Tadahiko Imada Eds, 2015:(Yale University Press, 1984:World Soundscape Project 1718:10.1177/0042098014562333 1240:. Little Brown. p.  1194:Schafer, Murray (2004). 1174:Levin, Theodore (2006). 750:Environment and Behavior 425:than a city because the 299:World Soundscape Project 3041:Acoustical oceanography 2611:Intelligent dance music 1946:- A.R.C. Publications ( 1917:The Tuning of the World 1744:Cerwén, Gunnar (2017). 1303:10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.6 1234:Krause, Bernie (2012). 898:Krause, Bernie (2016). 2959:Scientific echosounder 1607:10.3390/ijerph13121229 1093:Roads, Curtis (2001). 959:. Routledge. pp.  869:Acoustic Communication 434:in order to be heard. 347:Presque rien, numéro 1 244: 3139:Deep scattering layer 2949:Multibeam echosounder 2944:GLORIA sidescan sonar 2149:(10). December 2008. 1934:- R. Murray Schafer ( 1919:- R. Murray Schafer ( 1399:10.3390/ijerph7031036 1053:Schafer, R.M (1969). 951:Truax, Barry (1992). 865:Truax, Barry (2001). 660:Environments (series) 552:cognitive restoration 411:signal-to-noise ratio 327:electroacoustic music 243: 3091:Underwater acoustics 3081:Sound velocity probe 3076:Sound speed gradient 2994:Upward looking sonar 2939:Fessenden oscillator 2795:Experimental luthier 2505:Experimental popular 2362:How Sound Affects Us 2047:Per Hedfors (Diss.: 2034:Hildegard Westerkamp 1982:- Barry Truax & 1824:soundcontroltech.com 725:Underwater acoustics 622:Cultural soundscapes 608:acoustic environment 395:Tuvan throat singing 339:Hildegard Westerkamp 232:electronic art music 129:acoustic environment 3200:Hydrographic survey 3149:Fisheries acoustics 3129:Animal echolocation 2924:Baffles (submarine) 2716:Extended techniques 2358:, published by WFAE 2222:Hirosaki University 2196:Hirosaki University 1700:Fong, Jack (2016). 1329:(9925): 1325–1332. 834:10.1098/rsos.150690 826:2016RSOS....350690A 548:environmental noise 384:Environments series 227:, composer of post- 191:musical composition 29:Soundscapes (album) 3231:Experimental music 3195:Geophysical MASINT 3180:Acoustic signature 2820:Sound installation 2667:Free improvisation 2559:Deconstructed club 2417:Experimental music 2045:Design Strategies, 1904:The New Soundscape 715:Soundscape ecology 700:Sound installation 604:Acoustic resources 588:urban green spaces 563:human echolocation 351:Petri Kuljuntausta 331:granular synthesis 286:Historical context 245: 159:soundscape ecology 142:A soundscape is a 49:possibly contains 21:Soundscape ecology 3218: 3217: 2989:Towed array sonar 2969:Sonar beamforming 2954:Passive acoustics 2869: 2868: 2805:Progressive music 2785:Data sonification 2710: 2709: 2569:Experimental rock 2527:Avant-garde metal 2337:978-91-7760-073-2 2298:978-3-8288-3683-9 2283:978-0-300-20631-9 2265:978-0-316-08687-5 2251:978-4-393-93539-2 2233:978-4-902774-39-9 2070:978-3-639-09413-8 2002:Jarviluoma, Helmi 1908:R. Murray Schafer 1786:Local Environment 1755:978-91-7760-073-2 1689:Seeing with Sound 1251:978-0-316-08687-5 1112:978-0-262-18215-7 995:978-0-595-34365-2 970:978-0-415-07225-0 934:978-0-8264-1845-6 690:Sharawadji effect 427:natural landscape 399:Timbral Listening 397:. The process of 292:R. Murray Schafer 260: 114:R. Murray Schafer 94: 93: 86: 51:original research 3248: 3111:Acoustic ecology 3026:Acoustic release 3021:Acoustic network 3006: 2919:Active acoustics 2896: 2889: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2844:Events and lists 2768:Related concepts 2692:Progressive jazz 2564:Experimental pop 2522:Avant-garde jazz 2512: 2511: 2483:Musique concrete 2466:Acousmatic music 2410: 2403: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2218:Lai Chi Rita Yip 2214:Chi Cheung Leung 2183:(Tadahiko Imada 2169: 2167: 2166: 2157:. Archived from 2136:Raimbault, Manon 1890: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1868: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1830: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1741: 1730: 1729: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1629: 1619: 1609: 1585: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1561: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1540: 1532: 1503: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1479: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1421: 1411: 1401: 1392:(3): 1036–1046. 1377: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1356: 1346: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1180: 1179: 1171: 1165: 1160: 1154: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1100: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1029: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1009:Darò, C (2013). 1006: 1000: 999: 981: 975: 974: 948: 939: 938: 920: 914: 913: 909:978-0-30020631-9 895: 889: 888: 872: 862: 856: 855: 845: 805: 799: 798: 790: 784: 783: 773: 745: 675:Musique concrète 419:background noise 323:electronic music 262: 261: 242: 225:Pauline Oliveros 155:acoustic ecology 137:ISO 12913-1:2014 125:computer science 100:is the acoustic 89: 82: 78: 75: 69: 66:inline citations 42: 41: 34: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3168: 3105: 3013:Ocean acoustics 3007: 2998: 2964:Side-scan sonar 2905: 2900: 2870: 2865: 2839: 2825:Sound sculpture 2763: 2744:Prepared guitar 2729:Circuit bending 2706: 2625: 2508: 2506: 2499: 2461:Electroacoustic 2432: 2429:classical music 2428: 2419: 2414: 2370:Julian Treasure 2345: 2164: 2162: 2141: 1899: 1897:Further reading 1894: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1841: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1782: 1778: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1748:. Alnarp: SLU. 1742: 1733: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1683: 1651: 1647: 1631: 1630: 1586: 1579: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1550: 1534: 1533: 1504: 1497: 1481: 1480: 1443: 1439: 1423: 1422: 1378: 1374: 1358: 1357: 1315: 1311: 1282: 1278: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1232: 1228: 1221: 1220:978-089281455-8 1207: 1203: 1192: 1183: 1172: 1168: 1161: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1134: 1124: 1120: 1113: 1091: 1087: 1078: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1051: 1047: 1031: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1007: 1003: 996: 982: 978: 971: 949: 942: 935: 921: 917: 910: 896: 892: 885: 863: 859: 806: 802: 797:. Alfred Knopf. 791: 787: 746: 739: 734: 729: 710:Sound sculpture 665:Field recording 630: 600: 571: 544: 407: 405:The environment 355:Aurora Borealis 319: 288: 283: 282: 274: 272: 271: 270: 269: 263: 256: 253: 246: 240: 211:audio recording 204:noise pollution 90: 79: 73: 70: 55: 43: 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3254: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3173:Related topics 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2929:Bistatic sonar 2926: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2903:Hydroacoustics 2899: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2749:Prepared piano 2746: 2741: 2739:Plunderphonics 2736: 2734:Frippertronics 2731: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2435: 2433: 2424: 2421: 2420: 2413: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2359: 2351: 2344: 2343:External links 2341: 2340: 2339: 2323: 2314: 2307: 2306:53(1):173-192. 2300: 2286: 2267: 2253: 2235: 2206: 2185:Kozo Hiramatsu 2177: 2170: 2139: 2124: 2113:Tadahiko Imada 2105: 2086: 2072: 2037: 2024: 2005: 1994: 1976: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1913: 1910: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1880: 1851:(6): 827–842. 1835: 1811: 1776: 1761: 1754: 1731: 1712:(1): 173-192. 1692: 1681: 1645: 1577: 1548: 1515:(7): 895–904. 1495: 1437: 1372: 1309: 1296:(3): 203–216. 1276: 1257: 1250: 1226: 1219: 1201: 1181: 1166: 1155: 1144: 1132:Atari Archives 1118: 1111: 1085: 1060: 1045: 1016: 1001: 994: 976: 969: 940: 933: 915: 908: 890: 883: 857: 800: 785: 736: 735: 733: 730: 728: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 631: 629: 626: 599: 596: 570: 567: 543: 542:In health care 540: 539: 538: 534: 533: 527: 526: 522: 521: 515: 514: 509: 508: 493: 492: 478: 477: 473: 472: 468: 467: 463: 462: 453: 452: 406: 403: 359:Charm of Sound 318: 315: 287: 284: 273: 264: 254: 249: 248: 247: 238: 237: 236: 167:natural sounds 92: 91: 46: 44: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3253: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3134:Beached whale 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3071:SOFAR channel 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3005: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2934:Echo sounding 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2815:Sound collage 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2502: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2444:indeterminacy 2442: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2304:Urban Studies 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275:Bernie Krause 2272: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2204:4-9903332-1-7 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2161:on 2009-07-26 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2111:Vol.6 No.2 - 2110: 2106: 2103: 2102:1-85973-618-1 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2060:91-576-6425-0 2057: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013:Bernie Krause 2010: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1992:1-56750-537-6 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1973:0-88985-011-9 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1952:0-88985-005-4 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:0-89281-455-1 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1925:0-394-40966-3 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1889: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1772: 1765: 1757: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706:Urban Studies 1703: 1696: 1690: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1641: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1582: 1573: 1567: 1559: 1552: 1544: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1500: 1491: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1441: 1433: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1368: 1362: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1261: 1253: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1230: 1222: 1216: 1212: 1205: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1177: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1153: 1148: 1133: 1129: 1126:Teibel, Irv. 1122: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1089: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1056: 1049: 1041: 1035: 1027: 1020: 1012: 1005: 997: 991: 987: 980: 972: 966: 962: 958: 954: 947: 945: 936: 930: 926: 919: 911: 905: 901: 894: 886: 884:9781567505375 880: 876: 871: 870: 861: 853: 849: 844: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 820:(3): 150690. 819: 815: 811: 804: 796: 789: 781: 777: 772: 771:1721.1/102214 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 744: 742: 737: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 685:Program music 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 640:Anthropophony 638: 636: 635:Ambient music 633: 632: 625: 623: 619: 614: 609: 605: 595: 591: 589: 585: 579: 577: 566: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 536: 535: 532: 531:Anthropophony 529: 528: 524: 523: 520: 517: 516: 511: 510: 507: 504: 503: 502: 500: 499:Bernie Krause 496: 490: 486: 485: 480: 479: 475: 474: 470: 469: 466:Sound signals 465: 464: 459: 455: 454: 450: 447: 446: 445: 442: 440: 435: 433: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 402: 400: 396: 391: 388: 386: 385: 380: 376: 374: 373: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 314: 312: 307: 304: 300: 295: 293: 281: 279: 268: 252: 235: 233: 230: 226: 222: 220: 216: 212: 207: 205: 200: 196: 192: 188: 187:anthropophony 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 149: 145: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 88: 85: 77: 67: 63: 59: 53: 52: 47:This article 45: 36: 35: 30: 26: 22: 3209: 3185:Bioacoustics 3124:Acoustic tag 2829: 2507:music genres 2427:contemporary 2354: 2326: 2318: 2310: 2303: 2289: 2270: 2256: 2238: 2209: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2163:. Retrieved 2159:the original 2147:Lo Squaderno 2146: 2131: 2127: 2108: 2094:Michael Bull 2089: 2075: 2040: 2028: 2008: 1997: 1979: 1960: 1943: 1931: 1916: 1903: 1883: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1827:. Retrieved 1823: 1814: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1770: 1764: 1745: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1684: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1634:cite journal 1600:(12): 1229. 1597: 1593: 1557: 1551: 1537:cite journal 1512: 1508: 1484:cite journal 1451: 1447: 1440: 1426:cite journal 1389: 1385: 1375: 1361:cite journal 1326: 1322: 1312: 1293: 1289: 1279: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1236: 1229: 1210: 1204: 1195: 1175: 1169: 1158: 1147: 1135:. Retrieved 1131: 1121: 1096: 1088: 1077:. Retrieved 1075:. 2017-07-17 1072: 1063: 1054: 1048: 1025: 1019: 1010: 1004: 985: 979: 956: 924: 918: 899: 893: 868: 860: 817: 813: 803: 794: 788: 756:(1): 49–70. 753: 749: 655:Ecoacoustics 621: 617: 612: 607: 603: 601: 592: 580: 572: 560: 545: 497: 494: 488: 482: 443: 436: 408: 392: 389: 382: 377: 370: 346: 320: 311:Nezar Kadhem 308: 296: 289: 275: 229:World War II 223: 219:found sounds 208: 198: 195:sound design 169:, including 141: 128: 97: 95: 80: 71: 48: 2759:Turntablism 2702:Witch house 2662:Drone metal 2451:Avant-garde 1965:Barry Truax 1454:: 240–250. 1137:18 November 720:Space music 584:quiet areas 556:END 2002/49 423:frequencies 343:Luc Ferrari 335:Barry Truax 303:Barry Truax 267:El Cloquido 215:performance 151:environment 102:environment 3225:Categories 3210:Soundscape 3164:Whale song 3144:Fishfinder 3066:Sofar bomb 3046:Hydrophone 2830:Soundscape 2754:Scordatura 2724:3rd bridge 2687:Industrial 2652:Avant-funk 2594:noise rock 2549:Avant-punk 2544:Avant-prog 2532:Post-metal 2471:Tape music 2165:2009-03-14 2021:0300218192 2007:2002/2016 1866:10072/5197 1829:2017-04-19 1792:(2): 155. 1662:: 102060. 1290:BioScience 1097:Microsound 1079:2024-08-07 732:References 613:Soundscape 379:Irv Teibel 278:media help 265:Shared by 199:perception 98:soundscape 58:improve it 3205:Noise map 2810:Sound art 2697:Punk jazz 2672:Free jazz 2604:post-rock 2599:post-punk 2579:math rock 2574:krautrock 2539:Avant-pop 2439:Aleatoric 2245:, Tokyo) 2243:Shunjusha 2155:1973-9141 2121:1607-3304 2084:1607-3304 2053:1401-6249 1676:0272-4944 1566:cite book 1034:cite book 780:130685505 705:Sound map 695:Sound art 680:Noise map 576:John Cage 513:organism. 476:Soundmark 432:amplified 148:immersive 106:perceived 74:July 2020 62:verifying 3190:Biophony 2974:Sonobuoy 2775:Cymatics 2682:Hyperpop 2647:Art rock 2642:Art punk 2584:neo-prog 2554:Biomusic 2515:By style 2425:Related 2368:talk by 2043:Sonotope 1942:) 1977 1875:55857646 1806:55692349 1726:30362727 1626:27973437 1529:23245705 1468:23688947 1418:20617017 1353:24183105 1073:Red Bull 852:27069661 670:Geophony 650:Biophony 645:Biomusic 628:See also 519:Biophony 506:Geophony 484:landmark 365:'s moon 345:, whose 333:pioneer 317:In music 183:geophony 175:biophony 163:acoustic 118:wildlife 3241:Hearing 2657:Ambient 2637:Art pop 2630:Related 2616:Neofolk 2589:no wave 2478:Minimal 2364:(8:18)— 2115:13-17 ( 2000:, Eds: 1617:5201370 1476:4826491 1409:2872309 1344:3988259 961:374–398 843:4821272 822:Bibcode 449:Keynote 372:Huygens 179:weather 121:ecology 56:Please 2800:Fluxus 2677:Glitch 2493:Danger 2431:genres 2335:  2296:  2281:  2263:  2249:  2231:  2202:  2194:& 2190:Eds), 2188:et al. 2153:  2119:  2100:  2082:  2068:  2058:  2051:  2019:  1990:  1971:  1950:  1938:  1923:  1873:  1804:  1752:  1724:  1674:  1624:  1614:  1527:  1474:  1466:  1416:  1406:  1351:  1341:  1323:Lancet 1273:(1/2). 1248:  1217:  1109:  992:  967:  931:  906:  881:  850:  840:  778:  451:sounds 439:nature 415:sounds 363:Saturn 341:, and 171:animal 110:humans 3236:Sound 2911:Sonar 2488:Noise 2456:Drone 2325:2017 2316:2016 2309:2016 2288:2016 2269:2015 2255:2012 2237:2009 2225:Press 2179:2006 2126:2006 2088:2004 2039:2003 2026:2002 1996:1994 1978:1985 1959:1978 1915:1977 1902:1969 1871:S2CID 1802:S2CID 1722:S2CID 1472:S2CID 776:S2CID 618:Noise 367:Titan 144:sound 2780:Dada 2621:Wave 2333:ISBN 2294:ISBN 2279:ISBN 2261:ISBN 2247:ISBN 2229:ISBN 2200:ISBN 2151:ISSN 2117:ISSN 2098:ISBN 2080:ISSN 2066:ISBN 2056:ISBN 2049:ISSN 2017:ISBN 1988:ISBN 1969:ISBN 1948:ISBN 1936:ISBN 1921:ISBN 1750:ISBN 1672:ISSN 1640:link 1622:PMID 1572:link 1543:link 1525:PMID 1490:link 1464:PMID 1432:link 1414:PMID 1367:link 1349:PMID 1246:ISBN 1215:ISBN 1139:2015 1107:ISBN 1040:link 990:ISBN 965:ISBN 929:ISBN 904:ISBN 879:ISBN 848:PMID 2366:TED 2130:sic 1861:hdl 1853:doi 1794:doi 1714:doi 1664:doi 1612:PMC 1602:doi 1517:doi 1456:doi 1452:118 1404:PMC 1394:doi 1339:PMC 1331:doi 1327:383 1298:doi 1242:278 1103:312 838:PMC 830:doi 766:hdl 758:doi 458:key 381:'s 325:or 213:or 157:or 123:to 108:by 104:as 60:by 3227:: 2273:- 2227:) 2216:, 2145:. 2134:- 2092:- 2032:- 2011:- 1963:- 1927:) 1906:- 1869:. 1859:. 1849:47 1847:. 1822:. 1800:. 1790:14 1788:. 1734:^ 1720:. 1710:53 1708:. 1704:. 1670:. 1660:89 1658:. 1636:}} 1632:{{ 1620:. 1610:. 1598:13 1596:. 1592:. 1580:^ 1568:}} 1564:{{ 1539:}} 1535:{{ 1523:. 1513:50 1511:. 1498:^ 1486:}} 1482:{{ 1470:. 1462:. 1450:. 1428:}} 1424:{{ 1412:. 1402:. 1388:. 1384:. 1363:}} 1359:{{ 1347:. 1337:. 1325:. 1321:. 1294:61 1292:. 1288:. 1271:56 1269:. 1244:. 1184:^ 1130:. 1105:. 1071:. 1036:}} 1032:{{ 963:. 943:^ 877:. 875:11 846:. 836:. 828:. 816:. 812:. 774:. 764:. 752:. 740:^ 337:, 313:. 206:. 193:, 139:) 96:A 2895:e 2888:t 2881:v 2409:e 2402:t 2395:v 2212:( 2168:. 2123:) 2104:) 2096:( 2036:: 1986:( 1975:) 1967:( 1954:) 1877:. 1863:: 1855:: 1832:. 1808:. 1796:: 1758:. 1728:. 1716:: 1678:. 1666:: 1642:) 1628:. 1604:: 1574:) 1545:) 1531:. 1519:: 1492:) 1478:. 1458:: 1434:) 1420:. 1396:: 1390:7 1369:) 1355:. 1333:: 1306:. 1300:: 1254:. 1223:. 1141:. 1115:. 1082:. 1042:) 998:. 973:. 937:. 912:. 887:. 854:. 832:: 824:: 818:3 782:. 768:: 760:: 754:1 582:" 280:. 87:) 81:( 76:) 72:( 54:. 31:.

Index

Soundscape ecology
Ensoniq § Soundscape
Soundscapes (album)
original research
improve it
verifying
inline citations
Learn how and when to remove this message
environment
perceived
humans
R. Murray Schafer
wildlife
ecology
computer science
International Organization for Standardization
ISO 12913-1:2014
sound
immersive
environment
acoustic ecology
soundscape ecology
acoustic
natural sounds
animal
biophony
weather
geophony
anthropophony
musical composition

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.