1158:
46:
58:
398:
The
Australian South Sea Islanders 150 Commemoration and Festival 2013 Papers (Acc. 29744) also include documents such as meeting minutes and correspondence relating to the Australian South Sea Islanders Secretariat Inc., and photographs and interviews conducted by Nic Maclellan on 13 August 2013 at
385:
The
Australian South Sea Islanders United Council Records 1975-2008, 2021 (Acc. 28617) includes documents, research papers, photographs, recorded interviews and other material relating to the work of the Australian South Sea Islanders United Council (ASSIUC) from the mid 1970s. Formed by a group of
235:
The question of how many
Islanders were "blackbirded" is unknown and remains controversial. The extent to which Islanders were recruited legally, persuaded, deceived, coerced or forced to leave their homes and travel to Queensland is difficult to evaluate and also controversial. Official documents
231:
Those exempted from repatriation, along with a number of others who escaped deportation, remained in
Australia to form the basis of what is today Australia's largest non-indigenous black ethnic group. Today, the descendants of those who remained are officially referred to as South Sea Islanders. A
390:
in 1975, the ASSIUC was the first national body to represent
Australian South Sea Islanders, advocating for national recognition and promoting cultural awareness. A second iteration of the ASSIUC was re-registered in Townsville in 1991 and grew to fourteen branches including two in
377:
For many years, Queensland's South Sea
Islander communities sought acknowledgement for past treatment, and recognition as a distinct cultural group. After decades of community advocacy, the Commonwealth Government finally recognised that distinction on August 25, 1994.
215:(Qld), recruited labour was indentured for three years in exchange for a small wage of £6 per year as well as rations, accommodation and clothing. Employers were required to deposit their employees wages into a Government Savings Bank account.
292:
In recent generations, facing many similar forms of discrimination in
Australia as Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, Australian South Sea Islanders have been prominent figures in civil rights and politics.
860:
236:
and accounts from the period often conflict with the oral tradition passed down to the descendants of workers. Stories of blatantly violent kidnapping tend to relate to the first ten or so years of the trade.
721:
833:
748:
451:
433:. Nasuven Enares is a direct descendant of Australian South Sea Islanders (ASSI), people who were forcibly brought to Australia at the turn of the century as indentured labour
930:
382:
holds several collections pertaining to the history of
Australian South Sea Islanders in Queensland, two significant collections pertain to their long fight for recognition.
939:
905:- State Library of Queensland. Interviews commissioned for the 2019 Queensland exhibition Plantation Voices: Contemporary conversations with Australian South Sea islanders.
232:
1992 census of South Sea
Islanders reported around 10,000 descendants living in Queensland. Fewer than 3,500 were reported in the 2001 Australian census.
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and an insulting reminder of their ancestors' exploitation at the hands of white
Australians, and it is now regarded in
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With time, owing to intermarriage, many Australian South Sea Islanders also claim a mixed ancestry, including
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878:
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187: – who were kidnapped or recruited between the mid to late 19th century as labourers in the
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service. At its height, the recruiting accounted for over half the adult male population of some islands.
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841:
806:
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The majority were repatriated by the Australian Government in the period between 1906 and 1908 under the
1400:
309:) are prominent Indigenous activists who are also descendants of South Sea Island plantation workers.
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228:. There was resistance to repatriation, and controversy regarding the manner in which it was done.
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Another area Australian South Sea Islanders have excelled in is sport, especially the game of
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The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific
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The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific
8:
1192:
801:
395:. This body was instrumental in bringing communities together and advocating for change.
57:
1198:
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653:"Australian South Sea Islanders: A Century of Race Discrimination under Australian Law"
399:
the Australian South Sea Islander 150th Anniversary event at Ormiston House, Brisbane.
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802:"29744 Australian South Sea Islanders 150 Commemoration and Festival 2013 Papers 2013"
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Australian South Sea Islanders 150 Commemoration and Festival 2013 Papers 2013
1463:
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1315:
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1099:
1070:
777:"28617 Australian South Sea Islanders United Council Records 1975-2008, 2021"
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Consuming Whiteness. Australian Racism and the ‘White Sugar’ Campaign
496:. National Archives of Australia: Foundingdocs.gov.au. Archived from
455:
366:
343:
188:
84:
63:
994:
832:
747:
450:
369:, daughter of Bonita and Eddie Mabo, is a prominent visual artist.
100:
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Blackbirded and recruited islanders were generally referred to as
1287:
1157:
1082:
1049:
943:
323:, was the first South Sea Islander to be elected to parliament.
172:
160:
494:"Documenting Democracy: Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 (Cth)"
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are all members of the Australian South Sea Islander community.
1246:
1136:
1044:
897:
Australian South Sea Islanders United Council Records 1975-2008
116:
19:
This article is about usage in Australia. For other uses, see
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1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
845:
760:
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at the Queensland Department of Premier and Cabinet website.
633:. National Library of Australia. 18 December 1906. p. 4
271:). However many Islander descendants now regard the term as
1333:
1181:
989:
282:
176:
159:
from more than 80 islands – including the
938:
605:. National Library of Australia. 23 June 1903. p. 5
666:"Etymology, origin and meaning of kanaka by etymonline"
651:
Tracey Flanagan, Meredith Wilkie, and Susanna Iuliano.
861:Background and history of the South Sea Islanders
1461:
372:
781:State Library of Queensland OneSearch Catalogue
704:"Kanaka dictionary definition - Kanaka defined"
836:This Knowledge article incorporates text from
751:This Knowledge article incorporates text from
1413:Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue
924:
586:. Lit-Verlag, Münster 2014, pp. 152–188.
431:Nasuven Enares Oral History and Digital Story
247:people, along with immigrants from the South
62:South Sea Islander labourers on a Queensland
553:"Chapter 10 The critical question of labour"
342:. Australian international representatives
26:For a general context to this article, see
16:Australian descendants of Pacific Islanders
931:
917:
903:The old place: Lot 71, Bli Bli, Queensland
879:Australian South Sea Islander collections
753:Australian South Sea Islander collections
330:'s grandfather was a South Sea Islander.
960:List of Oceanian countries by population
875:- State Library of Queensland exhibition
551:Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014).
550:
519:Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014).
518:
287:
283:Prominent Australian South Sea Islanders
224:, a piece of legislation related to the
1470:Australian people of Melanesian descent
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195:. Some were kidnapped or tricked (or "
912:
684:
655:, Australian Human Rights Commission.
1447:United States Minor Outlying Islands
544:
454:This Knowledge article incorporates
155:, are the Australian descendants of
71:Regions with significant populations
1425:Australian Indian Ocean Territories
1420:States and territories of Australia
645:
512:
13:
955:List of Oceanian countries by area
840:(15 April 2021) published by the
521:"Chapter 9 The plantation economy"
14:
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221:Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901
1437:Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)
1432:Territories of the United States
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755:(12 May 2022) published by the
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39:South Sea Islanders in Australia
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562:. ANU Press. pp. 295–296.
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50:Flag of the South Sea Islanders
1475:Oceanian diaspora in Australia
867:Australian South Sea Islanders
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693:(Fourth Edition), 2005, p. 774
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429:State Library of Queensland's
414:Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)
258:
1:
899:- State Library of Queensland
893:- State Library of Queensland
887:- State Library of Queensland
881:- State Library of Queensland
869:- State Library of Queensland
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373:Recognition and documentation
213:Polynesian Labourers Act 1868
1386:British Overseas Territories
851:, accessed on 19 May 2021.
7:
1490:Labour history of Australia
1217:Ashmore and Cartier Islands
842:State Library of Queensland
807:State Library of Queensland
766:, accessed on 27 May 2022.
757:State Library of Queensland
472:State Library of Queensland
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380:State Library of Queensland
317:Pauline Hanson's One Nation
10:
1516:
1480:Ethnic groups in Australia
1401:Overseas country of France
530:. ANU Press. p. 257.
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728:. Parliament of Australia
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1485:Ethnic groups in Oceania
1364:Northern Mariana Islands
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1227:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1076:Juan Fernández Islands
708:www.yourdictionary.com
409:White Australia Policy
279:as an offensive term.
245:Torres Strait Islander
226:White Australia policy
28:White Australia policy
1396:Overseas collectivity
386:first descendants at
321:Queensland Parliament
288:Activism and politics
163:archipelagoes of the
135:Related ethnic groups
1495:Slavery in Australia
1408:Realm of New Zealand
691:Macquarie Dictionary
630:The Brisbane Courier
625:"KANAKA DEPORTATION"
597:"KANAKA DEPORTATION"
253:European Australians
141:Austronesian peoples
809:OneSearch Catalogue
672:. 28 September 2017
149:South Sea Islanders
40:
1500:Slavery in Oceania
582:Stefanie Affeldt:
500:on 26 October 2009
277:Australian English
199:") into long-term
129:Australian English
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1255:Clipperton Island
1232:Coral Sea Islands
1168:Associated states
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1088:Galápagos Islands
873:Plantation Voices
315:, who represents
157:Pacific Islanders
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66:plantation, 1890s
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1306:Pitcairn Islands
1260:French Polynesia
1222:Christmas Island
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1000:Marshall Islands
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474:. 15 April 2021
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1359:Midway Atoll
1354:Kingman Reef
1329:Baker Island
1193:Dependencies
1177:Cook Islands
885:Sugar Slaves
838:Sugar slaves
830:
812:. Retrieved
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498:the original
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362:Other people
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1369:Wake Island
1280:New Zealand
1199:territories
1115:South Papua
1015:New Zealand
827:Attribution
637:15 November
609:15 November
461:text from:
388:Tweed Heads
348:Mal Meninga
328:Terry Young
326:Federal MP
303:Bonita Mabo
259:Terminology
197:blackbirded
185:New Ireland
1464:Categories
1125:West Papua
1005:Micronesia
676:7 November
670:Etymonline
504:14 October
437:References
307:Eddie Mabo
305:(widow of
273:pejorative
241:Aboriginal
211:Under the
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191:fields of
109:Gold Coast
93:Townsville
1209:Australia
1095:Indonesia
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456:CC-BY-4.0
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1288:Tokelau
1083:Ecuador
1059:In part
1050:Vanuatu
944:Oceania
849:licence
764:licence
726:Hansard
319:in the
265:Kanakas
207:History
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978:Entire
844:under
814:27 May
786:27 May
759:under
566:
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478:19 May
301:, and
183:, and
179:, the
117:Sydney
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105:·
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97:·
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89:·
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81:·
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77:Mackay
1110:Papua
1066:Chile
1040:Tonga
1030:Samoa
1020:Palau
1010:Nauru
846:CC BY
761:CC BY
556:(PDF)
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734:2021
678:2023
639:2015
611:2015
564:ISBN
532:ISBN
506:2012
480:2021
354:and
251:and
243:and
177:Fiji
1195:and
942:of
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