South West Pacific Area

999: 1228: 1305:. As of 28 April 1942 the Army fleet had grown to twenty-eight ships and by 24 January 1945 that fleet of large ships exceeded ninety with a peak of ninety-eight by 1 August 1945. That number did not count a much larger fleet of small vessels, ranging from landing craft, barges and other floating equipment to seagoing vessels under 1,000 tons, including the Small Ships Section of requisitioned and locally constructed (2,712 craft) vessels crewed largely by Australian civilian employees, 1,719 as of June 1945, of the U.S. Army, and many such vessels and floating equipment delivered from the United States. The permanent fleet of SWPA almost had as many vessels as the Army's general fleet during some periods, though those vessels were often small, obsolete, in poor condition and under unorthodox management in comparison. 689: 81: 305: 851: 611: 93: 117: 105: 574:(RAAF)'s logistical and training infrastructure, were not placed under SWPA. Having placed its troops at MacArthur's disposal, the Australian government was adamant that it should be consulted on any alteration to the boundaries or command arrangements in SWPA. The government was particularly concerned that the Supreme Commander should not move troops outside Australia or Australian territory without its consent, as there were legal restrictions on where the Australian 130: 1279:

SWPA as the U. S. Navy, Royal Navy, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, Netherlands East Indies Navy were under his operational command while being maintained under their respective organizations. Those assets were inadequate resulting in the creation of a large Army fleet unique to SWPA, the Permanent Local Fleet, under first USFIA, later USASOS and finally Army Forces, Western Pacific (AFWESPAC), starting with the retention of the

366:, ordered Barnes to assume command as Commander, US Troops in Australia and take charge of all troops and supplies. On 22 December 1941, with the convoy's arrival in Brisbane, the command was designated as United States Forces in Australia (USFIA). It was renamed U.S. Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA) on 5 January 1942. Its mission was to create a base in Australia for the support of the forces still in the Philippines. 1309:

December 1944, leaving only Bases 2 and 7. These were deactivated in June 1945 and their functions absorbed by the Australia Base Section, as the Base Section had been renamed in February 1945. In New Guinea, Base D was closed in July 1945, and Bases A, B and E in September, leaving Bases F, G and H. Meanwhile, a series of bases were opened in the Philippines: Base K on Leyte, Base M on

1243:(USAFFE), under MacArthur's command. This had the same name as MacArthur's old headquarters in the Philippines, but its function was different. This left USASOS with logistical responsibilities only. The new arrangement was awkward, and required considerable adjustment before it functioned properly. In September 1943, Marshall was replaced by Brigadier General James L. Frink. 558:, Australia, and on reaching Longitude 110° East, due south along that meridian. ... The north and east boundaries... : From Cape Kami...south to Latitude 20° North; thence east to Longitude 130° East; thence south to the Equator; thence east to Longitude 165° East; south to Latitude 10° South; southwesterly to Latitude 17° South, Longitude 160° East; thence south. 882:. He became responsible for matters other than operations, such as administration and training. It soon became clear that Jones and Bostock could not get along together, but Kenney preferred to have Bostock in operational command, and although he regarded the antipathy between Jones and Bostock as a nuisance, was happy to leave arrangements the way they were. 799:, explaining that he would assume direct command of land forces when he reached the Philippines, and suggesting that Blamey could either go with him as an army commander, or remain in Australia as Commander in Chief. The new organisation went into effect in September 1944, with Lieutenant General Walter Krueger's Sixth US Army, Lieutenant General 724:, was appointed Commander, Allied Land Forces, SWPA. His headquarters was the existing General Headquarters (Australia), and became known as LHQ. An Australian commander was chosen as most of the land forces were Australian. In April 1942, there were 38,000 American ground troops in SWPA and 369,000 Australian. LHQ controlled five major commands: 654:

USAFIA. MacArthur reported to Marshall that there were no qualified Dutch officers in Australia, and that the Australian Army had a critical shortage of staff officers, which he did not wish to exacerbate. Nevertheless, several Dutch and Australian army officers, as well as some American naval officers, served in junior positions on the staff.

700:. All Army forces in the Pacific were placed under MacArthur's command, including those in Nimitz's Pacific Ocean Areas. A new command was formed, Army Forces Pacific (AFPAC), with GHQ operating as the headquarters of both AFPAC and SWPA. Units in POA remained under Nimitz's operational control, and the first major formation, the 421:, discussed the matter of command arrangements in the Pacific in Washington, D.C., on 9 March. Roosevelt proposed that the world would be divided into British and American areas of responsibility, with the United States having responsibility for the Pacific, where there would be an American supreme commander responsible to the 495:, saw the Pacific lines of communication primarily as a naval responsibility and would not yield command to an Army officer and proposed a division placing all of the Solomons within the Australian area, but excluding the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. While the Army planners, led by Brigadier General 49: 947:

Australia. He created the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Air Task Forces to control air operations in a forward area for a specific mission, another departure from doctrine. While Kenney was enthusiastic about this innovation, Washington did not like it and, over Kenney's objections, converted the three air task forces into the

768:. Between them they controlled ten Australian and two American divisions. In August 1944, the Australian Army had a strength of 463,000 men and women, and there were 173,000 US Army ground personnel in SWPA. By late 1944, there were eighteen American divisions in SWPA, while the Australian Army had just seven. 847:(USAAF) staff officer was paired with a RAAF officer, with the senior staff posts divided evenly between them. A majority of command positions were held by Australians. To make up shortages of USAAF aircrew, RAAF aircrew were assigned to USAAF air groups, serving in every role except aircraft commander. 1308:

As the Allied forces advanced, new bases were formed, and the old ones in Australia were closed. Base Sections 5 and 6 were closed in January 1943, and Base Section 4 in June 1944. The remaining four became bases, and a Base Section was formed in Brisbane to control them. Bases 1 and 3 were closed in

779:

replaced Vasey as DCGS in September 1942, and remained in the post until January 1944. He resumed the post in July 1944 and remained until December 1945. When the main body of GHQ moved to Hollandia, Advanced LHQ followed, opening there on 15 December, but when the main GHQ moved to Leyte in February

787:

In practice, MacArthur controlled land operations through "task forces". These reported directly to GHQ, and their commanders could control all Allied land, air, naval and service forces in their area if a Japanese land attack was imminent. The most important of these was New Guinea Force, which was

653:

Although Marshall had recommended that MacArthur appoint as many Australian and Dutch officers to senior positions as possible, most of his staff was made up of US Army officers who had served under him in the Philippines. The rest, including Whitlock, Fitch and Chamberlain, had been on the staff of

387:

in the first large convoy bearing personnel, supplies and munitions intended for transhipment to Java and Philippines as well as Australia. For a brief time, due to the increased isolation of the Philippines and before the fall of Java, USAFIA was withdrawn from MacArthur's command and placed under

295:

was reformed and assumed responsibility for administration, leaving USASOS as a purely logistical agency. Both were swept away in a reorganisation in 1945. The other three commands, Allied Land Forces, Allied Air Forces and Allied Naval Forces, remained until SWPA was abolished on 2 September 1945.

1408:

The Allied command structure in the South West Pacific Area faced the challenges of coalition warfare in several ways, with varying degrees of success. The benefits of the wartime alliances proved to be substantial, but required constant effort to maintain. For Australia and New Zealand, coalition

1278:

With a worldwide shipping crisis and SWPA being at the end of a very long supply line, as well as being a region without well developed transportation nets, regional logistics were almost entirely dependent on water transport. No one fleet composed the assets available to the Commander in Chief,

282:

was appointed as the Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area, on its creation on 18 April 1942. He created five subordinate commands: Allied Land Forces, Allied Air Forces, Allied Naval Forces, United States Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA), and the United States Army Forces in the Philippines.

1395:

Since quality tended to be more important than quantity in intelligence, this proved to be a fruitful field in which the minor Allies, Australia and the Netherlands, could play a key part. Good intelligence enabled the Allied forces to minimise the risk of failures and maximise the chances of

946:

Kenney deviated from the normal structure of an air force by creating the Advanced Echelon (ADVON) under Whitehead. The new headquarters had the authority to alter the assignments of aircraft in the forward area, where fast-changing weather and enemy action could invalidate orders drawn up in

483:

to take command of a reconstituted ABDA area on 22 February 1942, and had therefore been promised the command even before there were discussions on what it should be. MacArthur had solid support from the President, the Army and the American people, but not the Navy. The Commander in Chief,

599:. MacArthur's first General Order created five subordinate commands: Allied Land Forces, Allied Air Forces, Allied Naval Forces, United States Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA), and the United States Army Forces in the Philippines. The last command had a short life. Lieutenant General 499:, were willing to compromise on a divided command, they objected to placing Australia and New Zealand in separate theatres. The Joint Chiefs of Staff discussed the matter between 9 and 16 March, the result of which was a decision to adopt the Navy's plan, with only minor amendments. 669:, but this was found to be impractical, as Townsville lacked the communications facilities that GHQ required. The Allied Air Forces and Allied Naval Forces headquarters were co-located with GHQ in the AMP building. The Advanced Headquarters of Allied Land Forces opened at 502:

While this was still going on General Marshall, had contacted Brett and asked him to get the Australian government to nominate MacArthur, whose arrival in Australia was now imminent, as its choice for supreme commander. This was done on 17 March when MacArthur arrived at

792:'s Sixth Army arrived in SWPA, and its headquarters became that of Alamo Force. Alamo Force reported directly to MacArthur, and as a result Blamey did not command of the majority of American land forces in the theatre after that time, although his post was not abolished. 885:

One of MacArthur's first orders to Brett was for a bombing mission to the Philippines, an order delivered personally by Sutherland. When Brett protested, Sutherland informed him that MacArthur wanted the mission carried out. The mission was flown by Brigadier General

835:

The April 1942 reorganisation that created the Allied Land Forces and Allied Naval Forces also created the Allied Air Forces under Brett. Unlike MacArthur, Brett created a completely integrated headquarters, with a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) officer,

1211:

Under U.S. Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA) a series of bases had gradually been built in Australia, initially to support the US forces in the Philippines. Seven base sections were established in Australia to operate under USAFIA: Base Section 1 at

1409:

warfare became the norm, and the experience in SWPA proved to be a formative and informative one, with many political and military lessons. Over the following decades, Australian, New Zealand and American forces would fight together again, in the

894:

to Brett. Henceforth, communications with Sutherland were handled by Bostock. Further disagreements between MacArthur and Brett followed. Meanwhile, in Washington, General George Marshall and the Chief of Army Air Forces, Lieutenant General

1262:

in April 1943, but was discontinued when the island was handed over to Sixth Army control in July. Meanwhile, Advanced Sub Base D was formed at Port Moresby in May. The sub bases became bases in August 1943. Advanced Base E was formed at

1053:. The former Anzac Area was divided so that the Australian coastal waters were with SWPA and the sea and air lines of communication from Hawaii and North America fell in the Pacific Ocean Areas (POA) with a special provision for the 425:. Churchill responded favourably to the proposal, and the governments of Australia and New Zealand were then consulted. They endorsed the idea of an American supreme commander, but wanted to have some input into matters of strategy. 1029:

with headquarters in Melbourne. That command included a naval element, some air forces but without responsibility for land defense. He was answerable directly to Admiral King. The most important force under his command was

354:

was ordered to assume command of all troops in the convoy on 12 December 1941 concurrent with their designation as Task Force—South Pacific, and place himself under the command of MacArthur. The next day, by radiogram, the

578:

could serve. The matter of changes in command first came up when Brett was replaced as Commander of Allied Air Forces by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. MacArthur and Curtin agreed that there would be no change to General Sir

780:

1945, Advanced LHQ remained behind. A Forward Echelon LHQ was formed under Berryman that remained co-located with the main body of GHQ, while the main body of LHQ remained at Hollandia until it moved to Morotai for the

1172:, replace Royle as CNS, an appointment that Carpender also supported. Over the Admiralty's objections, Curtin appointed Collins to replace Crutchley as Commander, Task Force 44, in June 1944, at the rank of 910:

Kenney sent home Major General Royce, Brigadier Generals Edwin S. Perrin, Albert Sneed and Martin Scanlon, and about forty colonels. In Australia he found two talented, recently arrived brigadier generals,

704:, did not pass to AFPAC control until 31 July 1945. SWPA, together with the Allied Air Forces, Allied Naval Forces and Allied Land Forces, was abolished on 2 September 1945, but GHQ remained as GHQ AFPAC. 1400:

later wrote that "it may prove that present day intelligence cooperation has proved to be the most lasting and important legacy of Australia's experience of coalition warfare in the Second World War."

1216:; Base Section 2 in Townsville; Base Section 3 in Brisbane; Base Section 4 in Melbourne; Base Section 5 in Adelaide; Base Section 6 in Perth; and Base Section 7 in Sydney. On 20 July USAFIA became the 1068:

on 11 September 1942. Like his predecessor, he reported to King in the former role, and MacArthur in the latter. Also like Leary, Carpender was not the most senior naval officer in the theatre, as the

1321:

and base X at Manila. These came under the Luzon Base Section, which was redesignated the Philippine on 1 April 1945. On 7 June 1945, USASOS became AFWESPAC, under the command of Lieutenant General

967:

was added to the Allied Air Forces. Kenney created the Far East Air Forces (FEAF) from his Fifth Air Force headquarters, while ADVON became the Fifth Air Force under Whitehead. The RAAF formed the

1203:, the divided command brought the Allies to the brink of disaster when misunderstandings arose between Kinkaid and Halsey. Allied Naval Forces was abolished, along with SWPA, on 2 September 1945. 511:

issued a directive formally designating the Pacific theatre an area of American strategic responsibility. On 30 March, the Joint Chiefs of Staff divided the Pacific theatre into three areas: the

899:, had become alarmed at Brett's integration of the USAAF and RAAF, and disturbed by his inability to work with MacArthur. On 6 July 1942 Marshall radioed MacArthur to offer him Major General 1025:

Vice Admiral Leary was appointed Commander, Allied Naval Forces, in April 1942. On 7 February 1942, he had become commander of the Anzac Area to the east of Australia extending to include

570:, directed all Australian defence forces personnel to treat orders from MacArthur "as emanating from the Commonwealth Government". The Army's workshops and fixed fortifications, and the 1301:

That core was augmented by vessels fleeing the Japanese advance, particularly twenty-one Dutch vessels later known as the "KPM vessels" after the Dutch shipping line's name,

1389: 1041:. When SWPA and the Allied Naval Forces were formed in April 1942, Leary also became Commander, Southwest Pacific Force (COMSOUWESPAC), while Crace's Anzac Squadron became 827:

reporting directly to GHQ. Allied Land Forces remained as an important administrative and logistical command, until it was abolished, along with SWPA, on 2 September 1945.

1183:

MacArthur did not get along with Carpender, and twice asked for him to be replaced, only to be embarrassed in November 1943 when King replaced Carpender with Vice Admiral

395:

between 26 February and 1 March 1942. They proposed creating a new theatre of war encompassing Australia and New Zealand, under the command of Wavell's former deputy,

1168:; he was also aware that Royle had been critical of SWPA's command arrangements, and of some of his decisions. MacArthur proposed that an Australian officer, Captain 771:

When GHQ moved up to Brisbane, LHQ remained behind in Melbourne, but Blamey formed an Advanced LHQ under his Deputy Chief of the General Staff (DCGS), Major General

3444: 2748: 1064:

With the agreement of the Australian government, Leary was succeeded as Commander, Southwest Pacific Force, and Commander, Allied Naval Forces, by Vice Admiral

444:

represented Australia, along with representatives from the Netherlands, New Zealand, India and China. Page was replaced as the Australian representative by

1091:

were both senior to him. However, Royle agreed to serve under Carpenter as Commander, South West Pacific Sea Frontier, which was formed on 16 March 1943.

3666: 554:

to the eastward of the line) to a point on the coast of Sumatra at Longitude 104° East, thence south to Latitude 08° South, thence southeasterly towards

998: 603:'s United States Army Forces in the Philippines disintegrated over the following three weeks, and disappeared entirely when Wainwright surrendered on 480: 351: 17: 595:

MacArthur became the Supreme Commander Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) on 18 April 1942, although he preferred to use the more conventional title of

1227: 583:'s status (as Australian Army Commander-in-Chief), and that the government would be consulted about any other proposed changes. When Vice Admiral 2779: 448:

in June 1942. A parallel Pacific War Council was created in Washington, D.C., that first met on 1 April 1942. It was chaired by Roosevelt, with

3404: 3307: 3298: 3146: 3200: 788:

formed in 1942 and was commanded personally by Blamey in September 1942, and again in September 1943. In February 1943, Lieutenant General

1187:

without informing MacArthur or seeking the approval of the Australian government. However, a face-saving formula was agreed upon. For the

1176:, with the intention that Collins would replace Royle when his term expired. This did not occur, because Collins was seriously wounded in 3395: 3364: 3226: 3137: 1239:

headquarters arrived in Australia in February 1943, the administrative functions were taken from USASOS and given to a new headquarters,

320:

effectively divided the ABDA area in two and, in late February 1942, ABDA was dissolved at the recommendation of its commander, General

214: 31: 316:(ABDA). In December 1941 and January 1942 ABDA was referred to as the South West Pacific Area. The rapid Japanese advance through the 1385: 1341:. The Australian, British, and US Armies, as well as the RAAF and the RAN all supplied personnel for this formation, which worked on 1240: 313: 292: 3231:. United States Army In World War II — The Technical Services. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. 3661: 2758: 356: 3564: 1380:, who watched for Japanese aircraft and ships from observation posts behind Japanese lines; and the propaganda specialists of the 931:

arrived in September and replaced Air Vice Marshal Bostock as Kenney's chief of staff, while Bostock took over the newly created

463:

representing Canada. The Pacific War Council never became an effective body, and had no influence on strategy, but did allow the

391:

What would replace ADBA was the subject of discussions between the Australian and New Zealand chiefs of staff that were held in

3634: 3599: 2977: 2876: 2861: 2842: 1217: 948: 288: 414: 339:

Another command, established under emergency conditions when a convoy intended for supply of the Philippines, known as the

157: 1258:. These became Advanced Sub Base A and Advanced Sub Base B respectively in April 1943. Advanced Sub Base C was created on 3671: 3471: 3369:. United States Army In World War II—The War in the Pacific. Washington: Center Of Military History, United States Army. 2762: 1302: 968: 927:. Allied Air Forces was composed of both USAAF and RAAF personnel, and Kenney moved to separate them. Brigadier General 1361: 396: 167: 3545: 3522: 3499: 3457: 3279: 3118: 3089: 3062: 3032: 3002: 2928: 2897: 348: 600: 2951: 1122: 618:

MacArthur announced the composition of his staff, known as General Headquarters (GHQ) on 19 April. Major General

370: 266: 879: 855: 725: 406: 634:, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3; Colonel Lester J. Whitlock, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-4; Brigadier General 1373: 844: 512: 504: 48: 1191:, the Seventh Fleet was massively reinforced by ships from the Pacific Fleet. Cover was provided by Admiral 3053:(2005). "Australia and Coalition Warfare in the Second World War". In Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (eds.). 1088: 688: 1126: 875: 859: 796: 563: 1381: 1357: 1213: 1018: 571: 449: 2796: 1396:

success. Moreover, the organisation built up in Australia proved to be useful after the war as well.

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In April 1942, Brigadier General Spencer Akin and his Australian counterpart at LHQ, Major General

1236: 916: 753: 701: 508: 457: 2822:. Engineers of the Southwest Pacific. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1337:, agreed to pool their resources and establish a combined intelligence organisation, known as the 1164:

MacArthur was annoyed at the way that Royle, a Royal Navy officer, communicated directly with the

3537: 3514: 3424: 3327: 3205:. Washington: Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army. Archived from 3166: 2846: 1130: 928: 741: 575: 489: 360: 276: 250: 135: 3350:. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 3206: 30:

This article is about an Allied command during World War II. For the theatre of operations, see

2754: 1231:

Organization for Administration and Supply, U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, July 1943

1169: 1084: 781: 733: 520: 399: 344: 210: 172: 3378: 3240: 2920: 1069: 749: 631: 627: 619: 422: 374: 3627:

MacArthur's Coalition: US and Australian Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, 1942-1945

978:

in October 1944, and when MacArthur became commander of all Army forces in the Pacific, the

626:, Deputy Chief of Staff; Colonel Charles P. Stivers, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1; Colonel 3676: 1350: 1346: 1200: 1140: 1111: 1076: 964: 745: 670: 8: 1287: 1221: 1146: 1065: 1007: 816: 800: 717: 623: 485: 429: 162: 2750:

Airpower Employment of the Fifth Air Force in the World War II Southwest Pacific Theater

1098:

on 15 March 1943, and its task forces were renumbered to match, so Task Force 44 became

1441: 1334: 1155: 1133: 1054: 1034: 987: 956: 952: 647: 643: 596: 410: 381: 363: 246: 587:

was replaced a few months later, Curtin was consulted, and concurred with the change.

402:, who had assumed command of the US Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA) on 25 February. 3640: 3630: 3605: 3595: 3551: 3541: 3518: 3495: 3463: 3453: 3416: 3408: 3370: 3351: 3319: 3311: 3285: 3275: 3232: 3158: 3150: 3124: 3114: 3095: 3085: 3068: 3058: 3038: 3028: 3008: 2998: 2981: 2955: 2934: 2924: 2903: 2893: 2886: 2823: 2788: 2787:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. 1369: 1259: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1165: 1014: 1003: 979: 960: 920: 919:. Kenney reorganised his command in August, appointing Whitehead as commander of the 772: 697: 662: 535: 496: 476: 418: 317: 279: 230: 191: 1106:, the Amphibious Force, Southwest Pacific, which had been formed under Rear Admiral 3587: 3108: 1444:. Due to the activities of Australian typists, the latter became more widely used. 1437: 1322: 1173: 1152: 1050: 924: 837: 761: 584: 340: 321: 3260: 3189: 2971: 2870: 2855: 2836: 3534:

Kinkaid of the Seventh Fleet: A Biography of Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, U.S. Navy

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MacArthur's Airman: General George C. Kenney and the War in the Southwest Pacific

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No. 67, 9 September 1944, Australian War Memorial: Blamey Papers, 3DRL 6643 3/102

1293: 912: 904: 896: 840: 812: 713: 673:, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) away. The Advanced GHQ subsequently moved to 646:, Antiaircraft Officer; Colonel Burdette M. Fitch, Adjutant General; and Colonel 635: 254: 546:, Thailand, and Malaya to Singapore: from Singapore south to the north coast of 2995:

The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II: The War against Japan

1365: 1338: 1220:, Southwest Pacific Area (USASOS SWPA), under the command of Brigadier General 1058: 1038: 983: 862:(left) meeting the Allied air forces commander in the SWPA, Lieutenant General 820: 808: 789: 776: 757: 516: 460: 433: 329: 270: 122: 3644: 1384:(FELO). Two other important combined organisations, not part of AIB, were the 1161:, but gradually grew in size as more landing craft and landing ships arrived. 3655: 3467: 3323: 3072: 2959: 2815: 1418: 1377: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1042: 990:

replaced Cobby in May. Allied Air Forces was abolished on 2 September 1945.

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The staff, known as the "Remember Pearl Harbor" (RPH) group, selected by the

304: 258: 86: 3609: 3555: 3420: 3355: 3289: 3162: 3128: 3099: 2985: 2907: 2827: 1392:, which prepared maps and charts, and drafted appreciations of the terrain. 388:

the ABDA with continued direction to support both Java and the Philippines.

3586:

Wolk, Herman S. (1988). "George C. Kenney: MacArthur's Premier Airman". In

3145:. United States Army In World War II—The War Department. Washington, D.C.: 3050: 3042: 3020: 3012: 2967: 2792: 1397: 1342: 1247: 1115: 1031: 940: 932: 765: 551: 437: 3592:

We Shall Return! MacArthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945

1414: 1268: 975: 887: 737: 567: 539: 492: 432:, which met for the first time in London on 10 February 1942. Churchill, 262: 222: 218: 110: 3057:. Canberra: Australian Military History Publications. pp. 105–124. 1356:

To handle other forms of intelligence, Blamey and MacArthur created the

795:

In March 1944, MacArthur met with Curtin and detailed his plans for the

3265:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 3194:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 3185: 1410: 1280: 1177: 1046: 666: 604: 543: 524: 453: 441: 284: 238: 2628: 475:

The obvious choice for a supreme commander in the Pacific was General

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General Douglas MacArthur and Australian Prime Minister John Curtin.

1314: 674: 658: 464: 2568: 2544: 1129:. The VII Amphibious Forces initially consisted of the Australian 874:

In May 1942, the Australian government appointed Air Vice Marshal

610: 312:

The forerunner of the South West Pacific Area was the short-lived

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U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941–1947

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Entangling Alliances: Coalition Warfare in the Twentieth Century

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There was a major reorganisation in April 1945 for the planned

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Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier: 22 July 1942 – 1 May 1944

2235: 2233: 519:; the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA), under MacArthur; and the 3110:

General Kenney Reports: A Personal History of the Pacific War

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in November 1943, followed by Bases G and H at Hollandia and

1006:(centre left) with MacArthur (centre) on 28 February 1944 on 678: 2640: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2052: 2050: 1766: 1764: 1576: 1574: 2230: 2218: 1960: 1318: 1272: 1026: 2724: 2700: 2466: 2442: 2365: 2098: 1598: 1586: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1353:

intelligence was vitally important to operations in SWPA.

657:

In July, MacArthur moved his GHQ north, from Melbourne to

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from the convoy diverted to Brisbane in December 1941.

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as a replacement for Brett; MacArthur selected Kenney.

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Command Organization, Southwest Pacific Area, July 1943

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A War of Their Own: Bombers over the Southwest Pacific

2712: 2517: 2495: 2493: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2074: 1933: 1734: 1710: 1683: 550:, thence round the east coast of Sumatra (leaving the 3594:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 3228:

The Ordnance Department: On Beachhead And Battlefront

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High Command: Australia and Allied Strategy 1939–1945

2281: 2257: 2182: 2170: 2035: 1984: 1948: 1873: 1803: 1791: 1722: 1698: 1610: 1559: 1523: 1388:(ATIS), which translated Japanese documents, and the 3084:. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2664: 2529: 2206: 2146: 1842: 1827: 1815: 1776: 1658: 1646: 1456: 373:

for USAFIA arrived Melbourne 1 February 1942 aboard

3452:. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University. 2652: 2490: 2430: 2377: 2353: 2329: 2269: 2110: 1921: 630:, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2; Brigadier General 523:, which never became an active theatre. The former 287:surrendered on 6 May 1942, while USAFIA became the 273:, and other Allied forces also served in the SWPA. 2885: 2317: 2158: 2122: 1897: 1885: 986:replaced Streett in March 1945, and Air Commodore 939:in January 1943. His successor, Brigadier General 328:—retained responsibility for Allied operations in 217:. It was one of four major Allied commands in the 3136:Leighton, Richard M.; Coakley, Robert W. (1995). 2305: 1535: 1057:having a designated sub commander under Admiral 1002:Allied Naval Forces SWPA, commander Vice Admiral 3653: 3629:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 2892:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 775:, which moved to nearby St Lucia. Major General 291:, Southwest Pacific Area (USASOS SWPA). In 1943 53:South West Pacific Area shoulder sleeve insignia 3397:Strategy and Command – The First Two Years 3135: 2574: 2550: 1553: 1206: 2997:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2917:U.S. Army Ships and Watercraft of World War II 2777: 2511: 1345:and decrypting Japanese message traffic. This 1250:in August 1942, and sub bases were created at 736:, based in Queensland; Lieutenant General Sir 3405:United States Army Center of Military History 3308:United States Army Center of Military History 3147:United States Army Center of Military History 2781:The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas 811:'s First Australian Army, Lieutenant General 665:. The original intention had been to move to 126: 1224:, and Barnes returned to the United States. 1094:The Southwest Pacific Force was renamed the 467:to put their concerns before the President. 2945: 1592: 1246:The New Guinea Advanced Base was formed in 3667:South West Pacific theatre of World War II 3113:. New York City: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. 1045:. In June, Crace was succeeded by another 215:South West Pacific Theatre of World War II 47: 32:South West Pacific theatre of World War II 3511:The Royal Australian Air Force: A History 3262:South-West Pacific Area – First Year 3198: 2778:Bykovsky, Joseph; Larson, Harold (1957). 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2562: 1505: 1386:Allied Translator and Interpreter Section 1368:that carried out special operations like 1241:United States Army Forces in the Far East 622:became Chief of Staff; Brigadier General 314:American-British-Dutch-Australian Command 293:United States Army Forces in the Far East 3508: 3492:MacArthur and Sutherland: The Good Years 3258: 2946:Gwyer, J M. A.; Butler, J R. M. (1964). 2883: 2239: 2224: 2080: 1978: 1966: 1915: 1867: 1226: 997: 849: 687: 609: 357:Chief of Staff of the United States Army 303: 3531: 3345: 3269: 3139:Global Logistics And Strategy 1940–1943 2973:The Government and the People 1942–1945 2966: 2472: 2448: 2400: 2371: 2068: 1743: 1728: 1716: 1692: 1604: 1462: 590: 27:Allied military command in World War II 14: 3654: 3489: 3442: 3393: 3362: 3296: 3106: 3049: 3019: 2914: 2834: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2658: 2412: 2347: 2287: 2263: 2251: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2152: 2104: 2092: 2056: 2041: 2017: 1993: 1879: 1809: 1797: 1785: 1770: 1755: 1704: 1677: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1580: 1517: 1486: 1474: 1199:, which remained under Nimitz. At the 1114:later in the year. A training centre, 993: 642:, Engineer Officer; Brigadier General 527:was divided between SWPA and the POA. 343:, was rerouted to Brisbane due to the 3079: 3027:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2992: 2980:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2814: 2682: 2670: 2538: 2523: 2499: 2484: 1855: 1836: 1821: 1652: 1529: 1218:United States Army Services of Supply 707: 428:This resulted in the creation of the 308:Map of the South West Pacific Theater 289:United States Army Services of Supply 3624: 3585: 3562: 3224: 3184: 2879:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2868: 2864:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2853: 2746: 2460: 2436: 2424: 2388: 2359: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2275: 2164: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2005: 1954: 1942: 1927: 1903: 1891: 1565: 1541: 1440:became "South West Pacific Area" in 830: 638:, Signal Officer; Brigadier General 530:An annex defined SWPA's boundaries: 415:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1430: 1303:Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij 969:Australian First Tactical Air Force 890:, but MacArthur personally wrote a 481:leave the Philippines for Australia 24: 3618: 3563:Wolk, Herman S. (September 1987). 1362:Services Reconnaissance Department 1235:When Lieutenant General Krueger's 1125:, New South Wales, and another at 1102:. Another important component was 283:The last command disappeared when 25: 3688: 2978:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 2877:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 2862:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 2843:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 2820:Organization, Troops and Training 1110:on 8 January 1943. It became the 982:was added as well. Major General 18:South West Pacific Area (command) 3199:Masterson, Dr. James R. (1949). 2884:Griffith, Thomas E. Jr. (1998). 744:in Victoria; Lieutenant General 261:and Australian forces, although 213:supreme military command in the 158:Philippines campaign (1941–1942) 128: 115: 103: 91: 79: 3662:Allied commands of World War II 2952:History of the Second World War 2872:Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945 2857:Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942 2023: 1328: 923:and Walker as commander of the 3346:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1950). 3274:. New York: St Martins Press. 2915:Grover, David H., ed. (1987). 959:. In June 1944, Major General 843:, as his chief of staff. Each 661:, where it was located in the 407:President of the United States 253:, and the western part of the 168:Philippines Campaign (1944–45) 13: 1: 2739: 2637:, pp. Appendix 49, p. 1. 1374:Secret Intelligence Australia 1017:, at the commencement of the 943:, disappeared in March 1943. 845:United States Army Air Forces 505:Batchelor, Northern Territory 1424: 1207:U.S. Army Services of Supply 935:. Walker was shot down over 650:, Public Relations Officer. 470: 456:representing Australia, and 436:(Deputy Prime Minister) and 257:. It primarily consisted of 209:) was the name given to the 7: 3565:"The Other Founding Father" 3532:Wheeler, Gerald E. (1994). 3443:Rodman, Matthew K. (2005). 3366:The Fall Of The Philippines 2919:. Annapolis, Maryland USA: 2575:Leighton & Coakley 1995 2551:Leighton & Coakley 1995 2030:GHQ Operations Instructions 1554:Leighton & Coakley 1995 1436:"Southwest Pacific Area in 1390:Allied Geographical Section 854:Royal Australian Air Force 797:Western New Guinea campaign 564:Prime Minister of Australia 326:Commander-in-Chief in India 10: 3693: 3672:Queensland in World War II 3494:. New York City: Praeger. 3272:Battle of the Bismarck Sea 3107:Kenney, George C. (1949). 3080:James, D. Clayton (1975). 2512:Bykovsky & Larson 1957 1382:Far Eastern Liaison Office 1358:Allied Intelligence Bureau 1325:, and it absorbed USAFFE. 1214:Birdum, Northern Territory 1019:Admiralty Islands campaign 1013:during the bombardment of 752:in Western Australia; the 572:Royal Australian Air Force 299: 29: 3259:McCarthy, Dudley (1959). 2838:The New Guinea Offensives 1403: 1360:(AIB). This included the 1127:Toorbul Point, Queensland 805:Eighth United States Army 479:. He had been ordered to 185: 180: 150: 142: 74: 66: 58: 46: 41: 3490:Rogers, Paul P. (1990). 2993:Hayes, Grace P. (1982). 2869:Gill, G. Hermon (1968). 2854:Gill, G. Hermon (1957). 1450: 1237:Sixth United States Army 1073:Chief of the Naval Staff 866:(right) in mid-1945, in 754:Northern Territory Force 702:Tenth United States Army 538:around the coast of the 509:Combined Chiefs of Staff 507:. On 24 March 1942, the 3538:Naval Historical Center 3515:Oxford University Press 3509:Stephens, Alan (2001). 3297:Milner, Samuel (1957). 2847:Australian War Memorial 2747:Barr, James A. (1997). 1593:Gwyer & Butler 1964 1267:and Advanced Base F at 1131:Landing Ships, Infantry 957:310th Bombardment Wings 716:'s Commander in Chief, 203:South West Pacific Area 42:South West Pacific Area 3394:Morton, Louis (1962). 3363:Morton, Louis (1993). 2835:Dexter, David (1961). 2755:Maxwell Air Force Base 2565:, pp. vi–ix, 242. 1232: 1085:Royal Netherlands Navy 1049:officer, Rear Admiral 1022: 880:Chief of the Air Staff 871: 693: 615: 560: 534:From Cape Kami in the 521:Southeast Pacific Area 345:attack on Pearl Harbor 309: 173:Borneo campaign (1945) 3270:McAulay, Lex (1991). 2948:Grand Strategy, Vol.3 2921:Naval Institute Press 1230: 1070:Royal Australian Navy 1001: 903:or Brigadier General 853: 807:, Lieutenant General 691: 681:in October 1944, and 632:Stephen J. Chamberlin 628:Charles A. Willoughby 620:Richard K. Sutherland 613: 562:On 17 April 1942 the 532: 515:(POA), under Admiral 423:Joint Chiefs of Staff 307: 245:, the Territories of 3625:Dean, Peter (2018). 3536:. Washington, D.C.: 3403:. Washington, D.C.: 3306:. Washington, D.C.: 3212:on 30 September 2014 2802:on 27 September 2012 2427:, pp. 380, 441. 2107:, pp. 207, 353. 1201:Battle of Leyte Gulf 1180:on 21 October 1944. 1112:VII Amphibious Force 965:Thirteenth Air Force 782:operations in Borneo 764:under Major General 756:under Major General 591:General Headquarters 322:Sir Archibald Wavell 221:. SWPA included the 3225:Mayo, Lida (1991). 3191:The Final Campaigns 3082:Volume 2, 1941–1945 2733:, pp. 123–124. 2709:, pp. 237–242. 2697:, pp. 226–230. 2685:, pp. 181–182. 2649:, pp. 368–380. 2613:, pp. 321–324. 2601:, pp. 319–318. 2589:, pp. 317–318. 2577:, pp. 390–392. 2553:, pp. 195–196. 2487:, pp. 250–251. 2475:, pp. 404–406. 2463:, pp. 494–496. 2451:, pp. 343–344. 2415:, pp. 364–366. 2374:, pp. 346–349. 2350:, pp. 245–246. 2302:, pp. 520–521. 2254:, pp. 537–538. 2242:, pp. 168–170. 2227:, pp. 174–175. 2203:, pp. 216–217. 2143:, pp. 168–169. 2095:, pp. 276–277. 2059:, pp. 350–353. 2020:, pp. 309–310. 2008:, pp. 594–595. 1969:, pp. 74, 159. 1773:, pp. 206–207. 1758:, pp. 264–268. 1643:, pp. 244–249. 1631:, pp. 244–246. 1607:, pp. 227–228. 1583:, pp. 242–245. 1520:, pp. 151–152. 1489:, pp. 145–148. 1477:, pp. 240–242. 1222:Richard J. Marshall 1121:was established at 1066:Arthur S. Carpender 994:Allied Naval Forces 858:, Air Vice Marshal 801:Robert Eichelberger 677:in September 1944, 624:Richard J. Marshall 601:Jonathan Wainwright 513:Pacific Ocean Areas 486:United States Fleet 430:Pacific War Council 163:New Guinea campaign 3572:Air Force Magazine 3477:on October 7, 2012 3430:on 21 October 2020 3246:on 17 October 2012 3172:on 20 January 2021 1945:, pp. 24, 47. 1442:Australian English 1233: 1055:South Pacific Area 1035:John Gregory Crace 1023: 988:Frederick Scherger 872: 819:and Major General 817:I Australian Corps 726:Lieutenant General 708:Allied Land Forces 694: 648:LeGrande A. Diller 644:William F. Marquat 616: 597:Commander in Chief 411:Franklin Roosevelt 397:Lieutenant General 377:President Coolidge 364:George C. Marshall 310: 3636:978-0-7006-2605-2 3601:978-0-8131-9105-8 3381:on 8 January 2012 2526:, pp. 66–67. 2071:, pp. 26–27. 1957:, pp. 46–47. 1870:, pp. 24–26. 1568:, pp. 40–41. 1532:, pp. 19–20. 1370:Operation Jaywick 1260:Goodenough Island 1193:William F. Halsey 1189:invasion of Leyte 1185:Thomas C. Kinkaid 1151:and the American 1015:Los Negros Island 1004:Thomas C. Kinkaid 980:Seventh Air Force 961:St. Clair Streett 921:V Fighter Command 831:Allied Air Forces 773:George Alan Vasey 698:invasion of Japan 536:Luichow Peninsula 497:Dwight Eisenhower 477:Douglas MacArthur 419:Winston Churchill 349:Brigadier General 318:Dutch East Indies 280:Douglas MacArthur 231:Dutch East Indies 197: 196: 192:Douglas MacArthur 16:(Redirected from 3684: 3648: 3613: 3588:Leary, William M 3582: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3559: 3528: 3505: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3470:. Archived from 3451: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3429: 3423:. Archived from 3402: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3377:. Archived from 3359: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3332: 3326:. Archived from 3305: 3300:Victory in Papua 3293: 3266: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3245: 3239:. Archived from 3221: 3219: 3217: 3211: 3195: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3171: 3165:. Archived from 3144: 3132: 3103: 3076: 3046: 3016: 2989: 2963: 2942: 2911: 2891: 2880: 2865: 2850: 2831: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2801: 2795:. Archived from 2786: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2765:on April 8, 2013 2761:. 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Styer 1289:Admiral Halstead 1153:attack transport 1087:′s Vice Admiral 1051:Victor Crutchley 925:V Bomber Command 838:Air Vice Marshal 762:New Guinea Force 585:Herbert F. Leary 352:Julian F. Barnes 341:Pensacola Convoy 138: 134: 132: 131: 121: 119: 118: 109: 107: 106: 97: 95: 94: 85: 83: 82: 70:2 September 1945 51: 39: 38: 21: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3652: 3651: 3637: 3621: 3619:Further reading 3616: 3602: 3576: 3574: 3567: 3548: 3525: 3502: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3460: 3449: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3400: 3384: 3382: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3303: 3282: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3142: 3121: 3092: 3065: 3035: 3005: 2931: 2900: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2784: 2768: 2766: 2753:(M.A. thesis). 2742: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1941: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1854: 1843: 1835: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1777: 1769: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1684: 1676: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1508:, pp. 4–5. 1504: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1406: 1331: 1209: 1089:Conrad Helfrich 996: 913:Ennis Whitehead 905:Jimmy Doolittle 841:William Bostock 833: 813:Leslie Morshead 784:in April 1945. 714:Australian Army 710: 636:Spencer B. Akin 593: 473: 302: 255:Solomon Islands 200: 187: 129: 127: 125: 116: 114: 113: 104: 102: 101: 92: 90: 89: 80: 78: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3690: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3650: 3649: 3635: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3600: 3583: 3560: 3546: 3529: 3523: 3506: 3500: 3487: 3458: 3440: 3391: 3360: 3343: 3294: 3280: 3267: 3256: 3222: 3196: 3182: 3133: 3119: 3104: 3090: 3077: 3063: 3047: 3033: 3017: 3003: 2990: 2964: 2943: 2929: 2912: 2898: 2881: 2866: 2851: 2832: 2818:, ed. (1953). 2816:Casey, Hugh J. 2812: 2775: 2759:Air University 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2723: 2721:, p. 246. 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2673:, p. 184. 2663: 2651: 2647:Masterson 1949 2639: 2635:Masterson 1949 2627: 2625:, p. 339. 2623:Masterson 1949 2615: 2611:Masterson 1949 2603: 2599:Masterson 1949 2591: 2587:Masterson 1949 2579: 2567: 2563:Masterson 1949 2555: 2543: 2541:, p. 120. 2528: 2516: 2514:, p. 428. 2504: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2439:, p. 512. 2429: 2417: 2405: 2403:, p. 131. 2393: 2391:, p. 277. 2376: 2364: 2362:, p. 236. 2352: 2340: 2338:, p. 113. 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2290:, p. 201. 2280: 2278:, p. 520. 2268: 2266:, p. 519. 2256: 2244: 2229: 2217: 2205: 2193: 2191:, p. 176. 2181: 2179:, p. 100. 2169: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2119:, p. 165. 2109: 2097: 2085: 2073: 2061: 2046: 2044:, p. 207. 2034: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1996:, p. 221. 1983: 1981:, p. 236. 1971: 1959: 1947: 1932: 1930:, p. 593. 1920: 1918:, p. 174. 1908: 1896: 1884: 1882:, p. 227. 1872: 1860: 1858:, p. 311. 1841: 1839:, p. 174. 1826: 1824:, p. 667. 1814: 1812:, p. 348. 1802: 1800:, p. 342. 1790: 1775: 1760: 1748: 1746:, p. 115. 1733: 1721: 1719:, p. 112. 1709: 1707:, p. 309. 1697: 1695:, p. 113. 1682: 1657: 1655:, p. 765. 1645: 1633: 1621: 1619:, p. 246. 1609: 1597: 1595:, p. 437. 1585: 1570: 1558: 1556:, p. 170. 1546: 1544:, pp. 40. 1534: 1522: 1510: 1506:Masterson 1949 1491: 1479: 1467: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1405: 1402: 1366:Z Special Unit 1339:Central Bureau 1330: 1327: 1275:respectively. 1208: 1205: 1158:Henry T. Allen 1059:Chester Nimitz 1039:Anzac Squadron 995: 992: 984:Paul Wurtsmith 917:Kenneth Walker 832: 829: 821:Oscar Griswold 809:Vernon Sturdee 790:Walter Krueger 777:Frank Berryman 758:Edmund Herring 746:Gordon Bennett 709: 706: 592: 589: 517:Chester Nimitz 472: 469: 461:Mackenzie King 458:Prime Minister 434:Clement Attlee 371:War Department 301: 298: 198: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 178: 177: 176: 175: 170: 165: 160: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 123:United Kingdom 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3689: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3547:0-945274-26-2 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3524:0-19-555541-4 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3501:0-275-92918-3 3497: 3493: 3488: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3459:1-58566-135-X 3455: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 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1979:McCarthy 1959 1975: 1968: 1967:McCarthy 1959 1963: 1956: 1951: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1929: 1924: 1917: 1916:McCarthy 1959 1912: 1906:, p. 31. 1905: 1900: 1894:, p. 19. 1893: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1868:McCarthy 1959 1864: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1823: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1788:, p. 48. 1787: 1782: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1731:, p. 60. 1730: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1706: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1680:, p. 22. 1679: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1606: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1526: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1488: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1465:, p. 49. 1464: 1459: 1455: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1419:War on Terror 1416: 1412: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378:Coastwatchers 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335:Colin Simpson 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 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Lavarack 727: 723: 722:Thomas Blamey 719: 715: 705: 703: 699: 690: 686: 685:in May 1945. 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 651: 649: 645: 641: 640:Hugh J. Casey 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 612: 608: 606: 602: 598: 588: 586: 582: 581:Thomas Blamey 577: 573: 569: 565: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 531: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 500: 498: 494: 491: 487: 482: 478: 468: 466: 462: 459: 455: 451: 450:Richard Casey 447: 446:Stanley Bruce 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 398: 394: 389: 386: 385: 379: 378: 372: 367: 365: 362: 358: 353: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 306: 297: 294: 290: 286: 281: 278: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 259:United States 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 199:Military unit 193: 190: 184: 179: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 155: 154:World War II 153: 149: 146:30 March 1942 145: 143:Anniversaries 141: 137: 124: 112: 100: 88: 87:United States 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 3626: 3591: 3575:. Retrieved 3571: 3533: 3510: 3491: 3479:. Retrieved 3472:the original 3445: 3432:. Retrieved 3425:the original 3396: 3383:. 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Retrieved 2763:the original 2749: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2690: 2678: 2666: 2661:, p. 5. 2654: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2519: 2507: 2480: 2473:Wheeler 1994 2468: 2456: 2449:Wheeler 1994 2444: 2432: 2420: 2408: 2401:Morison 1950 2396: 2372:Wheeler 1994 2367: 2355: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2314:, p. 4. 2307: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2069:McAulay 1991 2064: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2013: 2001: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1923: 1911: 1899: 1887: 1875: 1863: 1817: 1805: 1793: 1751: 1744:Hasluck 1970 1729:Hasluck 1970 1724: 1717:Hasluck 1970 1712: 1700: 1693:Hasluck 1970 1648: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1605:Hasluck 1970 1600: 1588: 1561: 1549: 1537: 1525: 1513: 1482: 1470: 1463:Hasluck 1970 1458: 1432: 1407: 1398:David Horner 1394: 1355: 1343:codebreaking 1332: 1329:Intelligence 1317:, Base S on 1313:, Base R at 1307: 1300: 1295:Coast Farmer 1294: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1248:Port Moresby 1245: 1234: 1210: 1182: 1170:John Collins 1163: 1157: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1117: 1093: 1063: 1032:Rear Admiral 1024: 1009: 945: 941:Howard Ramey 933:RAAF Command 909: 897:Henry Arnold 884: 876:George Jones 873: 860:George Jones 834: 794: 786: 770: 766:Basil Morris 711: 695: 663:AMP Building 656: 652: 617: 594: 561: 552:Sunda Strait 533: 529: 501: 474: 438:Anthony Eden 427: 404: 400:George Brett 390: 383: 376: 368: 338: 311: 275: 206: 202: 201: 36: 3677:Pacific War 3481:20 February 3186:Long, Gavin 2954:. H.M.S.O. 2731:Horner 2005 2719:Horner 1982 2707:Horner 1982 2695:Horner 1982 2659:Grover 1987 2413:Horner 1982 2348:Morton 1962 2288:Morton 1962 2264:Kenney 1949 2252:Kenney 1949 2213:Rodman 2005 2201:Kenney 1949 2189:Kenney 1949 2177:Kenney 1949 2153:Kenney 1949 2105:Horner 1982 2093:Rogers 1990 2057:Horner 1982 2042:Horner 1982 2018:Horner 1982 1994:Dexter 1961 1880:Dexter 1961 1810:Horner 1982 1798:Horner 1982 1786:Milner 1957 1771:Horner 1982 1756:Morton 1962 1705:Horner 1982 1678:Milner 1957 1641:Morton 1962 1629:Morton 1962 1617:Morton 1962 1581:Morton 1962 1518:Morton 1962 1487:Morton 1993 1475:Morton 1962 1415:Vietnam War 1269:Finschhafen 1197:Third Fleet 976:Harry Cobby 888:Ralph Royce 742:Second Army 738:Iven Mackay 568:John Curtin 540:Tonkin Gulf 493:Ernest King 233:(excluding 223:Philippines 219:Pacific War 151:Engagements 136:New Zealand 111:Netherlands 3656:Categories 3645:1012716132 3513:. London: 2740:References 2683:Casey 1953 2671:Casey 1953 2539:Casey 1953 2524:Casey 1953 2500:Casey 1953 2485:Casey 1953 1856:Casey 1953 1837:Casey 1953 1822:James 1975 1653:Hayes 1982 1530:Casey 1953 1411:Korean War 1281:USAT 1178:Leyte Gulf 1134:HMAS 1116:HMAS 1083:, and the 1047:Royal Navy 734:First Army 667:Townsville 607:on 6 May. 605:Corregidor 544:Indo-China 525:Anzac Area 454:Owen Dixon 452:and later 442:Earle Page 413:, and the 285:Corregidor 251:New Guinea 239:East Timor 188:commanders 181:Commanders 3468:475083118 3324:220484034 3073:225414839 2960:230089734 2461:Gill 1968 2437:Gill 1968 2425:Gill 1968 2389:Gill 1968 2360:Gill 1968 2336:Gill 1968 2324:Gill 1968 2312:Gill 1968 2300:Gill 1957 2276:Gill 1957 2165:Barr 1997 2141:Wolk 1987 2129:Wolk 1988 2117:Wolk 1987 2006:Long 1963 1955:Long 1963 1943:Long 1963 1928:Long 1963 1904:Long 1963 1892:Long 1963 1566:Mayo 1991 1542:Mayo 1991 1425:Footnotes 1364:with its 1252:Milne Bay 1174:commodore 1166:Admiralty 1156:USS 1142:Westralia 1081:Guy Royle 1008:USS 892:reprimand 825:XIV Corps 750:III Corps 675:Hollandia 471:Formation 465:Dominions 393:Melbourne 324:, who—as 243:Australia 99:Australia 67:Disbanded 3610:17483104 3556:31078997 3421:63151391 3413:61-60001 3385:24 April 3375:53-63678 3356:10310299 3316:56-60004 3290:23082610 3237:79014631 3216:24 April 3188:(1963). 3176:24 April 3163:63151391 3155:55-60001 3129:37302833 3100:12591897 3023:(1982). 2986:33346943 2970:(1970). 2939:87-15514 2908:38885310 2828:16114940 1417:and the 1315:Batangas 1148:Kanimbla 671:St Lucia 659:Brisbane 384:Mariposa 382:SS 375:SS 267:Filipino 3590:(ed.). 3043:9464416 3013:7795125 2806:12 July 2793:1358605 1256:Oro Bay 1136:Manoora 1118:Assault 1077:Admiral 1075:(CNS), 1010:Phoenix 718:General 576:Militia 548:Sumatra 490:Admiral 361:General 334:Sumatra 300:Origins 277:General 271:British 235:Sumatra 186:Notable 75:Country 62:1942–45 3643: 3633: 3608: 3598: 3577:2 July 3554: 3544: 3521: 3498: 3466: 3456: 3434:9 July 3419: 3411: 3373: 3354: 3337:9 July 3322: 3314: 3288: 3278: 3235: 3161: 3153: 3127: 3117: 3098: 3088: 3071: 3061: 3041: 3031: 3011: 3001: 2984: 2958: 2937: 2927: 2906: 2896: 2826: 2791: 2769:3 July 1404:Legacy 1376:; the 971:under 937:Rabaul 868:Manila 760:; and 683:Manila 556:Onslow 229:, the 227:Borneo 211:Allied 133: 120: 108: 96: 84: 59:Active 3568:(PDF) 3475:(PDF) 3450:(PDF) 3428:(PDF) 3401:(PDF) 3331:(PDF) 3304:(PDF) 3250:8 May 3244:(PDF) 3210:(PDF) 3170:(PDF) 3143:(PDF) 2800:(PDF) 2785:(PDF) 1451:Notes 1351:Ultra 1347:Magic 1311:Luzon 1283:Meigs 953:309th 949:308th 856:chief 679:Leyte 330:Burma 263:Dutch 247:Papua 3641:OCLC 3631:ISBN 3606:OCLC 3596:ISBN 3579:2012 3552:OCLC 3542:ISBN 3519:ISBN 3496:ISBN 3483:2009 3464:OCLC 3454:ISBN 3436:2012 3417:OCLC 3409:LCCN 3387:2013 3371:LCCN 3352:OCLC 3339:2012 3320:OCLC 3312:LCCN 3286:OCLC 3276:ISBN 3252:2013 3233:LCCN 3218:2013 3178:2013 3159:OCLC 3151:LCCN 3125:OCLC 3115:ISBN 3096:OCLC 3086:ISBN 3069:OCLC 3059:ISBN 3039:OCLC 3029:ISBN 3009:OCLC 2999:ISBN 2982:OCLC 2956:OCLC 2935:LCCN 2925:ISBN 2904:OCLC 2894:ISBN 2824:OCLC 2808:2012 2789:OCLC 2771:2012 1349:and 1319:Cebu 1292:and 1273:Biak 1254:and 1145:and 1079:Sir 1027:Fiji 963:'s 955:and 915:and 728:Sir 720:Sir 712:The 405:The 380:and 332:and 249:and 207:SWPA 1286:, 1265:Lae 1195:'s 1037:'s 878:as 823:'s 815:'s 803:'s 748:'s 740:'s 732:'s 237:), 3658:: 3639:. 3604:. 3570:. 3550:. 3540:. 3517:. 3462:. 3415:. 3407:. 3318:. 3310:. 3284:. 3157:. 3149:. 3123:. 3094:. 3067:. 3037:. 3007:. 2976:. 2950:. 2933:. 2923:. 2902:. 2875:. 2860:. 2841:. 2757:: 2531:^ 2492:^ 2379:^ 2232:^ 2049:^ 1986:^ 1935:^ 1844:^ 1829:^ 1778:^ 1763:^ 1736:^ 1685:^ 1660:^ 1573:^ 1494:^ 1421:. 1413:, 1372:; 1139:, 1061:. 951:, 566:, 542:, 488:, 417:, 409:, 359:, 347:. 336:. 269:, 265:, 241:, 225:, 3647:. 3612:. 3581:. 3558:. 3527:. 3504:. 3485:. 3438:. 3389:. 3358:. 3341:. 3292:. 3254:. 3220:. 3180:. 3131:. 3102:. 3075:. 3045:. 3015:. 2988:. 2962:. 2941:. 2910:. 2849:. 2830:. 2810:. 2773:. 1021:. 870:. 205:( 34:. 20:)

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