1300:
revolution in the 6th millennium BCE, just before the rapid desertification of the Sahara around 3500 B.C. largely due to a tilt in the Earth's orbit. It was during this period that domesticated plants and animals were introduced in the region, spreading from the north and east to the southwest. There has been an inferred connection between areas of rapid drying and the introduction of livestock in which the natural (orbital) aridification was amplified by the spread of shrubs and open land due to grazing. Nevertheless, changes in northern Africa's ecology after 3500 BCE provided the backdrop for the formation of dynastic civilizations and the construction of monumental architecture such as the
4711:
357:
2141:
57:
1338:
1055:
3302:
There is a minuscule amount of input from the
Eastern Mediterranean with genetic affinity to Christian Lebanon....We documented clustering of the Maltese markers with those of Sicilians and Calabrians. The study is published in the Annals of Human Genetics by C. Capelli, N. Redhead, N. Novelletto, L. Terrenato, P. Malaspina, Z. Poulli, G. Lefranc, A. Megarbane, V. Delague, V. Romano, F. Cali, V.F. Pascali, M. Fellous, A.E. Felice, and D.B. Goldstein; "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin; A Y Chromosome Perspective", AHG, 69, 1–20, 2005..
1643:
223:
394:
1497:, whereupon they overcame the fickle Roman defense. The loss of North Africa is considered a pinnacle point in the fall of the Western Roman Empire as Africa had previously been an important grain province that maintained Roman prosperity despite the barbarian incursions, and the wealth required to create new armies. The issue of regaining North Africa became paramount to the Western Empire, but was frustrated by Vandal victories. The focus of Roman energy had to be on the emerging threat of the
325:
1589:
1039:
174:
4685:
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192:
147:
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1969:
1816:
259:
121:
82:
4672:
2024:
134:
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1921:
1871:
241:
108:
95:
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205:
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1272:
facilitated by a wetter climate that created a "green Sahara", around 330,000 to 300,000 years ago. The rise of modern humans may thus have taken place on a continental scale rather than being confined to a particular corner of Africa. In
September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260
1299:
The cave paintings found at
Tassili n'Ajjer, north of Tamanrasset, Algeria, and at other locations depict vibrant and vivid scenes of everyday life in central North Africa during the Neolithic Subpluvial period (about 8000 to 4000 BCE). Some parts of North Africa began to participate in the Neolithic
3301:
Together with colleagues from other institutions across the
Mediterranean and in collaboration with the group led by David Goldstein at the University College, London, we have shown that the contemporary males of Malta most likely originated from Southern Italy, including Sicily and up to Calabria.
1271:
dispersed around the continent and elements of human modernity appeared in different places, and so different parts of Africa contributed to the emergence of what we call modern humans today." Early humans may have comprised a large, interbreeding population dispersed across Africa whose spread was
843:
are the second largest ethnic group after the Arab majority. Arabs constitute 70% to 80% of the population of
Algeria, 92%97% of Libya, 67% to 70% of Morocco and 98% of Tunisia's population. The Berbers comprise 20% of Algeria, 10% of Libya, 35% of Morocco and 1% of Tunisia's population. The region
1311:
era and from the 5th millennium BC onwards, whereas there is "no or scanty evidence" of human presence in the
Egyptian Nile Valley during these periods, which may be due to problems in site preservation.Several scholars have argued that the African origins of the Egyptian civilisation derived from
3260:
Repopulation is likely to have occurred by a clan or clans (possibly of Arab or Arab-like speaking people) from neighbouring Sicily and
Calabria. Possibly, they could have mixed with minute numbers of residual inhabitants, with a constant input of immigrants from neighbouring countries and later,
977:
westward into the
Maghreb in the eleventh century, which introduced Arab culture and language to the countryside. Historians mark their movement as a critical moment in the Arabization of North Africa. As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The
3494:
The largest
Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of
721:, are grown. Typical Mediterranean crops, such as olives, figs, dates and citrus fruits, also thrive in these areas. The Nile Valley is particularly fertile and most of Egypt lives close to the river. Elsewhere, irrigation is essential to improve crop yields on the desert margins.
3276:, Valletta: Said International, 1993, pp. 317–330. Scientific etymologies of the longest-established Maltese family names are given in Geoffrey Hull, "The Oldest Maltese Surnames: A Window on Sicily's Medieval History", in Claudia Karagoz and Giovanna Summerfield (eds),
1391:, a Phoenician princess, was granted land by a local ruler based on how much land she could cover with a piece of cowhide. She ingeniously devised a method to extend the cowhide to a high proportion, thus gaining a large territory. She was also rejected by the
3132:"Refworld – Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008–2011)"
705:
in the northeast. Most of Egypt is also desert, with the exception of the Nile River and the irrigated land along its banks. The Nile Valley forms a narrow fertile thread that runs along the length of the country.
3817:"Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans"
1226:, the history of Prehistoric North Africa is important to the understanding of pre-hominid and early modern human history in Africa. Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than
891:. However, these areas are not generally considered part of North Africa, but rather Southern Europe, due to their proximity to mainland Europe and their European-based cultures and religion.
1237:
The earliest inhabitants of central North Africa have left behind significant remains: early remnants of hominid occupation in North Africa, for example, were found in Ain el Hanech, near
1551:. Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Ottomans and Carthaginians the Kabyle people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent.
4591:
1612:
included North Africa by 640. By 700, most of North Africa had come under Muslim rule. Indigenous
Berbers subsequently started to form their own polities in response in places such as
2307:
1462:, and stretching the constitutional burden of the Roman republic as Marius required a professional army, something previously contrary to Roman values, to overcome the talented
2312:
2635:
2550:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
872:, Morocco, Libya, and Tunisia. In 2001, the number of Christians in North Africa was estimated at 9 million, the majority of whom live in Egypt, with the remainder live in
1554:
The Kabyle people were incredibly resistible so much so that even during the Arab conquest of North Africa they still had control and possession over their mountains.
1442:
Over a hundred years and more, all Carthaginian territory was eventually conquered by the Romans, resulting in the Carthaginian North African territories becoming the
1631:
North Africa's populous and flourishing civilization collapsed after exhausting its resources in internal fighting and suffering devastation from the invasion of the
1760:
713:, and the Mediterranean coast are the main sources of fertile farming land. A wide variety of valuable crops including cereals, rice and cotton, and woods such as
1169:
when the North African nations gained independence. Prior to the modern establishment of Israel, there were about 500,000 Jews in Northern Africa, including both
4584:
2350:
1288:, representative of the earliest modern humans, and suggested that modern humans arose between 260,000 and 350,000 years ago through a merging of populations in
5667:
1120:. The cultures of the Maghreb and the Sahara therefore combines Arab, indigenous Berber and African elements. In the Sahara, the distinction between sedentary
1743:
986:
were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized. This heavily shifted the demographics of the Maghreb.
827:
as a second official language after Arabic. French also serves as an administrative language in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. The most spoken dialects are
4026:
Gatto, Maria (2015). "Holocene supra-regional environmental changes as trigger for major socio-cultural processes in northeastern Africa and the Sahara".
2966:
2287:
1501:. In 468 AD, the Romans made one last serious attempt to invade North Africa but were repelled. This perhaps marks the point of terminal decline for the
1267:
may already have been present across the length of Africa 100,000 years earlier. According to study author Jean-Jacques Hublin, "The idea is that early
4577:
2340:
2317:
4467:
2335:
1755:
764:
564:
The countries and people of North Africa share a large amount of their genetic, ethnic, cultural and linguistic identity and influence with the
3090:
1200:
3651:
Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Boutakiout, Mohamed; Eggins, Stephen; Grün, Rainer; Reid, Donald J.; Tafforeau, Paul; Smith, Tanya M. (10 April 2007).
1785:
1177:. Today, less than 3,000 remain in the region, almost all in Morocco and Tunisia, and are mostly part of a French-speaking urban elite. (See
4559:
3910:
697:. The Sahara covers the southern part of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, and most of Libya. Only two regions of Libya are outside the desert:
4145:
1178:
416:
continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the
3902:
3294:
3253:
2505:
4981:
2248:
915:. Ancient Egyptians record extensive contact in their Western desert with people that appear to have been Berber or proto-Berber. As the
31:
3005:
2935:
2840:
2802:
2736:
1411:
was a commercial power and had a strong navy, but relied on mercenaries for land soldiers. The Carthaginians developed an empire in the
2897:
2697:
1748:
807:
The inhabitants of North Africa are roughly divided in a manner corresponding to the principal geographic regions of North Africa: the
2451:
1150:
while retaining a sense of national identity that has historically set them apart from other people in the region. Most Egyptians are
2542:
1666:
conquered several coastal cities between the 16th and 18th centuries. After the 19th century, the imperial and colonial presence of
3507:
2345:
4131:
Across the Mediterranean – Along the Nile: Studies in Egyptology, Nubiology and Late Antiquity Dedicated to László Török. Budapest
2564:
887:
are of primarily Southern Italian/Sicilian, as well as, to a lesser extent, North African and Middle Eastern ancestry and speak a
4700:
772:
553:
that has defined the cultural landscape of North Africa ever since. Many but not all Berbers and Egyptians gradually merged into
456:
1315:
When Egypt entered the Bronze Age, the Maghreb remained focused on small-scale subsistence in small, highly mobile groups. Some
1231:
1223:
17:
3602:
Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011).
768:
5712:
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4196:
4163:
3543:
3473:
3446:
3352:
3237:
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3115:
3064:
2999:
2929:
2873:
2834:
2796:
2769:
2730:
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2645:
1312:
pastoral communities which emerged in both the Egyptian and Sudanese regions of the Nile Valley in the fifth millennium BCE.
3031:
1017:
776:
1033:
654:
landscape before meeting the Sahara desert, which covers more than 75 percent of the region. The tallest peaks are in the
5221:
3710:
4790:
5780:
2446:
1772:
1728:
in Libya. Large protests also occurred in Algeria and Morocco to a lesser extent. Many hundreds died in the uprisings.
1077:
and almost exclusively follow Islam. The Arabic and Berber languages are distantly related, both being members of the
4244:
4127:"Gift of the Nile? Climate Change, the Origins of Egyptian Civilization and Its Interactions within Northeast Africa"
3325:
2409:
1021:
3746:
35:
4924:
4738:
4715:
4710:
3489:
2146:
459:
361:
356:
1563:
1332:
4974:
2921:
Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment
2722:
Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment
1159:
4485:
4275:
4078:"Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: a prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa"
3816:
1371:. The Phoenicians colonized much of North Africa including Carthage and parts of present-day Morocco (including
5547:
5241:
3280:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, pp. 78–108; "Late Medieval Maltese Surnames of Arabic and Greek Origin",
2465:
1693:. During the 1950s and 1960s all of the North African states gained independence. There remains a dispute over
966:
542:
3368:
Drake, Nick A.; Blench, Roger M.; Armitage, Simon J.; Bristow, Charlie S.; White, Kevin H. (11 January 2011).
2958:
2235:
2230:
5562:
5059:
3604:"A Revised Root for the Human y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa"
1029:
950:
periods possessed dark skin complexions. The archaeological evidence from the Holocene period has shown that
2225:
1217:
1005:
5687:
5144:
482:, can be considered as the southern boundary of North Africa. North Africa includes the Spanish cities of
3342:
1721:
1537:
4464:
1307:
Archaeological evidence has attested that population settlements occurred in Nubia as early as the Late
5785:
5522:
4967:
4076:
Wengrow, David; Dee, Michael; Foster, Sarah; Stevenson, Alice; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (March 2014).
1906:
1583:
1573:
5457:
4563:
4063:"The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link between Egypt and Africa: A View from the Archaeological Record"
1639:. Ibn Khaldun noted that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert.
4544:
3083:
1165:
The Maghreb formerly had a significant Jewish population, almost all of whom emigrated to France or
594:
influence in North Africa has remained dominant ever since, with the region being major part of the
1593:
1569:
1211:
802:
64:
3559:
Balter, Michael (7 January 2011). "Was North Africa the Launch Pad for Modern Human Migrations?".
661:
South of the Atlas Mountains is the dry and barren expanse of the Sahara desert, the largest sand
5657:
2004:
1443:
1190:
1113:
995:
673:—streams that flow only after rainfall but are usually dry. The Sahara's major landforms include
1025:
5174:
4370:
4179:
Barker, Graema (2005). "Agriculture, Pastoralism, and Mediterranean Landscapes in Prehistory".
2516:
2506:"The Circassian Qubbas of Abbas Avenue, Khartoum: Governors and Soldiers in 19th Century Sudan"
2217:
2121:
1725:
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1667:
1609:
820:
760:
538:
4438:
4344:
4329:
4302:
3436:
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2488:
1620:. In the eleventh century, a reformist movement made up of members that called themselves the
1196:
1013:
491:
281:
5775:
5599:
5557:
5552:
5467:
5330:
5149:
5069:
5064:
4420:
4397:
3849:
3845:"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species"
3533:
3054:
2989:
2919:
2824:
2786:
2759:
2720:
2582:"The 'Greater Middle East' as a 'Modern' Geopolitical Imagination in American Foreign Policy"
1851:
1524:
and North Africa remained intact until the coming of Islam. Some Berbers were members of the
1230:
served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the
1078:
935:
4569:
4155:
2889:
2681:
1485:, until incompetent leadership from Roman commanders in the early fifth century allowed the
5253:
3998:
3937:
3858:
3773:
3664:
3568:
3381:
2441:
1525:
1502:
1301:
1009:
573:
5074:
1337:
1173:(refugees from Spain, France and Portugal from the Renaissance era) as well as indigenous
8:
5672:
5652:
5517:
5189:
5097:
1767:
1717:
1494:
1074:
730:
452:
56:
4002:
3941:
3862:
3668:
3572:
3385:
3370:"Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert"
2991:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
1481:
North Africa remained a part of the Roman Empire, producing notable citizens, including
1054:
962:
speakers, around 1500 years ago, who now largely populate the Sahara in the modern era.
5732:
5637:
5246:
5194:
4840:
4785:
4107:
4043:
3963:
3879:
3844:
3821:
3782:
3687:
3652:
3628:
3603:
3412:
3369:
2655:
2398:
1806:
1625:
1482:
916:
899:
The Maghreb or western North Africa on the whole is believed to have been inhabited by
1255:
Recent finds in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco have been found to contain some of the oldest
1001:
5662:
5642:
5594:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5382:
5127:
5122:
5112:
5107:
4780:
4444:
4376:
4350:
4308:
4240:
4192:
4159:
4099:
4047:
3955:
3884:
3692:
3633:
3584:
3539:
3469:
3442:
3417:
3399:
3348:
3321:
3233:
3208:
3183:
3156:
3111:
3060:
2995:
2925:
2869:
2830:
2792:
2765:
2726:
2687:
2641:
2405:
1621:
1548:
1412:
1341:
1155:
1139:
690:
534:
474:
defines the region similarly, only differing from the UN in excluding the Sudan. The
4213:
4111:
3967:
3653:"Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens"
1238:
5754:
5742:
5727:
5707:
5692:
5567:
5231:
5209:
4184:
4151:
4089:
4035:
4006:
3945:
3926:"Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution"
3874:
3866:
3787:
3682:
3672:
3623:
3615:
3576:
3407:
3389:
2593:
2330:
2201:
2075:
1486:
1408:
1082:
955:
954:
speaking groups had populated the central and southern Sahara before the influx of
888:
824:
582:
and pre Dynastic Egypt. The countries of North Africa are also a major part of the
522:
2613:
1063:
5749:
5542:
5477:
5462:
5427:
5397:
5293:
5010:
4835:
4609:
4471:
3791:
3463:
3320:. Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures. Scarecrow Press. p. 112.
3315:
3150:
3094:
2193:
2013:
1999:
1860:
1706:
1432:
1293:
1147:
1143:
1085:
Berber languages are notably more conservative than those of the coastal cities.
947:
924:
832:
828:
694:
647:
623:
558:
5647:
3580:
3027:
2374:
5737:
5572:
5487:
5482:
5472:
5387:
5360:
5278:
5226:
5199:
5184:
5159:
5102:
5079:
5015:
5002:
4907:
4813:
4775:
4760:
4744:
3870:
3619:
3374:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3131:
2428:
2134:
2116:
2066:
2054:
1940:
1901:
1846:
1694:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1577:
1436:
1320:
1047:
939:
880:
674:
643:
511:
463:
448:
417:
393:
298:
228:
4330:"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux Walmsley: Pg 118"
4188:
4094:
4077:
4039:
3721:
2598:
2581:
5769:
5537:
5303:
5298:
5288:
5260:
5164:
4939:
4103:
4011:
3982:
3403:
2566:
National Geographic's DNA Analysis Concludes that Egyptians are Only 17% Arab
1601:
1544:
1170:
1129:
1088:
Over the years, Berbers have been influenced by contact with other cultures:
983:
932:
928:
718:
471:
4990:
3950:
3925:
3677:
3394:
1642:
1588:
938:
and Tin Hanakaten child, suggesed that the Central Saharan peoples from the
324:
30:"Northern Africa" redirects here. For the region of the United Nations, see
5697:
5512:
5350:
5204:
5179:
5117:
4894:
3994:
3959:
3888:
3696:
3637:
3588:
3421:
1951:
1686:
1613:
1541:
1455:
1349:
1345:
1323:
were established along the Mediterranean coast during the 7th century BCE.
1281:
1174:
1101:
1097:
951:
698:
595:
554:
546:
4434:
4147:
Egypt and the Mediterranean in the Bronze Age: The Archaeological Evidence
1454:
and Rome. The Numidian wars are notable for launching the careers of both
903:
since at least 10,000 B.C., while the eastern part of North Africa or the
883:
are of mixed Spanish and North African Berber ancestry, and the people of
630:
and delta in the east. The Atlas Mountains extend across much of northern
5682:
5627:
5589:
5584:
5577:
5532:
5527:
5504:
5375:
5345:
5340:
5089:
5049:
5044:
4872:
4859:
3812:
3438:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
2151:
266,000 (total land area, control is split between Morocco and the SADR)
1713:
1655:
1647:
1632:
1533:
1517:
1308:
1289:
1277:
1260:
1227:
1151:
974:
904:
603:
599:
565:
550:
514:, which are all closer or as close to the African continent than Europe.
1474:
remained independent until being annexed to the Roman Empire by Emperor
823:
as their official language. Additionally, Algeria and Morocco recognize
5632:
5606:
5442:
5432:
5422:
5370:
5355:
5320:
5236:
5054:
5022:
2862:
Son, George Philip &; Press, Oxford University (26 December 2002).
2059:
1801:
1724:
which ultimately led to the overthrow of their governments, as well as
1682:
left the entirety of the region under one form of European occupation.
1636:
1471:
1368:
1073:
The majority of the people of the Maghreb and the Sahara regions speak
970:
943:
710:
655:
583:
385:
381:
377:
4532:
North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present
3903:"Green Sahara: African humid periods paced by Earth's orbital changes"
5702:
5622:
5492:
5169:
5154:
5132:
4845:
4725:
4504:
The awakening of Muslim democracy: Religion, modernity, and the state
1739:
1617:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1316:
1135:
1089:
1038:
908:
835:. The largest and most numerous ethnic group in North Africa are the
746:
738:
702:
569:
526:
499:
328:
4959:
4511:
Biographical encyclopedia of the modern Middle East and North Africa
4126:
3601:
2473:
831:, a form of ancient Arabic dating back from the 8th century AD, and
498:, as well as other Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish regions such as
5447:
5437:
5308:
5032:
4800:
3468:. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9.
2424:
2062:
2043:
1796:
1604:
in 670, one of the oldest and most notable mosques in North Africa.
1529:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1420:
1360:
754:
503:
332:
179:
4062:
3747:"Eritrea's human rights record comes under fire at United Nations"
1359:
The most notable nations of antiquity in western North Africa are
927:
in 3500 B.C and even today continues to host small populations of
658:
range in south-central Morocco, which has many snow-capped peaks.
5325:
5283:
5214:
5027:
4882:
4808:
4770:
4734:
4690:
4664:
4625:
4474:, Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell, Galton Institute, March 1996
4259:
3983:"Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period"
3274:
The Malta Language Question: A Case Study in Cultural Imperialism
3261:
even from afar. There seems to be little input from North Africa.
2091:
1974:
1835:
1821:
1702:
1698:
1597:
1513:
1509:
1490:
1451:
1424:
1372:
1364:
1273:
1249:
1125:
1105:
1067:
912:
900:
873:
869:
857:
853:
840:
808:
789:
785:
750:
742:
686:
639:
635:
631:
518:
507:
487:
444:
440:
428:
421:
264:
197:
152:
126:
87:
39:
1252:
technology there, and indicate a date of up to 1.8 million BCE.
427:
The most common definition for the region's boundaries includes
5717:
5677:
5452:
5335:
5037:
4994:
3462:
Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar.
3434:
2197:
2189:
2126:
2071:
2009:
1959:
1911:
1856:
1521:
1428:
1400:
1396:
1166:
1117:
1093:
1059:
1043:
979:
959:
920:
845:
781:
714:
682:
666:
662:
651:
619:
479:
413:
398:
4554:
3278:
Sicily and the Mediterranean: Migration, Exchange, Reinvention
3149:
Morgan, Jason; Falola, Toyin; Oyeniyi, Bukola Adeyemi (2012).
709:
Sheltered valleys in the Atlas Mountains, the Nile Valley and
525:, while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the
5722:
5365:
4886:
4867:
4855:
4827:
4823:
4765:
4752:
4677:
4651:
4638:
4599:
2105:
2029:
1988:
1926:
1890:
1876:
1679:
1459:
1416:
1353:
1121:
1109:
884:
865:
861:
836:
816:
734:
591:
587:
530:
495:
483:
475:
467:
436:
432:
311:
293:
276:
246:
210:
139:
113:
100:
4440:
Tracing The Way: Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions
5315:
5137:
1498:
1407:, as Aeneas would eventually lay the foundations for Rome.
1404:
1392:
1388:
1248:); in fact, more recent investigations have found signs of
1201:
List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § North Africa
849:
812:
678:
670:
627:
607:
4549:
3650:
3367:
1158:. The Copts are the largest Christian denomination in the
1022:
Music of Africa § North Africa and the Horn of Africa
919:
and other rock art findings in the Sahara have shown, the
32:
United Nations geoscheme for Africa § Northern Africa
4075:
1447:
1403:, thus creating a historical enmity between Carthage and
1259:
remains; This suggests that, rather than arising only in
969:
began in the 7th century, including the migration of the
545:
began immediately after, which started a long process of
466:' definition includes all these countries as well as the
3205:
Africa and the Americas : Culture, Politics, and History
1956:
United Nations Interim Democratic provisional authority
1761:
List of countries and dependencies by population density
4550:
North Africa's Weather Forecasts and Weather Conditions
4525:
An economic history of the Middle East and North Africa
2400:
Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa
2351:
List of Roman Latin poets and writers from North Africa
1387:
origin, with the Roman myth of their origin being that
1018:
List of African cuisines § Central African cuisine
412:) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the
5668:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
4214:"Volubilis – Ancient Village or Settlement in Morocco"
3344:
Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara
1658:
much of the area was loosely under the control of the
777:
Writing systems of Africa § Ancient orthographies
618:
North Africa has three main geographic features: the
3461:
1138:
over the centuries have shifted their language from
3148:
3108:
Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East
1689:from 1940 to 1943 the area was the setting for the
769:
List of ethnic groups of Africa § North Africa
677:, large seas of sand that sometimes form into huge
2397:
2341:European Digital Archive on Soil Maps of the World
1650:, showing the Ottoman held regions of North Africa
3347:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 19–24.
1508:The last Roman emperor was deposed in 476 by the
1034:Traditional African religions § North Africa
923:also hosted various populations before its rapid
5767:
4518:Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)
4421:"The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93"
4211:
3895:
3508:"Jews of the Maghreb on the eve of World War II"
3465:An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria
3317:Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)
3232:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 317.
3202:
2917:
2896:, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 December 2022,
2718:
2336:Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa
1756:List of countries and dependencies by population
1557:
819:. The countries making up North Africa all have
765:Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa
650:. They recede to the south and east, becoming a
3657:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3428:
3203:Juang, Richard M.; Morrissette, Noelle (2008).
2784:
1564:History of North Africa § Arrival of Islam
1446:in 146 B.C. This led to tension and eventually
1333:History of North Africa § Classical period
1030:History of theatre § North African theatre
2543:"North Africa and the African Transition Zone"
1154:, although there is a significant minority of
38:. For the western part of the Arab world, see
4975:
4585:
3296:Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese People
3255:Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese People
3227:
3207:. UK: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 929–930.
2580:Güney, Aylın; Gökcan, Fulya (February 2012).
1786:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
1326:
4372:The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568
4118:
3836:
3805:
2785:Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004).
2368:
2366:
1179:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
36:Regions of the African Union § Northern
4945:Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan.
4181:The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory
3842:
2918:Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015).
2719:Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015).
2606:
2579:
2375:"Definition: North Africa (region, Africa)"
2249:History of science and technology in Africa
34:. For the region of the African Union, see
4982:
4968:
4592:
4578:
3435:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2005).
1749:List of countries and dependencies by area
1006:Architecture of Africa § North Africa
4923:Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the
4093:
4010:
3949:
3878:
3686:
3676:
3627:
3532:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009).
3531:
3411:
3393:
3340:
3175:
3088:, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001
3053:Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009).
3052:
2597:
2363:
2241:
2016:(both official), French is commonly used
1979:446,550 (undisputed), ~710,881 (claimed)
1863:(both official), French is commonly used
1547:served during the reign of Roman emperor
1218:History of North Africa § Prehistory
860:, and significant Christian minority—the
4948:Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya.
4933:Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain.
4465:Populations Crises and Population Cycles
4395:
4327:
4304:The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156
3995:https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00004
3739:
3441:. Oxford University Press. p. 360.
3105:
2861:
2346:List of modern conflicts in North Africa
1712:The wider protest movement known as the
1641:
1587:
1348:emperor native to North Africa, born in
1336:
1053:
1037:
780:
669:is cut by irregular watercourses called
392:
4234:
3843:Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019).
3771:
3313:
3230:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions
2634:Group, The Diagram (26 November 2013).
2540:
2486:
2247:Further information in the sections of
2216:Further information in the sections of
1574:Postcolonial Africa § North Africa
773:List of African countries by population
529:. In the seventh and eighth centuries,
517:Northwest Africa has been inhabited by
494:. It can also be considered to include
14:
5768:
4342:
4178:
4125:Smith, Stuart Tyson (1 January 2018).
3980:
3811:
3608:The American Journal of Human Genetics
3558:
2987:
2761:Almanac of African Peoples and Nations
2503:
2395:
2226:Prehistoric North African Architecture
1224:recent African origin of modern humans
646:system that also runs through much of
598:. North Africa is associated with the
5713:Portuguese-speaking African countries
4989:
4963:
4936:Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan.
4573:
4418:
4212:C. Michael Hogan (18 December 2007).
4156:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.35
4143:
4124:
4025:
3923:
3913:from the original on 29 October 2013.
3179:The Encyclopedia of Christianity: J-O
2757:
2633:
2553:from the original on 1 December 2022.
2454:from the original on 16 January 2023.
1731:
1280:of the last common human ancestor to
894:
4942:located between Egypt and the Sudan.
4930:Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco.
4486:"In search of an African revolution"
4483:
4433:
4346:The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner
4343:Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013).
3490:"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?"
3482:
3341:Soukopova, Jitka (16 January 2013).
3246:
3034:from the original on 12 January 2018
2969:from the original on 29 January 2023
2956:
2900:from the original on 10 January 2021
1026:Cinema of Africa § North Africa
4545:Human Rights for Indigenous Peoples
4506:(Cambridge University Press, 2014).
3753:. Associated Press. 25 October 2013
2988:Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015).
2911:
2758:Yakan, Mohamad (30 November 2017).
2236:Medieval North African Architecture
1197:African empires § North Africa
1014:African cuisine § North Africa
1010:Folk costume § Northern Africa
537:swept across the region during the
24:
4951:Disputed between Morocco and Spain
4534:(University of Texas Press, 2015).
4496:
3008:from the original on 15 March 2023
2938:from the original on 26 March 2023
2805:from the original on 10 April 2023
2739:from the original on 26 March 2023
2712:
2700:from the original on 10 April 2023
2447:United Nations Statistics Division
2231:Ancient North African Architecture
1773:List of countries by GDP (nominal)
642:. These mountains are part of the
420:in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's
25:
5797:
4538:
4520:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2017).
4328:Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1858).
4060:
2843:from the original on 7 March 2023
2513:Nordic Journal of African Studies
2372:
4716:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4709:
4683:
4670:
4657:
4644:
4631:
4618:
2868:. Oxford University Press, USA.
2147:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2139:
2084:
2022:
1967:
1919:
1869:
1814:
1431:, the latter being the cause of
1263:around 200,000 years ago, early
982:were pushed to the west and the
931:. Laboratory examination of the
796:
572:, a process that began with the
460:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
355:
323:
304:
292:
275:
257:
239:
221:
203:
190:
172:
145:
132:
119:
106:
93:
80:
55:
4484:Essa, Azad (21 February 2011).
4477:
4458:
4427:
4412:
4389:
4363:
4336:
4321:
4300:
4294:
4268:
4253:
4228:
4205:
4172:
4137:
4069:
4054:
4019:
3974:
3917:
3765:
3703:
3644:
3595:
3552:
3525:
3500:
3455:
3361:
3334:
3307:
3287:
3266:
3221:
3196:
3169:
3142:
3124:
3099:
3073:
3046:
3020:
2981:
2950:
2882:
2855:
2829:. Oxford Business Group. 2012.
2817:
2778:
2751:
2686:. Oxford Business Group. 2007.
2674:
2637:Encyclopedia of African Peoples
2627:
2573:
2541:Berglee, Royal (17 June 2016).
2210:
1002:African art § North Africa
879:The inhabitants of the Spanish
724:
345:Partially recognized states (1)
5548:Guinean Forests of West Africa
4555:North Africa news and analysis
3535:The Rebirth of the Middle East
3182:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
3056:The Rebirth of the Middle East
2959:"Berbers fear ethnic conflict"
2557:
2534:
2497:
2480:
2466:"The Assembly – African Union"
2458:
2434:
2431:, claimant to the whole area).
2418:
2396:Mattar, Philip (1 June 2004).
2389:
967:Arab migrations to the Maghreb
689:without soil or sand; and the
543:Arab migrations to the Maghreb
13:
1:
5563:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
5060:Cameroonian Highlands forests
4600:Countries and territories of
4028:African Archaeological Review
2614:"Largest Desert in the World"
2569:, CairoScene, 16 January 2017
2493:(in Arabic). Paris E. Leroux.
2487:es-Sadi, Abderrahman (1898).
2356:
1558:Arab conquest to modern times
1383:). The Carthaginians were of
1242:
1205:
929:nomadic trans-Saharan peoples
576:
27:Northernmost region of Africa
5688:Middle East and North Africa
5145:East African montane forests
4419:Field, Henry Martyn (1893).
3792:10.1126/science.356.6342.993
3772:Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017).
3228:Juergensmeyer, Mark (2008).
3152:Culture and Customs of Libya
1160:Middle East and North Africa
907:has mainly been home to the
665:in the world. In places the
613:
7:
3581:10.1126/science.331.6013.20
2404:. Macmillan Reference USA.
2324:
2129:, French is commonly used.
1538:traditional Berber religion
1079:Afroasiatic language family
10:
5802:
4701:Partially recognized state
4566:(archived 17 January 2010)
4509:Fischbach, ed. Michael R.
4282:. The Story of Africa. BBC
3987:Frontiers in Earth Science
3871:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w
3620:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002
3284:No. 11 (2015), pp. 129–143
3110:. Routledge. p. 133.
2196:(Moroccan zone); commonly
1907:Semi-presidential republic
1716:began with revolutions in
1600:, founded by Arab general
1584:Status of forces agreement
1581:
1567:
1561:
1330:
1327:Antiquity and ancient Rome
1215:
1209:
1194:
1188:
1184:
999:
993:
989:
839:. In Algeria and Morocco,
800:
758:
728:
397:The population density of
29:
5781:Geography of North Africa
5615:
5503:
5458:Indian Ocean coastal belt
5396:
5269:
5088:
5001:
4920:
4903:
4881:
4854:
4822:
4799:
4751:
4733:
4724:
4699:
4608:
4564:United States Army Africa
4237:The Punic Wars 264–146 BC
4189:10.1002/9780470773536.ch3
4095:10.1017/S0003598X00050249
4040:10.1007/s10437-015-9191-x
3778:fossils found in Morocco"
3176:Fahlbusch, Erwin (2003).
2599:10.1080/14650040903420370
2504:Andrew, McGregor (2001).
2377:. Encyclopedia Britannica
1132:is particularly marked.
622:desert in the south, the
373:
63:
54:
49:
4012:10.3389/feart.2017.00004
3155:. ABC-CLIO. p. 40.
2865:Encyclopedic World Atlas
2826:The Report: Morocco 2012
2683:The Report: Algeria 2007
2547:World Regional Geography
1594:Great Mosque of Kairouan
1570:Decolonisation of Africa
1444:Roman province of Africa
1212:Prehistoric North Africa
1124:inhabitants and nomadic
803:Ethnic groups in Algeria
608:Middle East-North Africa
455:between Morocco and the
5658:Guineo-Congolian region
4235:Bagnall, Nigel (2002).
4216:. The Megalithic Portal
4144:Bader, Bettina (2015).
3951:10.1126/science.1130989
3678:10.1073/pnas.0700747104
3395:10.1073/pnas.1012231108
3314:Ilahine, Hsain (2006).
3106:P S Rowe, Paul (2018).
3093:18 October 2017 at the
3086:Christianity in Kabylie
2427:government of parts of
2005:Constitutional monarchy
1528:(but evolved their own
1191:History of North Africa
996:Culture of North Africa
521:since the beginning of
4560:Africa Interactive Map
3981:Wright, David (2017).
3924:Kuper, Rudolf (2006).
3512:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
3492:. CNN. 10 April 2017.
3028:"Q&A: The Berbers"
2791:. Marshall Cavendish.
2242:Science and technology
2218:Architecture of Africa
2122:Parliamentary republic
1691:North African Campaign
1651:
1610:early Muslim conquests
1605:
1536:, and some adhered to
1356:
1070:
1051:
821:Modern Standard Arabic
793:
761:Demographics of Africa
539:early Muslim conquests
402:
18:Southern Mediterranean
5600:West Sudanian savanna
5558:Lower Guinean forests
5553:Upper Guinean forests
5468:Cape Floristic Region
5331:Cataracts of the Nile
5150:Eastern Arc Mountains
5070:Congolian rainforests
5065:East Sudanian savanna
3850:Nature Communications
3815:(10 September 2019).
2303:Communication systems
1852:Presidential republic
1645:
1591:
1568:Further information:
1340:
1216:Further information:
1195:Further information:
1057:
1041:
1000:Further information:
784:
759:Further information:
701:in the northwest and
626:in the west, and the
396:
162:Other territories (3)
5254:Zanzibar Archipelago
5222:Indian Ocean islands
4307:. Psychology Press.
2476:on 29 November 2018.
2442:"UNSD — Methodology"
1624:expanded south into
1526:Early African Church
1503:Western Roman Empire
889:derivative of Arabic
574:Neolithic Revolution
457:partially recognized
73:Sovereign states (6)
5673:Mediterranean Basin
5653:Greater Middle East
5190:Ethiopian Highlands
5098:African Great Lakes
4940:Unclaimed territory
4530:Naylor, Phillip C.
4513:(Gale Group, 2008).
4470:27 May 2013 at the
4264:De Bello Iugurthino
4003:2017FrEaS...5....4W
3942:2006Sci...313..803K
3863:2019NatCo..10.3406M
3669:2007PNAS..104.6128S
3573:2011Sci...331...20B
3386:2011PNAS..108..458D
3282:Symposia Melitensia
2522:on 15 February 2019
2293:Maritime technology
1495:Strait of Gibraltar
1144:varieties of Coptic
1142:(in its late form,
1075:varieties of Arabic
731:North African Arabs
492:plazas de soberanía
424:coast in the east.
282:Plazas de soberanía
5733:Sub-Saharan Africa
5638:Commonwealth realm
5247:Northern Highlands
5195:Dahlak Archipelago
4841:Wadi Halfa Salient
4791:Vélez de la Gomera
4527:(Routledge, 2013).
4502:Cesari, Jocelyne.
3822:The New York Times
3538:. Hamilton Books.
3059:. Hamilton Books.
2957:Zurutuza, Karlos.
2894:The World Factbook
2666:has generic name (
1807:Official languages
1732:Country statistics
1672:the United Kingdom
1652:
1626:Sub-Saharan Africa
1606:
1483:Augustine of Hippo
1357:
1246: 200,000 BCE
1071:
1052:
895:Historic movements
794:
403:
5786:Regions of Africa
5763:
5762:
5663:Islands of Africa
5643:Equatorial Africa
5595:Inner Niger Delta
5383:Tibesti Mountains
5242:Central Highlands
5128:Virunga Mountains
5123:Rift Valley lakes
5113:Great Rift Valley
5108:East African Rift
5075:Ouaddaï highlands
4957:
4956:
4916:
4915:
4523:Issawi, Charles.
4516:Ilahiane, Hsain.
4450:978-0-8264-9423-8
4443:. A&C Black.
4396:Bodichon (1865).
4382:978-0-7172-0121-1
4375:. Grolier. 1990.
4356:978-1-4474-8352-6
4314:978-1-85743-132-2
4280:BBC World Service
4198:978-0-470-77353-6
4165:978-0-19-993541-3
3936:(5788): 803–708.
3663:(15): 6128–6133.
3545:978-0-7618-4846-2
3475:978-3-902966-14-8
3448:978-0-19-517055-9
3354:978-1-4438-4579-3
3299:. 5 August 2007.
3258:. 5 August 2007.
3239:978-0-19-976764-9
3214:978-0-521-88952-0
3189:978-0-8028-2415-8
3162:978-0-313-37860-7
3117:978-1-317-23379-4
3066:978-0-7618-4846-2
3030:. 12 March 2004.
3001:978-1-317-46400-6
2931:978-3-658-11633-0
2875:978-0-19-521920-3
2836:978-1-907065-54-5
2798:978-0-7614-1702-6
2771:978-1-351-28930-6
2732:978-3-658-11633-0
2693:978-1-902339-70-2
2647:978-1-135-96341-5
2208:
2207:
1622:Almoravid dynasty
1549:Septimius Severus
1530:Donatist doctrine
1413:Iberian Peninsula
1342:Septimius Severus
1156:Coptic Christians
965:Several waves of
844:is predominantly
535:Arabian Peninsula
391:
390:
16:(Redirected from
5793:
5755:Zambezian region
5743:Sudanian savanna
5728:Southeast Africa
5708:Northeast Africa
5693:Miombo woodlands
5568:Guinea Highlands
5232:Lamu Archipelago
5210:Gulf of Tadjoura
4984:
4977:
4970:
4961:
4960:
4836:Hala'ib Triangle
4731:
4730:
4714:
4713:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4610:Sovereign states
4594:
4587:
4580:
4571:
4570:
4490:
4489:
4481:
4475:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4398:"Kabyle Pottery"
4393:
4387:
4386:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4272:
4266:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4097:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4061:Gatto, Maria C.
4058:
4052:
4051:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3953:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3909:. 12 July 1999.
3899:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3774:"World's oldest
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3720:. Archived from
3715:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3680:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3397:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3291:
3285:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3103:
3097:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2515:. Archived from
2510:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2490:Tarikh es soudan
2484:
2478:
2477:
2472:. Archived from
2462:
2456:
2455:
2438:
2432:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2373:Brett, Michael.
2370:
2331:Culture of Egypt
2145:
2143:
2142:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2078:(both official)
2028:
2026:
2025:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1736:
1735:
1487:Germanic peoples
1409:Ancient Carthage
1302:Pyramids of Giza
1247:
1244:
815:valley, and the
685:, a level rocky
602:in the realm of
581:
580: 10,000 BC
578:
523:recorded history
451:, the territory
362:Sahrawi Republic
360:
359:
346:
327:
322:
310:
308:
307:
297:
296:
280:
279:
263:
261:
260:
245:
243:
242:
227:
225:
224:
209:
207:
206:
196:
194:
193:
178:
176:
175:
163:
151:
149:
148:
138:
136:
135:
125:
123:
122:
112:
110:
109:
99:
97:
96:
86:
84:
83:
74:
59:
47:
46:
21:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5750:Tropical Africa
5611:
5499:
5478:Kalahari Desert
5463:Albany thickets
5428:Succulent Karoo
5392:
5294:Atlas Mountains
5265:
5084:
4997:
4988:
4958:
4953:
4912:
4899:
4877:
4850:
4818:
4795:
4747:
4720:
4708:
4695:
4684:
4682:
4671:
4669:
4658:
4656:
4645:
4643:
4632:
4630:
4619:
4617:
4604:
4598:
4541:
4499:
4497:Further reading
4494:
4493:
4482:
4478:
4472:Wayback Machine
4463:
4459:
4451:
4432:
4428:
4417:
4413:
4402:The Art-Journal
4394:
4390:
4383:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4341:
4337:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4142:
4138:
4123:
4119:
4088:(339): 95–111.
4074:
4070:
4059:
4055:
4024:
4020:
3979:
3975:
3922:
3918:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3713:
3711:"Sahnouni 1998"
3709:
3708:
3704:
3649:
3645:
3600:
3596:
3567:(6013): 20–23.
3557:
3553:
3546:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3433:
3429:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3312:
3308:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3272:Geoffrey Hull,
3271:
3267:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3147:
3143:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3104:
3100:
3095:Wayback Machine
3080:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2932:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2799:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2694:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2578:
2574:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2485:
2481:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2327:
2322:
2244:
2213:
2140:
2138:
2085:
2083:
2023:
2021:
2000:Moroccan dirham
1968:
1966:
1920:
1918:
1870:
1868:
1815:
1813:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1734:
1707:Polisario Front
1586:
1580:
1566:
1560:
1493:, to cross the
1433:First Punic War
1352:in present-day
1335:
1329:
1294:Southern Africa
1276:, of a virtual
1245:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1148:Egyptian Arabic
1036:
998:
992:
925:desertification
917:Tassili n'Ajjer
897:
833:Egyptian Arabic
829:Maghrebi Arabic
805:
799:
779:
757:
729:Main articles:
727:
695:desert pavement
648:Southern Europe
624:Atlas Mountains
616:
579:
559:Islamic culture
478:, south of the
410:Northern Africa
384:
380:
369:
366:
354:
348:
347:
344:
340:
337:
316:
305:
303:
291:
274:
258:
256:
240:
238:
222:
220:
204:
202:
191:
189:
173:
171:
165:
164:
161:
157:
146:
144:
133:
131:
120:
118:
107:
105:
94:
92:
81:
79:
76:
75:
72:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5799:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5738:Sudan (region)
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5573:Gulf of Guinea
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5488:Cape Peninsula
5485:
5483:Okavango Delta
5480:
5475:
5473:Skeleton Coast
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5388:Western Sahara
5385:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5361:Nuba Mountains
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5281:
5279:Eastern Desert
5275:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5234:
5229:
5227:Comoro Islands
5219:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5200:Hanish Islands
5197:
5192:
5187:
5185:Danakil Desert
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5160:Horn of Africa
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5103:Albertine Rift
5094:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5080:Ennedi Plateau
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5016:Gulf of Guinea
5007:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4814:Savage Islands
4811:
4805:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4761:Canary Islands
4757:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4745:Western Sahara
4743:
4741:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4705:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4680:
4667:
4654:
4641:
4628:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4539:External links
4537:
4536:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4476:
4457:
4449:
4426:
4411:
4388:
4381:
4362:
4355:
4349:. Read Books.
4335:
4320:
4313:
4293:
4267:
4252:
4245:
4227:
4204:
4197:
4171:
4164:
4136:
4117:
4068:
4053:
4034:(2): 301–333.
4018:
3973:
3916:
3894:
3835:
3804:
3764:
3738:
3727:on 10 May 2013
3702:
3643:
3614:(6): 814–818.
3594:
3551:
3544:
3524:
3499:
3481:
3474:
3454:
3447:
3427:
3380:(2): 458–462.
3360:
3353:
3333:
3326:
3306:
3286:
3265:
3245:
3238:
3220:
3213:
3195:
3188:
3168:
3161:
3141:
3123:
3116:
3098:
3084:Sadek Lekdja,
3072:
3065:
3045:
3019:
3000:
2980:
2949:
2930:
2910:
2881:
2874:
2854:
2835:
2816:
2797:
2777:
2770:
2750:
2731:
2711:
2692:
2673:
2646:
2626:
2605:
2572:
2556:
2533:
2496:
2479:
2457:
2433:
2429:Western Sahara
2417:
2410:
2388:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2135:Western Sahara
2131:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2117:Tunisian dinar
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2067:military junta
2057:
2055:Sudanese pound
2052:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:Egyptian pound
1899:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1847:Algerian dinar
1844:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1783:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1733:
1730:
1695:Western Sahara
1664:Spanish Empire
1660:Ottoman Empire
1578:Neocolonialism
1562:Main article:
1559:
1556:
1427:and northwest
1331:Main article:
1328:
1325:
1321:Greek colonies
1210:Main article:
1207:
1204:
1189:Main article:
1186:
1183:
994:Main article:
991:
988:
940:Epipaleolithic
896:
893:
881:Canary Islands
798:
795:
726:
723:
615:
612:
512:Canary Islands
464:United Nations
449:Western Sahara
418:Western Sahara
389:
388:
375:
371:
370:
368:
367:
365:
364:
351:
343:
342:
341:
339:
338:
336:
335:
314:
301:
299:Alboran Island
284:
267:
249:
231:
229:Canary Islands
213:
200:
182:
168:
160:
159:
158:
156:
155:
142:
129:
116:
103:
90:
71:
70:
69:
67:
61:
60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5798:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:Macro-regions
5614:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5543:Guinea region
5541:
5539:
5538:Cape Mesurado
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5304:Gibraltar Arc
5302:
5300:
5299:Barbary Coast
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:Ancient Libya
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5261:Swahili coast
5259:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Afar Triangle
5163:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:Guinea region
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4919:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4681:
4679:
4668:
4666:
4655:
4653:
4642:
4640:
4629:
4627:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4488:. Al Jazeera.
4487:
4480:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4422:
4415:
4408:. London: 45.
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4324:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4281:
4277:
4276:"The Berbers"
4271:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4248:
4246:9781472895530
4242:
4238:
4231:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3907:Science Daily
3904:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3327:0-8108-6490-8
3323:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3076:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:. Routledge.
2993:
2992:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2764:. Routledge.
2763:
2762:
2754:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2640:. Routledge.
2639:
2638:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2470:African Union
2467:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2413:
2411:9780028657691
2407:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1602:Uqba ibn Nafi
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:), some were
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:. Kingdom of
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:according to
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:modern humans
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1232:Out of Africa
1229:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:Sephardi Jews
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1064:Aït Benhaddou
1061:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
987:
985:
981:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:
933:Uan Muhuggiag
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
892:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
804:
797:Ethnic groups
791:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
722:
720:
716:
712:
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:fold mountain
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:Sahara Desert
477:
473:
472:African Union
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
400:
395:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
363:
358:
353:
352:
350:
349:
334:
330:
326:
320:
315:
313:
302:
300:
295:
289:
285:
283:
278:
272:
268:
266:
254:
250:
248:
236:
232:
230:
218:
214:
212:
201:
199:
187:
183:
181:
170:
169:
167:
166:
154:
143:
141:
130:
128:
117:
115:
104:
102:
91:
89:
78:
77:
68:
66:
62:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5776:North Africa
5698:Mittelafrika
5648:Françafrique
5513:Pepper Coast
5351:Middle Egypt
5270:
5205:Gulf of Aden
5180:Danakil Alps
5118:Gregory Rift
4950:
4947:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4922:
4895:Aouzou Strip
4602:North Africa
4601:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4479:
4460:
4439:
4429:
4414:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4371:
4365:
4345:
4338:
4323:
4303:
4296:
4284:. Retrieved
4279:
4270:
4263:
4255:
4236:
4230:
4218:. Retrieved
4207:
4180:
4174:
4146:
4139:
4130:
4120:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4056:
4031:
4027:
4021:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3906:
3897:
3854:
3848:
3838:
3828:10 September
3826:. Retrieved
3820:
3813:Zimmer, Carl
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3781:
3776:Homo sapiens
3775:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3751:The Guardian
3750:
3741:
3729:. Retrieved
3722:the original
3717:
3705:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3534:
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3511:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3464:
3457:
3437:
3430:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3343:
3336:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3229:
3223:
3204:
3198:
3178:
3171:
3151:
3144:
3136:Refworld.org
3135:
3126:
3107:
3101:
3085:
3075:
3055:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
2990:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2962:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2924:. Springer.
2920:
2913:
2902:, retrieved
2893:
2884:
2864:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2825:
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2787:
2780:
2760:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2725:. Springer.
2721:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2682:
2676:
2636:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2608:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2559:
2546:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2517:the original
2512:
2499:
2489:
2482:
2474:the original
2469:
2460:
2445:
2436:
2420:
2399:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2298:Architecture
2246:
2245:
2215:
2214:
2211:Architecture
2204:(SADR zone)
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2113:$ 4,190.603
1996:$ 3,979.871
1952:Libyan dinar
1948:$ 5,872.222
1898:$ 3,770.133
1884:110,990,103
1843:$ 4,874.706
1711:
1687:World War II
1684:
1653:
1630:
1607:
1553:
1542:African pope
1518:Trade routes
1507:
1480:
1456:Gaius Marius
1441:
1358:
1350:Leptis Magna
1344:, the first
1314:
1306:
1298:
1285:
1269:Homo sapiens
1268:
1265:Homo sapiens
1264:
1257:Homo sapiens
1256:
1254:
1236:
1234:migration.
1221:
1175:Mizrahi Jews
1164:
1152:Sunni Muslim
1146:) to modern
1134:
1098:Punic people
1087:
1072:
1042:A market in
964:
952:Nilo-Saharan
898:
878:
852:minority in
806:
725:Demographics
708:
699:Tripolitania
660:
617:
606:to form the
596:Muslim world
563:
547:Islamization
516:
426:
409:
406:North Africa
405:
404:
318:
317:
287:
286:
270:
269:
252:
251:
234:
233:
216:
215:
185:
184:
50:North Africa
44:
5683:Middle East
5628:Afromontane
5590:Niger Delta
5585:Niger Basin
5578:Dahomey Gap
5533:Cape Palmas
5528:Ivory Coast
5523:Slave Coast
5376:Upper Egypt
5346:Lower Nubia
5341:Lower Egypt
5316:Nile Valley
5050:Congo Basin
5045:Pool Malebo
4873:Kafia Kingi
4860:South Sudan
4726:Territories
3857:(1): 3406.
3517:18 February
3081:(in French)
3038:12 December
2973:12 December
2904:12 December
2664:|last=
2619:30 December
2586:Geopolitics
2381:9 September
2283:Agriculture
2268:Mathematics
2188:: commonly
2099:12,235,000
2037:50,467,278
1982:37,022,000
1829:45,973,000
1744:territories
1714:Arab Spring
1656:Middle Ages
1648:Cedid Atlas
1633:Banu Sulaym
1534:Berber Jews
1309:Pleistocene
1278:skull shape
1261:East Africa
1228:East Africa
1222:Due to the
975:Banu Sulaym
936:child mummy
905:Nile Valley
876:countries.
604:geopolitics
600:Middle East
566:Middle East
551:Arabization
408:(sometimes
5770:Categories
5633:Arab world
5607:Yorubaland
5518:Gold Coast
5443:Maputaland
5433:Nama Karoo
5423:Thembuland
5371:The Sudans
5356:Nile Delta
5321:Nile Delta
5237:Madagascar
5055:Chad Basin
5023:Cape Lopez
4786:Chafarinas
4455:, page 248
4435:Küng, Hans
4286:8 February
4239:. Osprey.
4133:: 325–345.
3757:30 October
3718:Gi.ulpc.es
3012:30 January
2963:Al Jazeera
2942:30 January
2847:30 January
2809:30 January
2743:30 January
2704:30 January
2526:25 October
2357:References
2318:By country
2273:Metallurgy
2051:$ 533.845
2034:1,886,068
1993:$ 147.343
1934:6,845,000
1931:1,759,540
1895:$ 398.397
1881:1,010,408
1840:$ 224.107
1826:2,381,741
1802:Government
1654:After the
1637:Banu Hilal
1582:See also:
1478:in 42 AD.
1472:Mauretania
1385:Phoenician
1369:Mauretania
1317:Phoenician
1286:H. sapiens
1206:Prehistory
1128:Arabs and
971:Banu Hilal
944:Mesolithic
801:See also:
656:High Atlas
628:Nile River
584:Arab world
510:, and the
490:, and the
401:as of 2000
374:Time zones
5703:Negroland
5623:Aethiopia
5493:False Bay
5170:Al-Habash
5155:Serengeti
5133:Kavirondo
4846:Bir Tawil
4781:Alhucemas
4562:from the
4183:: 46–76.
4104:0003-598X
4082:Antiquity
4048:126834892
3731:10 August
3495:Churches.
3404:1091-6490
2890:"Tunisia"
2656:cite book
2592:: 22–38.
2263:Astronomy
2258:Education
2110:$ 51.271
2048:$ 25.569
1945:$ 40.194
1781:billions)
1764:(per km)
1740:Countries
1726:civil war
1618:Sijilmasa
1435:with the
1381:Volubilis
1377:Essaouira
1136:Egyptians
1114:Europeans
1090:Egyptians
909:Egyptians
788:women in
747:Maghrebis
739:Egyptians
703:Cyrenaica
614:Geography
570:West Asia
533:from the
527:Egyptians
500:Lampedusa
386:UTC+02:00
382:UTC+01:00
378:UTC+00:00
329:Lampedusa
65:Countries
5448:Highveld
5438:Bushveld
5406:Rhodesia
5309:Ifriqiya
5175:Barbaria
5033:Igboland
4801:Portugal
4468:Archived
4437:(2006).
4112:49229774
3968:20003260
3960:16857900
3911:Archived
3889:31506422
3697:17372199
3638:21601174
3589:21212332
3422:21187416
3091:Archived
3032:Archived
3006:Archived
2967:Archived
2936:Archived
2898:archived
2841:Archived
2803:Archived
2737:Archived
2698:Archived
2551:Archived
2452:Archived
2425:De facto
2325:See also
2313:Commerce
2288:Textiles
2278:Medicine
2186:Disputed
2181:disputed
2176:disputed
2171:disputed
2166:disputed
2161:disputed
2154:576,000
2096:163,610
2065:under a
2063:republic
2044:Khartoum
1797:Currency
1705:-backed
1703:Algerian
1701:and the
1697:between
1545:Victor I
1520:between
1512:general
1476:Claudius
1468:Jugurtha
1464:military
1450:between
1448:conflict
1421:Sardinia
1361:Carthage
1274:CT scans
1140:Egyptian
1118:Africans
973:and the
948:Pastoral
755:Haratins
610:region.
504:Lampione
453:disputed
333:Lampione
180:Portugal
5326:Bashmur
5284:Maghreb
5215:Red Sea
5028:Mayombe
5003:Central
4991:Regions
4908:Perejil
4883:Morocco
4809:Madeira
4776:Alboran
4771:Melilla
4735:Morocco
4691:Tunisia
4665:Morocco
4626:Algeria
4260:Sallust
3999:Bibcode
3938:Bibcode
3930:Science
3880:6736881
3859:Bibcode
3783:Science
3688:1828706
3665:Bibcode
3629:3113241
3569:Bibcode
3561:Science
3413:3021035
3382:Bibcode
2308:Warfare
2202:Spanish
2092:Tunisia
2076:English
2060:Federal
1975:Morocco
1941:Tripoli
1887:105.41
1836:Algiers
1822:Algeria
1768:Capital
1718:Tunisia
1699:Morocco
1598:Tunisia
1514:Odoacer
1491:Vandals
1466:leader
1452:Numidia
1425:Corsica
1395:prince
1373:Chellah
1365:Numidia
1250:Oldowan
1185:History
1130:Tuaregs
1126:Bedouin
1106:Vandals
1068:Morocco
1050:in 1899
1048:Algeria
990:Culture
984:Kabyles
913:Nubians
901:Berbers
874:Maghreb
870:Algeria
858:Tunisia
854:Morocco
848:with a
841:Berbers
809:Maghreb
792:in 1922
790:Tunisia
786:Bedouin
751:Berbers
743:Nubians
687:plateau
683:hammada
640:Tunisia
636:Morocco
632:Algeria
588:Islamic
519:Berbers
508:Madeira
488:Melilla
445:Tunisia
441:Morocco
429:Algeria
422:Red Sea
414:African
265:Melilla
198:Madeira
153:Tunisia
127:Morocco
88:Algeria
40:Maghreb
5718:Sahara
5678:MENASA
5453:Fynbos
5336:Darfur
5038:Mbaise
4995:Africa
4688:
4675:
4662:
4649:
4636:
4623:
4447:
4379:
4353:
4311:
4243:
4220:23 May
4195:
4162:
4110:
4102:
4046:
3966:
3958:
3887:
3877:
3797:8 June
3695:
3685:
3636:
3626:
3587:
3542:
3472:
3445:
3420:
3410:
3402:
3351:
3324:
3236:
3211:
3186:
3159:
3114:
3063:
2998:
2928:
2872:
2833:
2795:
2768:
2729:
2690:
2644:
2408:
2198:Arabic
2194:French
2190:Arabic
2144:
2127:Arabic
2102:74.78
2089:
2072:Arabic
2027:
2014:Berber
2010:Arabic
1985:82.91
1972:
1960:Arabic
1924:
1912:Arabic
1874:
1861:Berber
1857:Arabic
1832:19.30
1819:
1668:France
1662:. The
1576:, and
1522:Europe
1510:Heruli
1489:, the
1458:, and
1437:Romans
1429:Sicily
1401:Virgil
1397:Aeneas
1393:Trojan
1199:, and
1167:Israel
1116:, and
1102:Romans
1094:Greeks
1083:Tuareg
1081:. The
1060:kasbah
1044:Biskra
1032:, and
980:Zenata
960:Arabic
956:Berber
946:, and
921:Sahara
850:Jewish
846:Muslim
825:Berber
811:, the
775:, and
753:, and
681:; the
667:desert
663:desert
652:steppe
638:, and
620:Sahara
586:. The
541:. The
470:. The
462:. The
447:, and
399:Africa
321:
309:
290:
273:
262:
255:
244:
237:
226:
219:
208:
195:
188:
177:
150:
137:
124:
111:
98:
85:
5723:Sahel
5416:South
5411:North
5398:South
5366:Nubia
5271:North
4887:Spain
4868:Abyei
4856:Sudan
4828:Egypt
4824:Sudan
4766:Ceuta
4753:Spain
4678:Sudan
4652:Libya
4639:Egypt
4301:Eur.
4108:S2CID
4044:S2CID
3964:S2CID
3725:(PDF)
3714:(PDF)
2788:Libya
2520:(PDF)
2509:(PDF)
2157:2.17
2106:Tunis
2040:21.3
2030:Sudan
1989:Rabat
1937:3.89
1927:Libya
1891:Cairo
1877:Egypt
1752:(km)
1722:Egypt
1680:Italy
1676:Spain
1646:1803
1460:Sulla
1417:Malta
1354:Libya
1346:Roman
1239:Saïda
1122:oasis
1110:Arabs
885:Malta
866:Egypt
862:Copts
837:Arabs
817:Sahel
735:Arabs
715:cedar
711:Delta
679:dunes
671:wadis
531:Arabs
496:Malta
484:Ceuta
476:Sahel
468:Sudan
437:Libya
433:Egypt
312:Italy
247:Ceuta
211:Spain
140:Sudan
114:Libya
101:Egypt
5505:West
5138:Zanj
5090:East
4925:SADR
4739:SADR
4445:ISBN
4377:ISBN
4351:ISBN
4309:ISBN
4288:2023
4241:ISBN
4222:2010
4193:ISBN
4160:ISBN
4100:ISSN
3956:PMID
3885:PMID
3830:2019
3799:2017
3759:2013
3733:2018
3693:PMID
3634:PMID
3585:PMID
3540:ISBN
3519:2022
3470:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3418:PMID
3400:ISSN
3349:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3234:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3112:ISBN
3061:ISBN
3040:2022
3014:2023
2996:ISBN
2975:2022
2944:2023
2926:ISBN
2906:2022
2870:ISBN
2849:2023
2831:ISBN
2811:2023
2793:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2745:2023
2727:ISBN
2706:2023
2688:ISBN
2668:help
2642:ISBN
2621:2011
2528:2018
2406:ISBN
2383:2021
2200:and
2192:and
2074:and
2012:and
1859:and
1791:US$
1779:US$
1742:and
1720:and
1678:and
1635:and
1616:and
1608:The
1592:The
1499:Huns
1405:Rome
1389:Dido
1379:and
1367:and
1319:and
1292:and
1290:East
1058:The
958:and
911:and
864:—in
856:and
813:Nile
719:cork
717:and
693:, a
675:ergs
592:Arab
590:and
555:Arab
549:and
502:and
486:and
331:and
4993:of
4185:doi
4152:doi
4090:doi
4036:doi
4007:doi
3946:doi
3934:313
3875:PMC
3867:doi
3788:doi
3683:PMC
3673:doi
3661:104
3624:PMC
3616:doi
3577:doi
3565:331
3408:PMC
3390:doi
3378:108
2594:doi
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1614:Fez
1596:in
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