365:). The civilian administration in those regions annexed from Poland was organized by December 1939 and was drawn mostly from newcomers from eastern Ukraine and Russia; only 20% of government employees were from the local population. It was falsely assumed by many Ukrainians that a disproportionate number of people working for the Soviet administration came from within the Jewish community. The reason for this belief was that most of the previous Polish administrators were deported, and the local Ukrainian intelligentsia who could have taken their place were generally deemed to be too nationalistic for such work by the Soviets. In reality, most positions were staffed by ethnic Ukrainians from the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, in the eyes of many Ukrainians the Jews came to be associated with Soviet rule, which contributed to rising anti-Jewish sentiments. The
544:
soldiers from
Central Asia. The Soviet authorities began arresting and deporting anyone suspected of disloyalty to the Soviet regime. In villages, people were denounced by their neighbors, some of whom were Communist sympathizers while others were opportunists. Deportations became indiscriminate, and people and their families were deported for "crimes" such as having relatives or visiting abroad, or visiting friends while the friends were arrested. Because many of those making denunciations were perceived to be Jews, anti-Jewish sentiments among the Ukrainian population increased. Ultimately, between 1939 and the beginning of Operation Barbarossa approximately 500,000 Ukrainians would be deported to Siberia and central Asia. 100,000 Jews fleeing Nazi terror in German-occupied Poland arrived in the territories newly annexed by the USSR.
506:, Havriil Kostelnyk, who had been the principal critic of the Vatican's Latinization policies and spokesperson for the "Easternizing" trend within the Ukrainian Catholic Church, was asked to organize a "National" Greek Catholic Church, with Soviet support, that would be independent of the Vatican and which would split the faithful in western Ukraine. At this time, he refused to cooperate, even after the autumn of 1940 when the Soviets arrested his youngest son in order to blackmail him. After Sheptytksy's death, however, Kostelnyk would play a significant role in the destruction of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Arrests, though not of a mass nature, were used in order to terrify the religious leaders. For example, in June 1940, the superior of the
1499:
31:
716:
728:
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western
Ukrainian people attempted to protect their Church from Soviet restrictions. Peasants, even among the poorest ones, were reluctant to accept land taken from the Church and offered to them, and as late as in May 1940, some villages had not yet expropriated church lands, while others distributed much of it to priests' families. Priests made homeless were taken in by parishioners. Children, who no longer learned religion in school, started obtaining religious instruction privately.
410:
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assembly with resolutions that would push through nationalization of banks and heavy industry and transfers of land to peasant communities. Elections took place on
October 22, 1939; the official numbers reported participation of 93 percent of the electorate, 91 percent of whom supported the appointed candidates. Based on these results, the People's Assembly of Western Ukraine, headed by
397:(UNDO) that had dominated Ukrainian political life between the world wars and chief of the Ukrainian delegation in the pre-war Polish parliament, was arrested alongside many of his colleagues, deported to Moscow, and never heard from again. The elimination of the individuals, organizations and parties that represented moderate or liberal political tendencies left the extremist
242:. The assembly voted unanimously to thank Stalin for liberation and sent a delegation headed by Studynsky to Moscow to ask for formal inclusion of the territories into the Ukrainian SSR. The Supreme Soviet voted to do so on November 1, 1939 and on November 15 a law was passed making the former eastern Polish territories a part of the Ukrainian SSR.
473:
530:
in
Volhynia faced similar restrictions to those of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church; moreover it underwent pressure to subordinate itself to the Moscow Patriarch. Many Orthodox priests fled the Soviet regime, resulting in a large number of newly consecrated priests who were not necessarily fit for
522:
was left as the only remaining independent
Ukrainian institution that operated openly in Ukrainian territory. Church attendance soared, and contemporary accounts described churches never having been as full as they became under Soviet rule, with long lines forming in front of confessional booths. The
496:
and their children formed a caste that had a high degree of influence within
Ukrainian society. Using his moral influence, Sheptytsky persuaded all but approximately 100 of the Ukrainian Catholic priests in western Ukrainian to stay with their flock in western Ukraine rather than flee from the Soviet
417:
Due to the sensitive location of western
Ukraine along the border with German-held territory, the Soviet administration made attempts, initially, to gain the loyalty and respect of the Ukrainian population. Healthcare, especially in the villages, was improved dramatically. Between the two world wars,
603:
whether or not they had committed major or minor crimes and whether or not they were held for political reasons. Estimates of the number of people killed vary from 15,000 to 40,000. Due to the brutality of the Soviet administration, many
Ukrainians initially welcomed the German invasion. On June 30,
543:
In April 1940 the Soviet authorities in the annexed territories began to extend their repressive measures towards the general
Ukrainian population. This coincided with the removal of Soviet troops of ethnic Ukrainian origin, who had become too friendly with local Ukrainians, and their replacement by
308:
For the Red Army and its servicemembers, law and order in occupied Lviv was a merely a formality. Pogroms, rape, robberies, and unreasonable executions became an everyday occurrence. The military shot prisoners as well as civilians. Looting spread. The unlawful incidents became so big a problem that
221:
were designed to give the annexation an appearance of validity, but were far from free or fair. The voters had a choice of only one candidate, often a local communist or someone sent to western
Ukraine from Soviet Ukraine for each position of deputy; the communist party commissars then provided the
120:
gaining 131,000 square kilometres (50,600 sq mi) in area, and increasing its population by over seven million people from 1938 to 1941. Eastern Galicia and Volhynia were the regions that contributed the most to this. Some other Polish territory also invaded by the Soviet Union was given to
434:
in Lviv, and some leading non-Communist Ukrainian scholars were invited to staff these institutions. University students from Eastern Ukraine were brought to Lviv and western Ukrainian students, professors, and other cultural figures were sent on Soviet-funded trips to Kiev. An unintended result of
392:
that had served the Ukrainian people between the wars were shut down. All local Ukrainian political parties were abolished, and between 20,000 and 30,000 Ukrainian activists fled to German-occupied territory; most of those who did not escape were arrested. For example, Dr. Dmytro Levitsky, former
501:
nor persecute its leader at that time. Instead, it sought to limit the Church's influence by banishing its presence from schools, preventing it from printing (20 Ukrainian Catholic journals or newspapers were shut down), confiscating lands from which it derived income, closing monasteries and
459:
In the annexed territories, over 50 percent of the land had belonged to Polish landlords while approximately 75% of the Ukrainian peasants owned less than two hectares of land per household. Starting in 1939, lands not owned by the peasants were seized and slightly less than half of them were
539:
Initially, the Soviet authorities deported primarily political figures as well as all Polish officials, civil servants, police, and Polish citizens who had fled from the Germans. The exact number of Poles deported to Siberia or Central Asia between 1939 and 1941 remains unknown, and has been
727:
299:
On 14 December 1939, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine adopted a resolution "On the payment of pensions to pensioners of the former Western Ukraine (О выплате пенсий пенсионерам бывшей Западной Украины)" which in the first months in
216:
Immediately after entering Poland's territory, the Soviet army helped to set up "provisional administrations" in the cities and "peasant committees" in the villages in order to organize one-list elections to the new "People's Assembly of Western Ukraine". The
435:
such exchanges was that the Galician youth were disagreeably surprised by the material poverty and widespread use of Russian in Soviet Ukraine, while the incoming students to western Ukraine became exposed to and sometimes came to adopt the typical form of
418:
Poland had drastically reduced the number of Ukrainian-language schools. Many of these were now reopened and, although Russian became a mandatory foreign-language course, the schools were taught in Ukrainian. Ukrainian was reintroduced in the
304:
alone left over 4,300 residents without pensions (those included former police servicemembers, civil officials, judges, "cult servants"). The majority of those pensioners lived the rest of their lives in shelters for the infirm and disabled.
293:
309:
the 6th Army prosecutor Nechyporenko was forced to write a personal letter to Stalin asking to intervene and stop the atrocities. Special brutality was noted against priests and bishops; in particular, the Chekists (members of
514:
and that she was supplying him with weapons. She refused to do so. By the summer of 1941, in Western Ukraine, 11 or 12 Greek Catholic priests were murdered or went missing, and fifty-three were imprisoned or deported.
502:
seminaries, levying high taxes, and introducing anti-religious propaganda into schools and the media. The Soviets also attempted to undermine the Church from within. A prominent Lviv priest and close confidante of
218:
460:
distributed to landless peasants free of charge; the rest were given to new collective farms. The Soviet authorities then began taking land from the peasants themselves and turning it over to
693:, solidified the mono-ethnic character of these lands by nearly a complete eradication of the Polish and Jewish presence there. Ukraine and Belarus achieved independence in 1991 after the
17:
439:
dominant in the west. In contrast to the dramatic expansion of educational opportunities within the Soviet system, non-Soviet controlled educational institutions such as the popular
282:
had status "special") were allocated several additional battalions of 300 warriors each, Serov asked Beria to allow him to create new groups and increase staff of "punishers". The
673:, where about 13,200,000 people lived in 1939 including Poles and Jews, was an important event in the history of contemporary Ukraine and Belarus, because it brought within
540:
estimated at from under 500,000 to over 1,500,000. Additionally, tens of thousands of German-speaking people from Volhynia were also moved to German-controlled territory.
1597:
1423:
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113:
715:
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Pro-Soviet caricatures published in Polish in Lviv in September 1940, ridiculing "enemies of the state" – Polish businessmen, army officers and aristocracy.
1271:
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regime. Due to its immense popularity, as well as that of Sheptytsky, among the western Ukrainian people, the Soviet Union did not attempt to abolish the
1260:, Stanisław Leszczycki Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization: 25, 27–29. Archived from the original on 2014-05-20 – via Internet Archive.
373:
became the language of the government and the courts. All Polish institutions were abolished, and all Polish officials, civil servants, and police were
213:. In practice, the poor generally welcomed the Soviets, while the elites tended to join the opposition, despite supporting the unification of Ukraine.
151:. The Ukrainian text reads: "Let's forever eliminate the border between Western and Soviet Ukraine. Long Live the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic!"
1592:
655:
from the Russian SSR to the Ukrainian SSR would ultimately consolidate the legally and internationally recognized borders of Ukraine existing today.
283:
138:
274:
had to organize the NKVD operational groups (opergroups). They were tasked among other functions with the clearing of "liberated" regions from the "
1246:
805:
681:
new territories inhabited in part by ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian people, and thus unified previously separated branches of these nations. The
1150:
Bohdan Bociurkiw. (1989). Sheptytskyi and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Under the Soviet Occupation of 1939–1941, pp. 101–123. Taken from
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in 1939 after the Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia. Bessarabia, then part of Romania, is shaded as it was claimed by Ukraine's
632:, not formally annexed by Romania but administrated by it. All of these regions would be captured and reintegrated into Soviet Ukraine in 1944.
1498:
737:
581:
1582:
616:. This movement was quashed by the Germans, who split up western Ukraine. Galicia, which had once been part of Austria, was made part of the
1039:
The bloody "Gold" of the 1939 September. Sovietization of Western Ukraine (Кровавое "золото" сентября 1939-го. Советизация Западной Украины)
1567:
1602:
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1371:
682:
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Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews during the Second World War: Sorting Out the Long-Term and Conjunctural Factors
613:
401:, which operated in the underground, as the only political party with a significant organizational presence left in western Ukraine.
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began, and western Ukraine was captured within weeks. Prior to retreating, the Soviet authorities, unwilling to evacuate prisoners,
1380:
488:
had approximately 2,190 parishes, three theological seminaries, 29 monasteries, 120 convents and 3.5 million faithful. Its leader,
205:, Soviet troops were greeted with genuine joy by the Ukrainian villagers due to the Polish government's discrimination against the
531:
their duties, weakening and demoralizing the Church somewhat. The Orthodox hierarchs in western Ukraine were left alone, however.
1481:
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1038:
178:) minorities in the disintegrating Polish state. Composed of mostly ethnic Ukrainian Soviet troops under the command of Marshal
1435:
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descent, "was not only a major aspect of the post-war period, but an event of epochal significance in the history of Ukraine."
511:
398:
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268:
122:
82:
1058:
789:
775:
1416:
1198:
1069:, ed. Jonathan Frankel (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), Studies in Contemporary Jewry 13 (1997): 170–189.
278:". Despite that, to assist, the NKVD special groups out of the Kiev Special Military District (from July 1939 to June 1941
227:
1440:
589:
239:
117:
624:. Romania also regained its former lands and expanded further into Ukrainian territory, including the important city of
464:, which affected 13% of western Ukrainian farmland by 1941. This caused the peasants to turn against the Soviet regime.
1406:
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Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia, the Ukrainian SSR would gain more land following the
1617:
1453:
1411:
1327:
1299:
1212:
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935:
86:
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convent in Lviv, Olena Viter, was imprisoned and tortured in order to "confess" that Sheptytsky was a member of the
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and became nation states delineated by borders of the 50-year-old republics. "The process of amalgamation", wrote
166:. The Soviet Union would later deny the existence of this secret protocol, claiming that it was never allied with
1577:
1401:
1364:
519:
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30:
1607:
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to the north. The eastern provinces of interwar Poland were inhabited by an ethnically mixed population, with
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444:
431:
1488:
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The Ukrainian SSR's borders would change during the rest of World War II or shortly after it. It was given
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78:
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159:
39:
1357:
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781:
621:
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975:
Galicia: A historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide. Toronto: University of Toronto Press pg. 207
333:. Soldier knocking off caricature of a Polish general from the backs of peasants armed with boulders
694:
640:
629:
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187:
66:
1612:
1395:
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422:(where the Polish government had banished it during the interwar years), which became thoroughly
69:, was captured and occupied by September 22, 1939 along with other provincial capitals including
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670:
448:
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290:
279:
54:
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Ukrainian organizations not controlled by the Soviets were limited or abolished. Hundreds of
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202:
70:
34:
Soviet annexation of Polish lands in 1939 (in red), superimposed on a modern map of Ukraine
8:
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74:
62:
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First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine
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dominating the countryside and overall. These lands now form the backbone of modern
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507:
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342:
1158:. Edmonton Canada: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta.
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1062:
898:
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358:
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The lands annexed by the Soviet Union were administratively reorganized into six
260:
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102:
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together with occupied Poland, while Volhynia was split off and attached to the
209:
in previous years. Not all Ukrainians trusted the Soviet regime responsible for
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296:, a 28 year old major, "What kind of a job is it when no one is executed?"
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167:
163:
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106:
90:
43:
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At the time of the Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia, the
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From peace to war: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the world, 1939–1941
427:
374:
346:
94:
658:
492:, was seen as a "father figure" by most western Ukrainians. The married
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indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the
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271:
98:
1349:
1204:
991:
777:
Economic Change and the National Question in Twentieth-century Europe
325:
314:
210:
1429:
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The Fate of the European Jews, 1939–1945: Continuity or Contingency
440:
245:
191:
856:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 831–833 and pp.872–874
329:
Soviet propaganda poster depicting the 1939 Red Army advance into
378:
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towards a local prison hitting him with rifle stocks on the way.
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with little Polish opposition, and occupying the principal city,
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to Soviet-occupied Poland. The same thing would happen with the
231:
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625:
565:
338:
264:
1152:
Morality and Reality: The Life and Times of Andrei Sheptytskyi
964:, January 1997, Volume XVII, Number 1. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
584:(Moldavian ASSR) within Ukraine was abolished and half of it (
330:
310:
183:
50:
669:
The Soviet annexation of some 51.6% of the territory of the
592:(Moldavian SSR), which emerged from the rest of Bessarabia.
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65:
and the principal city and cultural center of the region of
609:
301:
156:
On September 17, 1939 the Red Army entered Polish territory
58:
988:
Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: 1939–1950
1247:"Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950)"
900:
The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II
1065:
by John-Paul Himka, University of Alberta. Taken from
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447:, libraries and community theaters, and the Russophile
170:, and acted independently to protect the Ukrainian and
1193:
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from Czechoslovakia and some Danubian islands and the
614:
declared an independent state allied with Nazi Germany
659:
Importance for the Ukrainian and Belarusian statehood
554:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
430:. The Soviet authorities established a branch of the
1320:
Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith
885:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 455–457.
1322:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
1032:
1184:. New York: Columbia University Press, pp.192–196
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
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341:similar to those in the rest of the Soviet Union (
1171:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp.214–219.
1132:. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 63–72
355:Stanislav (later known as Ivano-Frankivsk) Oblast
313:) made bishop Symon walk naked on the streets of
289:asked the chief of the Special Department of the
139:Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union
1559:
1270:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
752:Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia, 1914–1915
721:Nationalities in Second Polish Republic ca. 1931
320:
246:Soviet policies in the newly annexed territories
158:, acting on the basis of a secret clause of the
1244:
1009:
393:head of the moderate Ukrainian political party
234:on October 26–28, where they were addressed by
18:Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939–1940
1114:. New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 65
738:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
612:which had been evacuated by Soviet forces and
582:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1598:Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 1939–1941
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1233:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin.
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827:(Polish edition). Second volume, pp. 512-513.
480:, head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
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804:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
230:), consisted of 1,484 deputies. They met in
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957:The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation
850:Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia, Volume I
186:within 12 days, capturing the regions of
1593:Territorial disputes of the Soviet Union
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1161:
888:
774:, Herbert Matis, Jaroslav Pátek (2000).
471:
467:
408:
324:
226:(a prominent academic and figure in the
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29:
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665:Polish population transfers (1944–1946)
643:in the Black Sea from Romania but lost
528:Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
38:On the basis of a secret clause of the
14:
1560:
1379:
1314:
1101:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
985:
916:
518:Despite the various restrictions, the
512:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
399:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
395:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
1533:Northern half of the Korean Peninsula
1353:
1049:
812:
764:
369:was eliminated from public life, and
1583:Military history of the Soviet Union
945:
535:Deportations and demographic changes
263:issued an order, according to which
47:invaded Poland on September 17, 1939
1568:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
590:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
426:and renamed after Ukrainian writer
240:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
118:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
97:dominant in the cities, and ethnic
24:
910:
25:
1629:
588:) was given to the newly created
238:and other representatives of the
211:the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933
182:, the Soviet forces occupied the
1497:
1424:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
726:
714:
250:
147:Propaganda poster from the 1939
112:These, added to other posterior
1308:
1222:
1187:
1174:
1104:
628:, through the formation of the
606:Ukrainian nationalist commandos
520:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
499:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
486:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
1603:Soviet Union–Ukraine relations
1573:History of Ukraine (1918–1991)
1294:. Berghahn Books. p. 74.
1235:New York: Basic Books, pg. 127
1200:Refugees in an Age of Genocide
986:Rieber, Alfred Joseph (2000).
979:
967:
608:under German command captured
454:
390:credit unions and cooperatives
114:territorial gains from Romania
13:
1:
1097:Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996).
973:Paul Robert Magocsi. (1983).
757:
445:Shevchenko Scientific Society
432:Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
321:Government and administration
162:between the Soviet Union and
683:postwar population transfers
556:. Due to it, Ukraine gained
547:
7:
907:). Retrieved 15 March 2006.
745:
689:, and the mass killings of
443:society reading rooms, the
10:
1634:
1258:Polish Academy of Sciences
1197:; Knox, Katharine (1999).
782:Cambridge University Press
662:
622:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
451:were closed or abolished.
255:A week after the start of
132:
128:
1541:
1506:
1495:
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601:chose to kill all inmates
228:Christian Social Movement
149:Soviet invasion of Poland
135:Soviet invasion of Poland
1618:1939 in the Soviet Union
1343:Subtelny (1988), p. 487.
1245:Piotr Eberhardt (2011).
1167:Orest Subtelny. (1988).
695:fall of the Soviet Union
630:Transnistria Governorate
494:Western Ukrainian Clergy
405:Education and healthcare
1180:John Armstrong (1963).
1128:John Armstrong (1963).
1110:John Armstrong (1963).
928:Oxford University Press
653:1954 transfer of Crimea
651:of Soviet Belarus. The
259:, on 8 September 1939,
184:eastern areas of Poland
160:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
40:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1578:Poland in World War II
1548:Allies of World War II
1036:Konstantin Nikitenko.
671:Second Polish Republic
481:
449:Stauropegion Institute
414:
334:
280:Kiev Military District
152:
61:), the capital of the
55:Second Polish Republic
35:
1608:September 1939 events
1182:Ukrainian Nationalism
1130:Ukrainian Nationalism
1112:Ukrainian Nationalism
475:
468:Religious persecution
437:Ukrainian nationalism
412:
328:
269:NKVD in Ukrainian SSR
146:
133:Further information:
33:
1203:. London, New York:
1099:A History of Ukraine
990:. London, New York:
905:University of Kansas
854:Volodymyr Kubiyovych
784:. pp. 342–344.
597:Operation Barbarossa
276:anti-Soviet elements
203:Volodymyr Kubiyovych
57:. Lwów (present-day
1169:Ukraine: A History.
1156:Paul Robert Magocsi
1046:. 11 September 2015
637:Carpathian Ruthenia
570:Southern Bessarabia
562:Northern Bessarabia
198:, by September 22.
1482:Western Belorussia
1381:Soviet occupations
1061:2017-02-24 at the
883:Ukraine: A History
852:(1963). Edited by
618:General Government
482:
420:University of Lviv
415:
335:
207:Ukrainian minority
153:
116:, resulted in the
36:
27:World War II event
1555:
1554:
923:Europe: A History
895:Anna M. Cienciala
791:978-0-521-63037-5
595:On June 22, 1941
558:Northern Bukovina
504:Andrey Sheptytsky
490:Andrey Sheptytsky
478:Andrey Sheptytsky
294:Anatoliy Mikheyev
287:Nikita Khrushchev
236:Nikita Khrushchev
180:Semyon Timoshenko
51:eastern provinces
16:(Redirected from
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824:God's Playground
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462:collective farms
343:Drohobych Oblast
168:the German Reich
63:Lwów Voivodeship
49:, capturing the
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649:Belastok Region
580:. However, the
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367:Polish language
359:Tarnopil Oblast
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291:Ukrainian Front
261:Lavrentiy Beria
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172:White Ruthenian
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978:
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942:pp. 1001–1003.
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918:Davies, Norman
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679:Belarusian SSR
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331:eastern Poland
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734:Ukrainian SSR
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724:
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691:the Holocaust
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687:Joseph Stalin
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1286:Bernd Wegner
1280:
1266:cite journal
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1006:, pp. 29–30.
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641:Snake Island
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586:Transnistria
551:
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387:
383:Central Asia
363:Volyn Oblast
351:Rivne Oblast
336:
307:
298:
257:World War II
254:
215:
200:
164:Nazi Germany
154:
111:
107:West Belarus
91:ethnic Poles
44:Soviet Union
37:
1514:Afghanistan
685:imposed by
455:Land reform
428:Ivan Franko
347:Lviv Oblast
95:Polish Jews
93:as well as
79:Stanisławów
1588:Annexation
1562:Categories
1231:. (2010).
926:. Oxford:
881:. (1988).
758:References
663:See also:
645:Zakerzonia
572:) and the
424:Ukrainized
272:Ivan Serov
176:Belarusian
99:Ukrainians
1527:Manchuria
1417:Lithuania
1205:Routledge
992:Routledge
800:cite book
707:Ukrainian
675:Ukrainian
548:Aftermath
371:Ukrainian
315:Kremenets
219:elections
1430:Bornholm
1318:(1997).
1288:(1997).
1059:Archived
920:(1996).
897:(2004).
746:See also
703:Canadian
441:Prosvita
375:deported
192:Volhynia
174:(modern
71:Tarnopol
1544:Italics
1489:Romania
1467:Hungary
1454:Germany
1448:Finland
1407:Estonia
1396:Austria
1219:, p.219
578:Romania
508:Studite
379:Siberia
339:oblasts
188:Galicia
129:History
67:Galicia
53:of the
1472:Poland
1412:Latvia
1388:Europe
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566:Budjak
265:Narkom
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526:The
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302:Lviv
232:Lwów
196:Lwów
190:and
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