Eastern Bloc - Knowledge

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other uses by central planners were slated to meet domestic demands. Authorities created state companies to arrange travel and accommodation. In the 1970s, investments were made to attempt to attract western travelers, though momentum for this waned in the 1980s when no long-term plan arose to procure improvements in the tourist environment, such as an assurance of freedom of movement, free and efficient money exchange and the provision of higher quality products with which these tourists were familiar. However, Western tourists were generally free to move about in Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia and go where they wished. It was more difficult or even impossible to go as an individual tourist to East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. It was generally possible in all cases for relatives from the west to visit and stay with family in the Eastern Bloc countries, except for Albania. In these cases, permission had to be sought, precise times, length of stay, location and movements had to be known in advance.

8407: 3066:. While the institutional design of the communist systems were based on the rejection of rule of law, the legal infrastructure was not immune to change reflecting decaying ideology and the substitution of autonomous law. Initially, communist parties were small in all countries except Czechoslovakia, such that there existed an acute shortage of politically "trustworthy" persons for administration, police, and other professions. Thus, "politically unreliable" non-communists initially had to fill such roles. Those not obedient to communist authorities were ousted, while Moscow cadres started a large-scale party programs to train personnel who would meet political requirements. Former members of the middle-class were officially discriminated against, though the state's need for their skills and certain opportunities to re-invent themselves as good Communist citizens did allow many to nonetheless achieve success. 5114: 8119: 1328: 1342: 5245:

industrial production". The main initiator of these reforms was Premier A. Kosygin. Kosygin's reforms on agriculture gave considerable autonomy to the collective farms, giving them the right to the contents of private farming. During this period, there was the large-scale land reclamation program, the construction of irrigation channels, and other measures. In the period 1966–1970, the gross national product grew by over 35%. Industrial output increased by 48% and agriculture by 17%. In the eighth Five-Year Plan, the national income grew at an average rate of 7.8%. In the ninth Five-Year Plan (1971–1975), the national income grew at an annual rate of 5.7%. In the tenth Five-Year Plan (1976–1981), the national income grew at an annual rate of 4.3%.

1263: 2481: 4801:, for many years after World War II, even the best informed foreigners did not effectively know about the operations of the Soviet economy. Stalin had sealed off outside access to the Soviet Union since 1935 (and until his death), effectively permitting no foreign travel inside the Soviet Union such that outsiders did not know of the political processes that had taken place therein. During this period, and even for 25 years after Stalin's death, the few diplomats and foreign correspondents permitted inside the Soviet Union were usually restricted to within a few kilometres of Moscow, their phones were tapped, their residences were restricted to foreigner-only locations and they were constantly followed by Soviet authorities. 8598: 5286: 8546: 3535: 5364: 1247: 4643: 5401: 3411:, and which were now, increasingly, cut off from their traditional markets and suppliers in Western Europe. The Comecon's role became ambiguous because Stalin preferred more direct links with other party chiefs than the Comecon's indirect sophistication; it played no significant role in the 1950s in economic planning. Initially, the Comecon served as cover for the Soviet taking of materials and equipment from the rest of the Eastern Bloc, but the balance changed when the Soviets became net subsidizers of the rest of the Bloc by the 1970s via an exchange of low cost raw materials in return for shoddily manufactured finished goods. 2080: 2066: 1541: 1464: 1556: 1388: 1785: 1602: 2108: 2021: 1739: 5475: 1708: 1494: 1183: 7522: 1449: 1295: 1159: 5466: 1279: 1994: 1420: 4783: 1854: 1813: 9183: 1954: 5257:

construction of network analysers were developed by S. Gershgorin in 1927 and the concept of the electrodynamic analog computer was proposed by N. Minorsky in 1936. In the 1940s, the development of AC electronic antiaircraft directors and the first vacuum-tube integrators was begun by L. Gutenmakher. In the 1960s, important developments in modern computer equipment were the BESM-6 system built under the direction of S. A. Lebedev, the MIR series of small digital computers, and the Minsk series of digital computers developed by G.Lopato and V. Przhyalkovsky.

1659: 8928: 7041: 3347: 2411:, followed by the liquidation of state administrations and replacement by Soviet cadres. Elections for parliament and other offices were held with single candidates listed and the official results fabricated, purporting pro-Soviet candidates' approval by 92.8 percent of the voters in Estonia, 97.6 percent in Latvia, and 99.2 percent in Lithuania. The fraudulently installed "people's assemblies" immediately declared each of the three corresponding countries to be "Soviet Socialist Republics" and requested their "admission into 5429: 7026: 2272: 2634:'s social and financial power by expropriation of landed and industrial property was accorded absolute priority. These measures were publicly billed as "reforms" rather than socioeconomic transformations. Except for initially in Czechoslovakia, activities by political parties had to adhere to "Bloc politics", with parties eventually having to accept membership in an "antifascist bloc" obliging them to act only by mutual "consensus". The bloc system permitted the Soviet Union to exercise domestic control indirectly. 5277: 3070:

which the population in certain countries were kept under secret surveillance may not have been rational. Following a totalitarian initial phase, a post-totalitarian period followed the death of Stalin in which the primary method of Communist rule shifted from mass terror to selective repression, along with ideological and sociopolitical strategies of legitimation and the securing of loyalty. Juries were replaced by a tribunal of professional judges and two lay assessors that were dependable party actors.

2682: 5438: 1213: 2627:". As a young communist was told in East Germany, "it's got to look democratic, but we must have everything in our control". Stalin felt that socioeconomic transformation was indispensable to establish Soviet control, reflecting the Marxist–Leninist view that material bases, the distribution of the means of production, shaped social and political relations. The Soviet Union also co-opted the Eastern European countries into its sphere of influence by making reference to some cultural commonalities. 5355: 1826: 9225: 1310: 26433: 9211: 1882: 2227: 8608: 1228: 1435: 1695: 2664: 33: 9239: 1644: 4715: 22713: 1923: 2875:

conflict was started. Soviet cadres in communist party and state positions in the Bloc were instructed to foster intra-leadership conflict and to transmit information against each other. This accompanied a continuous stream of accusations of "nationalistic deviations", "insufficient appreciation of the USSR's role", links with Tito and "espionage for Yugoslavia". This resulted in the persecution of many major party cadres, including those in East Germany.

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market economy. The change to a multi-party democracy was approved by 85% of Poles and East Germans, 82% of Czechs, 74% of Slovaks, 72% of Hungarians, 70% of Lithuanians, 54% of Bulgarians, 51% of Ukrainians and 43% of Russians. The transition to a market economy was approved by 85% of Poles, 83% of East Germans, 76% of Czechs, 71% of Slovaks, 70% of Hungarians, 69% of Lithuanians, 55% of Bulgarians, 47% of Ukrainians, and 38% of Russians.

1840: 2185: 1725: 1527: 1479: 2213: 2094: 1681: 1631: 1358: 8204: 2932: 5327: 1976: 1895: 2240: 2199: 1868: 1404: 8146:. The invasion comported with the Brezhnev Doctrine, a policy of compelling Eastern Bloc states to subordinate national interests to those of the Bloc as a whole and the exercise of a Soviet right to intervene if an Eastern Bloc country appeared to shift towards capitalism. The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechoslovaks initially fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000. 17116: 3611:, where the population was approximately half of what it should have been compared with similar countries such as Denmark, Finland and Norway over the years 1939–1990. Poor housing was one factor leading to severely declining birth rates throughout the Eastern Bloc. However, birth rates were still higher than in Western European countries. A reliance upon abortion, in part because periodic shortages of birth control pills and 2121: 5225: 2149: 2035: 1767: 5595:

in 1950 but 14.4 in 1970. However, the system was resistant to change and did not easily adapt to new conditions. For political reasons, old factories were rarely closed, even when new technologies became available. As a result, after the 1970s, growth rates within the bloc experienced relative decline. Meanwhile, West Germany, Austria, France and other Western European nations experienced increased economic growth in the

2678:, a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate, including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe. The Soviets rejected the Plan and took a hard-line position against the United States and non-communist European nations. However, Czechoslovakia was eager to accept the US aid; the Polish government had a similar attitude, and this was of great concern to the Soviets. 1198: 2048: 2007: 1940: 1753: 1574: 26421: 9197: 8010:, Soviet tanks entered Budapest. Protester attacks at the Parliament forced the dissolution of the government. A ceasefire was arranged on 28 October, and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside. Fighting had virtually ceased between 28 October and 4 November, while many Hungarians believed that Soviet military units were indeed withdrawing from Hungary. 1909: 3431:

policy principle that continued presence in East Central Europe was a foundation of its defense against the West. Through its institutional structures, the Pact also compensated in part for the absence of Joseph Stalin's personal leadership since his death in 1953. The Pact consolidated the other Bloc members' armies in which Soviet officers and security agents served under a unified Soviet command structure.

5392: 7916:, the Berlin sector border. The East German government then raised "norms" – the amount each worker was required to produce – by 10%. Already disaffected East Germans, who could see the relative economic successes of West Germany within Berlin, became enraged. Angry building workers initiated street protests, and were soon joined by others in a march to the Berlin trade union headquarters. 7858:, a prior emphasis on monolithic high-rise housing lessened somewhat in the 1970s and 1980s. In the Soviet Union, housing was perhaps the primary social problem. While Soviet housing construction rates were high, quality was poor and demolition rates were high, in part because of an inefficient building industry and lack of both quality and quantity of construction materials. 4962:, there was little existing proletariat in many eastern European countries, such that to create one, heavy industry needed to be built. Each system shared the distinctive themes of state-oriented economies, including poorly defined property rights, a lack of market clearing prices and overblown or distorted productive capacities in relation to analogous market economies. 3185: 3952: 4910:, which determined countries' investment allocations and the products that would be traded within Eastern Bloc. Although Comecon was initiated in 1949, its role became ambiguous because Stalin preferred more direct links with other party chiefs than the indirect sophistication of the council. It played no significant role in the 1950s in economic planning. 7544:

to the towns and more wartime devastation and were worsened by Stalin's pre-war refusals to invest properly in housing. Because such investment was generally not enough to sustain the existing population, apartments had to be subdivided into increasingly smaller units, resulting in several families sharing an apartment previously meant for one family.

11901:, President of the Revolutionary War Soviet: "We are surrounded by the greens (we pack it to them), we will move only about 10–20 versty and we will choke by hand the bourgeoisie, the clergy and the landowners. There will be an award of 100,000 rubles for each one hanged." He was speaking about the future actions in the countries neighboring Russia. 5167:) with a rapid collectivization through massive state farms and agricultural producers' cooperatives (APCs). Instead, collectivization proceeded more slowly and in stages from 1948 to 1960 in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, and from 1955 to 1964 in Albania. Collectivization in the Baltic republics of the 3604:, the population grew to 92.7 million in 1926. In 1939, the population increased by 17 percent to 108 million. Despite more than 20 million deaths suffered throughout World War II, Russia's population grew to 117.2 million in 1959. The Soviet census of 1989 showed Russia's population at 147 million people. 4832:, "societal organisations" such as trade unions and associations representing various social, professional and other groups, were erected with only one organisation for each category, with competition excluded. Those organisations were managed by Stalinist cadres, though during the initial period, they allowed for some diversity. 5156:, which offered good soils and a warm climate during the growing season. Rural collectivization proceeded differently in non-Soviet Eastern Bloc countries than it did in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. Because of the need to conceal the assumption of control and the realities of an initial lack of control, no Soviet 11722: 5253:

amounted to one-fourth of the total number of scientific personnel in the world. In 1980, as compared with 1940, the number of invention proposals submitted was more than 5 million. In 1980, there were 10 all-Union research institutes, 85 specialised central agencies, and 93 regional information centres.

2898:, when it appeared that Traicho Kostov, who was not a Moscow cadre, was next in line for leadership, in June 1949, Stalin ordered Kostov's arrest, followed soon thereafter by a death sentence and execution. A number of other high ranking Bulgarian officials were also jailed. Stalin and Hungarian leader 2829:(SED) was rejected in favor of the Social Democratic Party, which had gained two and a half times more votes than the SED. The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries began a massive "Berlin airlift", supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies. 15477:

In the mortality belt of the European former Soviet Union, an aggressive health policy intervention might have prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths, or at least generated a different perception of Western intentions. Instead, Western self-congratulatory triumphalism, the political priority to

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and conducted protests in support of the demands on 22 October. Protests of support swelled to 200,000 by 6 pm the following day, The demands included free secret ballot elections, independent tribunals, inquiries into Stalin and Rákosi Hungarian activities and that "the statue of Stalin, symbol

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After Stalin's death in 1953, forms of an economic "New Course" brought a revival of private house construction. Private construction peaked in 1957–1960 in many Eastern Bloc countries and then declined simultaneously along with a steep increase in state and co-operative housing. By 1960, the rate of

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The prewar norm became one Soviet family per room, with the toilets and kitchen shared. The amount of living space in urban areas fell from 5.7 square metres per person in 1926 to 4.5 square metres in 1940. In the rest of the Eastern Bloc during this time period, the average number of people per room

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During the years 1957–1965, housing policy underwent several institutional changes with industrialisation and urbanisation had not been matched by an increase in housing after World War II. Housing shortages in the Soviet Union were worse than in the rest of the Eastern Bloc due to a larger migration

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There was significant progress made in the economy in countries such as the Soviet Union. In 1980, the Soviet Union took first place in Europe and second worldwide in terms of industrial and agricultural production, respectively. In 1960, the USSR's industrial output was only 55% that of America, but

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and the German occupations in Eastern Europe, much of the region had been subjected to enormous destruction of industry, infrastructure and loss of civilian life. In Poland alone the policy of plunder and exploitation inflicted enormous material losses to Polish industry (62% of which was destroyed),

2956:, capitalist parliamentary democracy (dubbed "bourgeois democracy" in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state. The resulting states aspired to total control of a political center backed by an extensive and active repressive apparatus, and a central role of 2567:

When warned of potential domination by a Stalin dictatorship over part of Europe, Roosevelt responded with a statement summarizing his rationale for relations with Stalin: "I just have a hunch that Stalin is not that kind of a man. ... I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask

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In 2019, a Pew Research Survey on European public opinion asked citizens of Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary and the former East Germany two questions: whether they approved of the change to a multi-party democracy, and whether they approved of the change to a

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which saw Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, the Baltic States, Romania and Bulgaria admitted to the European Union. This led to significant improvements in living standards, quality of life, human health and economic performance in the post-Communist Central European states, relative to

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However, that gap does not measure the quality of design of goods or service such that the actual per capita rate may be as low as 14 to 20 per cent. Average gross monthly wages in East Germany were around 30% of those in West Germany, though after accounting for taxation the figures approached 60%.

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From the end of World War II to the mid-1970s, the economy of the Eastern Bloc steadily increased at the same rate as the economy in Western Europe, with the non-reformist Stalinist nations of the Eastern Bloc having a stronger economy than the reformist-Stalinist states. While most western European

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Cities became massive building sites, resulting in the reconstruction of some war-torn buildings but also the construction of drab, dilapidated, system-built apartment blocks. Urban living standards plummeted because resources were tied up in huge long-term building projects, while industrialization

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Because of the lack of market signals in such economies, they experienced mis-development by central planners resulting in those countries following a path of extensive (large mobilisation of inefficiently used capital, labor, energy and raw material inputs) rather than intensive (efficient resource

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policy" of physically transporting and relocating east European industrial assets to the Soviet Union. Eastern Bloc states were required to provide coal, industrial equipment, technology, rolling stock and other resources to reconstruct the Soviet Union. Between 1945 and 1953, the Soviets received a

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The worsening shortages of the 1970s and 1980s occurred during an increase in the quantity of dwelling stock relative to population from 1970 to 1986. Even for new dwellings, average dwelling size was only 61.3 square metres (660 sq ft) in the Eastern Bloc compared with 113.5 square metres

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With virtually non-existent conventional emigration, more than 75% of those emigrating from Eastern Bloc countries between 1950 and 1990 did so under bilateral agreements for "ethnic migration". About 10% were refugee migrants under the Geneva Convention of 1951. Most Soviets allowed to leave during

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With the closing of the Inner German border officially in 1952, the Berlin city sector borders remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because of their administration by all four occupying powers. Accordingly, it effectively comprised a "loophole" through which Eastern Bloc

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The control of the media was exercised directly by the communist party itself, and by state censorship, which was also controlled by the party. Media served as an important form of control over information and society. The dissemination and portrayal of knowledge were considered by authorities to be

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However, the vestiges of democratic institutions were never entirely destroyed, resulting in the façade of Western style institutions such as parliaments, which effectively just rubber-stamped decisions made by rulers, and constitutions, to which adherence by authorities was limited or non-existent.

13686:(quoting the "Committee on the Problems of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP: 15 Years after Chernobyl Disaster", Minsk, 2001, p. 5/6 ff., and the "Chernobyl Interinform Agency, Kiev und", and "Chernobyl Committee: MailTable of official data on the reactor accident") 8897:

Poverty skyrocketed after the fall of the USSR; by the end of the 1990s, the number of people living below the international poverty line went from 3% in 1987–88 to 20%, or around 88 million people. Only 4% of the region lived on $ 4 a day or less before the USSR dissolved, but by 1994, this number

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dictated to the Daily Mirror for the Paneuropa Picnic: "Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and Deutsche Mark, and then they were persuaded to come to the West". The

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While no official spoke to them at that location, by 2:00 pm, the East German government agreed to withdraw the "norm" increases. However, the crisis had already escalated such that the demands were now political, including free elections, disbanding the army and resignation of the government.

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In a survey by the Sociological Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1986, 75% of those surveyed said that they were better off than the previous ten years. Over 95% of Soviet adults considered themselves "fairly well off". 55% of those surveyed felt that medical services improved,

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Growth rates in the Eastern Bloc were initially high in the 1950s and 1960s. During this first period, progress was rapid by European standards and per capita growth within the Eastern Bloc increased by 2.4 times the European average. Eastern Europe accounted for 12.3 percent of European production

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from outside the Eastern Bloc was neglected, while tourism from other Stalinist countries grew within the Eastern Bloc. Tourism drew investment, relying upon tourism and recreation opportunities existing before World War II. By 1945, most hotels were run-down, while many which escaped conversion to

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This emphasis on heavy industry diverted investment from the more practical production of chemicals and plastics. In addition, the plans' emphasis on quantity rather than quality made Eastern Bloc products less competitive in the world market. High costs passed through the product chain boosted the

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The rising standard of living under socialism led to a steady decrease in the workday and an increase in leisure. In 1974, the average workweek for Soviet industrial workers was 40 hours. Paid vacations in 1968 reached a minimum of 15 workdays. In the mid-1970s the number of free days per year-days

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The Soviet Union made major progress in developing the country's consumer goods sector. In 1970, the USSR produced 679 million pairs of leather footwear, compared to 534 million for the United States. Czechoslovakia, which had the world's highest per-capita production of shoes, exported a

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Stalinist regimes in the Eastern Bloc saw even marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat because of the bases underlying Stalinist power therein. The suppression of dissent and opposition was a central prerequisite for the security of Stalinist power within the Eastern Bloc,

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Parliaments were still elected, but their meetings occurred only a few days per year, only to legitimize politburo decisions, and so little attention was paid to them that some of those serving were actually dead, and officials would openly state that they would seat members who had lost elections.

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in the Eastern Bloc, subsequent development varied across countries. In satellite states, after peace treaties were initially concluded, opposition was essentially liquidated, fundamental steps towards socialism were enforced, and Kremlin leaders sought to strengthen control therein. Right from the

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The parties at Yalta further agreed that the countries of liberated Europe and former Axis satellites would be allowed to "create democratic institutions of their own choice", pursuant to "the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live". The parties also agreed

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published an analysis of the former Soviet countries twenty years after the fall of the USSR. They found that "GDP fell as much as 50 percent in the 1990s in some republics... as capital flight, industrial collapse, hyperinflation and tax avoidance took their toll", but that there was a rebound in

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The employment of socialist ideology in housing policy declined in the 1980s, which accompanied a shift in authorities looking at the need of residents to an examination of potential residents' ability to pay. Yugoslavia was unique in that it continuously mixed private and state sources of housing

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In social terms, the 18 years (1964–1982) of Brezhnev's leadership saw real incomes grow more than 1.5 times. More than 1.6 billion square metres of living space were commissioned and provided to over 160 million people. At the same time, the average rent for families did not exceed 3% of the

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Once installed, the economic system was difficult to change given the importance of politically reliable management and the prestige value placed on large enterprises. Performance declined during the 1970s and 1980s due to inefficiency when industrial input costs, such as energy prices, increased.

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was the most advanced industrial nation of the Eastern Bloc. Until the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, East Germany was considered a weak state, hemorrhaging skilled labor to the West such that it was referred to as "the disappearing satellite". Only after the wall sealed in skilled labor was

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The world's first nuclear power plant was commissioned on 27 June 1954 in Obninsk. Soviet scientists made a major contribution to the development of computer technology. The first major achievements in the field were associated with the building of analog computers. In the USSR, principles for the

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In 1980, the number of scientific personnel in the USSR was 1.4 million. The number of engineers employed in the national economy was 4.7 million. Between 1960 and 1980, the number of scientific personnel increased by a factor of 4. In 1975, the number of scientific personnel in the USSR

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Major errors and waste occurred in the resource allocation and distribution systems. Because of the party-run monolithic state organs, these systems provided no effective mechanisms or incentives to control costs, profligacy, inefficiency and waste. Heavy industry was given priority because of its

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Communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc viewed marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat because of the bases underlying Communist power therein. The suppression of dissidence and opposition was considered a central prerequisite to retain power, though the enormous expense at

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into an instrument to monitor and control the internal affairs of other Eastern Bloc parties. He also briefly considered converting the Cominform into an instrument for sentencing high-ranking deviators, but dropped the idea as impractical. Instead, a move to weaken communist party leaders through

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The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein, while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue. In May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade,

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Adding to mobility constraints from the inadequate transport systems were bureaucratic mobility restrictions. While outside of Albania, domestic travel eventually became largely regulation-free, stringent controls on the issue of passports, visas and foreign currency made foreign travel difficult

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Unlike Soviet collectivization, neither massive destruction of livestock nor errors causing distorted output or distribution occurred in the other Eastern Bloc countries. More widespread use of transitional forms occurred, with differential compensation payments for peasants that contributed more

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According to the official propaganda in the Soviet Union, there was unprecedented affordability of housing, health care, and education. Apartment rent on average amounted to only 1 percent of the family budget, a figure which reached 4 percent when municipal services are factored in. Tram tickets

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Initially, Comecon served as cover for the Soviet taking of materials and equipment from the rest of the Eastern Bloc, but the balance changed when the Soviets became net subsidisers of the rest of the Bloc by the 1970s via an exchange of low cost raw materials in return for shoddily manufactured

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and those with the right class or political background. Eastern Bloc societies were dominated by the ruling communist party, dubbed "partyocracy" by Pavel Machonin. Former members of the middle-class were officially discriminated against, though the need for their skills allowed them to re-invent

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During the socialist period, Yugoslavia was marked by a system of socialist self-management, which place greater importance not he development of market-type relations in the economy than any of the other socialist countries of Europe. This strategy was a significant factor in achieving a higher

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components and organisations to assemble them on site, both of which planners assumed would employ large numbers of unskilled workers-with powerful political contacts. The lack of participation of eventual customers, the residents, constituted one factor in escalating construction costs and poor

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The fact that Poland nevertheless managed to carry out large-scale centrally planned industrialisation with no more difficulty than its collectivised Eastern Bloc neighbours further called into question the need for collectivisation in such planned economies. Only Poland's "western territories",

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In addition to eradicating the perceived inefficiencies associated with small-scale farming on discontiguous land holdings, collectivization also purported to achieve the political goal of removing the rural basis for resistance to Stalinist regimes. A further justification given was the need to

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units in Hungary. For 35 years, the Pact perpetuated the Stalinist concept of Soviet national security based on imperial expansion and control over satellite regimes in Eastern Europe. This Soviet formalization of their security relationships in the Eastern Bloc reflected Moscow's basic security

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The police deterred and contained opposition to party directives. The political police served as the core of the system, with their names becoming synonymous with raw power and the threat of violent retribution should an individual become active against the State. Several state police and secret

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poll showed that 72% of Hungarians, 62% of both Ukrainians and Bulgarians, 48% of both Lithuanians and Slovaks, 45% of Russians, 39% of Czechs, and 35% of Poles felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant. A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011

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had an average 20-year wait time for housing while Warsaw had between a 26- and 50-year wait time. In the Soviet Union, widespread illegal subletting occurred at exorbitant rates. Toward the end of the Eastern Bloc allegations of misallocations and illegal distribution of housing were raised in

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was caused by an irresponsible safety test on a reactor design that is normally safe, some operators lacking an even basic understanding of the reactor's processes and authoritarian Soviet bureaucracy, valuing party loyalty over competence, that kept promoting incompetent personnel and choosing

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The press in the communist period was an organ of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party. Before the late 1980s, Eastern Bloc radio and television organizations were state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local

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had eroded because of increased central planning, economic autarky, the use of coal over oil, investment concentration in a few selected technology-intensive areas and labor market regulation. As a result, a large productivity gap of nearly 50% per worker existed between East and West Germany.

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Catering to western visitors required creating an environment of an entirely different standard than that used for the domestic populace, which required concentration of travel spots including the building of relatively high-quality infrastructure in travel complexes, which could not easily be

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However, the Central European states of the former Eastern Bloc–Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia–showed healthy increases in life expectancy from the 1990s onward, compared to nearly thirty years of stagnation under Communism. Bulgaria and Romania followed this trend after the

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These are official housing figures and may be low. For example, in the Soviet Union the figure of 26,662,400 in 1986 almost certainly underestimates shortages for the reason that it does not count shortages from large Soviet rural-urban migration; another calculation estimates shortages to be

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With the change of the Soviet leadership in 1964, there were significant changes made to economic policy. The Government on 30 September 1965 issued a decree "On improving the management of industry" and the 4 October 1965 resolution "On improving and strengthening the economic incentives for

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that resulted was not responsive to consumer needs and caused a neglect in the service sector, unprecedented rapid urbanization, acute urban overcrowding, chronic shortages, and massive recruitment of women into mostly menial and/or low-paid occupations. The consequent strains resulted in the

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In addition, media in the Eastern Bloc were organs of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the government of the USSR with radio and television organisations being state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organisations, mostly by the local party. While over

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in most Eastern Bloc countries were generally far from adequate. For all countries for which data existed, 60% of dwellings had a density of greater than one person per room between 1966 and 1975. The average in western countries for which data was available approximated 0.5 persons per room.

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and regular pregnancy tests were mandated for women of child-bearing age, with severe penalties for anyone who was found to have terminated a pregnancy. Despite such restrictions, birth rates continued to lag, in part because of unskilled induced abortions. The populations of the Eastern Bloc

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tradition, a smaller selective party of between three and fourteen percent of the country's population who had accepted total obedience. Those who secured membership in this selective group received considerable rewards, such as access to special lower priced shops with a greater selection of

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Crucial departments such as those responsible for personnel, general police, secret police and youth were strictly Communist run. Moscow cadres distinguished "progressive forces" from "reactionary elements" and rendered both powerless. Such procedures were repeated until Communists had gained

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Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia while the Soviet Union peaked in 1960 and 1970. While between 1975 and 1986, the proportion of investment devoted to housing actually rose in most of the Eastern Bloc, general economic conditions resulted in total investment amounts falling or becoming stagnant.

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During the last fifteen years of this period (1960–1975), an emphasis was made for a supply side solution, which assumed that industrialised building methods and high rise housing would be cheaper and quicker than traditional brick-built, low-rise housing. Such methods required manufacturing

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promote industrial development by facilitating the state's procurement of agricultural products and transferring "surplus labor" from rural to urban areas. In short, agriculture was reorganized in order to proletarianize the peasantry and control production at prices determined by the state.

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view that material bases, the distribution of the means of production, shaped social and political relations. Moscow trained cadres were put into crucial power positions to fulfill orders regarding sociopolitical transformation. Elimination of the bourgeoisie's social and financial power by

4380:

in 1970–1980, space standards in newly built dwellings rose before the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc. Housing size varied considerably across time, especially after the oil crisis in the Eastern Bloc; for instance, 1990-era West German homes had an average floor space of 83 square metres

7592:

In most countries, completions (new dwellings constructed) rose to a high point between 1975 and 1980 and then fell as a result presumably of worsening international economic conditions. This occurred in Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania (with an earlier peak in 1960 also),

5067:

flourished throughout the Bloc because of rising unmet state consumer needs. Black and gray markets for foodstuffs, goods, and cash arose. Goods included household goods, medical supplies, clothes, furniture, cosmetics and toiletries in chronically short supply through official outlets.

4914:

finished goods. While resources such as oil, timber and uranium initially made gaining access to other Eastern Bloc economies attractive, the Soviets soon had to export Soviet raw materials to those countries to maintain cohesion therein. Following resistance to Comecon plans to extract

3546:

After the creation of the Eastern Bloc, emigration out of the newly occupied countries, except under limited circumstances, was effectively halted in the early 1950s, with the Soviet approach to controlling national movement emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. However, in

1120:

Even though Yugoslavia was a socialist country, it was not a member of the Comecon or the Warsaw Pact. Parting with the USSR in 1948, Yugoslavia did not belong to the East, but it also did not belong to the West because of its socialist system and its status as a founding member of the

17169:"Eastern Bloc" examines the specificities and differences of living in totalitarian and post totalitarian countries. The project is divided into chapters, each dedicated to one of the Eastern European countries—Slovak Republic, Poland, ex-GDR, Hungary, Czech Republic and ex-Yugoslavia. 8893:

and Mitchell A. Orenstein have referred to this as the "mortality belt of the European former Soviet Union" and assert that it could have been avoided with the implementation of "an aggressive health policy intervention" which could have "prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths."

3016:, and the like), special schools, holiday facilities, homes, high-quality domestic and/or foreign-made furniture, works of art, pensions, permission to travel abroad, and official cars with distinct license plates so that police and others could identify these members from a distance. 5191:

were more industrialized than the Soviet Union, they were in a position to furnish most of the equipment and fertilizer inputs needed to ease the transition to collectivized agriculture. Instead of liquidating large farmers or barring them from joining APCs as Stalin had done through

5199:

Collectivisation often met with strong rural resistance, including peasants frequently destroying property rather than surrendering it to the collectives. Strong peasant links with the land through private ownership were broken and many young people left for careers in industry. In

5555:. Further rural problems arose from piped water construction being given precedence over building sewerage systems, leaving many houses with only inbound piped water delivery and not enough sewage tank trucks to carry away sewage. The resulting drinking water became so polluted in 2780:

division of Europe. Thereafter, Stalin sought stronger control over other Eastern Bloc countries, abandoning the prior appearance of democratic institutions. When it appeared that, in spite of heavy pressure, non-communist parties might receive in excess of 40% of the vote in the

2615:" of Central Europe. In addition to reparations, Stalin pushed for "war booty", which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation. A clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations. 4969:

Factories were sometimes inefficiently located, incurring high transport costs, while poor plant-organisation sometimes resulted in production hold ups and knock-on effects in other industries dependent on monopoly suppliers of intermediates. For example, each country, including

15270:

Azarova, Aytalina; Irdam, Darja; Gugushvili, Alexi; Fazekas, Mihaly; Scheiring, Gábor; Horvat, Pia; Stefler, Denes; Kolesnikova, Irina; Popov, Vladimir; Szelenyi, Ivan; Stuckler, David; Marmot, Michael; Murphy, Michael; McKee, Martin; Bobak, Martin; King, Lawrence (1 May 2017).

4372:(1,222 sq ft) in ten western countries for which comparable data was available. Space standards varied considerably, with the average new dwelling in the Soviet Union in 1986 being only 68% the size of its equivalent in Hungary. Apart from exceptional cases, such as 5136:

regimes in the Eastern Bloc and elsewhere attempted to establish an ordered socialist system in rural agriculture. It required the forced consolidation of small-scale peasant farms and larger holdings belonging to the landed classes for the purpose of creating larger modern

4816:

system. This system was largely imposed on other Eastern Bloc countries after World War II. While propaganda of proletarian improvements accompanied systemic changes, terror and intimidation of the consequent ruthless Stalinism obfuscated feelings of any purported benefits.

6370:

also calculates growth rates, using a different methodology, but only reports the figures starting in 1971 (for Slovakia and the constituent republics of the USSR data availability begins later). Thus, according to the United Nations growth rates in Europe were as follows:

5208:, fierce resistance from peasants, many of whom had resisted the Axis, led to the abandonment of wholesale rural collectivisation in the early 1950s. In part because of the problems created by collectivisation, agriculture was largely de-collectivised in Poland in 1957. 4737:

was the unique symbiosis of the state with society and the economy, resulting in politics and economics losing their distinctive features as autonomous and distinguishable spheres. Initially, Stalin directed systems that rejected Western institutional characteristics of

8888:

An estimated seven million premature deaths took place in the former USSR after it collapsed, with around four million in Russia alone. Russia experienced the largest drop in life expectancy during peacetime in recorded history after the fall of the USSR. The scholars

7580:

housebuilding per head had picked up in all countries in the Eastern Bloc. Between 1950 and 1975, worsening shortages were generally caused by a fall in the proportion of all investment made housing. However, during that period the total number of dwellings increased.

5071:

Many farmers concealed actual output from purchasing agencies to sell it illicitly to urban consumers. Hard foreign currencies were highly sought after, while highly valued Western items functioned as a medium of exchange or bribery in Stalinist countries, such as in

11745: 10714: 7876:

suffered from fast urbanisation, uncoordinated development and poor organisation resulting from a lack of hierarchical structure and clear accountability, low building productivity, the monopoly position of building enterprises and irrational credit policies.

7589:

quality work. This led to higher demolition rates and higher costs to repair poorly constructed dwellings. In addition, because of poor quality work, a black market arose for building services and materials that could not be procured from state monopolies.

2580:, Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of political influence in Central Europe. Stalin eventually was convinced by Churchill and Roosevelt not to dismember Germany. Stalin stated that the Soviet Union would keep the territory of eastern Poland they had already 4673:(private banks) and most of them by the early 1980s were forced to notify the creditors of their insolvency. This information was however kept secret from the citizens and propaganda promoted the view that the countries were on the best way to socialism. 8924:

the 2000s, and by 2010 "some economies were five times as big as they were in 1991." Life expectancy has grown since 1991 in some of the countries, but fallen in others; likewise, some held free and fair elections, while others remained authoritarian.

8949:

the late Communist and early post-Communist periods. Certain former Eastern Bloc countries have even become wealthier than certain Western European ones in the decades since 1989. In 2006, the Czech Republic was reported to have become wealthier than

9000:

assert that "subsequent polls and qualitative research across Russia and eastern Europe confirm the persistence of these sentiments as popular discontent with the failed promises of free-market prosperity has grown, especially among older people".

5248:

The Soviet Union made noteworthy scientific and technological progress. Unlike countries with more market-oriented economies, scientific and technological potential in the USSR was used in accordance with a plan on the scale of society as a whole.

4918:'s mineral resources and heavily utilise its agricultural production, Romania began to take a more independent stance in 1964. While it did not repudiate Comecon, it took no significant role in its operation, especially after the rise to power of 3615:

made these systems unreliable, also depressed the birth rate and forced a shift to pro-natalist policies by the late 1960s, including severe checks on abortion and propagandist exhortations like the 'heroine mother' distinction bestowed on those

10001:, p. 897: "In the Eastern Bloc, only Yugoslavia, alongside efforts to eradicate or at least degrade previously existing nationalisms, made the gallant attempt to both foster a new nationalism and a new identify, that of being a Yugoslav." 7487:

Moreover, the purchasing power of wages differed greatly, with only about half of East German households owning either a car or a color television set as late as 1990, both of which had been standard possessions in West German households. The

3290:

served as the central agency for collection and distribution of internal and international news for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. It was frequently infiltrated by Soviet intelligence and security agencies, such as the

3518:

issued general rules for travel that foreclosed virtually all departures, making legal emigration impossible. Border controls thereafter strengthened such that, by 1928, even illegal departure was effectively impossible. This later included

8013: 4769:

15 million Eastern Bloc residents migrated westward from 1945 to 1949, emigration was effectively halted in the early 1950s, with the Soviet approach to controlling national movement emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc.

8576:, distributed thousands of brochures inviting them to a picnic near the border at Sopron. It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. After the picnic, which was based on an idea by 7948:

members, were employed. Bloodshed could not be entirely avoided, with the official death toll standing at 21, while the actual casualty toll may have been much higher. Thereafter, 20,000 arrests took place along with 40 executions.

4986:'value' of production on which wage increases were based, but made exports less competitive. Planners rarely closed old factories even when new capacities opened elsewhere. For example, the Polish steel industry retained a plant in 10516: 8913:

Crime, alcohol use, drug use and suicides all skyrocketed after the fall of the Eastern Bloc. The GDP fell as much as 50% in some republics during the 1990s. By 2000, Russia's GDP was between 30 and 50% of its pre-collapse output.

8045:

and Miklós Gimes, after secret trials in June 1958. Their bodies were placed in unmarked graves in the Municipal Cemetery outside Budapest. By January 1957, the new Soviet-installed government had suppressed all public opposition.

4633:

Poor housing was one of the four major factors (others being poor living conditions, increased female employment and abortion as an encouraged means of birth control) which led to declining birth rates throughout the Eastern Bloc.

2415:'s Soviet Union". This formally resulted in the Soviet Union's annexation of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in August 1940. The international community condemned this annexation of the three Baltic countries and deemed it illegal. 4894:

The trading pattern of the Eastern Bloc countries was severely modified. Before World War II, no greater than 1%–2% of those countries' trade was with the Soviet Union. By 1953, the share of such trade had jumped to 37%. In 1947,

3555:

between occupied zones, hundreds of thousands fled to West Germany, with figures totaling 197,000 in 1950, 165,000 in 1951, 182,000 in 1952 and 331,000 in 1953. One reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further

2906:, who was thereafter executed. The preservation of the Soviet bloc relied on maintaining a sense of ideological unity that would entrench Moscow's influence in Eastern Europe as well as the power of the local Communist elites. 8588:

to an opening of the border, tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans set off for Hungary. Hungary was then no longer prepared to keep its borders completely closed or to commit its border troops to use force of arms.

7939:

stormed some important buildings. Within hours, Soviet tanks arrived, but they did not immediately fire upon all workers. Rather, a gradual pressure was applied. Approximately 16 Soviet divisions with 20,000 soldiers from the

7476:

East Germany able to ascend to the top economic spot in the Eastern Bloc. Thereafter, its citizens enjoyed a higher quality of life and fewer shortages in the supply of goods than those in the Soviet Union, Poland or Romania.

5101:, purges, and intimidation. By 1960, massive urbanisation occurred in Poland (48% urban) and Bulgaria (38%), which increased employment for peasants, but also caused illiteracy to skyrocket when children left school for work. 1094:'s defiance of complete Soviet control was noteworthy enough that Cuba was sometimes excluded as a satellite state altogether, as it sometimes intervened in other Third World countries even when the Soviet Union opposed this. 8437:

in 1985 signaled the trend towards greater liberalization. Gorbachev rejected the Brezhnev Doctrine, which held that Moscow would intervene if socialism were threatened in any state. He announced what was jokingly called the

10946: 8036:

Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union, many without evidence. Approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary, some 26,000 Hungarians were put on trial by the new Soviet-installed

5004:

By the mid-1970s, budget deficits rose considerably and domestic prices widely diverged from the world prices, while production prices averaged 2% higher than consumer prices. Many premium goods could be bought either in a

21376: 24605: 15570:"If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $ 4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute. 9954:

The Eastern bloc was composed of socialist states, who were members of the Warsaw Pact and The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), led by the USSR. ... In works examining the Western bloc countries'

8619:

and the relaxing of border restrictions in Czechoslovakia, tens of thousands of Eastern Berliners flooded checkpoints along the Berlin Wall and crossed into West Berlin. Parts of the wall was torn down, leading to the

2572:

in 1943, Churchill stated that Britain was vitally interested in restoring Poland as a politically independent country. Britain did not press the matter for fear that it would become a source of inter-allied friction.

7983:, with a mandate to negotiate trade concessions and troop reductions with the Soviet government. After a few tense days of negotiations, on 19 October, the Soviets finally gave in to Gomułka's reformist requests. 3372:

of many Eastern Bloc nations, religion was actively suppressed. Since some of these states tied their ethnic heritage to their national churches, both the peoples and their churches were targeted by the Soviets.

3995:

programme, which consisted of the demolition and reconstruction of existing hamlets, villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, in order to make place to standardised apartment blocks across the country

10021:

The other Eastern bloc states – except Romania's fellow mavericks Albania and Yugoslavia – reacted to the breakthrough between Bonn and Bucharest by coordinating their own stances towards the Federal Republic.

12713: 5618:(GDP) levels of the United States during the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Eastern Bloc countries did not, with per capita GDPs trailing significantly behind their comparable western European counterparts. 12773: 12743: 3921:

Eastern Bloc societies operated under anti-meritocratic principles with strong egalitarian elements. For example, Czechoslovakia favoured less qualified individuals, as well as providing privileges for the

10168:

The processes of change in the Eastern Bloc affected Yugoslavia as well, although this country, having been outside the bloc since 1948, had evolved specific political, economic and federal systems of its

8026: 2559:

preferred a Central European Danube Confederation to counter these countries against Germany and Russia. Churchill's Soviet policy regarding Central Europe differed vastly from that of American President

17731: 10729: 4860:

in which the Soviets possessed the controlling interest. Using that control vehicle, several enterprises were required to sell products at below world prices to the Soviets, such as uranium mines in

3062:

In addition to emigration restrictions, civil society, defined as a domain of political action outside the party's state control, was not allowed to firmly take root, with the possible exception of

25959: 5264:

maintenance. The road network suffered from inadequate load capacity, poor surfacing and deficient roadside servicing. While roads were resurfaced, few new roads were built and there were very few

4845:

net transfer of resources from the rest of the Eastern Bloc under this policy of roughly $ 14 billion, an amount comparable to the net transfer from the United States to western Europe in the

2551:

occurred that, in part, addressed the potential Soviet annexation and control of countries in Central Europe. There were various Allied plans for state order in Central Europe for post-war. While

22791: 7872:) were spartan, with six-story walk-ups being the most frequent design. Housing was allocated by workplace trade unions and built by voluntary labor organised into brigades within the workplace. 4711:(the leading people). The Soviets promoted the reverence of Russian actions and characteristics, and the construction of Soviet structural hierarchies in the other countries of the Eastern Bloc. 594: 8072:

took place in 1968. The event was spurred by several events, including economic reforms that addressed an early 1960s economic downturn. The event began on 5 January 1968, when reformist Slovak

3600:

Eastern Bloc countries such as the Soviet Union had high rates of population growth. In 1917, the population of Russia in its present borders was 91 million. Despite the destruction in the

25954: 17106: 7505:

Before the Eastern Bloc's dissolution, some major sectors of industry were operating at such a loss that they exported products to the West at prices below the real value of the raw materials.

3580:

this time period were ethnic Jews permitted to emigrate to Israel after a series of embarrassing defections in 1970 caused the Soviets to open very limited ethnic emigrations. The fall of the

2913:

was a particular focus after the Second World War. Until the break between Tito and Stalin, the Western powers and the Eastern bloc faced each other uncompromisingly. The neutral buffer state

2353:

that contained a secret protocol that divided Romania, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Finland into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and

8594:

leadership of the GDR in East Berlin did not dare to completely block the borders of their own country and the USSR did not respond at all. Thus the bracket of the Eastern Bloc was broken.

24408: 9153: 5045:

in Romania. Much of what was produced for the local population never reached its intended user, while many perishable products became unfit for consumption before reaching their consumers.

3572:, totaled approximately 20% of the entire East German population. In August 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the 1371: 292: 11589:

Karlo Ruzicic-Kessler "Togliatti, Tito and the Shadow of Moscow 1944/45-1948: Post-War Territorial Disputes and the Communist World", In: Journal of European Integration History, (2/2014).

4849:. "Reparations" included the dismantling of railways in Poland and Romanian reparations to the Soviets between 1944 and 1948 valued at $ 1.8 billion concurrent with the domination of 2821:

In the former German capital Berlin, surrounded by Soviet-occupied Germany, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade on 24 June 1948, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in

2788:

In that same month, annihilation of the opposition in Bulgaria began on the basis of continuing instructions by Soviet cadres. At a late September 1947 meeting of all communist parties in

4665:

Technological backwardness resulted in dependency on imports from Western countries and this, in turn, in demand for Western currency. Eastern Bloc countries were heavily borrowing from

22168: 2604:

to help those countries form interim governments "pledged to the earliest possible establishment through free elections" and "facilitate where necessary the holding of such elections".

1105:(1924–1991), which are no longer communist states. Sometimes they are more generally referred to as "the countries of Eastern Europe under communism", excluding Mongolia, but including 19832: 8568:

and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. The Austrian branch of the

4958:

Since that model involved the prodigal exploitation of natural and other resources, it has been described as a kind of "slash and burn" modality. While the Soviet system strove for a

15918: 8403:

During the mid-to-late 1980s, the weakened Soviet Union gradually stopped interfering in the internal affairs of Eastern Bloc nations and numerous independence movements took place.

2568:

for nothing from him in return, noblesse oblige, he won't try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace". While meeting with Stalin and Roosevelt in

7471:

estimates of GDP used for 1990 figures underestimate Eastern Bloc GDP because of undervalued local currencies, per capita incomes were undoubtedly lower than in their counterparts.

17104: 14791: 10830:

Furthermore, the Latvian results are known to be fabrications, having been accidentally released to the press in London and published a day ahead of schedule. Visvaldis, Mangulis,

2773:

was rewarded for the Polish rejection of the Plan with a huge 5-year trade agreement, including $ 450 million in credit, 200,000 tons of grain, heavy machinery and factories.

21655: 2776:

In July 1947, Stalin ordered these countries to pull out of the Paris Conference on the European Recovery Programme, which has been described as "the moment of truth" in the post-

2588:, and wanted a pro-Soviet Polish government in power in what would remain of Poland. After resistance by Churchill and Roosevelt, Stalin promised a re-organization of the current 2376:, the Soviets liquidated the Polish state, and a German-Soviet meeting addressed the future structure of the "Polish region". Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of 25765: 25632: 17724: 17215:, RAD Background Report/29: (Hungary) 20 October 1981, A CHRONOLOGY OF THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION, 23–4 October November 1956, compiled by RAD/Hungarian Section-Published accounts 8157:" began. Husák reversed Dubček's reforms, purged the party of liberal members, dismissed opponents from public office, reinstated the power of the police authorities, sought to 2307:, who viewed the Soviet Union as a "socialist island", stated that the Soviet Union must see that "the present capitalist encirclement is replaced by a socialist encirclement". 3438:'s assumption of leadership one year later pushed Romania even further in the direction of separateness. Albania, which had become increasingly isolated under Stalinist leader 3063: 8461:(economic restructuring). The Soviet Union was struggling economically after the long war in Afghanistan and did not have the resources to control Central and Eastern Europe. 5216:

that were annexed from Germany, were substantially collectivised, largely in order to settle large numbers of Poles on good farmland which had been taken from German farmers.

5621:

The following table displays a set of estimated growth rates of GDP from 1951 onward, for the countries of the Eastern Bloc as well as those of Western Europe as reported by

21167: 13800: 3221: 25760: 25755: 25750: 24015: 21339: 4700:

agriculture, infrastructure and cultural landmarks, the cost of which has been estimated as approximately €525 billion or $ 640 billion in 2004 exchange values.

2585: 15888: 14824:

Ello (ed.), Paul (April 1968). Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, "Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Prague, April 1968)" in

10542:

Sowietyzacja oswiaty w Malopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecka okupacja 1939–1941 (Sovietization of Education in Eastern Lesser Poland During the Soviet Occupation 1939–1941)

24442: 23990: 21507: 21472: 21468: 18198: 14843: 10748: 4808:

lines. Before World War II, the Soviet Union used draconian procedures to ensure compliance with directives to invest all assets in state planned manners, including the

3434:

Beginning in 1964, Romania took a more independent course. While it did not repudiate either Comecon or the Warsaw Pact, it ceased to play a significant role in either.

2792:, Eastern Bloc communist parties were blamed for permitting even minor influence by non-communists in their respective countries during the run up to the Marshall Plan. 17717: 8964:

stated that the analyses done of post-communist countries in the 1990s were "premature" and "that early and rapid reformers by far outperformed gradual reformers" on

22681: 22028: 15853: 15145:

Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.

12705: 10950: 3407:

in accordance with Stalin's desire to enforce Soviet domination of the lesser states of Central Europe and to mollify some states that had expressed interest in the

357: 12765: 12735: 8406: 7995:

of Stalinist tyranny and political oppression, be removed as quickly as possible." By 9:30 pm the statue was toppled and jubilant crowds celebrated by placing

5582:

replicated elsewhere. Because of a desire to preserve ideological discipline and the fear of the presence of wealthier foreigners engaging in differing lifestyles,

3971:

apartment blocks such that the building of such architecture on the edge of large cities continued until the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc. Buildings such as the

22269: 22227: 21670: 21406: 21345: 17105: 5517:

cars. Soviet-built aircraft exhibited deficient technology, with high fuel consumption and heavy maintenance demands. Telecommunications networks were overloaded.

584: 8976:, and developed better institutions. The institute also stated that the process of privatization in Russia was "deeply flawed" due to Russia's reforms being "far 5536:

and other items became notorious polluters, while some hydro-electric systems performed inefficiently because of dry seasons and silt accumulation in reservoirs.

25147: 23954: 17201: 14589:, producer: CBS (1956) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40 5532:

problems arose through urban traffic congestion, which was aggravated by pollution generated by poorly maintained vehicles. Large thermal power stations burning

4016:

Problems were aggravated by poor quality finishes on new dwellings often causing occupants to undergo a certain amount of finishing work and additional repairs.

23970: 22408: 10699: 589: 408: 15594: 10726: 9933:

Eastern Bloc. The name applied to the former communist states of eastern Europe, including Yugoslavia and Albania, as well as the countries of the Warsaw Pact

24838: 22671: 20018: 17558: 17339: 8936:

introduction of more serious economic reforms in the late 1990s. By the turn of the century, most of their economies had strong growth rates, boosted by the

7509:

steel costs doubled those of western Europe. In 1985, a quarter of Hungary's state budget was spent on supporting inefficient enterprises. Tight planning in

2447: 2332: 664: 15691: 10617: 8687: 25027: 21855: 19449: 15835: 7850:, housing problems were caused by slow rates of construction, poor home quality (which was even more pronounced in villages) and a large black market. In 26397: 16593: 3363: 2292: 462: 393: 22881: 14877: 25184: 24140: 23459: 22686: 22666: 22140: 19497: 15958: 14746: 8161:

the economy and re-instated the disallowance of political commentary in mainstream media and by persons not considered to have "full political trust".

5567:

cheapness over safety. The consequent release of fallout resulted in the evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people leaving a massive desolate

3943:

Housing construction policy suffered from considerable organisational problems. Moreover, completed houses possessed noticeably poor quality finishes.

2674:

In June 1947, after the Soviets had refused to negotiate a potential lightening of restrictions on German development, the United States announced the

22676: 21760: 15795: 15478:

irreversibly destroy the communist system, and the desire to integrate East European economies into the capitalist world at any cost took precedence.

8194: 2381: 2373: 2324: 1546: 25152: 8080:" of liberalizations, which included increasing freedom of the press, freedom of speech and freedom of movement, along with an economic emphasis on 7498:

which sold premium goods. In 1989, 11% of the East German labor force remained in agriculture, 47% was in the secondary sector and 42% in services.

5525:, with each country effectively restricting bureaucrats to viewing issues from a domestic perspective shaped by that country's specific propaganda. 4974:, built steel mills regardless of whether they lacked the requisite resource of energy and mineral ores. A massive metallurgical plant was built in 24301: 23891: 21152: 20679: 19429: 17212: 15980: 12277:"Г.А.Зюганов. Система вымирания. Лидер КПРФ анализирует безрадостные итоги правления Путина. Демографическая проблема отражает все недуги общества" 9757: 9488: 3171: 2540:

in 1944, followed by a Soviet annexation of roughly the same eastern Finnish territories as those of the prior interim peace treaty as part of the

15737: 8756:

than the more traditionalist Cuba and Laos. The exception is North Korea, where all references to Marxism–Leninism in its nationalist ideology of

8647:, the authorities, which had allowed travel to the West, abolished provisions guaranteeing the ruling Communist Party its leading role. President 7971:

replacing Hungarian Stalinist dictator Mátyás Rákosi. Responding to popular demand, in October 1956, the Polish government appointed the recently

3939:. Construction efforts suffered after a severe cutback in state resources available for housing starting in 1975. Cities became filled with large 3207:

vital to communism's survival by stifling alternative concepts and critiques. Several state Communist Party newspapers were published, including:

2863:

in June 1948 and a brief failed Soviet putsch in Belgrade. The split created two separate communist forces in Europe. A vehement campaign against

26327: 22691: 22248: 18996: 18191: 8992:

showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a market economy. Writing in 2018, the scholars

8260: 8190: 7987: 3501: 1052: 648: 10101:

Tito played his cards right and – unlike other Eastern Bloc countries – Yugoslavia enjoyed a fairly open relationship with the rest of the world

25975: 24810: 24421: 24041: 21238: 18747: 18556: 13453:

Aleksandr Andreevich Guber. USSR: Intensified Economy and Progress in Science and Technology. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1985. p.14

5586:

segregated travelers. Because of the worry of the subversive effect of the tourist industry, travel was restricted to 6,000 visitors per year.

5113: 2917:, founded in 1947 with the United Nations, was split up and dissolved in 1954 and 1975, also because of the détente between the West and Tito. 1531: 996: 808: 14568: 14211:(Paper presented on 4 October 1997 at the workshop "European Archival Evidence. Stalin and the Cold War in Europe", Budapest, 1956 Institute). 8910:

policies resulted in unemployment rising to double digits and half the Russian population falling into destitution by the early to mid 1990s.

5559:

that over 700 villages had to be supplied by tanks, bottles and plastic bags. Nuclear power projects were prone to long commissioning delays.

2894:, who had previously made pro-Yugoslav statements, was deposed as party secretary-general in early September 1948 and subsequently jailed. In 26244: 22661: 21725: 21586: 12422:

Tchouikina, Sofia (2009). "Collective Memory and Reconversion of Elite: Former Nobles in Soviet Society after 1917". In Packard, Noel (ed.).

11305: 7540:

46% believed public transportation had improved and 48% said that the standard of services provided public service establishments had risen.

2435: 15910: 7864:

housing suffered from a lack of quality and a lack of skilled labor, with a shortage of materials, plot and permits. In staunchly Stalinist

3506:

In 1917, Russia restricted emigration by instituting passport controls and forbidding the exit of belligerent nationals. In 1922, after the

26114: 26074: 25746: 22749: 22151: 21431: 21427: 21228: 12570: 10496: 8693:

Even before the Eastern Bloc's last years, all of the countries in the Warsaw Pact did not always act as a unified bloc. For instance, the

7991: 2867:

was immediately started in the Eastern Bloc, describing agents of both the West and Tito in all places as engaging in subversive activity.

2623:

At first, the Soviets concealed their role in other Eastern Bloc politics, with the transformation appearing as a modification of Western "

2280: 1319: 130: 25920: 15783: 14260: 12131: 2630:

Moscow-trained cadres were put into crucial power positions to fulfill orders regarding sociopolitical transformation. Elimination of the

25690: 25685: 25680: 25675: 24398: 24170: 21783: 21386: 21202: 20089: 18454: 18285: 14787: 4951:

use) development to attempt to achieve quick growth. The Eastern Bloc countries were required to follow the Soviet model overemphasising

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officially regarded the country as part of the Socialist Bloc and established a close economic, military alliance with the Soviet Union.

1060: 398: 222: 17149: 10049:

Nevertheless, the Eastern Bloc countries, including Albania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia, argued that UNSCOB had been constituted illegally

7494:

was only valid for transactions inside East Germany, could not be legally exported or imported and could not be used in the East German

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nominally expanded the Eastern Bloc, but the war proved unwinnable and too costly for the Soviets, challenged in Eastern Europe by the

8223: 7873: 7810: 7569: 5205: 3585: 8698: 5196:, those farmers were utilised in the non-Soviet Eastern Bloc collectivizations, sometimes even being named farm chairman or managers. 4978:

despite the fact that its ores had to be imported from the Soviet Union and transported 320 kilometres (200 mi) from the port at

2592:

on a broader democratic basis in Poland. He stated that the new government's primary task would be to prepare elections. However, the

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organization was legalized and allowed to participate in parliamentary elections. It captured 99% of available parliamentary seats.

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thereafter moved to crush the revolution. On 4 November, a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country. The

7480: 4434: 4045: 3296: 2879: 2852: 1164: 1110: 944: 175: 13600: 26110: 25047: 24718: 24215: 23939: 23688: 23634: 22438: 22095: 21735: 21401: 21233: 19266: 18441: 17430: 17334: 13065: 12627: 10711: 9272: 7854:, social engineering policy and concern about the use of agricultural land forced high densities and high-rise housing designs. In 4655: 4610: 4221: 3887: 3025: 2757: 2541: 2431: 1712: 1664: 1106: 1032: 901: 298: 15136:

Otmar Lahodynsky "Eiserner Vorhang: Picknick an der Grenze" (Iron curtain: picnic at the border – German), in Profil 13 June 2019.

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forced millions of former peasants to live in hut camps or grim apartment blocks close to massive polluting industrial complexes.

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These measures were publicly billed as reforms rather than socioeconomic transformations. Throughout the Eastern Bloc, except for

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The new government that came to power during the revolution formally disbanded ÁVH, declared its intention to withdraw from the

1129:

to be a member of the Eastern Bloc. Others consider Yugoslavia not to be a member after it broke with Soviet policy in the 1948

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The only surviving communist states are China, Vietnam, Cuba, and Laos. Their state-socialist experience was more in line with

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called for ceasefire on 10 November. Over 2,500 Hungarians and 722 Soviet troops were killed and thousands more were wounded.

4906:

Soviet dominance further tied other Eastern Bloc economies to Moscow via the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) or

26331: 25706: 24920: 24687: 24466: 23944: 21157: 19092: 18779: 18757: 18232: 17907: 17613: 17500: 17069: 17035: 17025: 16998: 16976: 16956: 16936: 16918: 16900: 16850: 16830: 16812: 16793: 16773: 16755: 16737: 16715: 16697: 16679: 16661: 16643: 16625: 16583: 16565: 16547: 16529: 16511: 16493: 16475: 16457: 16439: 16421: 16403: 16381: 16363: 16341: 16319: 16301: 16279: 16261: 16243: 16225: 16203: 16183: 16161: 16117: 16099: 16080: 16060: 16042: 16020: 15563: 15273:"The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study" 15061: 14959: 13661: 13629: 13283: 13262: 12433: 12372: 11919: 11866: 10904: 10787: 10553: 10472: 10444: 10408: 10279: 10200: 10122: 10094: 10042: 9980: 9926: 9830: 9630: 9545: 9416: 9282: 7913: 4682: 3103: 3045: 2782: 20180: 14975: 9987:

Within the Eastern Bloc, Poland, Yugoslavia and Hungary tended to be reformist and deviated most from the rigid Soviet model

9866: 9446: 8505: 26249: 26064: 26029: 25701: 25652: 24640: 23980: 23884: 23604: 21497: 21492: 21436: 19999: 19924: 19584: 19184: 18408: 17472: 15248: 10707: 8965: 8686:, but mass protests against Ceaușescu proceeded. The Romanian military sided with protesters and turned on Ceaușescu. They 4703:

Throughout the Eastern Bloc, both in the USSR and the rest of the Bloc, Russia was given prominence and referred to as the

3287: 2485: 526: 343: 227: 120: 85: 4381:(890 sq ft), compared to an average dwelling size in the GDR of 67 square metres (720 sq ft) in 1967. 2372:

two weeks after the German invasion of western Poland, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland. During the

1031:(1946), as well as the Marxist–Leninist states straddling the Second and Third Worlds before the end of the Cold War: the 26497: 26307: 26258: 26234: 26209: 26089: 26069: 25067: 25007: 24982: 24673: 24486: 24461: 23919: 23804: 23624: 22203: 21947: 21865: 21730: 21549: 21197: 19604: 18737: 18036: 17903: 15641: 13677: 11565: 9122: 8819: 8103:. On 3 August, representatives from the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia met in 4588: 4199: 3859: 3520: 3493: 2284: 1347: 145: 125: 21638: 18846: 18774: 17361: 17248: 8215: 8099:

and others grew concerned about Dubček's reforms, which they feared might weaken the Eastern Bloc's position during the

628: 26502: 26199: 26189: 26044: 26039: 26024: 25995: 25895: 24803: 24724: 24525: 24164: 23934: 22350: 22023: 21988: 21930: 21286: 20639: 19734: 18712: 18597: 18551: 18546: 18492: 18280: 18089: 17593: 17349: 17049: 16139: 15470: 11211: 11078: 10161: 8465: 6367: 5054: 5006: 4746:(dubbed "bourgeois democracy" in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state. 3507: 3087: 2765:

In one of the clearest signs of Soviet control over the region up to that point, the Czechoslovakian foreign minister,

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appointed the first largely non-Communist government in Czechoslovakia since 1948 and resigned in what was called the

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Producer goods were favoured over consumer goods, causing consumer goods to be lacking in quantity and quality in the

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The near-total emphasis on large apartment blocks was a common feature of Eastern Bloc cities in the 1970s and 1980s.

2611:

after Germany's unconditional surrender, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a "

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Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947

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By 17 June, strikes were recorded in 317 locations involving approximately 400,000 workers. When strikers set ruling

3203:

communist party. Youth newspapers and magazines were owned by youth organizations affiliated with communist parties.

3157: 1592: 1469: 1237: 1145:

1950 Soviet stamp, depicting the flags and peoples of communist states at the time, including those of Eastern Europe

1036: 964: 237: 202: 140: 115: 110: 18942: 10513: 10361:

Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy

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in the first half-year of 1953. Large numbers of East Germans traveled west through the only "loophole" left in the

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of their Eastern Bloc leaders, yet both have officially eliminated mentions of communism from their constitutions.

8625: 8139: 7921: 7891: 7855: 7656: 7549: 7510: 5509:. However, the wait list for the distribution of Trabants was ten years in 1987 and up to fifteen years for Soviet 4975: 4456: 4377: 4067: 3691: 3463: 3351: 3029: 2895: 2826: 2548: 2467: 2404: 2400: 2071: 1188: 1102: 940: 570: 338: 191: 105: 19752: 19614: 19298: 10583: 10460: 7502:

Though growth lagged behind the West, it did occur. Consumer goods started to become more available by the 1960s.

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though the degree of opposition and dissident suppression varied by country and time throughout the Eastern Bloc.

2939:

governments in bright red and countries the USSR considered at one point to be "moving toward socialism" in orange

26477: 26472: 26124: 26094: 26079: 25950: 25174: 24977: 24952: 24576: 24370: 23877: 22909: 22413: 21900: 21895: 21875: 21823: 21539: 20794: 20175: 20104: 20004: 19882: 19654: 19644: 19231: 18618: 18341: 17960: 17671: 17554: 17405: 17344: 10607: 8706: 8640: 8539: 8527: 8400:(restructuring) to reform the Eastern Bloc and end the Cold War, which brought forth unrest throughout the bloc. 8380: 8328: 8174: 8135: 8088: 8065: 7980: 7865: 7851: 7788: 7678: 7634: 7557: 7553: 7506: 5583: 5556: 5184: 5149: 5073: 5034: 5018: 4971: 4959: 4915: 4873: 4861: 4829: 4522: 4478: 4133: 4089: 3984: 3976: 3935:

A housing shortage existed throughout the Eastern Bloc. In Europe it was primarily due to the devastation during

3831: 3747: 3719: 3663: 3624: 3617: 2396: 2328: 1218: 928: 765: 472: 426: 212: 150: 135: 19569: 19456: 19444: 16450:

The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Document Reader (National Security Archive Cold War Readers)

14667:"Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M. N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N. P. Dudorov (15 November 1956)" 2769:, was summoned to Moscow and berated by Stalin for considering joining the Marshall Plan. Polish Prime minister 26139: 25990: 25980: 25905: 25856: 25851: 25647: 25637: 25002: 24510: 24452: 24192: 22802: 22458: 22362: 22003: 21870: 20225: 19994: 19574: 19476: 19209: 18653: 18648: 18377: 17415: 15832: 15586: 15101:(The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland – German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: 12280: 8535: 8509: 8154: 8127: 7847: 7835: 7722: 7561: 5201: 5026: 5009:

or only in special stores using foreign currency generally inaccessible to most Eastern Bloc citizens, such as

4869: 4544: 4155: 3803: 3469: 3175: 2887: 2492: 2296: 1776: 1409: 1268: 1252: 1087: 1044: 1020: 952: 932: 690: 247: 232: 181: 19894: 19624: 19135: 18907: 17709: 14256:

Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Resolution by students of the Building Industry Technological University:

10984: 10507:, 2005, Polska.pl, the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. 9581: 4753:

of private property. The Soviet-style "replica regimes" that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced the Soviet

3534: 26512: 26507: 26119: 26010: 25910: 24863: 24833: 24796: 24584: 24412: 24209: 23539: 21983: 21880: 21172: 20187: 20140: 19904: 19827: 19559: 18423: 17676: 17425: 17186: 17176: 14870:"Document #81: Transcript of Leonid Brezhnev's Telephone Conversation with Alexander Dubček, August 13, 1968" 14869: 14193: 8702: 8659: 8182: 8178: 7744: 7565: 7044:

GDP per capita of the Eastern Bloc in relations with the GDP per capita of the United States during 1900–2010

5080:

cigarettes served as an unofficial extensively used currency to buy goods and services. Some service workers

4723: 4659: 4566: 4177: 3033: 2647: 1931: 1425: 1300: 1040: 936: 794: 780: 514: 268: 186: 64: 24598: 19619: 19328: 19251: 18922: 15948: 14777:

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors. Retrieved 13 October 2006.

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Stalin felt that socioeconomic transformation was indispensable to establish Soviet control, reflecting the

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Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings",

10722: 10612: 10115:

The post-socialist city: urban form and space transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after socialism

8301: 8265: 8251: 8227: 8112: 7958: 5285: 3524: 3226: 2526: 2463: 2112: 775: 730: 685: 494: 489: 484: 14532:"Chapter II. F (Political Developments) II. G (Mr. Nagy clarifies his position), paragraphs 67–70 (p. 23)" 10651: 8126:

On the night of 20–21 August 1968, Eastern Bloc armies from five Warsaw Pact countries (the Soviet Union,

2480: 26224: 26005: 25861: 25671: 25368: 25319: 24962: 24566: 24516: 24281: 24051: 24010: 23975: 23924: 23826: 22735: 22085: 21740: 21512: 21487: 21463: 21371: 21312: 21177: 20649: 20644: 20361: 20039: 19767: 19512: 19471: 19415: 19318: 19199: 19157: 19062: 18587: 18541: 18400: 18265: 17646: 17420: 17018:

The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland

16880:

Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola, and Matthias Schündeln. "The long-term effects of communism in Eastern Europe".

15555: 9584:, after which Chile became a Cold War ally of the United States. The Soviet Union would later support an 8667: 8355: 2499: 2369: 2346: 2316: 1565: 1284: 924: 262: 17: 24118: 12128:

Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung, Familie und Frauen, Statistik Spätaussiedler

5363: 2525:). Thereafter, the Soviet Union began to push German forces westward through a series of battles on the 26342: 26269: 26264: 26214: 26154: 26015: 25721: 25207: 24709: 24681: 24630: 24557: 24184: 23757: 23379: 22698: 22428: 22418: 22383: 21920: 21576: 21014: 20235: 20220: 20210: 20064: 19664: 19152: 18955: 18722: 18385: 17766: 17279: 17041: 16391: 16293: 16217: 15549: 15234: 9166: 8745: 8443: 8131: 3131: 2518: 2517:. From the time of this invasion to 1944, the areas annexed by the Soviet Union were part of Germany's 2358: 1635: 1064: 912: 846: 745: 556: 273: 16576:

Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe: Origins of Civil Society and Democratic Transition

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Political Power in the U.S.S.R., 1917–1947: The Theory and Structure of Government in the Soviet State

1097:

Post-1991 usage of the term "Eastern Bloc" may be more limited in referring to the states forming the

26174: 25871: 25806: 25057: 24992: 24744: 24336: 24229: 24020: 23846: 23670: 23575: 23475: 23032: 22797: 22781: 21522: 21243: 21119: 21064: 20884: 19872: 19579: 19140: 18752: 18669: 18413: 17789: 17140: 13619: 12794:

Historia Polski 1918–1945: Tom 1 Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Sowa, page 697, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2006

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The Eastern Bloc possesses substantial agricultural resources, especially in southern areas, such as

4804:

The Soviets also modeled economies in the rest of Eastern Bloc outside the Soviet Union along Soviet

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Many states were accused by the Western Bloc of being in the Eastern Bloc when they were part of the

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The United States, the Soviet Union and the Geopolitical Implications of the Origins of the Cold War

8003:

was called, Hungarian soldiers sided with the crowd over the ÁVH and shots were fired on the crowd.

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unlimited power and only politicians who were unconditionally supportive of Soviet policy remained.

2564:, with the former believing Soviet leader Stalin to be a "devil"-like tyrant leading a vile system. 1086:. The most limited definition of the Eastern Bloc would only include the Warsaw Pact states and the 26184: 25657: 25277: 25108: 24930: 24590: 24572: 23775: 23700: 23596: 23499: 22867: 22423: 22259: 22175: 22112: 21905: 21788: 21745: 21705: 20869: 20436: 19699: 19589: 19343: 18887: 18008: 17956: 15666: 14572: 13255:

The "children of Perestroika" come of age: young people of Moscow talk about life in the new Russia

10392: 9314: 8621: 8488:. Unlike previous Soviet leaders in 1953, 1956 and 1968, Gorbachev refused to use force to end the 8351: 7972: 7945: 5160:-style liquidation of rich peasants could be carried out in the non-Soviet Eastern Bloc countries. 4005: 2811: 1716: 20609: 17037:

Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War

11315: 8564:

on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer an

8115:

and declared an implacable struggle against "bourgeois" ideology and all "anti-socialist" forces.

5400: 4982:. A Warsaw tractor factory in 1980 had a 52-page list of unused rusting, then useless, equipment. 3607:

The Soviet economical and political system produced further consequences such as, for example, in

26219: 26179: 26169: 26164: 25826: 25622: 25102: 24885: 24759: 24361: 24320: 23798: 23752: 23707: 23545: 23259: 22633: 22237: 22126: 21993: 21860: 20099: 20044: 20029: 19969: 19777: 19757: 19517: 19194: 18799: 17641: 17567: 17371: 16333: 15953: 15454: 14222:"Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders, 24 October 1956" 11882: 10738: 10650:

Soviet authorities regarded service for the pre-war Polish state as a "crime against revolution"

10153: 10147: 10016: 9956: 9731: 9462: 9267: 9096: 9073: 8485: 8359: 8077: 7605:

The initial year that shortages were effectively measured and shortages in 1986 were as follows:

740: 19002: 17520: 14826:

Dubcek's Blueprint for Freedom: His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia

12562: 10491: 10217:

Kass, Ilana (September 1977). "The Forgotten Friendship: Israel and the Soviet Bloc 1947–1953".

10086: 10080: 8516:

were violently repressed by the communist government there, which maintained its grip on power.

3568:

citizens could still move west. The 3.5 million East Germans that had left by 1961, called

467: 25448: 25358: 24658: 24087: 24056: 23900: 23339: 22716: 22625: 21720: 21606: 21305: 20889: 20393: 19787: 19461: 18937: 18697: 18692: 18485: 18016: 17608: 17009:

Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography

14739:"The handing down of experiences in families of the politically condemned in Communist Hungary" 14257: 12126: 10799: 9262: 8239: 8122:

Czechoslovak protestors carrying their national flag past a burning Soviet tank in Prague, 1968

5627: 5615: 5604: 4991: 4947:

off, holidays and vacations was 128–130, almost double the figure from the previous ten years.

4889: 3527:("place of residence") permits, and internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the 3326:

Western countries invested heavily in powerful transmitters which enabled services such as the

599: 499: 25393: 23299: 21099: 17998: 17510: 15704: 15587:"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on | Russia" 10207:", Lectures by General Nikolai Leonov, Centro de Estudios Publicos (Chile), 22 September 1999. 9918: 9912: 8643:, following protests of an estimated half-million Czechs and Slovaks demanding freedoms and a 7597:

finance, stressed self-managed building co-operatives along with central government controls.

5497:

Vehicle ownership increased in the 1970s and 1980s with the production of inexpensive cars in

5268:

roads, urban ring roads or bypasses. Private car ownership remained low by Western standards.

479: 26457: 26239: 25836: 25771: 25503: 25042: 25032: 24102: 23557: 23551: 22612: 22157: 22146: 22080: 21660: 21381: 21124: 20408: 20403: 20170: 20059: 20014: 19974: 19909: 19853: 19772: 19554: 19368: 19246: 19164: 19072: 19037: 18947: 18892: 18789: 18630: 18176: 17691: 17603: 17562: 17376: 17272: 17237:"1961 JFK speech clarifying limits of American protection during the 1961 Berlin Wall crisis" 17153: 17121: 16785:

The Economy of East Central Europe 1815-1989: Stages of Transformation in a Peripheral Region

16153: 10674: 10573: 9569: 9557: 8371: 8300:

became increasingly independent of Soviet influence afterwards, most notably during the 1975

8219: 7521: 5153: 4690: 4662:. The Eastern Bloc also depended upon the Soviet Union for significant amounts of materials. 4647: 3189: 3163: 2926: 2856: 2842: 2561: 2495: 1130: 992: 897: 770: 755: 633: 388: 369: 25418: 22727: 18122: 17915: 15692:

Average Life Expectancy in Post-Communist Countries—Progress Varies 25 Years after Communism

14952:

Gorbachev, Reform, and the Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Policy Toward Eastern Europe, 1985–1990

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family income. There was unprecedented affordability of housing, health care and education.

5474: 5141:" owned, in theory, by the workers therein. In reality, such farms were owned by the state. 2899: 2770: 25924: 25831: 25796: 25563: 25245: 24935: 24819: 24260: 23395: 23307: 22854: 22564: 22492: 22433: 22344: 22299: 21976: 21477: 21458: 20664: 20431: 20286: 20240: 20155: 20150: 19949: 19848: 19797: 19792: 19684: 19639: 19594: 19532: 19363: 19338: 19288: 19216: 19130: 18980: 18582: 18561: 18132: 18074: 17835: 17539: 17136: 16885: 9014: 8957: 8878: 8838: 8493: 8481: 8285: 8281: 8268:, which the Soviet Union suppressed, and the Sino–Soviet split. The Sino–Soviet split gave 8198: 8108: 7030: 5622: 5133: 4821: 3612: 3485: 3338:(RFE) to be heard in the Eastern Bloc, despite attempts by authorities to jam the airways. 2957: 2936: 2749: 2514: 2459: 2158: 1122: 1083: 1072: 1016: 893: 870: 700: 695: 675: 441: 25523: 23048: 18026: 17240: 15705:

Convergence or Divergence? Life Expectancy Patterns in Post-communist Countries, 1959–2010

15154:

Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).

11931: 11580:

Christian Jennings "Flashpoint Trieste: The First Battle of the Cold War", (2017), pp 244.

8675: 8084:, the possibility of a multiparty government and limiting the power of the secret police. 4919: 4782: 3988: 3435: 2952:

beginning, Stalin directed systems that rejected Western institutional characteristics of

2825:. The blockade was caused, in part, by early local elections of October 1946 in which the 8: 26347: 25881: 25866: 25841: 25573: 25292: 25271: 25119: 25037: 24905: 24875: 24061: 24036: 22572: 22556: 22540: 22309: 22264: 22232: 22018: 21611: 21601: 21532: 21109: 21024: 21019: 20919: 20782: 20579: 20463: 20378: 20266: 20119: 20114: 20094: 20079: 19989: 19984: 19889: 19822: 19812: 19724: 19719: 19709: 19609: 19549: 19522: 19348: 19333: 19303: 19281: 19067: 19057: 18784: 18707: 18677: 18661: 18242: 17993: 17656: 17635: 17629: 16175: 16034: 15462: 15105:(Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: 13797:"Total Economy Database, November 2016. Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity, 1950–2016" 13604: 11102:

The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts

10798:

34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed.

10540:

Soviet authorities attempted to erase Polish history and culture, Trela-Mazur, Elzbieta,

9257: 9230: 9135: 8988: 8709:

withdrew from the Pact, and the Eastern Bloc altogether, in response to the invasion. In

8679: 8671: 8561: 8520: 8489: 8477: 8430: 8340: 8170: 5529: 4857: 4012: 3589: 3552: 3121: 2624: 2423: 2231: 2226: 1028: 735: 25533: 25383: 24945: 23184: 22974: 19964: 19877: 18112: 17930: 17840: 14666: 14221: 13061: 12623: 8531: 8092: 8073: 8038: 5465: 2789: 536: 26487: 25876: 25821: 25696: 25583: 25458: 25260: 25212: 24427: 23787: 23629: 23467: 23451: 23443: 23427: 23347: 23331: 23152: 23128: 23000: 22902: 22886: 22861: 22596: 22524: 22516: 22475: 22448: 22443: 22180: 22133: 21925: 21818: 21710: 21569: 21263: 21059: 21044: 20969: 20949: 20944: 20929: 20776: 20524: 20276: 20160: 19914: 19817: 19802: 19714: 19704: 19679: 19674: 19439: 19393: 19308: 19293: 19236: 19052: 18975: 18851: 18742: 18732: 18117: 17666: 17549: 16987: 16352: 16029:

Black, Cyril E.; English, Robert D.; Helmreich, Jonathan E.; McAdams, James A. (2000),

15940: 15530: 15522: 15369: 15336: 15307: 15272: 13645: 12803: 12397: 10252: 10244: 10183: 10131: 9803: 9795: 9751: 9525: 9517: 9482: 8993: 8877:"had catastrophic effects on former Soviet Bloc countries", and that the imposition of 8815: 8765: 8624:

on 3 October 1990; around this time, most of the remains of the wall was torn down. In

8186: 5568: 5563: 3249: 2608: 2475: 2446:

from Romania, the Soviets entered these areas, Romania caved to Soviet demands and the

2385: 1963: 1076: 725: 431: 378: 25433: 23208: 22926: 20959: 20788: 18152: 17988: 17968: 15426: 15393: 15289: 13091: 10947:

religious persecution during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

10134:

and a lower level of under-urbanization compared to other members of the Eastern Bloc.

8504:

ideals throughout the Soviet Union. In 1991, Conservative communist elites launched a

8496:

rule in Eastern Europe. The fall of the Berlin Wall and end of the Warsaw Pact spread

4931:

were 20 kopecks, and a loaf of bread was 15 kopecks. The average monthly salary of an

2408: 26482: 25811: 25716: 25528: 25483: 25403: 25378: 25329: 25222: 25158: 25077: 25022: 24940: 24895: 24880: 24621: 23929: 23857: 23781: 23737: 23732: 23619: 23515: 23363: 23120: 23064: 23056: 22984: 22958: 22643: 22274: 22075: 21998: 21715: 21559: 21482: 21453: 21276: 21129: 21074: 21049: 21004: 20934: 20909: 20874: 20864: 20833: 20720: 20604: 20574: 20311: 20301: 20215: 20109: 19954: 19669: 19466: 19323: 19276: 19174: 19125: 19099: 19077: 18917: 18897: 18841: 18829: 18643: 18478: 18142: 18079: 18059: 17935: 17845: 17651: 17065: 17045: 17021: 16994: 16972: 16952: 16932: 16914: 16896: 16846: 16826: 16808: 16789: 16769: 16751: 16733: 16726: 16711: 16693: 16675: 16657: 16639: 16621: 16601:

The Berlin Wall and the urban space and experience of East and West Berlin, 1961–1989

16579: 16561: 16543: 16525: 16507: 16489: 16471: 16453: 16435: 16417: 16399: 16377: 16359: 16337: 16315: 16297: 16275: 16257: 16239: 16221: 16199: 16193: 16179: 16157: 16135: 16113: 16095: 16076: 16056: 16038: 16016: 15720: 15559: 15534: 15514: 15466: 15431: 15413: 15374: 15356: 15312: 15294: 15238: 15053: 14955: 13657: 13650: 13625: 13279: 13258: 12429: 12368: 11915: 11898: 11886: 11862: 11561: 11455: 11344: 11207: 11105: 11074: 10900: 10851: 10835: 10783: 10682: 10663: 10591: 10549: 10525: 10468: 10440: 10404: 10364: 10275: 10256: 10236: 10157: 10118: 10090: 10038: 9976: 9922: 9891: 9856: 9826: 9807: 9737: 9710: 9689: 9668: 9647: 9626: 9529: 9468: 9436: 9412: 9396: 9381: 9366: 9346: 9159: 8973: 8788: 8652: 8648: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8549: 8434: 8411: 8385: 8363: 8347: 8255: 8235: 8208: 8150: 8041:

government, and of those, 13,000 were imprisoned. Imre Nagy was executed, along with

7040: 5600: 5596: 5093: 4966:

importance for the military-industrial establishment and for the engineering sector.

3601: 3335: 3264: 3244: 3234: 2980: 2686: 2569: 2556: 2555:

tried to get as many states under Soviet control as possible, British Prime Minister

2488: 1967: 1831: 896:

that were mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America but notably also included former

653: 579: 436: 25593: 25353: 25217: 24092: 21890: 21253: 20924: 17218: 16172:

Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism

15616: 13472: 12367:

Andreev, E.M., et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993.

3564:

in late 1952 and early 1953. 226,000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953.

26437: 26425: 26382: 26371: 25786: 25781: 25603: 25588: 25443: 25438: 25423: 25250: 25195: 24858: 24853: 24843: 23985: 23726: 23591: 23569: 23563: 23168: 23112: 22992: 22942: 22588: 22580: 22398: 22356: 22330: 22219: 22090: 22070: 22043: 21803: 21564: 21039: 20964: 20894: 20879: 20859: 20806: 20589: 20584: 20564: 20514: 20504: 20331: 20296: 20281: 20230: 19959: 19899: 19739: 19398: 19378: 19087: 19029: 19023: 18990: 18970: 18960: 18809: 18610: 18602: 18459: 18137: 18102: 18021: 17850: 17830: 17802: 17329: 17223: 17182: 17172: 16929:

Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

15506: 15458: 15421: 15405: 15364: 15348: 15302: 15284: 14839: 14715: 11737: 10508: 10338: 10228: 9787: 9509: 9216: 9202: 9084: 9055: 8927: 8780: 8753: 8741: 8729: 8439: 8375: 8305: 8289: 8042: 7964: 7925: 7490: 5265: 5260:

Author Turnock claims that transport in the Eastern Bloc was characterised by poor

5213: 5138: 5125: 5081: 5077: 4998: 4990:

despite the opening of modern integrated units on the periphery while the last old

4809: 3443: 3346: 3320: 2903: 2577: 2537: 2533: 2506: 2471: 2340: 2039: 1985: 446: 23192: 17855: 16893:

Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991

11723:"Discrimination, opportunity, and middle-class success in early Communist Hungary" 10197: 8508:, which hastened the end of Marxist–Leninist rule in Eastern Europe. However, the 7025: 5063:

were created that were often supplied by goods stolen from the public sector. The

3955:

Prominent examples of urban design included Marszałkowska Housing Estate (MDM) in

27:

Former group of communist states aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War

26407: 26387: 25726: 25468: 25428: 25413: 25408: 25179: 25072: 24997: 24005: 23664: 23507: 23483: 23243: 23235: 23136: 23072: 22934: 22532: 22324: 22242: 22038: 21967: 21798: 21643: 21633: 21422: 21258: 21114: 21104: 21089: 21069: 21054: 21029: 20974: 20739: 20707: 20599: 20559: 20321: 20316: 20256: 20197: 19929: 19807: 19634: 19599: 19507: 19502: 19226: 19120: 18794: 18727: 18717: 18682: 18638: 18625: 18577: 18097: 18064: 18054: 17883: 17797: 17741: 17544: 17505: 17366: 17230: 16989:

Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

16840: 16783: 16070: 15839: 15551:

The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism

14979: 14774: 14586: 14264: 13843: 12810: 12135: 11940: 11310: 10752: 10733: 10718: 10587: 10520: 10500: 10347: 10204: 9850: 9618: 9430: 9287: 9244: 9024: 8890: 8845: 8831: 8791: 8749: 8316: 8158: 8096: 7996: 7929: 5521:

inside the Eastern Bloc. Countries were inured to isolation and initial post-war

5428: 5336: 5064: 4805: 4754: 4734: 3528: 3259: 3254: 2984: 2848: 2815: 2801: 842: 638: 541: 25518: 19221: 15754: 15495:"Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response" 15228: 14676:. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. 14231:. George Washington University: The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002. 10565: 9776:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 9580:

Soviet-Chilean alliance ended with the overthrow of the Allende government in a

9498:"The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement" 4825:

expropriation of landed and industrial property was accorded absolute priority.

2271: 26402: 26357: 26312: 25558: 25543: 25538: 25498: 25463: 25373: 25363: 24925: 24000: 23770: 23682: 23411: 23371: 23355: 23283: 22875: 22656: 22648: 22453: 22378: 22294: 22254: 21813: 21808: 21750: 21084: 21009: 20999: 20994: 20854: 20594: 20383: 20306: 20034: 19939: 19689: 19629: 19261: 19179: 19082: 19042: 19012: 18912: 18867: 18044: 17920: 17888: 17878: 17812: 17739: 17686: 17681: 16869: 15858: 15392:

Men, Tamara; Brennan, Paul; Boffetta, Paolo; Zaridze, David (25 October 2003).

13276:

Reluctant Socialists, Rural Entrepreneurs: Class, Culture, and the Polish State

12815: 10703: 8961: 8827: 8721: 8714: 8644: 8633: 8601: 8590: 8247: 8081: 7901: 7231: 7034: 6516: 5812: 5506: 5276: 5261: 5229: 5193: 5168: 5157: 4952: 4739: 3569: 3477: 3400: 3300: 3001: 2953: 908: 750: 561: 25312: 23088: 23016: 18147: 18127: 17940: 16966: 15585:

Rice-Oxley, Mark; Sedghi, Ami; Ridley, Jenny; Magill, Sasha (17 August 2011).

15510: 15352: 14605:"Chapter IV. E (Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops), para 181 (p. 56)" 14258:

Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, 22 October 1956

13681: 11741: 10846:. Latvian National Foundation. Stockholm. 1949. Feldbrugge, Ferdinand et al., 10067:

80 Yugoslavia is perhaps the most international of the Eastern Bloc countries.

9959:

with the Eastern bloc, Yugoslavia was not considered part of the Eastern bloc.

9791: 9513: 5437: 2681: 2399:

had occurred in mid-June 1940, when Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in

26451: 25846: 25553: 25473: 25343: 25287: 25163: 25082: 24910: 24695: 24435: 23718: 23712: 23586: 23581: 23008: 22548: 22508: 22304: 22197: 22192: 22048: 21971: 21937: 21700: 21695: 21581: 21328: 21248: 21094: 20989: 20954: 20939: 20899: 20441: 20271: 20009: 19919: 19782: 19762: 19649: 19410: 19388: 19353: 18932: 18927: 18882: 18804: 18764: 18513: 18207: 18069: 18049: 17983: 17873: 17807: 17696: 17530: 17252: 15617:"Great Depression | Definition, History, Dates, Causes, Effects, & Facts" 15518: 15417: 15409: 15360: 15298: 13823:"UN Statistics Division, December 2016. Growth Rate of GDP and its breakdown" 11911: 11066: 10659: 10240: 9277: 9188: 9147: 8981: 8899: 8874: 8870: 8835: 8823: 8629: 8423: 8324: 8313: 8273: 8107:

and signed the Bratislava Declaration, which affirmed unshakable fidelity to

8069: 8055: 8007: 7897: 7585: 5129: 4987: 4900: 4896: 4846: 4798: 4791: 4758: 4666: 4001: 3608: 3561: 3557: 3511: 3408: 3369: 3316: 3312: 3074:

police organizations enforced communist party rule, including the following:

2948: 2785:, repressions were instituted to liquidate any independent political forces. 2711: 2675: 2658: 2612: 2552: 2522: 2502: 2443: 2377: 2304: 1886: 1881: 1367: 858: 760: 623: 551: 504: 288: 17124:

was created from a revision of this article dated 10 November 2012

17059: 16946: 16466:

Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997),

15703:

Gerr, Christopher J., Yulia Raskina & Daria Tsyplakova (28 October 2017)

14927:, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, pp. 34–35 10700:

230,000 to 450,000 Poles were taken as prisoner, some of which were executed

5514: 3238: 26377: 26254: 26020: 25965: 25578: 25493: 25398: 25324: 24957: 24848: 24667: 24384: 24237: 23793: 23694: 23676: 23387: 23176: 22966: 22604: 22500: 22319: 22060: 21845: 21755: 21034: 20984: 20914: 20904: 20758: 20746: 20733: 20539: 20366: 19867: 19115: 18965: 18824: 18814: 18520: 18359: 18252: 18227: 18107: 17973: 17410: 17307: 16540:

We were the people: voices from East Germany's revolutionary autumn of 1989

15757:. OUPblog, Oxford University Press, 23 April 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2021. 15694:. Peterson Institute for International Economics. Retrieved 4 January 2021. 15435: 15378: 15316: 14604: 14531: 14490: 14449: 14408: 14367: 14326: 14282: 9707:

The strategy of campaigning: lessons from Ronald Reagan & Boris Yeltsin

9252: 9109: 8919: 8866: 8842: 8773: 8725: 8616: 8565: 8557: 8523:, sometimes called the "Autumn of Nations", swept across the Eastern Bloc. 8297: 7909: 7861: 7766: 7700: 7573: 7525: 7472: 5498: 5303: 5299: 5233: 5188: 5172: 5118: 5060: 5014: 4865: 4761:

and Soviet-style secret polices to suppress real and potential opposition.

4696: 4500: 4373: 4111: 3964: 3936: 3923: 3775: 3581: 3548: 3531:, greatly restricted mobility within even small areas of the Soviet Union. 3515: 3481: 3423: 3396: 3308: 3216: 3194: 3083: 2777: 2736: 2720: 2703: 2389: 2350: 2300: 1440: 1315: 1233: 1114: 1012: 1008: 920: 881: 877: 862: 217: 17259: 13124:

Planning of manpower in the Soviet Union. Progress Publishers. 1975. p.101

12423: 10035:

The United Nations and the maintenance of international peace and security

9588:

against the military government until Chile returned to democracy in 1990.

8931:

Life expectancy of some Eastern Bloc countries, compared to Western Europe

8607: 5447: 3584:

was accompanied by a massive rise in European East-West migration. Famous

26362: 26105: 26000: 25801: 25791: 25711: 25508: 25488: 25453: 25388: 25201: 25087: 24769: 24648: 24549: 24148: 24071: 23869: 23840: 23747: 23742: 23419: 23403: 23275: 22337: 22163: 21850: 21079: 20684: 20654: 20509: 20499: 20398: 20261: 20054: 19543: 19373: 19358: 19169: 19017: 18985: 18872: 18687: 18592: 18531: 18237: 17774: 17459: 16396:

East Central Europe after the Warsaw Pact: Security Dilemmas in the 1990s

15944: 15799:'This is the golden age': Eastern Europe's extraordinary 30-year revival" 15048:

E. Szafarz, "The Legal Framework for Political Cooperation in Europe" in

8997: 8663: 8497: 8464:

The start of the disintegration of the Eastern Bloc can be attributed to

8457: 8415: 8396: 8367: 8332: 8309: 8269: 8022: 7905: 7049: 5552: 5488: 5410: 5377: 5354: 5295: 5176: 5098: 4787: 4670: 3573: 3539: 3473: 3439: 3415: 3390: 3304: 3269: 2883: 2822: 2766: 2745: 2728: 2699: 2631: 1649: 1561: 1169: 1098: 972: 968: 889: 885: 680: 670: 320: 279: 257: 25305: 23144: 16290:

Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961

15815: 15767: 15526: 15494: 15050:

The Changing Political Structure of Europe: Aspects of International Law

12401: 12386:"The Social Structure of Soviet-Type Societies, Its Collapse and Legacy" 12385: 10963: 10493:

Wybory" do Zgromadzen Ludowych Zachodniej Ukrainy i Zachodniej Bialorusi

9644:

European integration and the Cold War: Ostpolitik-Westpolitik, 1965–1973

9238: 8049: 5631:. In some cases data availability does not go all the way back to 1951. 3980: 3274: 26293: 26283: 25776: 25608: 25568: 25348: 25282: 25189: 24294: 24046: 23040: 23024: 22314: 21962: 21648: 21527: 20838: 20549: 20519: 20473: 20388: 20356: 20348: 20291: 19979: 19694: 19383: 19271: 18877: 18431: 17893: 17779: 15118:

Ludwig Greven "Und dann ging das Tor auf", in Die Zeit, 19 August 2014.

11910:

Christ Is Calling You : A Course in Catacomb Pastorship by Father

10580: 10248: 9849:

Janzen, Jörg; Taraschewski, Thomas (2009). Shahshahānī, Suhaylā (ed.).

9799: 9775: 9521: 9497: 9429:

Janzen, Jörg; Taraschewski, Thomas (2009). Shahshahānī, Suhaylā (ed.).

8811: 8784: 8777: 8769: 8761: 8628:, the day after the mass crossings through the Berlin Wall, the leader 8501: 8336: 8231: 8104: 7528: 7468: 5612: 5484: 5414: 4994:

furnace installed in the 19th century was not closed down immediately.

3968: 3127: 3013: 2997: 2886:

immediately changed course from favoring Yugoslavia to opposing it. In

2806: 2663: 2419: 2354: 2336: 2026: 1744: 1694: 1518: 1304:(1947–1989, limited participation in Warsaw Pact activities after 1964) 1126: 1068: 874: 643: 521: 32: 23251: 19492: 16670:

Smith, David James; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002),

16594:"East Berlin: The Search for a National Building Style and Heimat-GDR" 15394:"Russian mortality trends for 1991-2001: analysis by cause and region" 12428:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 63–99. 10656:

A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II

10600: 10437:

Sowietyzacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 wrzesnia 1939

9686:

Globalization of Unequal National Economies: Players and Controversies

7513:'s industry meant continuing shortages in other parts of its economy. 5541: 3972: 3940: 2987:

was the most powerful figure in each regime. The party over which the

2963: 2366:

Soviet Union had invaded the portions of eastern Poland assigned to it

26367: 26352: 25513: 25266: 25233: 25228: 25113: 25062: 24754: 23639: 23614: 23315: 23160: 23080: 22950: 21942: 21833: 21690: 21628: 21134: 20979: 20828: 20801: 20614: 20569: 20478: 20446: 20426: 20418: 19747: 19537: 17925: 17449: 17312: 16823:

The Prague Spring and its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970

16131: 15911:"Confidence in Democracy and Capitalism Wanes in Former Soviet Union" 15127:

Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.

13462:

Yearbook the USSR. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1982. p.174

13115:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1970. p.85 10400: 10181:

Binder, David (1982), "Many from Eastern Bloc Seek Yugoslav Asylum",

9871:

Until 1990, despite being a formally independent state, Mongolia had

9451:

Until 1990, despite being a formally independent state, Mongolia had

9306: 8907: 8683: 8611:

Changes in national boundaries after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc

8312:

gave the Eastern Bloc renewed confidence after it had been frayed by

7968: 7495: 7172: 7053: 5451: 5317: 5164: 5042: 5010: 4743: 4731: 4719: 3987:. Wishing to reinforce the role of the state in the 1970s and 1980s, 3489: 3382: 3057: 2988: 2944: 2871: 2860: 2361:. Lithuania was added in a second secret protocol in September 1939. 1927: 1922: 1622: 1141: 531: 333: 16128:

Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945–1989: Judgements on the Street

12276: 10689:

and subsequently started arresting large numbers of Polish citizens.

10548:. (eds.), Wyzsza Szkola Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego, 1997, 10458: 10232: 9725: 9723: 9031:

Since 1993, the following countries have remained communist states:

8752:

to varying degrees. China and Vietnam are usually described as more

8203: 8006:

By 2 am on 24 October, under orders of Soviet defense minister

5537: 5163:

Nor could they risk mass starvation or agricultural sabotage (e.g.,

4812:

of agriculture and utilising a sizeable labor army collected in the

4714: 26322: 26288: 25731: 25633:

The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)

25598: 25129: 25124: 24788: 24251: 23645:

Ukrainian Television Ch.1/Ukrainian Television Ch.2 (Ukrainian SSR)

23104: 22847: 21885: 21596: 20713: 20554: 20451: 20326: 20145: 20049: 19189: 19047: 18501: 18313: 16072:

East European Fault Lines: Dissent, Opposition, And Social Activism

15981:"European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism" 14925:

The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy

9950:

East-West Trade and Japanese-Yugoslav Relations during the Cold War

9730:

Gasztold-Seń, Trentin, Adamec, Przemysław, Przemysław, Jan (2014).

9461:

Gasztold-Seń, Trentin, Adamec, Przemysław, Przemysław, Jan (2014).

9019: 8950: 8849: 8803: 8733: 8710: 8451: 8390: 8354:. In response, China moved towards the United States following the 8293: 8100: 7936: 7251: 5545: 5373: 5340: 4932: 3427: 3115: 3053: 2992: 2690: 2668: 2439: 2259: 2176: 2140: 1804: 1007:

The term Eastern Bloc was often used interchangeably with the term

984: 866: 705: 403: 23291: 19833:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

15852:

Havrylyshyn, Oleh; Meng, Xiaofan; Tupy, Marian L. (12 July 2016).

15451:

Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions

14768:"On This Day 16 June 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy" 14199: 10272:

Syria and Saudi Arabia: Collaboration and Conflicts in the Oil Era

5326: 5224: 2931: 2310: 1149: 26159: 26100: 25478: 25298: 24749: 24701: 24532: 24107: 24097: 23644: 23435: 23200: 23096: 22894: 21621: 21446: 21441: 20659: 20544: 20534: 20483: 20024: 18769: 17495: 17454: 13624:. VAAP. First American edition published by Basic Books in 1991. 10439:(in Polish), Bydgoszcz: Wyzsza Szkola Pedagogiczna, p. 441, 9720: 8807: 8799: 8795: 8473: 8469: 7479:

While official statistics painted a relatively rosy picture, the

7156: 5574: 5571:

containing extensive still-standing abandoned urban development.

5533: 5522: 5502: 5038: 4907: 4903:

and forbade all Eastern Bloc countries from participating in it.

4885: 4850: 4841: 3404: 3386: 3279: 2910: 2864: 2427: 2218: 2190: 2099: 1845: 1790: 1730: 1707: 1686: 1484: 1363: 956: 916: 383: 327: 284: 36:

The political situation in Europe during the Cold War after 1948.

21297: 17219:

Chronology Of Events Leading To The 1968 Czechoslovakia Invasion

17160: 16468:

Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941

11452:

Confronting the German Question: Germans on the East-West Divide

11100:

Potsdam Ashley, John, Soames Grenville and Bernard Wasserstein,

10397:

Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory

7029:

Per capita GDP in the Eastern Bloc from 1950 to 2003 (1990 base

5084:

illegally providing services directly to customers for payment.

4840:

At the same time, at the war's end, the Soviet Union adopted a "

3967:

authorities viewed large cost advantages in the construction of

2600:

did not meet democratic standards and were largely manipulated.

25168: 25142: 23491: 23323: 23267: 22840: 20727: 20529: 20468: 19403: 17264: 16636:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

16150:

Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement

15721:

Post-Communist Health Transitions in Central and Eastern Europe

13948:

Update USSR, Volumes 53. April 1986. N.W.R. Publications. p. 11

13678:"Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination" 11893:/ 9789986757412 / 9986-757-41-X pg 23 "As early as August 1920 10013:

After the Expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990

9855:. Iuaes-series. Vol. 4. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 190. 9665:

After the expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990

9623:

Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976

9435:. Iuaes-series. Vol. 4. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 190. 9061: 8243: 8030: 7999:

in Stalin's boots, which was all that remained the statue. The

7350: 7136: 5564:

catastrophe at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in the Ukrainian SSR

5302:(right), manufactured between 1966 and 1989; they were made in 4979: 4943:

significant portion of its shoe production to other countries.

3956: 3184: 3009: 2596:(known as the "Three Times Yes" referendum) and the subsequent 2412: 2245: 2204: 1981: 1900: 1873: 1090:

as former satellite states most dominated by the Soviet Union.

854: 26420: 18206: 16766:

The East European economy in context: communism and transition

16432:

From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War

14283:"Chapter II. A (Meetings and demonstrations), para 54 (p. 19)" 13680:. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. Archived from 11885:

by Afonsas Eidintas Genocide and Research Center of Lithuania

9196: 8000: 5551:

Several villages were evacuated because of copper smelting at

5391: 25935: 25135: 24312: 22918: 22757: 21840: 21212: 21168:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

20674: 20457: 18536: 18367: 18260: 18222: 17192: 15738:

Political conditions and life expectancy in Europe, 1900-2008

15269: 11894: 11881:

President of Lithuania: Prisoner of the Gulag a Biography of

9729: 9460: 9310: 8757: 8737: 8513: 5030: 5022: 4936: 4813: 4385:

Housing characteristics in new dwellings of the Eastern Bloc

3497: 3450:

in 1961, withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1968 following the

3079: 3041: 3005: 2902:

met in Moscow to orchestrate a show trial of Rákosi opponent

2753: 2732: 2299:

and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the

2154: 2126: 1993: 1914: 1859: 1817: 1772: 1454: 980: 976: 196: 24016:

Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union

21340:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

17224:

Solidarity, Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland, 1980–81

16028: 15584: 15103:

Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall

13088:"Ирония нашей судьбы : Социум : Еженедельник 2000" 13016: 13004: 12985: 12961: 10842:, Chapter=VIII. September 1939 to June 1941; Švābe, Arvīds. 8455:(openness) in the Soviet Union, and emphasized the need for 8446:

to determine their own internal affairs during this period.

8350:, the Soviet Union reserved the right to intervene in other 5298:

Limousine (left), manufactured between 1964 and 1989; and a

3623:

In October 1966, artificial birth control was proscribed in

3299:. TASS had affiliates in 14 Soviet republics, including the 25985: 25970: 25945: 24890: 24779:

An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism

24776:

Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state

24478: 24443:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

24404: 24353: 24199: 23832: 23820: 23764: 23609: 23533: 23227: 20752: 20634: 18526: 18470: 18449: 18275: 16690:

Impunity and human rights in international law and practice

14409:"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), paragraphs 56–57 (p. 20)" 10985:"Churchill and the Germans" in Der Spiegel, 13 August 2010. 10610:[Soviet occupation of Polish territories 1939–41]. 9875:

been an integral part of the Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc.

9455:

been an integral part of the Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc.

8760:

were gradually eliminated. This was previously the case in

8581: 8419: 8214:

Soviet control of the Eastern Bloc was first tested by the

7840: 5510: 3419: 3355: 3292: 3145: 2707: 2513:

In June 1941, Germany broke the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact by

2438:. After a June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum demanding Bessarabia, 2392:

and redistributed private and state-owned Polish property.

2053: 2012: 1959: 1945: 1758: 1579: 1504: 1203: 1091: 1056: 988: 960: 948: 911:, the term Eastern Bloc generally referred to the USSR and 850: 242: 207: 70: 15667:"What Explains the Post-Soviet Russian Economic Collapse?" 9911:

Hirsch, Donald; Kett, Joseph F.; Trefil, James S. (2002),

8422:

and its other Western allies, in a meeting with President

4648:

85% of buildings in Warsaw were destroyed by German troops

3426:

and partly because the Soviets needed an excuse to retain

2833:

permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin.

2641: 2434:

was established by merging the ceded territories with the

21207: 21187: 21182: 18349: 18295: 16031:

Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since World War II

15881:"End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations" 15391: 11859:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Europe

10951:

Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

9423:... the countries of Eastern Europe under communism ... . 8903: 8149:

In April 1969, Dubček was replaced as first secretary by

8087:

Initial reaction within the Eastern Bloc was mixed, with

5059:

As a result of the deficiencies of the official economy,

3331: 3327: 3099: 3093: 2859:

occurred, followed by Yugoslavia being expelled from the

1011:. This broadest usage of the term would include not only 841:, was the collective term for an unofficial coalition of 21377:

Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War

21346:

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union

16236:

A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century

15768:

Changing life expectancy in Romania after the transition

10198:

Soviet Intelligence in Latin America During the Cold War

8953:, something also reported to be true of Poland in 2019. 8534:

as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1988. In

8442:" after the singer's "My Way" to allow the countries of 8414:, who sought to end the Cold War between the Soviet-led 4658:, Eastern Bloc economies experienced mis-development by 3457: 3231:(1953–1990), Polish-language newspaper in Lithuanian SSR 17163:

September–December 1991, in the last months of the USSR

16654:

Housing policies in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union

9736:. University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies. 9733:

Syria During the Cold War: The East European Connection

9467:. University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies. 9464:

Syria During the Cold War: The East European Connection

8744:

leadership as during the Cold War, though it was not a

8682:

in his support outside Communist Party headquarters in

8552:, who played a leading role in opening the Iron Curtain 7063: 3951: 2453: 987:, the countries aligned with the Soviet Union included 26328:

Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes

22409:

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin

16330:

The dream that failed: reflections on the Soviet Union

14976:"Den, kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara" 14736: 11933:

Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

10698:

During the initial Soviet invasion of Poland, between

7052:

per capita in certain selected countries, measured in

2538:

signed another peace treaty ceding to the Soviet Union

24149:

Current and former ruling parties of communist states

17249:"Berlin 1983: Berlin and the Wall in the early 1980s" 16874:

Iron Curtain: the Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–56

16728:

Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941

15755:"Trends in European Life Expectancy: a Salutary View" 14674:

The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents

14229:

The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents

12415: 12138:, Bundesgebiet Bayern, Dezember 2007, p.3 (in German) 8050:

Prague Spring and the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia

7609:

Housing shortages in the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia

4856:

In addition, the Soviets re-organised enterprises as

3151: 2333:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

1505:

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

1019:, but also short-lived Soviet satellites such as the 665:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

24606:

Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe

21856:

Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization

16669: 16618:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

16603:(PhD). City University of New York. pp. 123–157 14652:

Péter Gosztonyi, "Az 1956-os forradalom számokban",

14316: 14314: 13113:

The world hides, skins, leather and footwear economy

10867: 9178: 9008: 4955:

at the expense of light industry and other sectors.

4797:

In the USSR, because of strict Soviet secrecy under

4777: 2991:

held sway was not a mass party but, conforming with

2618: 2357:

in northern Romania were recognized as parts of the

23971:

Collectivization in the People's Republic of Poland

16968:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

16842:

The Economies of Eastern Europe in a Time of Change

15851: 15099:

Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln

12377: 11930:Germany (East), Library of Congress Country Study, 11716: 11714: 11558:

The Role of Ideology in the Origins of the Cold War

10060: 9992: 9332:Albania was a member of the Eastern Bloc until the 5487:, manufactured between 1980 and 2008 (left); and a 5450:, manufactured between 1976 and 1990 (left); and a 5413:, manufactured between 1981 and 1995 (left); and a 5376:, manufactured between 1973 and 2000 (left) and an 3364:

Treatment of Christians in Communist Bloc countries

3019: 2810:German civilians watching Western supply planes at 869:(1947–1991). These states followed the ideology of 22141:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 16986: 16725: 16351: 16069:Bugajski, Janusz; Pollack, Maxine (13 June 1989). 16053:Regulation of Migration: International Experiences 14368:"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 56 (p. 20)" 14327:"Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 55 (p. 20)" 13649: 11465: 10459:Myron Weiner, Sharon Stanton Russell, ed. (2001), 10145: 9848: 9428: 7924:party buildings aflame and tore the flag from the 5339:, manufactured between 1971 and 1994 (left) and a 4757:, but also adopted the brutal methods employed by 2878:The first country to experience this approach was 2422:, subsequent to which the parties entered into an 18276:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) 16465: 16349: 16110:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after 15816:Czech republic leapfrogs Portugal in wealth terms 15449:Ghodsee, Kristen; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021). 14837: 14355: 14311: 13915: 13881: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11031: 10422: 10079:Ryan, James; Mastrini, Hana; Baker, Mark (2009), 10078: 8717:ended in 1989 and monarchy was restored in 1993. 4020:Housing quality in the Eastern Bloc by the 1980s 3592:, who denounced Stalin after her 1967 defection. 2971:in Europe with their representative flags (1950s) 2325:Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 26449: 24302:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde 21153:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 17260:The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain 16926: 16672:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 16270:Hardt, John Pearce; Kaufman, Richard F. (1995), 16010: 15784:The Effects of Communism on Romania's Population 15448: 14404:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 1956 14195:Stalin and Rákosi, Stalin and Hungary, 1949–1953 13601:"NEI Source Book: Fourth Edition (NEISB_3.3.A1)" 13429: 13148: 12946: 12484: 11711: 10917: 10915: 10063:The Quarterly journal of the Library of Congress 9910: 9769: 9767: 9393:International Politics in Europe: The New Agenda 8885:" had little to do with future economic growth. 8276:more independence from both and facilitated the 8025:and pledged to re-establish free elections. The 6377:GDP growth rates in percent for the given years 5637:GDP growth rates in percent for the given years 5108: 3864:22,300 square kilometres (8,600 sq mi) 2426:granting the Soviet Union the eastern region of 1209: 1168:(1946–1991, ceased participating in Comecon and 22249:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 19590:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 18997:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 18286:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) 16573: 16068: 15854:"25 Years of Reforms in Ex-Communist Countries" 15833:Poland became richer than Portugal in 2019: IMF 15186: 15184: 14844:"The Soviet-led Intervention in Czechoslovakia" 14191: 14175: 14173: 14171: 14169: 14167: 14165: 14163: 14161: 14159: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14140: 13911: 13909: 13907: 13877: 13875: 13670: 13425: 13423: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13415: 13366: 13362: 13360: 13351: 13347: 13345: 13300: 13296: 13294: 13292: 13165: 13163: 13161: 13159: 13157: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13132: 13130: 12942: 12940: 12915: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12827: 12825: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12474: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12024: 11950: 11948: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11780: 11768: 11669: 11667: 10861: 10318: 10316: 9970: 9837:The countries of Eastern Europe under communism 8615:On 9 November 1989, following mass protests in 8261:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 8191:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 7952: 3808:312.7 square kilometres (120.7 sq mi) 3502:Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic 2311:Expansion of the Soviet Union from 1939 to 1940 1150:Comecon (1949–1991) and Warsaw Pact (1955–1991) 24200:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola 16504:Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe 16013:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 15985:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 15915:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 15885:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 15642:"13 mind-blowing facts about Russia's economy" 15006: 14089: 14087: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14006: 14004: 14002: 13989: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13970: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13962: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13954: 13894: 13892: 13890: 13062:"Советская экономика в эпоху Леонида Брежнева" 12616: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12300: 12298: 12182: 12180: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11758: 11341:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 11114: 11092: 11090: 11028: 9952:, Acta Slavica Iaponica, p. 120 and 121, 8873:policies of liberalization, deregulation, and 8632:was ousted by his Politburo and replaced with 8195:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria 7935:A major emergency was declared and the Soviet 4008:, in the place of the former historic center. 4004:of Bucharest in the 1980s, which contains the 3892:255.8 square kilometres (98.8 sq mi) 3836:237.5 square kilometres (91.7 sq mi) 3780:108.3 square kilometres (41.8 sq mi) 3724:127.9 square kilometres (49.4 sq mi) 3696:110.9 square kilometres (42.8 sq mi) 2795: 26245:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 24839:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 24804: 24134: 23885: 22743: 21824:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 21726:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 21587:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 21313: 18486: 18192: 17725: 17280: 16705: 16414:To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 16374:The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path 16272:East-Central European Economies in Transition 14788:"Photius.com, (info from CIA world Factbook)" 14127: 14125: 14123: 14121: 14108: 14106: 14104: 14102: 14038: 14036: 13932: 13930: 13928: 13926: 13924: 13898: 13862: 13860: 13768: 13713: 13711: 13709: 13696: 13694: 13692: 13583: 13581: 13568: 13566: 13553: 13551: 13538: 13536: 13534: 13532: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13513: 13500: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13402: 13400: 13398: 13385: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13375: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13192: 13190: 13033: 13031: 13029: 13027: 13025: 12896: 12894: 12881: 12879: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12425:Sociology of Memory: Papers from the Spectrum 12327: 12325: 12235: 12233: 12231: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11965: 11963: 11914:Published by Saint Hermans Press April 1997 10912: 10834:, 1983, Princeton Junction: Cognition Books, 10727:The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field 10632: 10524:, Princeton University Press, 2003, page 396 10373: 9888:Encyclopaedic dictionary of political science 9823:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Political Science 9764: 9409:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Political Science 8076:came to power. In April, Dubček launched an " 7885: 5121:agricultural production between 1981 and 1986 3752:93.0 square kilometres (35.9 sq mi) 3668:28.7 square kilometres (11.1 sq mi) 3172:Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland 2945:institutional design of communism implemented 2374:Occupation of East Poland by the Soviet Union 2275:Eastern Bloc Area Border changes 1938 to 1948 1384: 1176:in 1968 from the WP and in 1987 from Comecon) 802: 21229:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 18780:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 16687: 16483: 16389: 16350:Lipschitz, Leslie; McDonald, Donogh (1990), 16269: 15939: 15771:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 15337:"Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58" 15208: 15196: 15181: 15169: 15157: 15079: 15067: 15042: 15030: 15018: 14695: 14156: 14137: 13904: 13872: 13783: 13756: 13723: 13441: 13412: 13357: 13342: 13318: 13306: 13289: 13154: 13127: 12967: 12937: 12906: 12846: 12822: 12692: 12665: 12461: 12337: 12110: 12108: 12054: 12021: 12015: 12003: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11945: 11786: 11701: 11699: 11697: 11688: 11664: 11652: 11640: 11634: 11603: 11560:. Saarbrucken: Scholar's Press. p. 55. 11527: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11335: 11333: 11065: 10879: 10428: 10313: 10037:, Manchester University Press, p. 183, 9756:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9487:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8980:rapid" than those of Central Europe and the 7992:Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956 5611:economies essentially began to approach the 5540:was covered by smog 135 days per year while 5491:, manufactured between 1971 and 2008 (right) 5454:, manufactured between 1974 and 1996 (right) 5417:, manufactured between 1969 and 2004 (right) 5380:, manufactured between 1978 and 1991 (right) 5343:, manufactured between 1970 and 1988 (right) 2996:high-quality domestic and/or foreign goods ( 2847:After disagreements between Yugoslav leader 1655: 1598: 1053:People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada 21784:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 20090:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 17202:Gallery of events from Poznań 1956 protests 16748:The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West 14737:Molnár, Adrienne; Kõrösi Zsuzsanna (1996). 14600:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14527:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14486:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14445:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14363:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14322:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14278:Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 14084: 14072: 14060: 14048: 14016: 13999: 13980: 13951: 13887: 13779: 13777: 13752: 13750: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13231: 13000: 12998: 12996: 12994: 12957: 12955: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12642: 12604: 12585: 12543: 12524: 12295: 12177: 12153: 12141: 12083: 12081: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11808: 11806: 11755: 11684: 11682: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11240: 11238: 11225: 11223: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11131: 11129: 11087: 11073:. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 1475. 11018: 11016: 11001: 10989: 10894: 10814: 10812: 10780:Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above 10762: 10760: 10577:Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 – 5 IV 1945 10340:Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 9975:, Cambridge University Press, p. 150, 9906: 9904: 8304:. In 1975, the communist victory in former 7986:The revolution began after students of the 4423:113.5 square metres (1,222 sq ft) 3523:, which when combined with individual city 3403:, Hungary, Poland, and Romania founded the 3358:, was demolished in the 1930s under Stalin. 3288:Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) 1537: 25643:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 24811: 24797: 24141: 24127: 24042:Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962 23935:Economy of the People's Republic of Poland 23899: 23892: 23878: 22750: 22736: 22210:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 21320: 21306: 21193:United States involvement in regime change 18748:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 18493: 18479: 18199: 18185: 17732: 17718: 17287: 17273: 16984: 16555: 16501: 14828:. William Kimber & Co. 1968, pp 32, 54 14806: 14761: 14701: 14214: 14118: 14099: 14033: 13921: 13857: 13735: 13706: 13689: 13578: 13563: 13548: 13529: 13510: 13491: 13435: 13395: 13372: 13330: 13187: 13175: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13050: 13048: 13046: 13022: 12925: 12891: 12876: 12864: 12842: 12840: 12676: 12674: 12507: 12490: 12449: 12421: 12349: 12322: 12310: 12228: 12216: 11975: 11960: 11844: 11840: 11838: 11829: 11812: 11774: 11609: 11599: 11597: 11595: 10873: 10638: 10452: 10434: 10416: 10274:. New York, USA: I.B. Tauris. p. 31. 10146:Hawkesworth, M. E.; Paynter, John (1992), 7963:After Stalin's death in 1953, a period of 4925: 4718:A line for distribution of cooking oil in 3560:with the increasingly paranoid actions of 2851:and the Soviet Union regarding Greece and 2652: 1490: 1259: 1179: 809: 795: 26205:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 24067:Economic System of Socialism (GDR, 1970s) 24037:New Economic Policy (Soviet Union, 1920s) 22759:National media in the former Eastern Bloc 21794:National delimitation in the Soviet Union 21766:Backwardness brings on beatings by others 18432:Department of State Security (Securitate) 18281:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB) 17057: 17015: 16868: 16708:Nation, State, and the Economy in History 16537: 16429: 16233: 15425: 15368: 15306: 15288: 14994: 14937: 14743:IX. International Oral History Conference 12257: 12204: 12192: 12105: 12009: 11992: 11694: 11555: 11537: 11514: 11489: 11384: 11372: 11353: 11330: 11274: 11201: 11007: 10995: 10927: 10890: 10888: 10608:"okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–41" 10334: 10332: 9973:Nation, state, and the economy in history 9943: 9941: 9820: 9814: 9406: 7062:Nominal GDP per Capita, according to the 5306:and exported throughout the Eastern Bloc. 5097:widespread used of coercion, repression, 2667:Political situation in Europe during the 2607:At the beginning of the July–August 1945 2534:World War II on the Soviet-Finnish border 2418:In 1939, the Soviet Union unsuccessfully 1378: 1291: 1243: 1155: 880:. The Eastern Bloc was often called the " 26338:Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule 25048:General Secretary of the Communist Party 24171:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 21736:Great Construction Projects of Communism 18314:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi) 18271:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) 17431:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 17132:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 17115: 16927:Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010), 16908: 16820: 16706:Teichova, Alice; Matis, Herbert (2003), 16651: 16447: 16371: 16287: 16251: 16107: 16011:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007), 15214: 15202: 15190: 15175: 15163: 15085: 15073: 15036: 15024: 15000: 14910: 14898: 14812: 14250: 14179: 14150: 14131: 14112: 14093: 14078: 14066: 14054: 14042: 14027: 14010: 13993: 13974: 13866: 13774: 13747: 13644: 13617: 13324: 13312: 13228: 13216: 13169: 13010: 12991: 12979: 12973: 12952: 12831: 12654: 12648: 12598: 12549: 12537: 12501: 12455: 12383: 12343: 12304: 12186: 12159: 12147: 12093: 12078: 12066: 12060: 12036: 11954: 11818: 11803: 11797: 11679: 11673: 11658: 11646: 11621: 11432: 11408: 11262: 11250: 11235: 11220: 11176: 11170: 11141: 11126: 11047: 11013: 10809: 10757: 10353: 10301: 10269: 10112: 9971:Teichova, Alice; Herbert, Matis (2003), 9901: 9273:Military occupations by the Soviet Union 9018: 8926: 8606: 8596: 8544: 8405: 8238:in 1953, the Korean War ceased with the 8230:(1949) and Chinese participation in the 8202: 8117: 8095:expressing support, while Soviet leader 8064:A period of political liberalization in 8012: 7520: 7039: 7024: 6541:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/Slovakia 5843:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/Slovakia 5223: 5112: 4781: 4713: 4641: 4621:72.5 square metres (780 sq ft) 4618:70.9 square metres (763 sq ft) 4615:59.2 square metres (637 sq ft) 4599:56.8 square metres (611 sq ft) 4596:52.3 square metres (563 sq ft) 4593:46.8 square metres (504 sq ft) 4577:57.5 square metres (619 sq ft) 4574:57.0 square metres (614 sq ft) 4571:44.9 square metres (483 sq ft) 4555:71.0 square metres (764 sq ft) 4552:64.0 square metres (689 sq ft) 4549:54.3 square metres (584 sq ft) 4533:83.0 square metres (893 sq ft) 4530:67.0 square metres (721 sq ft) 4527:61.5 square metres (662 sq ft) 4511:61.2 square metres (659 sq ft) 4508:62.7 square metres (675 sq ft) 4505:55.0 square metres (592 sq ft) 4489:81.8 square metres (880 sq ft) 4486:73.8 square metres (794 sq ft) 4483:67.2 square metres (723 sq ft) 4467:66.9 square metres (720 sq ft) 4464:59.0 square metres (635 sq ft) 4461:63.7 square metres (686 sq ft) 4422: 4000:). Under this ideology, Ceaușescu built 3950: 3533: 3345: 3183: 3026:Political repression in the Soviet Union 2962: 2930: 2805: 2680: 2662: 2542:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic 2479: 2432:Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic 2270: 1400: 1275: 1140: 1061:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia 31: 26230:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 24282:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 24057:New Economic Mechanism (Hungary, 1960s) 22152:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech 19319:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 17209:Videos of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution 17006: 16781: 16763: 16615: 16574:Pollack, Detlef; Wielgohs, Jan (2004), 16519: 16327: 16309: 15492: 14949: 14592: 13936: 13741: 13729: 13717: 13700: 13587: 13572: 13557: 13542: 13523: 13504: 13406: 13210: 13181: 13043: 12931: 12919: 12900: 12885: 12870: 12837: 12671: 12518: 12355: 12331: 12263: 12251: 12222: 12165: 12042: 11986: 11969: 11924: 11835: 11592: 11206:. New York: Anthem Press. p. 119. 11120: 11041: 10921: 10486:The Soviets organized staged elections, 10391: 10385: 10379: 10149:Encyclopedia of government and politics 9914:The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy 9869:from the original on 5 September 2015. 9614: 9612: 9610: 9449:from the original on 5 September 2015. 8736:occupation of the former Eastern Bloc. 8482:East Germany reunited with West Germany 8468:, the opening of a border gate between 8466:June 1989 Polish parliamentary election 8224:People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 7516: 7048:The following table lists the level of 4749:The Soviets mandated expropriation and 4245:Housing quality in Hungary (1949–1990) 3927:themselves as good communist citizens. 3050:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 3038:Population transfer in the Soviet Union 2642:Early events prompting stricter control 1672: 1460: 1416: 14: 26450: 26308:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 25628:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 25240:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 24517:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 22817:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia 22768:Eastern Bloc information dissemination 22187:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 21163:Russian espionage in the United States 19435:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 18450:Department of National Security (OZNA) 17535:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 17033: 16890: 16802: 16745: 16723: 16633: 16522:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire 16411: 16254:Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Europe 16234:Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), 16211: 16191: 16169: 16050: 15961:from the original on 25 September 2018 15580: 15578: 15547: 15488: 15486: 15334: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15012: 14922: 14876:. The Prague Spring Foundation. 1998. 14862: 13844:"Un statistics Division December 2016" 13389: 13336: 13037: 12858: 12776:from the original on 23 September 2018 12766:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club" 12746:from the original on 23 September 2018 12736:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club" 12716:from the original on 23 September 2018 12706:"Agreements concluded with Paris Club" 12630:from the original on 23 September 2015 12316: 12239: 11705: 11615: 11543: 11531: 11508: 11483: 11471: 11438: 11426: 11414: 11402: 11390: 11378: 11366: 11292: 11280: 11268: 11256: 11244: 11229: 11189: 11158: 11135: 11053: 11022: 10933: 10885: 10832:Latvia in the Wars of the 20th century 10818: 10766: 10461:"Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies" 10329: 10307: 10180: 10010: 9947: 9938: 9842: 9709:, University of Michigan Press, 2007, 8970:United Nations Human Development Index 8690:after a brief trial three days later. 8296:by the United States but Cuban leader 8060:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 7285:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 7056:, for the years 1970, 1989, and 2015: 6400:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 5666:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 4687:Eastern Bloc information dissemination 3452:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3270:Kauno diena (annexed former Lithuania) 3212:Central newspapers of the Soviet Union 3168:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia 2979:The first or General Secretary of the 1350:(1919–1991, UN member state from 1945) 1336:(1919–1991, UN member state from 1945) 25707:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 24792: 24622:Seychelles People's Progressive Front 24216:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin 24122: 23873: 23615:Belarus Television (Byelorussian SSR) 22731: 21301: 21158:Soviet espionage in the United States 19314:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 19093:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 18758:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 18474: 18455:Directorate for State Security (UDBA) 18233:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 18180: 17713: 17501:1949 East German State Railway strike 17473:World Federation of Democratic Youth 17268: 16964: 16944: 16838: 16452:, Central European University Press, 16312:Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List 16147: 14683:from the original on 8 September 2006 14643:, Vol. 33, No. 2, April 1998, p. 210. 14238:from the original on 8 September 2006 13241: 13222: 12210: 12198: 12114: 12099: 12087: 12072: 11856: 10670:and "counter-revolutionary activity", 10065:, vol. 37, Library of Congress, 10032: 9917:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 9773: 9546:De-satellization of Communist Romania 9495: 9283:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 9114:Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao 7900:, a dramatic increase of emigration ( 4683:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection 3620:women who bore ten or more children. 3458:Emigration restrictions and defectors 3354:, once the most dominant landmark in 3046:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 2870:Stalin ordered the conversion of the 2549:conferences regarding Post-War Europe 2266: 1033:People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 26250:Sandinista National Liberation Front 25702:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 24818: 24641:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party 24052:Kosygin reform (Soviet Union, 1960s) 23981:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 23635:Lietuvos Televizija (Lithuanian SSR) 22270:22nd Congress of the Communist Party 22228:20th Congress of the Communist Party 21671:19th Congress of the Communist Party 21508:18th Congress of the Communist Party 21473:17th Congress of the Communist Party 21234:Soviet Union–United States relations 19585:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 18409:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP) 17372:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 17167:Photographic project "Eastern Bloc" 16591: 16125: 16089: 15597:from the original on 28 January 2021 15226: 14880:from the original on 17 January 2008 14794:from the original on 16 January 2009 12680: 12610: 12573:from the original on 29 January 2005 12171: 12048: 11720: 11071:Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook 10782:, Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 10772: 10467:, Berghahn Books, pp. 308–315, 10216: 9998: 9607: 9363:The Division of the World, 1941–1955 8705:, which refused to take part in it. 8360:reformed and liberalized its economy 7914:Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions 4879: 4707:(the most prominent nation) and the 4676: 3576:, effectively closing the loophole. 2836: 2693:(between 30 April and 24 June 1975) 2454:Eastern Front and Allied conferences 2430:(10% of Finnish territory), and the 1566:Soviet Civil Administration in Korea 888:" referred to the Western Bloc and " 344:World Federation of Democratic Youth 26259:Militarized Communist Party of Peru 26210:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 25008:Socialist state of the whole people 24674:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 24502:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution 23920:Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia 23597:Leningrad Television (Russian SFSR) 22204:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 21428:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 21198:Soviet involvement in regime change 18368:Ministry for State Security (Stasi) 18037:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 16354:German unification: economic issues 15575: 15483: 15323: 14846:. Soviethistory.org. Archived from 11339:Bideleux, Robert and Ian Jeffries, 8820:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 8560:between Austria and Hungary at the 8384:. In the late 1980s, Soviet leader 4835: 3916: 3494:Passport system in the Soviet Union 3260:Rahva Hääl (annexed former Estonia) 2397:occupations of the Baltic countries 2345:In 1939, the USSR entered into the 1638:(1969–1991; severed alignment 1978) 24: 26398:State ideology of the Soviet Union 26200:Communist Party of the Philippines 26190:Communist Party of India (Marxist) 24725:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 24688:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 24467:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 22351:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism 22170:The History of the Communist Party 21989:Soviet offensive plans controversy 21954:Ideological repression in science 21498:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 21239:Soviet Union–United States summits 18713:1947 Polish parliamentary election 18598:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 18296:Committee for State Security (KGB) 18090:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 17908:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 17594:Sovietization of the Baltic states 17102: 16861: 16416:, Texas A&M University Press, 16214:Contexts of International Politics 16092:Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia 15463:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001 14954:, Praeger Publishers, p. 10, 14702:Cseresnyés, Ferenc (Summer 1999), 14617:from the original on 20 March 2009 14544:from the original on 20 March 2009 14503:from the original on 20 March 2009 14462:from the original on 20 March 2009 14421:from the original on 20 March 2009 14380:from the original on 20 March 2009 14339:from the original on 20 March 2009 14295:from the original on 20 March 2009 14192:János M. Rainer (4 October 1997), 13603:. 8 September 2010. Archived from 12804:Poles Vote to Seek War Reparations 11059: 10620:from the original on 24 March 2019 9140:Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam 8865:Writing in 2016, German historian 8433:, the reform-minded Soviet leader 8366:in comparison with the capitalist 6368:United Nations Statistics Division 5603:("thirty glorious years") and the 5219: 5179:took place between 1947 and 1952. 5055:Second economy of the Soviet Union 4772: 4705:naiboleye vydayushchayasya natsiya 4028:Adequate sanitation % (year) 3946: 3588:included Joseph Stalin's daughter 3508:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 3152:Media and information restrictions 2598:1947 Polish parliamentary election 991:from 1961 and for limited periods 418:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 25: 26524: 25256:Scientific Outlook on Development 24871:Commanding heights of the economy 24377:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 24072:Perestroika (Soviet Union, 1980s) 22389:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union 22120:Marxism and the National Question 21327: 20000:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 19935:United States invasion of Grenada 19205:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 19146:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 18460:Counterintelligence Service (KOS) 18332:Committee for State Security (DS) 18266:State Political Directorate (GPU) 17823:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 17465:World Federation of Trade Unions 17197:Kistler-Ritso Estonian Foundation 17161:Candid photos of the Eastern Bloc 17079: 16805:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe 15782:Chavez, Lesly Allyn (June 2014). 15251:from the original on 2 April 2019 14973: 13479:from the original on 25 July 2013 13068:from the original on 2 April 2015 12283:from the original on 2 April 2015 11314:. 9 February 1948. Archived from 11096:11 February 1945 Potsdam Report, 10804:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar 10220:American Political Science Review 9667:, Oxford University Press, 2003, 9009:List of existing communist states 8938:enlargement of the European Union 7942:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany 5212:those eastwardly adjacent to the 4778:Transformations billed as reforms 3418:was formed partly in response to 3158:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 2935:Countries which once had overtly 2619:Concealed transformation dynamics 2232:Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) 1238:Soviet occupation zone of Germany 1136: 1125:. However, some sources consider 26468:1991 disestablishments in Europe 26431: 26419: 26235:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 25653:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 25028:Civilian control of the military 24983:People's democratic dictatorship 24487:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 24462:Hungarian Working People's Party 24391:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 24062:New Economic System (GDR, 1960s) 23708:Public Radio of the Armenian SSR 22712: 22711: 22029:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 21493:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 20075:United States invasion of Panama 19925:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 19565:1971 Turkish military memorandum 19528:Communist insurgency in Thailand 19498:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 19430:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 19257:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 19185:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 18703:Restatement of Policy on Germany 18391:Ministry of Internal Affairs III 18386:State Protection Authority (ÁVH) 18291:Ministry of State Security (MGB) 18261:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka) 17904:Hungarian Working People's Party 17866:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 17682:January 1991 events in Lithuania 17340:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 17294: 17193:Museum of occupations of Estonia 17173:RFE/RL East German Subject Files 17114: 16993:, University Press of Kentucky, 16882:Journal of Economic Perspectives 16486:The history of the Baltic States 15973: 15933: 15921:from the original on 20 May 2018 15903: 15891:from the original on 19 May 2018 15873: 15845: 15825: 15808: 15789: 15776: 15760: 15747: 15730: 15725:Economics Research International 15719:Safaei, Jalil (31 August 2011). 15713: 15697: 15684: 15659: 15634: 15609: 15541: 15442: 15385: 15335:Ciment, James (21 August 1999). 15263: 15220: 15148: 15139: 15130: 15121: 15112: 15091: 14967: 14950:Chafetz, Glenn (30 April 1993), 14943: 14931: 14916: 14904: 14892: 14831: 14818: 14780: 14749:from the original on 7 June 2007 14745:. Gotegorg. pp. 1169–1166. 14730: 14659: 14646: 14633: 14560: 14519: 14478: 14437: 14396: 14270: 14185: 13942: 13836: 13815: 13803:from the original on 17 May 2017 13789: 13762: 13638: 13611: 13593: 13465: 13456: 13447: 13268: 13247: 13118: 13106: 13080: 12852: 12797: 12788: 12758: 12728: 12698: 12686: 12555: 12361: 12269: 12245: 12120: 11904: 11875: 11850: 10564:Soviet authorities withdrew the 10465:Demography and National Security 10324:German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact 10298:Oxford Univ. Press, 1948. p. 106 9825:, Sarup & Sons, p. 65, 9411:, Sarup & Sons, p. 65, 9300: 9237: 9223: 9209: 9195: 9181: 9123:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 8906:-backed rapid privatization and 8732:towards the West instead of the 8449:Gorbachev initiated a policy of 8207:The Cold War in 1980 before the 7896:Three months after the death of 7892:Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 7230:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/ 6515:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/ 5811:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/ 5473: 5464: 5436: 5427: 5399: 5390: 5362: 5353: 5325: 5316: 5284: 5275: 5048: 3464:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc 3376: 3245:Neues Deutschland (East Germany) 3030:Human rights in the Soviet Union 3020:Political and civil restrictions 2827:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 2468:List of World War II conferences 2448:Soviets occupied the territories 2420:attempted an invasion of Finland 2252: 2238: 2225: 2211: 2197: 2183: 2169: 2147: 2133: 2119: 2106: 2092: 2078: 2072:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 2064: 2046: 2033: 2019: 2005: 1992: 1974: 1952: 1938: 1921: 1907: 1893: 1880: 1866: 1852: 1838: 1824: 1811: 1797: 1783: 1765: 1751: 1737: 1723: 1706: 1693: 1679: 1657: 1642: 1629: 1615: 1600: 1586: 1572: 1554: 1539: 1525: 1511: 1492: 1477: 1462: 1447: 1433: 1418: 1402: 1386: 1356: 1340: 1326: 1308: 1293: 1277: 1261: 1245: 1226: 1211: 1196: 1181: 1157: 904:, which was located in Europe. 339:World Federation of Trade Unions 52: 24978:Dictatorship of the proletariat 24953:Theory of the productive forces 22414:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin 21550:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 21540:Occupation of the Baltic states 20795:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 20176:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 20105:Fall of the inner German border 20005:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 19655:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 19645:Spanish transition to democracy 19605:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 19232:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 18738:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 18619:Occupation of the Baltic states 17406:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 17150:"Photographs of Russia in 1967" 17061:Estonia: Return to Independence 16358:, International Monetary Fund, 16288:Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), 15052:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 14978:. Britské Listy. Archived from 14641:Journal of Contemporary History 14491:"Chapter II.F, para 65 (p. 22)" 14450:"Chapter II.C, para 58 (p. 20)" 12563:"Központi Statisztikai Hivatal" 11583: 11574: 11549: 11477: 11444: 11420: 11396: 11298: 11286: 11195: 11164: 11069:; Stöver, Philip, eds. (2010). 10978: 10956: 10939: 10899:, Manchester University Press, 10824: 10792: 10692: 10644: 10558: 10534: 10480: 10423:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997 10288: 10263: 10210: 10190: 10174: 10139: 10106: 10085:, John Wiley and Sons, p. 10072: 10054: 10026: 10004: 9964: 9880: 9574: 9562: 9550: 9538: 9378:Encyclopedia of World Geography 8898:skyrocketed to 32%. In Russia, 8834:before 1991). Azerbaijan is an 8695:1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia 8506:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt 8362:while the Eastern Bloc saw the 8175:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 7834:59,917,900. By the late 1980s, 5589: 5241:this increased to 80% in 1980. 5087: 4960:dictatorship of the proletariat 4730:The defining characteristic of 4040:More than 1 person/room % 2783:August 1947 Hungarian elections 2594:1946 Polish people's referendum 2329:Occupation of the Baltic states 1700:People's Republic of Bangladesh 1049:People's Republic of Mozambique 1025:People's Republic of Azerbaijan 25930:People's Republic of Kampuchea 25648:A Critique of Soviet Economics 25003:State of socialist orientation 23630:Rigas Televīzija (Latvian SSR) 19575:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 19210:Mozambican War of Independence 18649:Indonesian National Revolution 16971:, W. W. Norton & Company, 16825:, Cambridge University Press, 16732:, W. W. Norton & Company, 16710:, Cambridge University Press, 16488:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 16434:, Cambridge University Press, 16003: 15690:Hauck, Owen (2 February 2016) 13656:. W. W. Norton & Company. 10895:Kennedy-Pip, Caroline (1995), 9699: 9678: 9657: 9636: 9352: 9339: 9326: 8814:until 1992. All presidents of 8748:. The five states all adopted 8510:1989 Tiananmen Square protests 8258:'s 1956 anti-Stalinist speech 8164: 7944:using tanks, as well as 8,000 3470:List of Eastern Bloc defectors 3176:Propaganda in the Soviet Union 2297:Treaty of Creation of the USSR 1318:(1922–1991; previously as the 1113:which had both split with the 1037:People's Republic of the Congo 1021:Second East Turkestan Republic 1002: 13: 1: 26463:1945 establishments in Europe 24864:Soviet-type economic planning 24834:Administrative-command system 24637:Supreme Revolutionary Council 23930:Goulash (Hungarian) Communism 23540:Bulgarian National Television 22255:Gomulka thaw (Polish October) 22066:1946–1947 Soviet famine 21639:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 21173:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 20188:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 20141:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 19863:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 19828:Seven Days to the River Rhine 19560:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 18847:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 18775:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 17687:January 1991 events in Latvia 17677:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 17426:Socialist Republic of Romania 17401:People's Republic of Bulgaria 17393:People's Republic of Albania 17362:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 17187:Blinken Open Society Archives 17177:Blinken Open Society Archives 16470:, Columbia University Press, 16430:Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007), 16252:Graubard, Stephen R. (1991), 15290:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5 14714:(154): 86–101, archived from 13916:Lipschitz & McDonald 1990 13882:Lipschitz & McDonald 1990 13090:. 2000.net.ua. Archived from 11104:, Taylor & Francis, 2001 9595: 8530:following the replacement of 8216:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 8183:January 1991 events in Latvia 8179:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7584:organisations to produce the 7390:Socialist Republic of Romania 7267:People's Republic of Bulgaria 6492:Socialist Republic of Romania 6423:People's Republic of Bulgaria 5782:Socialist Republic of Romania 5695:People's Republic of Bulgaria 5109:Agricultural collectivization 3941:system-built apartment blocks 3595: 3250:Rabotnichesko Delo (Bulgaria) 3034:Elections in the Soviet Union 2760:, and other neutral countries 2723:: Countries aligned with the 2702:: Countries aligned with the 2648:Formation of the Eastern Bloc 951:, the Eastern Bloc comprised 781:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 26195:Communist Party of Kampuchea 25817:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 25742:Chinese Communist Revolution 25053:Highest organ of state power 24916:Proletarian internationalism 24577:Polish United Workers' Party 24267:Communist Party of Kampuchea 23625:First Channel (Georgian SSR) 22404:1956 Georgian demonstrations 20166:Fall of communism in Albania 20136:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 20085:Polish Round Table Agreement 19425:1968 Polish political crisis 19242:Eritrean War of Independence 19008:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 18903:East German uprising of 1953 18835:Chinese Communist Revolution 18500: 17961:Polish United Workers' Party 17672:Collapse of the Soviet Union 17662:Fall of communism in Albania 16807:, Rowman & Littlefield, 16746:Turner, Henry Ashby (1987), 16688:Roht-Arriaza, Naomi (1995), 16578:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 16556:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2007), 15398:BMJ: British Medical Journal 15341:BMJ: British Medical Journal 15230:Europe since 1989: A History 14656:(Budapest), 3 November 1990. 14267:. Retrieved 22 October 2006. 13430:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 13149:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 12947:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 12485:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 10544:, ed. Wlodzimierz Bonusiak, 10061:Library of Congress (1980), 9600: 9380:, Marshall Cavendish, 2001, 9313:are administered under the " 8860: 8580:to test the reaction of the 8329:People's Republic of Albania 8302:Cuban intervention in Angola 8266:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 8252:East German uprising of 1953 8228:Chinese Communist Revolution 8113:proletarian internationalism 7981:Polish United Workers' Party 7959:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7953:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7843:Central Committee meetings. 7600: 4786:Reconstruction of a typical 4637: 4419: 2464:Eastern Front (World War II) 913:Central and Eastern European 776:Fall of communism in Albania 731:Polish Round Table Agreement 686:Cuban intervention in Angola 7: 26225:Indochinese Communist Party 25862:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 25857:New People's Army rebellion 25638:Britain's Road to Socialism 24963:Wars of national liberation 24011:Collectivization in Romania 23991:Collectivization in Ukraine 23976:Collectivization in Hungary 23925:Economy of the Soviet Union 22419:Stalin Monument in Budapest 22086:Night of the Murdered Poets 22004:Allegations of antisemitism 21741:Engineers of the human soul 21488:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 21464:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 20040:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 19768:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 19513:Corrective Movement (Syria) 19477:New People's Army rebellion 19472:Sino-Soviet border conflict 19200:Angolan War of Independence 19063:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 18943:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 18588:Jamaican political conflict 17647:End of communism in Hungary 17416:Hungarian People's Republic 16692:, Oxford University Press, 16634:Shirer, William L. (1990), 16412:Miller, Roger Gene (2000), 16376:, Oxford University Press, 16310:Krasnov, Vladislav (1985), 16195:The Cold War: A New History 16192:Gaddis, John Lewis (2005), 16170:Frucht, Richard C. (2003), 15786:. Retrieved 4 January 2021] 15773:. Retrieved 4 January 2021. 15766:C Dolea, E Nolte, M McKee. 15742:Social Science and Medicine 15710:. Retrieved 4 January 2021. 15646:markets.businessinsider.com 15556:University of Chicago Press 14901:, pp. 36 & 172–181 14704:"The '56 Exodus to Austria" 13367:Bugajski & Pollack 1989 13352:Bugajski & Pollack 1989 13301:Bugajski & Pollack 1989 11781:Pollack & Wielgohs 2004 11769:Pollack & Wielgohs 2004 11556:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2020). 11450:Fritsch-Bournazel, Renata, 11202:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2018). 10945:The occupation accompanied 9174: 8572:, which was then headed by 8356:Sino-Soviet border conflict 7467:While it can be argued the 7408:Hungarian People's Republic 6446:Hungarian People's Republic 5724:Hungarian People's Republic 5132:in the late 1920s by which 3628:countries were as follows: 3341: 3255:Rudé právo (Czechoslovakia) 3222:Czerwony Sztandar (Vilnius) 2920: 2796:Berlin blockade and airlift 2547:From 1943 to 1945, several 2500:Premier of the Soviet Union 1088:Mongolian People's Republic 1045:People's Republic of Angola 861:that were aligned with the 164:Allied and satellite states 10: 26529: 26498:European political history 26343:Marxist schools of thought 26270:Portuguese Communist Party 26215:Communist Party of Vietnam 25208:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought 24710:Communist Party of Vietnam 24413:Workers' Party of Ethiopia 24244:African Independence Party 24185:Party of Labour of Albania 23996:Land Reforms (Afghanistan) 23758:Radio Berlin International 23380:Neue Berliner Illustrierte 22459:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR 22429:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori 21577:Soviet atomic bomb project 20236:Sino-Indian border dispute 20065:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 19995:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 19753:1976 Argentine coup d'état 19665:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 19615:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 19299:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 19267:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 18956:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 18723:Asian Relations Conference 17767:Party of Labour of Albania 17411:German Democratic Republic 17213:RADIO FREE EUROPE Research 17042:Princeton University Press 17016:Saxonberg, Steven (2001), 17007:Roberts, Geoffrey (2002), 16891:Grogin, Robert C. (2001), 16724:Tucker, Robert C. (1992), 16616:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006), 16448:Navrátil, Jaromír (2006), 16294:Princeton University Press 16218:Cambridge University Press 16176:Taylor & Francis Group 15727:. Retrieved 4 January 2021 15708:Social Indicators Research 15235:Princeton University Press 13618:Medvedev, Grigori (1989). 12279:. Kprf.ru. 13 April 2008. 10848:Encyclopedia of Soviet Law 10568:without exchanging rubles, 9890:, Sarup & Sons, 2003, 9774:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 9496:Ginat, Rami (April 2000). 9167:Communist Party of Vietnam 9012: 8526:Major reforms occurred in 8444:Central and Eastern Europe 8418:and the United States-led 8321:invasion of Czechoslovakia 8222:over the direction of the 8168: 8053: 7979:as First Secretary of the 7956: 7889: 7886:1953 East Germany uprising 7880: 7809: 7787: 7765: 7743: 7721: 7699: 7677: 7655: 7633: 7572:(1961) and 0.9 in 1961 in 5128:is a process pioneered by 5117:Graphic showing change in 5065:second, "parallel economy" 5052: 4883: 4680: 4609: 4587: 4565: 4543: 4521: 4499: 4477: 4455: 4433: 4349: 4329: 4309: 4289: 4269: 4220: 4198: 4176: 4154: 4132: 4110: 4088: 4066: 4044: 3930: 3886: 3858: 3830: 3802: 3774: 3746: 3718: 3690: 3662: 3655:Annual growth (1950–1985) 3551:, taking advantage of the 3521:internal passport controls 3467: 3461: 3380: 3361: 3352:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral 3161: 3155: 3023: 2924: 2840: 2799: 2735:, and allies), led by the 2656: 2645: 2582:taken via invasion in 1939 2457: 2382:newly Soviet-annexed areas 2359:Soviet sphere of influence 2314: 1564:(1948–1990, previously as 1503:(1987–1991, previously as 1366:(1976–1989, previously as 1236:(1949–1989; previously as 1065:Somali Democratic Republic 1041:People's Republic of Benin 847:Central and Eastern Europe 26503:History of Eastern Europe 26415: 26301: 26277: 26220:Communist Party of Malaya 26175:Communist Party of Brazil 26148: 25889: 25872:Internal conflict in Peru 25665: 25616: 25337: 25148:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism 25096: 25058:Leading role of the party 25015: 24993:National-democratic state 24988:People's democratic state 24971: 24826: 24745:List of communist parties 24740: 24717: 24694: 24680: 24666: 24655:National Liberation Front 24647: 24629: 24614: 24597: 24583: 24565: 24547: 24524: 24509: 24494: 24476: 24451: 24434: 24420: 24397: 24383: 24369: 24351: 24337:Congolese Party of Labour 24328: 24310: 24293: 24273: 24259: 24250: 24236: 24230:Bulgarian Communist Party 24222: 24208: 24191: 24177: 24163: 24154: 24080: 24029: 24021:Systematization (Romania) 23986:Battle for trade (Poland) 23963: 23955:Economy of SFR Yugoslavia 23907: 23847:Soviet Information Bureau 23813: 23799:Program 1 Polskiego Radia 23657: 23640:Canalul 1 (Moldavian SSR) 23526: 23219: 23033:Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur 22825: 22782:Media of the Soviet Union 22774: 22765: 22707: 22624: 22485: 22467: 22439:Places named after Stalin 22424:Stalin Monument in Prague 22371: 22283: 22218: 22104: 21948:Repressions in Azerbaijan 21774: 21683: 21666:1950 legislative election 21592:1946 legislative election 21503:1937 legislative election 21415: 21364: 21355: 21335: 21272: 21221: 21143: 21120:William Appleman Williams 21065:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 20847: 20819: 20768: 20700: 20693: 20627: 20492: 20417: 20347: 20340: 20249: 20196: 20128: 19841: 19580:Bangladesh Liberation War 19570:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 19485: 19457:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 19445:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 19108: 18883:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 18860: 18570: 18508: 18440: 18422: 18399: 18376: 18358: 18340: 18322: 18304: 18251: 18218: 18088: 18035: 18007: 17955: 17902: 17864: 17821: 17790:Bulgarian Communist Party 17788: 17765: 17756: 17752: 17622: 17599:Information dissemination 17576: 17526:1956 Hungarian Revolution 17516:1953 East German uprising 17484: 17442: 17385: 17322: 17302: 16985:Puddington, Arch (2003), 16821:Williams, Kieran (1997), 16750:, Yale University Press, 16620:, Yale University Press, 16542:, Duke University Press, 16520:Pearson, Raymond (1998), 16090:Cook, Bernard A. (2001), 15548:Mattei, Clara E. (2022). 15511:10.1080/00346760902968421 15353:10.1136/bmj.319.7208.468a 14566:Video: Revolt in Hungary 13899:Teichova & Matis 2003 13769:Teichova & Matis 2003 13621:The Truth About Chernobyl 12390:Czech Sociological Review 11742:10.1017/S0018246X05004486 11721:Mark, James (June 2005). 11454:, Berg Publishers, 1990, 10717:28 September 2015 at the 10652:Gustaw Herling-Grudziński 10519:27 September 2015 at the 10499:23 September 2009 at the 10363:, RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, 10350:, executed 23 August 1939 10322:Encyclopædia Britannica, 10270:Sunayama, Sonoko (2007). 10117:, Springer, p. 362, 9792:10.1080/00263200008701312 9514:10.1080/00263200008701312 9066:Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó 8855: 8740:is still led by the same 8410:Soviet General Secretary 8308:following the end of the 8031:last pocket of resistance 7967:followed, with reformist 5092:The extensive production 4394: 4391: 3180:Soviet Information Bureau 2915:Free Territory of Trieste 2576:In February 1945, at the 2515:invading the Soviet Union 2321:Soviet invasion of Poland 1372:Republic of South Vietnam 1172:activities in 1961, then 701:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 26185:Communist Party of India 26155:Albanian Party of Labour 25278:Bill of Rights socialism 24931:Socialism in one country 24901:Marxist–Leninist atheism 24591:Romanian Communist Party 24006:Three Year Plan (Poland) 23701:Radio Peace and Progress 23605:Armenia 1 (Armenian SSR) 22260:Soviet Nonconformist Art 22176:1936 Soviet Constitution 21829:Soviet famine of 1932–33 21789:1907 Tiflis bank robbery 21761:Transformation of nature 21746:1936 Soviet Constitution 21706:Socialism in One Country 21545:German–Soviet Axis talks 19895:1980 Turkish coup d'état 19730:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 19700:1978 Somali coup attempt 19660:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 19625:1973 Chilean coup d'état 19450:Revolutionary Government 19344:South African Border War 19136:1960 Turkish coup d'état 19053:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 18908:1953 Iranian coup d'état 18888:1952 Egyptian revolution 18009:Romanian Communist Party 17584:Emigration and defection 17421:Polish People's Republic 17058:Taagepera, Rein (1993), 16909:Maddison, Angus (2006), 16803:Wettig, Gerhard (2008), 16538:Philipsen, Dirk (1993), 16502:O'Neil, Patrick (1997), 16484:O'Connor, Kevin (2003), 16328:Laqueur, Walter (1994), 16108:Crampton, R. J. (1997), 16094:, Taylor & Francis, 15499:Review of Social Economy 15493:Izyumov, Alexei (2010). 15410:10.1136/bmj.327.7421.964 15277:The Lancet Public Health 14923:Ouimet, Matthew (2003), 13784:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 13757:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 13278:, Westview Press, 1991, 12693:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 12666:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 12384:Machonin, Pavel (1993). 12016:Michta & Mastny 1992 12004:Michta & Mastny 1992 11689:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 11635:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 11604:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 10681:, 1995, page 540, Test, 10679:Bez ostatniego rozdzialu 10435:Adam Sudol, ed. (1998), 10346:14 November 2014 at the 10203:28 February 2010 at the 10113:Stanilov, Kiril (2007), 9821:Satyendra, Kush (2003), 9675:, page 125-126 & 183 9407:Satyendra, Kush (2003), 9315:One country, two systems 9293: 8622:reunification of Germany 8480:in August 1989. In 1990 8335:, briefly aligning with 7946:Kasernierte Volkspolizei 7928:, SED General Secretary 7317:Polish People's Republic 6469:Polish People's Republic 5753:Polish People's Republic 5544:was covered by a fog of 4011:Even by the late 1980s, 4006:Palace of the Parliament 3632:Eastern Bloc population 2967:Communist countries and 2812:Berlin Tempelhof Airport 2710:and allies), led by the 522:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 26493:Country classifications 26393:State ideology of China 26265:Workers' Party of Korea 26180:Communist Party of Cuba 26170:Chinese Communist Party 25827:Portuguese Colonial War 25623:Foundations of Leninism 25175:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 24886:Dialectical materialism 24558:Workers' Party of Korea 24362:Communist Party of Cuba 24321:Chinese Communist Party 24047:New Course (GDR, 1950s) 24030:Pre-dissolution reforms 23915:Economy of East Germany 22384:Iosif Stalin locomotive 22127:Foundations of Leninism 22113:Anarchism or Socialism? 21994:Hitler Youth Conspiracy 21861:NKVD prisoner massacres 21513:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 21402:Death and state funeral 20100:Fall of the Berlin Wall 20045:People Power Revolution 20030:Central American crisis 19970:1986 Black Sea incident 19620:1973 Afghan coup d'état 19518:Western Sahara conflict 19329:1966 Syrian coup d'état 19252:1963 Syrian coup d'état 19195:Portuguese Colonial War 19158:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 18923:1954 Syrian coup d'état 18800:Annexation of Hyderabad 18743:1947–1949 Palestine war 17642:Fall of the Berlin Wall 17568:1981 protests in Kosovo 17506:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 17034:Stanek, Łukasz (2020), 16782:Turnock, David (2006). 16764:Turnock, David (1997), 16652:Sillince, John (1990), 16334:Oxford University Press 15838:28 January 2021 at the 15621:Encyclopedia Britannica 15455:Oxford University Press 14708:The Hungarian Quarterly 13652:The Legacy of Chernobyl 11883:Aleksandras Stulginskis 11044:, p. 241 & 244 10739:Studies in Intelligence 10712:Google Books, p. 20-24. 10017:Oxford University Press 10011:Ahonen, Pertti (2003), 9948:Glisic, Jelena (1976), 9268:Eurasian Economic Union 9097:Communist Party of Cuba 9074:Chinese Communist Party 8486:fall of the Berlin Wall 8284:and the failure of the 4926:Heavy industry emphasis 4899:had also denounced the 4034:Central heating % 2653:Marshall Plan rejection 2370:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2347:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2317:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1055:from 1979 to 1983, the 873:, in opposition to the 865:and existed during the 766:End of the Soviet Union 741:Fall of the Berlin Wall 301: (until 1948) 276: (until 1977) 265: (until 1989) 199: (until 1961) 178: (until 1961) 26478:Cold War organizations 26473:20th century in Europe 26115:Bosnia and Herzegovina 25449:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 25359:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 24659:Yemeni Socialist Party 24088:Eastern Bloc economies 23901:Eastern Bloc economies 22959:Sotsialistik Qazaqstan 22592:(second father-in-law) 21846:Murder of Sergey Kirov 21721:Stalinist architecture 21607:Turkish Straits crisis 20394:Neoclassical economics 19905:Gulf of Sidra incident 19462:1969 Libyan revolution 19153:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 18938:1954 Geneva Conference 18698:Turkish straits crisis 18693:Corfu Channel incident 18017:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 17740:Leaders of the ruling 17110: 17086:Listen to this article 16884:34.2 (2020): 172–191. 16638:, Simon and Schuster, 16372:Loescher, Gil (2001), 16051:Böcker, Anita (1998), 15227:Ther, Philipp (2016). 14790:. Photius Coutsoukis. 11857:Hobby, Jeneen (2009). 11730:The Historical Journal 10800:Simon Sebag Montefiore 10745:Stalin's Killing Field 10579:, 2001, ed, page 364, 10514:Revolution from Abroad 9780:Middle Eastern Studies 9502:Middle Eastern Studies 9263:Eastern European Group 9028: 8932: 8746:Marxist–Leninist state 8612: 8604: 8553: 8426: 8240:1954 Geneva Conference 8211: 8144:invaded Czechoslovakia 8123: 8018: 7620:Initial year shortage 7532: 7045: 7037: 5628:Total Economy Database 5616:gross domestic product 5605:post-World War II boom 5599:("economic miracle"), 5237: 5232:home computer made in 5183:land to APCs. Because 5122: 4992:Siemens-Martin process 4890:History of the Comecon 4794: 4727: 4656:lack of market signals 4651: 3960: 3586:Eastern Bloc defectors 3543: 3359: 3199: 2972: 2940: 2818: 2762: 2671: 2510: 2486:British Prime Minister 2276: 1379:Other Communist states 1146: 1071:in 1977. Although not 455:Protests and uprisings 37: 26358:Post-Marxism–Leninism 26240:Nepal Communist Party 25837:Nicaraguan Revolution 25807:Albanian–Soviet split 25504:Mengistu Haile Mariam 25043:Democratic centralism 25033:Collective leadership 24599:São Tomé and Príncipe 24573:Polish Workers' Party 23610:AzTV (Azerbaijan SSR) 23601:Republican stations: 22882:Republican newspapers 22613:William Wesley Peters 22158:Falsifiers of History 22081:Rootless cosmopolitan 21387:Rule as Soviet leader 21244:Russia–NATO relations 21125:Jonathan Reed Winkler 20409:Democratic capitalism 20404:Supply-side economics 20372:American conservatism 20171:Breakup of Yugoslavia 20060:Bougainville conflict 19975:South Yemen civil war 19910:Martial law in Poland 19773:Nicaraguan Revolution 19748:Dirty War (Argentina) 19555:1971 JVP insurrection 19369:Years of Lead (Italy) 19247:North Yemen civil war 19165:Berlin Crisis of 1961 19141:Albanian–Soviet split 19073:1959 Tibetan uprising 19038:Syrian Crisis of 1957 18893:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 18753:1948 Arab–Israeli War 18414:Security Service (SB) 17957:Polish Workers' Party 17692:Breakup of Yugoslavia 17255:on 28 September 2007. 17183:RFE Czechoslovak Unit 17109: 16965:Overy, R. J. (2004), 16212:Goertz, Gary (1995), 16154:Yale University Press 16126:Dale, Gareth (2005), 16075:. Avalon Publishing. 15949:"Anti-anti-communism" 14874:The Prague Spring '68 14773:25 April 2009 at the 13257:, M.E. Sharpe, 1994, 12134:19 March 2009 at the 10964:"Armistice Agreement" 10732:24 March 2010 at the 10586:27 March 2009 at the 10574:Karolina Lanckoronska 10490:Bartlomiej Kozlowski 10152:, Routledge, p. 10033:White, N. D. (1990), 9688:, M.E. Sharpe, 2002, 9334:Albanian–Soviet split 9022: 8930: 8841:and North Korea is a 8610: 8600: 8548: 8521:a wave of revolutions 8409: 8331:withdrawing from the 8278:Albanian–Soviet split 8248:anti-Soviet sentiment 8206: 8169:Further information: 8121: 8016: 7629:1986% of total stock 7524: 7043: 7028: 5236:between 1987 and 1989 5227: 5116: 5021:in the Soviet Union, 4858:joint-stock companies 4785: 4744:democratic governance 4717: 4709:rukovodyashchiy narod 4691:Eastern Bloc politics 4681:Further information: 4646:During World War II, 4645: 4259:With sewage disposal 4037:Inside toilet % 3954: 3537: 3468:Further information: 3448:Albanian–Soviet split 3349: 3217:Trybuna Ludu (Poland) 3190:martial law in Poland 3187: 3164:Deutscher Fernsehfunk 3162:Further information: 3142:Służba Bezpieczeństwa 3024:Further information: 2966: 2934: 2927:Eastern Bloc politics 2841:Further information: 2809: 2684: 2666: 2657:Further information: 2590:pro-Soviet government 2562:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2496:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2483: 2458:Further information: 2384:. Soviet authorities 2274: 2086:Sao Tome and Principe 1144: 894:non-aligned countries 884:", whereas the term " 771:Post-Soviet conflicts 756:Breakup of Yugoslavia 659:Albanian–Soviet split 370:Anti-Soviet partisans 313:Related organizations 35: 26513:Spheres of influence 26438:Communism portal 26426:Socialism portal 25925:Democratic Kampuchea 25832:Black Power movement 25797:Non-Aligned Movement 24936:Socialist patriotism 23940:Economy of Lithuania 23534:Televizioni Shqiptar 22946:(Karelo-Finnish SSR) 22855:Komsomolskaya Pravda 22634:Stalin's house, Gori 22565:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili 22493:Besarion Jughashvili 22434:Batumi Stalin Museum 22345:Nineteen Eighty-Four 22096:Censorship of images 21775:Crimes, repressions, 21478:1931 Menshevik Trial 21459:First five-year plan 20665:Non-Aligned Movement 20287:Peaceful coexistence 20241:North Borneo dispute 20156:German reunification 20151:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 19849:Salvadoran Civil War 19798:Grand Mosque seizure 19793:Yemenite War of 1979 19685:Mozambican Civil War 19640:Carnation Revolution 19595:Yemenite War of 1972 19533:1970 Polish protests 19364:1967 Hong Kong riots 19339:Argentine Revolution 19289:Guatemalan Civil War 19217:Cuban Missile Crisis 19131:Bay of Pigs Invasion 19003:1956 Poznań protests 18981:Geneva Summit (1955) 18583:Hukbalahap Rebellion 18562:Non-Aligned Movement 18350:State Security (StB) 18075:Konstantin Chernenko 17540:1970 Polish protests 17521:1956 Poznań protests 17386:Soviet-allied states 17243:on 19 February 2006. 17229:8 March 2011 at the 17141:More spoken articles 16945:Olsen, Neil (2000), 16839:Zwass, Adam (1984). 16592:Pugh, Emily (2008). 16148:Dowty, Alan (1989), 15558:. pp. 301–303. 15457:. pp. 195–196. 14982:on 28 September 2007 14838:Von Geldern, James; 14598:UN General Assembly 14525:UN General Assembly 14484:UN General Assembly 14443:UN General Assembly 14402:UN General Assembly 14361:UN General Assembly 14320:UN General Assembly 14276:UN General Assembly 14263:6 March 2009 at the 13607:on 8 September 2010. 12809:3 April 2010 at the 12626:. Country-data.com. 10778:Senn, Alfred Erich, 10742:, Winter 1999–2000; 10723:Fischer, Benjamin B. 10399:, London, New York: 9852:Cities of Pilgrimage 9432:Cities of Pilgrimage 8879:Washington Consensus 8839:dominant-party state 8818:were members of the 8670:. Following growing 8388:pursued policies of 8286:Bay of Pigs Invasion 8282:Cuban Missile Crisis 8264:was a factor in the 8199:European integration 7988:Technical University 7517:Development policies 7031:Geary-Khamis dollars 5623:The Conference Board 5513:and Czechoslovakian 5446:A Czechoslovak-made 4695:As a consequence of 4669:(central banks) and 4392:Floor space/dwelling 3613:intrauterine devices 3486:Soviet Border Troops 3138:Urząd Bezpieczeństwa 2943:Despite the initial 2750:Non-Aligned Movement 2532:In the aftermath of 2460:Operation Barbarossa 2424:interim peace treaty 1673:Other aligned states 1123:Non-Aligned Movement 1084:Non-Aligned Movement 1067:from 1969 until the 1027:(1945–1946) and the 825:, also known as the 751:Barricades in Latvia 696:1980 Moscow Olympics 676:Cuban Missile Crisis 26348:National Bolshevism 25882:Revolutions of 1989 25867:Sino-Albanian split 25852:Naxalite insurgency 25842:Cultural Revolution 25722:Great Patriotic War 25574:Nur Muhammad Taraki 25120:Ho Chi Minh Thought 25038:Cult of personality 24876:Developed socialism 23950:Economy of Moldavia 22967:Sovettik Kyrgyzstan 22626:Stalin's residences 22573:Galina Dzhugashvili 22557:Svetlana Alliluyeva 22541:Nadezhda Alliluyeva 22468:Cultural depictions 22310:Anti-Stalinist left 22265:Shvernik Commission 22233:Pospelov Commission 22009:Population transfer 21984:1941 Red Army purge 21958:Suppressed research 21612:First Indochina War 21555:Great Patriotic War 21533:Moscow Peace Treaty 21397:Cult of personality 21110:Alex von Tunzelmann 21100:Vladimir Tismăneanu 21025:Thomas J. McCormick 21020:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 20920:Robert Hugh Ferrell 20783:Crusade for Freedom 20580:Illiberal democracy 20464:Ho Chi Minh Thought 20267:Eisenhower Doctrine 20120:Peaceful Revolution 20115:Romanian Revolution 20095:Revolutions of 1989 20080:1988 Polish strikes 19990:Operation INFEKTION 19985:1987 Lieyu massacre 19890:Eritrean Civil Wars 19873:Peruvian Revolution 19823:1979 Herat uprising 19813:Sino-Vietnamese War 19778:Uganda–Tanzania War 19758:Egyptian–Libyan War 19725:Third Indochina War 19720:Sino-Albanian split 19710:Ethiopian Civil War 19610:Eritrean Civil Wars 19550:Ping-pong diplomacy 19523:Cambodian Civil War 19349:Korean DMZ Conflict 19334:Cultural Revolution 19304:Dominican Civil War 19282:Tlatelolco massacre 19068:1959 Mosul uprising 19058:1958 Lebanon crisis 18785:Al-Wathbah uprising 18708:First Indochina War 18678:Iran crisis of 1946 18243:Inner German border 17999:Mieczysław Rakowski 17994:Wojciech Jaruzelski 17657:Romanian revolution 17630:Revolutions of 1989 17511:1953 Plzeň uprising 17207:OSA Digital Archive 17156:on 31 January 2008. 16931:, Wiley-Blackwell, 16913:, OECD Publishing, 16895:, Lexington Books, 16398:, Greenwood Press, 16390:Michta, Andrew A.; 15941:Ghodsee, Kristen R. 15917:. 5 December 2011. 15887:. 2 November 2009. 15736:Mackenbach, Johan. 14718:on 27 November 2004 14575:on 17 November 2007 14202:on 9 September 2006 13646:Medvedev, Zhores A. 13473:"Sergey A. Lebedev" 13274:Nagengast, Carole, 13064:. 8 November 2010. 12819:, 11 September 2004 12624:"Germany – Housing" 12567:www.nepszamlalas.hu 12254:, p. 1&126 11343:, Routledge, 1998, 10844:The Story of Latvia 10751:9 July 2008 at the 10359:Christie, Kenneth, 9705:Skinner, Kiron F., 9646:, Routledge, 2007, 9395:, Routledge, 1993, 9365:, Routledge, 1988, 9258:Communist nostalgia 9231:Soviet Union portal 8989:Pew Research Center 8562:Pan-European Picnic 8556:The opening of the 8538:in April 1989, the 8484:following the 1989 8478:Pan-European Picnic 8431:Brezhnev stagnation 8341:Sino-Albanian split 8339:'s China until the 8171:Revolutions of 1989 7990:compiled a list of 7610: 7481:East German economy 6564:Soviet Union/Russia 5872:Soviet Union/Russia 4872:, and oil wells in 4790:flat interior in a 4386: 4262:With inside toilet 4253:Houses/flats total 4246: 4031:Piped water % 4021: 4013:sanitary conditions 3633: 3590:Svetlana Alliluyeva 3553:Inner German border 3064:Poland in the 1980s 2625:bourgeois democracy 2578:conference at Yalta 2293:Transcaucasian SFSR 1174:officially withdrew 1063:from 1974, and the 1029:Republic of Mahabad 736:Revolutions of 1989 25877:Nepalese Civil War 25822:Great Leap Forward 25584:Pushpa Kamal Dahal 25459:Kaysone Phomvihane 25261:Xi Jinping Thought 24896:Labour aristocracy 24428:New Jewel Movement 23829:(Byelorussian SSR) 23715:(Byelorussian SSR) 23620:ETV (Estonian SSR) 23576:Central Television 23444:Politikin Zabavnik 23332:Jugend und Technik 23153:Slobodna Dalmacija 23129:Rabotnichesko Delo 22975:Moldova Socialistă 22903:Sovetskaya Latviya 22898:(Byelorussian SSR) 22887:Sovetskaya Rossiya 22862:Pionerskaya Pravda 22836:Central newspapers 22597:Alexander Svanidze 22525:Konstantin Kuzakov 22517:Yakov Dzhugashvili 22476:Apocalypse: Stalin 22449:Stalin Peace Prize 22444:State Stalin Prize 22147:"Ten Blows" speech 22134:Dizzy with Success 22044:Operation "Priboi" 22024:Operation "Lentil" 21977:1937 Soviet Census 21656:Sino-Soviet Treaty 21570:Potsdam Conference 21523:Invasion of Poland 21264:Russian Revolution 21060:Mary Elise Sarotte 21045:William B. Pickett 20970:Patrick J. Hearden 20950:Gabriel Gorodetsky 20945:Timothy Garton Ash 20930:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 20525:Ethnic nationalism 20277:Hallstein Doctrine 20161:Yemeni unification 19950:1985 Geneva Summit 19915:Casamance conflict 19818:New Jewel Movement 19803:Iranian Revolution 19788:Chadian–Libyan War 19735:Cambodian conflict 19715:Lebanese Civil War 19705:Western Sahara War 19680:June 1976 protests 19675:Cambodian genocide 19440:17 July Revolution 19394:Nigerian Civil War 19309:Rhodesian Bush War 19294:Colombian conflict 19237:Ramadan Revolution 18976:Bandung Conference 18852:Operation Valuable 18733:Partition of India 18123:Dragoslav Marković 18027:Nicolae Ceaușescu 17667:Singing Revolution 17550:June 1976 protests 17335:Soviet occupations 17111: 17064:, Westview Press, 16256:, Westview Press, 15805:. 26 October 2019. 15015:, pp. 154–157 14913:, pp. 326–329 13253:Adelman, Deborah, 13094:on 20 October 2013 11939:1 May 2009 at the 11318:on 14 January 2009 10658:, 1996, page 284, 10184:The New York Times 10132:standard of living 9810:– via JSTOR. 9642:Ludlow, N. Piers, 9532:– via JSTOR. 9336:from 1961 to 1970. 9146:2 September 1945 ( 9029: 8994:Kristen R. Ghodsee 8933: 8816:post-Soviet Russia 8766:post-Soviet states 8613: 8605: 8554: 8427: 8327:. This led to the 8212: 8187:Singing Revolution 8124: 8019: 7868:, housing blocks ( 7608: 7533: 7046: 7038: 5569:Zone of alienation 5485:Zastava/Yugo Koral 5341:VAZ-2101/Lada 1200 5238: 5123: 4999:shortage economies 4795: 4728: 4652: 4384: 4345:2,682,143 (75.7%) 4325:1,571,691 (50.4%) 4244: 4019: 3961: 3631: 3544: 3360: 3275:Scînteia (Romania) 3200: 3120:Hungary – ÁVH and 2973: 2941: 2819: 2771:Józef Cyrankiewicz 2763: 2672: 2609:Potsdam Conference 2511: 2476:Potsdam Conference 2277: 2267:Foundation history 1147: 892:" referred to the 726:Singing Revolution 500:Novocherkassk 1962 38: 26445: 26444: 25812:Sino-Soviet split 25772:Tito–Stalin split 25717:Spanish Civil War 25658:Guerrilla Warfare 25617:Theoretical works 25549:Władysław Gomułka 25524:Nicolae Ceaușescu 25484:Nikos Zachariadis 25404:Nikita Khrushchev 25379:Palmiro Togliatti 25078:Transmission belt 25023:Central committee 24881:Dialectical logic 24786: 24785: 24735: 24734: 24731: 24730: 24541: 24540: 24345: 24344: 24289: 24288: 24116: 24115: 23945:Economy of Latvia 23867: 23866: 23858:Czech News Agency 23738:Deutschlandsender 23733:Berliner Rundfunk 23065:Neues Deutschland 23049:Mladá fronta DNES 22927:Czerwony Sztandar 22725: 22724: 22682:Kholodnaya Rechka 22379:Iosif Stalin tank 22300:Lenin's Testament 22275:Era of Stagnation 22076:Mingrelian Affair 22054:Forced settlement 22039:Operation "North" 21999:Soviet war crimes 21777:and controversies 21716:Socialist realism 21679: 21678: 21661:Tito–Stalin split 21560:Tehran Conference 21483:Spanish Civil War 21454:Chinese Civil War 21295: 21294: 21282:List of conflicts 21130:Rudolph Winnacker 21075:Giles Scott-Smith 21050:Ronald E. Powaski 21005:Melvyn P. Leffler 20935:John Lewis Gaddis 20910:Robert D. English 20875:Warren H. Carroll 20865:Michael Beschloss 20834:Nuclear arms race 20815: 20814: 20721:Neues Deutschland 20623: 20622: 20605:White nationalism 20575:Liberal democracy 20312:Ulbricht Doctrine 20302:Brezhnev Doctrine 20110:Velvet Revolution 19854:Soviet–Afghan War 19670:Angolan Civil War 19467:Goulash Communism 19324:ASEAN Declaration 19277:Mexican Dirty War 19175:Annexation of Goa 19126:1960 U-2 incident 19100:Sino-Soviet split 19078:Laotian Civil War 18918:Bricker Amendment 18898:Mau Mau rebellion 18842:Malayan Emergency 18830:Chinese Civil War 18790:Tito–Stalin split 18644:Division of Korea 18468: 18467: 18174: 18173: 18170: 18169: 18165: 18164: 18161: 18160: 18080:Mikhail Gorbachev 18060:Nikita Khrushchev 17979:Władysław Gomułka 17949: 17948: 17742:Communist parties 17707: 17706: 17652:Velvet Revolution 17614:Telephone tapping 17588:list of defectors 17377:Tito–Stalin split 17195:– Project by the 17107: 17071:978-0-8133-1703-8 17027:978-90-5823-097-3 17000:978-0-8131-9045-7 16978:978-0-393-02030-4 16958:978-0-85598-432-8 16938:978-0-470-59619-7 16920:978-92-64-02261-4 16911:The world economy 16902:978-0-7391-0160-5 16852:978-0-87332-245-4 16832:978-0-521-58803-4 16814:978-0-7425-5542-6 16795:978-0-415-18053-5 16775:978-0-415-08626-4 16757:978-0-300-03865-1 16739:978-0-393-30869-3 16717:978-0-521-79278-3 16699:978-0-19-508136-7 16681:978-0-415-28580-3 16663:978-0-415-02134-0 16645:978-0-671-72868-7 16627:978-0-300-11204-7 16585:978-0-7546-3790-5 16567:978-0-7864-2913-4 16549:978-0-8223-1294-9 16531:978-0-312-17407-1 16513:978-0-7146-4765-4 16495:978-0-313-32355-3 16477:978-0-231-10676-4 16459:978-963-7326-67-7 16441:978-0-521-86244-8 16423:978-0-89096-967-0 16405:978-92-64-02261-4 16383:978-0-19-829716-1 16365:978-1-55775-200-0 16343:978-0-19-510282-6 16321:978-0-8179-8231-7 16303:978-0-691-09678-0 16281:978-1-56324-612-8 16263:978-0-8133-1189-0 16245:978-0-415-28954-2 16227:978-0-521-46972-2 16205:978-1-59420-062-5 16198:, Penguin Press, 16185:978-0-203-80109-3 16163:978-0-300-04498-0 16119:978-0-415-16422-1 16101:978-0-8153-4057-7 16082:978-0-8133-7714-8 16062:978-90-5589-095-8 16044:978-0-8133-3664-0 16022:978-0-415-36626-7 15987:. 15 October 2019 15947:(22 March 2018). 15565:978-0-226-81839-9 14961:978-0-275-94484-1 14850:on 17 August 2009 14840:Siegelbaum, Lewis 13663:978-0-393-30814-3 13631:978-2-226-04031-2 13284:978-0-8133-8053-7 13263:978-1-56324-287-8 13017:Black et al. 2000 13005:Black et al. 2000 12986:Black et al. 2000 12962:Black et al. 2000 12847:Roht-Arriaza 1995 12435:978-1-4438-0199-7 12373:978-5-02-013479-9 11920:978-1-887904-52-0 11899:Ephraim Sklyansky 11868:978-1-4144-6430-5 11751:on 27 April 2019. 11486:, pp. 180–81 11123:, pp. 274–78 10906:978-0-7190-4201-0 10897:Stalin's Cold War 10868:Smith et al. 2002 10788:978-90-420-2225-6 10554:978-83-7133-100-8 10474:978-1-57181-339-8 10446:978-83-7096-281-4 10410:978-0-415-33873-8 10281:978-1-84511-302-5 10124:978-1-4020-6052-6 10096:978-0-470-39908-8 10044:978-0-7190-3227-1 9982:978-0-521-79278-3 9928:978-0-618-22647-4 9886:Satyendra, Kush, 9832:978-81-7890-071-1 9631:978-0-8078-5464-8 9570:Tito–Stalin split 9558:Sino–Soviet split 9418:978-81-7890-071-1 9347:Sino-Soviet split 9172: 9171: 9089:República de Cuba 9015:People's Republic 8974:political freedom 8676:Nicolae Ceaușescu 8653:Velvet Revolution 8586:Mikhail Gorbachev 8578:Otto von Habsburg 8574:Karl von Habsburg 8570:Paneuropean Union 8550:Otto von Habsburg 8435:Mikhail Gorbachev 8412:Mikhail Gorbachev 8386:Mikhail Gorbachev 8372:Soviet–Afghan War 8364:Era of Stagnation 8348:Brezhnev Doctrine 8256:Nikita Khrushchev 8220:Tito–Stalin split 8153:and a period of " 7977:Władysław Gomułka 7831: 7830: 7623:% of total stock 7465: 7464: 7023: 7022: 6633:Yugoslavia/Serbia 6364: 6363: 5601:Trente Glorieuses 5597:Wirtschaftswunder 5094:industrialization 4920:Nicolae Ceauşescu 4880:Trade and Comecon 4677:Social conditions 4631: 4630: 4376:in 1980–1986 and 4369: 4368: 4359:3,228,257 (83.8%) 4356:3,209,930 (83.3%) 4342:1,859,677 (52.5%) 4339:2,367,274 (66.8%) 4319:1,167,055 (37.4%) 4256:With piped water 4242: 4241: 3989:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3914: 3913: 3602:Russian Civil War 3436:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3336:Radio Free Europe 3280:Zvyazda (Belarus) 3265:Pravda (Slovakia) 3198:,14 December 1981 3098:Czechoslovakia – 2981:central committee 2909:The port city of 2892:Władysław Gomułka 2857:Tito–Stalin split 2843:Tito–Stalin split 2837:Tito–Stalin split 2557:Winston Churchill 2489:Winston Churchill 2388:agriculture, and 1832:Equatorial Guinea 1131:Tito–Stalin split 1039:(from 1969), the 1035:(from 1967), the 1023:(1944–1949), the 915:countries in the 819: 818: 654:Sino-Soviet split 634:Tito–Stalin split 629:Czechoslovak coup 607: 606: 547:Ukraine 1989–1991 485:East Germany 1953 427:Soviet occupation 16:(Redirected from 26520: 26508:Marxism–Leninism 26436: 26435: 26434: 26424: 26423: 26383:State capitalism 25787:De-Stalinization 25782:Cuban Revolution 25604:Gennady Zyuganov 25589:Rohana Wijeweera 25444:Klement Gottwald 25439:Valko Chervenkov 25424:Lazar Kaganovich 25384:Dolores Ibárruri 25251:Three Represents 25196:Intercommunalism 25016:Political system 24859:Central planning 24854:Anti-revisionism 24844:Anti-imperialism 24820:Marxism–Leninism 24813: 24806: 24799: 24790: 24789: 24608: 24545: 24544: 24445: 24349: 24348: 24304: 24284: 24257: 24256: 24161: 24160: 24157: 24156: 24143: 24136: 24129: 24120: 24119: 24093:Shortage economy 24081:Related concepts 23964:Collectivization 23894: 23887: 23880: 23871: 23870: 23860:(Czechoslovakia) 23835:(Lithuanian SSR) 23727:Rundfunk der DDR 23691:(Lithuanian SSR) 23689:Lietuvos radijas 23683:Latvijas Radio 1 23592:Moscow Programme 23548:(Czechoslovakia) 23519:(Czechoslovakia) 23185:Večernje novosti 23169:Sportske novosti 23140:(Czechoslovakia) 23124:(Czechoslovakia) 23113:Politika Ekspres 23052:(Czechoslovakia) 22943:Neuvosto-Karjala 22930:(Lithuanian SSR) 22922:(Lithuanian SSR) 22752: 22745: 22738: 22729: 22728: 22715: 22714: 22617: 22609: 22601: 22600:(brother-in-law) 22593: 22589:Sergei Alliluyev 22585: 22581:Joseph Alliluyev 22577: 22569: 22561: 22553: 22545: 22537: 22529: 22521: 22513: 22505: 22497: 22399:Pantheon, Moscow 22357:The Soviet Story 22331:Darkness at Noon 22220:De-Stalinization 22071:Leningrad Affair 21804:Decossackization 21602:1946 Iran crisis 21565:Yalta Conference 21437:Collectivization 21362: 21361: 21322: 21315: 21308: 21299: 21298: 21040:David S. Painter 20965:John Earl Haynes 20895:Nicholas J. Cull 20880:Adrian Cioroianu 20860:Thomas A. Bailey 20807:Voice of America 20698: 20697: 20610:White separatism 20590:Social democracy 20585:Guided democracy 20565:Authoritarianism 20515:Ultranationalism 20505:Anti-imperialism 20432:Marxism–Leninism 20345: 20344: 20332:Kinmen Agreement 20297:Johnson Doctrine 20282:Kennedy Doctrine 20198:Frozen conflicts 20181:1991 August Coup 20070:Afghan Civil War 19965:Reykjavík Summit 19960:Somali Rebellion 19900:Ugandan Bush War 19878:Gdańsk Agreement 19399:Protests of 1968 19379:War of Attrition 19088:Cuban Revolution 19024:We will bury you 18991:Cyprus Emergency 18971:Kashmir Princess 18961:Jebel Akhdar War 18810:Western betrayal 18495: 18488: 18481: 18472: 18471: 18210:agencies in the 18201: 18194: 18187: 18178: 18177: 18138:Milanko Renovica 18113:Dušan Dragosavac 18103:Stevan Doronjski 18022:Gheorghe Apostol 17953: 17952: 17841:Alexander Dubček 17831:Klement Gottwald 17803:Valko Chervenkov 17763: 17762: 17759: 17758: 17754: 17753: 17734: 17727: 17720: 17711: 17710: 17496:Goryani Movement 17476: 17468: 17434: 17396: 17330:Yalta Conference 17289: 17282: 17275: 17266: 17265: 17256: 17251:. 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Archived from 14564: 14558: 14557: 14553: 14551: 14549: 14543: 14536: 14523: 14517: 14516: 14512: 14510: 14508: 14502: 14495: 14482: 14476: 14475: 14471: 14469: 14467: 14461: 14454: 14441: 14435: 14434: 14430: 14428: 14426: 14420: 14413: 14400: 14394: 14393: 14389: 14387: 14385: 14379: 14372: 14359: 14353: 14352: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14338: 14331: 14318: 14309: 14308: 14304: 14302: 14300: 14294: 14287: 14274: 14268: 14254: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14243: 14237: 14226: 14218: 14212: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14198:, archived from 14189: 14183: 14177: 14154: 14148: 14135: 14129: 14116: 14110: 14097: 14091: 14082: 14076: 14070: 14064: 14058: 14057:, pp. 11–12 14052: 14046: 14040: 14031: 14025: 14014: 14008: 13997: 13991: 13978: 13972: 13949: 13946: 13940: 13934: 13919: 13913: 13902: 13896: 13885: 13879: 13870: 13864: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13850: 13840: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13829: 13819: 13813: 13812: 13810: 13808: 13793: 13787: 13781: 13772: 13766: 13760: 13754: 13745: 13739: 13733: 13727: 13721: 13715: 13704: 13698: 13687: 13685: 13684:on 30 June 2007. 13674: 13668: 13667: 13655: 13642: 13636: 13635: 13615: 13609: 13608: 13597: 13591: 13585: 13576: 13570: 13561: 13555: 13546: 13540: 13527: 13521: 13508: 13502: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13484: 13475:. Computer.org. 13469: 13463: 13460: 13454: 13451: 13445: 13444:, p. xx–xxi 13439: 13433: 13427: 13410: 13404: 13393: 13387: 13370: 13364: 13355: 13349: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13287: 13272: 13266: 13251: 13245: 13239: 13226: 13220: 13214: 13208: 13185: 13179: 13173: 13167: 13152: 13146: 13125: 13122: 13116: 13110: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13099: 13084: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13073: 13058: 13041: 13035: 13020: 13014: 13008: 13002: 12989: 12983: 12977: 12971: 12965: 12959: 12950: 12944: 12935: 12934:, pp. 29–30 12929: 12923: 12917: 12904: 12898: 12889: 12883: 12874: 12868: 12862: 12861:, pp. 207–9 12856: 12850: 12844: 12835: 12829: 12820: 12801: 12795: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12781: 12762: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12751: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12721: 12702: 12696: 12690: 12684: 12678: 12669: 12663: 12652: 12646: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12635: 12620: 12614: 12608: 12602: 12596: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12559: 12553: 12552:, pp. 19–20 12547: 12541: 12535: 12522: 12516: 12505: 12499: 12488: 12482: 12459: 12453: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12381: 12375: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12341: 12335: 12329: 12320: 12314: 12308: 12302: 12293: 12292: 12290: 12288: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12255: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12202: 12196: 12190: 12184: 12175: 12169: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12145: 12139: 12124: 12118: 12112: 12103: 12097: 12091: 12085: 12076: 12070: 12064: 12058: 12052: 12046: 12040: 12039:, pp. 312–3 12034: 12019: 12013: 12007: 12001: 11990: 11984: 11973: 11967: 11958: 11952: 11943: 11928: 11922: 11908: 11902: 11879: 11873: 11872: 11854: 11848: 11842: 11833: 11827: 11816: 11810: 11801: 11795: 11784: 11778: 11772: 11766: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11744:. Archived from 11727: 11718: 11709: 11703: 11692: 11686: 11677: 11671: 11662: 11656: 11650: 11644: 11638: 11632: 11619: 11618:, pp. 108–9 11613: 11607: 11601: 11590: 11587: 11581: 11578: 11572: 11571: 11553: 11547: 11541: 11535: 11529: 11512: 11506: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11469: 11463: 11448: 11442: 11436: 11430: 11429:, pp. 65–70 11424: 11418: 11412: 11406: 11400: 11394: 11388: 11382: 11376: 11370: 11364: 11351: 11337: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11242: 11233: 11227: 11218: 11217: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11156: 11139: 11133: 11124: 11118: 11112: 11094: 11085: 11084: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11026: 11020: 11011: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10987: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10960: 10954: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10910: 10909: 10892: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10828: 10822: 10816: 10807: 10796: 10790: 10776: 10770: 10764: 10755: 10696: 10690: 10675:Władysław Anders 10673: 10648: 10642: 10636: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10613:Encyklopedia PWN 10604: 10598: 10581:Chapter I – Lwów 10571: 10562: 10556: 10538: 10532: 10509:Jan Tomasz Gross 10489: 10484: 10478: 10477: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10432: 10426: 10420: 10414: 10413: 10389: 10383: 10377: 10371: 10357: 10351: 10336: 10327: 10320: 10311: 10305: 10299: 10294:Julian Towster. 10292: 10286: 10285: 10267: 10261: 10260: 10227:(3): 1304–1305. 10214: 10208: 10194: 10188: 10187: 10178: 10172: 10171: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9945: 9936: 9935: 9908: 9899: 9884: 9878: 9877: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9771: 9762: 9761: 9755: 9747: 9727: 9718: 9703: 9697: 9682: 9676: 9663:Ahonen, Pertti, 9661: 9655: 9640: 9634: 9616: 9589: 9586:armed insurgency 9578: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9533: 9492: 9486: 9478: 9457: 9425: 9376:Haggett, Peter, 9361:Loth, Wilfried, 9356: 9350: 9343: 9337: 9330: 9318: 9304: 9247: 9242: 9241: 9233: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9219: 9217:Communism portal 9214: 9213: 9212: 9205: 9203:Socialism portal 9200: 9199: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9163: 9142: 9125: 9118:2 December 1975 9105: 9034: 9033: 9025:communist states 8754:state capitalist 8750:economic reforms 8730:anti-imperialism 8668:de-Stalinization 8494:Marxist–Leninist 8490:1989 Revolutions 8440:Sinatra Doctrine 8376:civil resistance 8352:socialist states 8323:to suppress the 8306:French Indochina 8290:Cuban Revolution 8109:Marxism–Leninism 8074:Alexander Dubček 8027:Soviet Politburo 8017:Budapest in 1956 7965:de-Stalinization 7926:Brandenburg Gate 7908:) occurred from 7611: 7607: 7531:apartment blocks 7461: 7456: 7451: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7418: 7413: 7400: 7395: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7362: 7357: 7327: 7322: 7295: 7290: 7277: 7272: 7243: 7238: 7148: 7143: 7059: 7058: 6374: 6373: 5634: 5633: 5483:A Yugoslav-made 5477: 5468: 5440: 5431: 5409:A Romanian-made 5403: 5394: 5378:FSO Polonez 1500 5374:Polski Fiat 126p 5366: 5357: 5329: 5320: 5288: 5279: 5214:Oder-Neisse line 5139:collective farms 5134:Marxist–Leninist 5126:Collectivization 5041:in Bulgaria, or 4868:, coal mines in 4836:Asset relocation 4822:Marxist–Leninist 4810:collectivisation 4740:market economies 4660:central planners 4395:People/dwelling 4387: 4383: 4365:3,274,514 (85%) 4305:373,124 (13.5%) 4247: 4243: 4022: 4018: 3917:Social structure 3634: 3630: 3446:, undergoing an 3444:de-Stalinization 3422:'s inclusion of 3321:Byelorussian SSR 3230: 3188:Announcement of 2969:Soviet republics 2958:Marxist–Leninist 2954:market economies 2937:Marxist–Leninist 2790:Szklarska Poręba 2743: 2718: 2697: 2521:(except for the 2507:Yalta Conference 2472:Yalta Conference 2341:Moscow Armistice 2303:. Soviet leader 2289:Byelorussian SSR 2258: 2256: 2255: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2230: 2229: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2011: 2009: 2008: 1997: 1996: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1926: 1925: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1885: 1884: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1858: 1856: 1855: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1711: 1710: 1698: 1697: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1495: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1334:Byelorussian SSR 1332: 1330: 1329: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1101:(1955–1991) and 1075:, leadership of 1073:Marxist–Leninist 871:Marxism–Leninism 843:communist states 811: 804: 797: 720: 667: 618: 463:Poland 1944–1989 447:Operation Jungle 366: 365: 362: 360: 314: 165: 75: 73: 67: 56: 55: 46: 40: 39: 21: 26528: 26527: 26523: 26522: 26521: 26519: 26518: 26517: 26448: 26447: 26446: 26441: 26432: 26430: 26418: 26411: 26408:Totalitarianism 26388:State socialism 26297: 26273: 26144: 25885: 25727:Greek Civil War 25661: 25612: 25564:Mathieu Kérékou 25469:Leonid Brezhnev 25434:Bolesław Bierut 25429:Georgi Dimitrov 25414:Josip Broz Tito 25409:Walter Ulbricht 25333: 25180:Gonzalo Thought 25092: 25011: 24998:Socialist state 24967: 24822: 24817: 24787: 24782: 24736: 24727: 24713: 24699: 24690: 24676: 24662: 24643: 24625: 24610: 24604: 24593: 24579: 24561: 24537: 24520: 24505: 24490: 24472: 24471: 24447: 24441: 24430: 24416: 24393: 24379: 24365: 24341: 24324: 24306: 24300: 24285: 24280: 24269: 24246: 24232: 24218: 24204: 24187: 24173: 24150: 24147: 24117: 24112: 24076: 24025: 23959: 23903: 23898: 23868: 23863: 23809: 23729:(East Germany) 23697:(Russian SFSR) 23671:First Programme 23665:All-Union Radio 23653: 23522: 23484:Svet kompjutera 23215: 23209:Zëri i Popullit 23073:Nova Makedonija 22978:(Moldavian SSR) 22821: 22792:State Committee 22770: 22761: 22756: 22726: 22721: 22703: 22699:Stalin's bunker 22649:Room at Kremlin 22639:Tiflis Seminary 22620: 22615: 22607: 22599: 22591: 22583: 22576:(granddaughter) 22575: 22567: 22559: 22551: 22543: 22535: 22533:Artyom Sergeyev 22527: 22519: 22511: 22503: 22495: 22481: 22463: 22367: 22325:True Communists 22288: 22286: 22279: 22243:Khrushchev Thaw 22214: 22181:Stalin's poetry 22100: 21968:Japhetic theory 21906:Medvedev Forest 21799:Georgian Affair 21776: 21770: 21731:Five-year plans 21675: 21644:Berlin Blockade 21634:Greek Civil War 21423:August Uprising 21411: 21392:Political views 21357: 21351: 21331: 21326: 21296: 21291: 21268: 21259:Second Cold War 21217: 21145: 21139: 21115:Odd Arne Westad 21105:Patrick Vaughan 21090:Athan Theoharis 21070:Ellen Schrecker 21055:Yakov M. Rabkin 21030:Timothy Naftali 20975:Tvrtko Jakovina 20960:Jussi Hanhimäki 20843: 20821: 20811: 20789:Paix et Liberté 20764: 20708:Active measures 20689: 20619: 20600:White supremacy 20560:Totalitarianism 20488: 20413: 20336: 20322:Reagan Doctrine 20317:Carter Doctrine 20257:Truman Doctrine 20245: 20192: 20124: 20019:Soviet reaction 19930:Ndogboyosoi War 19837: 19808:Saur Revolution 19635:1973 oil crisis 19600:Munich massacre 19508:Alcora Exercise 19503:Black September 19481: 19227:Sino-Indian War 19121:Simba rebellion 19104: 18948:Capture of the 18856: 18795:Berlin Blockade 18728:May 1947 crises 18718:Truman Doctrine 18683:Greek Civil War 18672:Blacklist Forty 18639:Gouzenko Affair 18626:Cursed soldiers 18578:Morgenthau Plan 18566: 18504: 18499: 18469: 18464: 18436: 18418: 18395: 18372: 18354: 18336: 18318: 18300: 18247: 18214: 18205: 18175: 18166: 18157: 18153:Milan Pančevski 18133:Vidoje Žarković 18098:Josip Broz Tito 18084: 18065:Leonid Brezhnev 18055:Georgy Malenkov 18031: 18003: 17989:Stanisław Kania 17969:Bolesław Bierut 17959: 17945: 17906: 17898: 17884:Walter Ulbricht 17860: 17836:Antonín Novotný 17817: 17798:Georgi Dimitrov 17784: 17748: 17738: 17708: 17703: 17618: 17572: 17559:Soviet reaction 17545:Croatian Spring 17489: 17487: 17480: 17474: 17466: 17438: 17432: 17394: 17381: 17367:Berlin Blockade 17318: 17317: 17298: 17293: 17247: 17235: 17231:Wayback Machine 17148: 17145: 17144: 17133: 17127: 17125: 17122:This audio file 17119: 17112: 17103: 17100: 17094: 17090: 17089: 17085: 17082: 17077: 17072: 17052: 17028: 17001: 16979: 16959: 16939: 16921: 16903: 16870:Applebaum, Anne 16864: 16862:Further reading 16859: 16853: 16845:. M.E. Sharpe. 16833: 16815: 16796: 16776: 16758: 16740: 16718: 16700: 16682: 16664: 16646: 16628: 16606: 16604: 16596: 16586: 16568: 16550: 16532: 16514: 16496: 16478: 16460: 16442: 16424: 16406: 16392:Mastny, Vojtech 16384: 16366: 16344: 16322: 16304: 16282: 16274:, M.E. Sharpe, 16264: 16246: 16228: 16206: 16186: 16164: 16142: 16120: 16102: 16083: 16063: 16045: 16023: 16006: 16001: 16000: 15990: 15988: 15979: 15978: 15974: 15964: 15962: 15938: 15934: 15924: 15922: 15909: 15908: 15904: 15894: 15892: 15879: 15878: 15874: 15864: 15862: 15850: 15846: 15840:Wayback Machine 15830: 15826: 15813: 15809: 15796: 15794: 15790: 15781: 15777: 15765: 15761: 15753:Leon, David A. 15752: 15748: 15744:. December 2012 15735: 15731: 15718: 15714: 15702: 15698: 15689: 15685: 15675: 15673: 15665: 15664: 15660: 15650: 15648: 15640: 15639: 15635: 15625: 15623: 15615: 15614: 15610: 15600: 15598: 15583: 15576: 15566: 15546: 15542: 15491: 15484: 15473: 15447: 15443: 15390: 15386: 15333: 15324: 15268: 15264: 15254: 15252: 15245: 15225: 15221: 15213: 15209: 15201: 15197: 15189: 15182: 15174: 15170: 15162: 15158: 15153: 15149: 15144: 15140: 15135: 15131: 15126: 15122: 15117: 15113: 15096: 15092: 15084: 15080: 15072: 15068: 15047: 15043: 15035: 15031: 15023: 15019: 15011: 15007: 14999: 14995: 14985: 14983: 14972: 14968: 14962: 14948: 14944: 14936: 14932: 14921: 14917: 14909: 14905: 14897: 14893: 14883: 14881: 14868: 14867: 14863: 14853: 14851: 14836: 14832: 14823: 14819: 14811: 14807: 14797: 14795: 14786: 14785: 14781: 14775:Wayback Machine 14766: 14762: 14752: 14750: 14735: 14731: 14721: 14719: 14700: 14696: 14686: 14684: 14680: 14669: 14665: 14664: 14660: 14651: 14647: 14638: 14634: 14628: 14620: 14618: 14614: 14607: 14603: 14597: 14593: 14587:Walter Cronkite 14578: 14576: 14567: 14565: 14561: 14555: 14547: 14545: 14541: 14534: 14530: 14524: 14520: 14514: 14506: 14504: 14500: 14493: 14489: 14483: 14479: 14473: 14465: 14463: 14459: 14452: 14448: 14442: 14438: 14432: 14424: 14422: 14418: 14411: 14407: 14401: 14397: 14391: 14383: 14381: 14377: 14370: 14366: 14360: 14356: 14350: 14342: 14340: 14336: 14329: 14325: 14319: 14312: 14306: 14298: 14296: 14292: 14285: 14281: 14275: 14271: 14265:Wayback Machine 14255: 14251: 14241: 14239: 14235: 14224: 14220: 14219: 14215: 14205: 14203: 14190: 14186: 14178: 14157: 14149: 14138: 14130: 14119: 14111: 14100: 14092: 14085: 14077: 14073: 14065: 14061: 14053: 14049: 14041: 14034: 14026: 14017: 14009: 14000: 13992: 13981: 13977:, pp. 36–7 13973: 13952: 13947: 13943: 13935: 13922: 13914: 13905: 13897: 13888: 13880: 13873: 13865: 13858: 13848: 13846: 13842: 13841: 13837: 13827: 13825: 13821: 13820: 13816: 13806: 13804: 13795: 13794: 13790: 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10793: 10777: 10773: 10765: 10758: 10753:Wayback Machine 10734:Wayback Machine 10719:Wayback Machine 10697: 10693: 10671: 10649: 10645: 10639:Piotrowski 2007 10637: 10633: 10623: 10621: 10606: 10605: 10601: 10588:Wayback Machine 10569: 10566:Polish currency 10563: 10559: 10539: 10535: 10521:Wayback Machine 10501:Wayback Machine 10487: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10457: 10453: 10447: 10433: 10429: 10421: 10417: 10411: 10393:Sanford, George 10390: 10386: 10378: 10374: 10358: 10354: 10348:Wayback Machine 10337: 10330: 10321: 10314: 10306: 10302: 10293: 10289: 10282: 10268: 10264: 10233:10.2307/1960285 10215: 10211: 10205:Wayback Machine 10195: 10191: 10179: 10175: 10164: 10144: 10140: 10125: 10111: 10107: 10097: 10077: 10073: 10059: 10055: 10045: 10031: 10027: 10019:, p. 212, 10009: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9983: 9969: 9965: 9946: 9939: 9929: 9909: 9902: 9885: 9881: 9863: 9847: 9843: 9833: 9819: 9815: 9772: 9765: 9749: 9748: 9744: 9728: 9721: 9704: 9700: 9683: 9679: 9662: 9658: 9641: 9637: 9619:Piero Gleijeses 9617: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9592: 9579: 9575: 9567: 9563: 9555: 9551: 9543: 9539: 9480: 9479: 9475: 9443: 9419: 9357: 9353: 9344: 9340: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9321: 9305: 9301: 9296: 9288:State socialism 9245:Politics portal 9243: 9236: 9229: 9224: 9222: 9215: 9210: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9157: 9152:30 April 1975 ( 9151: 9145: 9133: 9121: 9103: 9070:1 October 1949 9059: 9017: 9011: 8891:Kristen Ghodsee 8863: 8858: 8846:one-party state 8832:Dmitry Medvedev 8672:public protests 8666:the program of 8394:(openness) and 8317:Leonid Brezhnev 8201: 8167: 8097:Leonid Brezhnev 8062: 8054:Main articles: 8052: 7997:Hungarian flags 7961: 7955: 7930:Walter Ulbricht 7894: 7888: 7883: 7603: 7568:(1966), 2.4 in 7564:(1960), 1.4 in 7560:(1963), 1.7 in 7556:(1961), 1.5 in 7552:(1956), 2.0 in 7519: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7416: 7411: 7398: 7393: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7360: 7355: 7325: 7320: 7293: 7288: 7275: 7270: 7241: 7236: 7146: 7141: 7033:) according to 5625:as part of its 5592: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5469: 5458: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5433: 5432: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5396: 5395: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5359: 5358: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5281: 5280: 5266:divided highway 5262:infrastructural 5222: 5220:Economic growth 5111: 5090: 5057: 5051: 5001:that resulted. 4928: 4892: 4884:Main articles: 4882: 4838: 4806:command economy 4780: 4775: 4773:Initial changes 4755:command economy 4735:totalitarianism 4693: 4679: 4654:Because of the 4640: 4362:2,853,834 (74%) 4336:2,268,014 (64%) 4322:838,626 (26.9%) 4316:1,370,609 (44%) 4296:620,600 (22.5%) 4285:174,186 (7.1%) 4282:306,998 (12.5%) 4276:420,644 (17.1%) 4265:With piped gas 3993:systematisation 3949: 3947:Housing quality 3933: 3919: 3658:Density (1980) 3598: 3529:101st kilometre 3504: 3466: 3460: 3393: 3381:Main articles: 3379: 3366: 3344: 3224: 3182: 3160: 3154: 3092:Soviet Union – 3078:East Germany – 3060: 3022: 2985:communist party 2929: 2923: 2882:, where leader 2849:Josip Broz Tito 2845: 2839: 2804: 2802:Berlin Blockade 2798: 2761: 2741: 2739: 2716: 2714: 2695: 2661: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2621: 2586:some exceptions 2509:, February 1945 2484:The Big Three ( 2478: 2456: 2395:Initial Soviet 2343: 2315:Main articles: 2313: 2269: 2253: 2251: 2239: 2237: 2224: 2212: 2210: 2198: 2196: 2184: 2182: 2170: 2168: 2148: 2146: 2134: 2132: 2120: 2118: 2107: 2105: 2093: 2091: 2079: 2077: 2065: 2063: 2047: 2045: 2034: 2032: 2020: 2018: 2006: 2004: 1991: 1975: 1973: 1953: 1951: 1939: 1937: 1920: 1908: 1906: 1894: 1892: 1879: 1867: 1865: 1853: 1851: 1839: 1837: 1825: 1823: 1812: 1810: 1798: 1796: 1784: 1782: 1766: 1764: 1752: 1750: 1738: 1736: 1724: 1722: 1705: 1692: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1658: 1656: 1643: 1641: 1630: 1628: 1616: 1614: 1601: 1599: 1587: 1585: 1573: 1571: 1555: 1553: 1540: 1538: 1526: 1524: 1512: 1510: 1493: 1491: 1478: 1476: 1463: 1461: 1448: 1446: 1434: 1432: 1419: 1417: 1403: 1401: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1357: 1355: 1341: 1339: 1327: 1325: 1309: 1307: 1294: 1292: 1278: 1276: 1262: 1260: 1246: 1244: 1227: 1225: 1212: 1210: 1197: 1195: 1182: 1180: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1139: 1077:Ba'athist Syria 1051:from 1975, the 1005: 815: 786: 785: 721: 718: 711: 710: 663: 639:Berlin Blockade 619: 617:Cold War events 616: 609: 608: 532:Kazakhstan 1986 363: 358: 356: 349: 348: 315: 312: 305: 304: 166: 163: 156: 155: 76: 71: 65: 63: 53: 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26526: 26516: 26515: 26510: 26505: 26500: 26495: 26490: 26485: 26480: 26475: 26470: 26465: 26460: 26443: 26442: 26440: 26428: 26416: 26413: 26412: 26410: 26405: 26403:Third-Worldism 26400: 26395: 26390: 26385: 26380: 26375: 26365: 26360: 26355: 26350: 26345: 26340: 26335: 26325: 26320: 26313:Anti-communism 26310: 26305: 26303: 26299: 26298: 26296: 26291: 26286: 26281: 26279: 26278:Related topics 26275: 26274: 26272: 26267: 26262: 26252: 26247: 26242: 26237: 26232: 26227: 26222: 26217: 26212: 26207: 26202: 26197: 26192: 26187: 26182: 26177: 26172: 26167: 26162: 26157: 26152: 26150: 26146: 26145: 26143: 26137: 26132: 26127: 26122: 26117: 26108: 26103: 26098: 26092: 26087: 26082: 26077: 26072: 26067: 26062: 26057: 26052: 26047: 26042: 26037: 26032: 26027: 26018: 26013: 26008: 26003: 25998: 25993: 25988: 25983: 25978: 25973: 25968: 25963: 25957: 25951:Czechoslovakia 25948: 25943: 25938: 25933: 25927: 25918: 25913: 25908: 25903: 25898: 25893: 25891: 25887: 25886: 25884: 25879: 25874: 25869: 25864: 25859: 25854: 25849: 25844: 25839: 25834: 25829: 25824: 25819: 25814: 25809: 25804: 25799: 25794: 25789: 25784: 25779: 25774: 25769: 25763: 25758: 25753: 25744: 25739: 25734: 25729: 25724: 25719: 25714: 25709: 25704: 25699: 25694: 25688: 25683: 25678: 25669: 25667: 25663: 25662: 25660: 25655: 25650: 25645: 25640: 25635: 25630: 25625: 25620: 25618: 25614: 25613: 25611: 25606: 25601: 25596: 25594:Abimael Guzmán 25591: 25586: 25581: 25576: 25571: 25566: 25561: 25559:Thomas Sankara 25556: 25551: 25546: 25544:Erich Honecker 25541: 25539:Maurice Bishop 25536: 25531: 25526: 25521: 25516: 25511: 25506: 25501: 25499:Agostinho Neto 25496: 25491: 25486: 25481: 25476: 25471: 25466: 25464:Khalid Bakdash 25461: 25456: 25451: 25446: 25441: 25436: 25431: 25426: 25421: 25416: 25411: 25406: 25401: 25396: 25394:Võ Nguyên Giáp 25391: 25386: 25381: 25376: 25374:Maurice Thorez 25371: 25366: 25364:Ehmetjan Qasim 25361: 25356: 25354:Ernst Thälmann 25351: 25346: 25341: 25339: 25335: 25334: 25332: 25327: 25322: 25317: 25309: 25301: 25296: 25290: 25285: 25280: 25274: 25269: 25264: 25258: 25253: 25248: 25242: 25237: 25231: 25225: 25220: 25215: 25210: 25205: 25199: 25192: 25187: 25185:Prachanda Path 25182: 25177: 25171: 25166: 25161: 25156: 25150: 25145: 25139: 25132: 25127: 25122: 25117: 25111: 25105: 25100: 25098: 25094: 25093: 25091: 25090: 25085: 25080: 25075: 25070: 25065: 25060: 25055: 25050: 25045: 25040: 25035: 25030: 25025: 25019: 25017: 25013: 25012: 25010: 25005: 25000: 24995: 24990: 24985: 24980: 24975: 24973: 24969: 24968: 24966: 24965: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24949: 24948: 24943: 24933: 24928: 24926:Social fascism 24923: 24921:Self-criticism 24918: 24913: 24908: 24903: 24898: 24893: 24888: 24883: 24878: 24873: 24868: 24867: 24866: 24856: 24851: 24846: 24841: 24836: 24830: 24828: 24824: 24823: 24816: 24815: 24808: 24801: 24793: 24784: 24783: 24781: 24780: 24777: 24773: 24772: 24767: 24762: 24757: 24752: 24747: 24741: 24738: 24737: 24733: 24732: 24729: 24728: 24723: 24721: 24715: 24714: 24707: 24705: 24692: 24691: 24686: 24684: 24678: 24677: 24672: 24670: 24664: 24663: 24653: 24651: 24645: 24644: 24635: 24633: 24627: 24626: 24620: 24618: 24612: 24611: 24603: 24601: 24595: 24594: 24589: 24587: 24581: 24580: 24571: 24569: 24563: 24562: 24555: 24553: 24542: 24539: 24538: 24530: 24528: 24522: 24521: 24515: 24513: 24507: 24506: 24500: 24498: 24492: 24491: 24484: 24482: 24474: 24473: 24470: 24469: 24464: 24458: 24457: 24455: 24449: 24448: 24440: 24438: 24432: 24431: 24426: 24424: 24418: 24417: 24403: 24401: 24395: 24394: 24389: 24387: 24381: 24380: 24375: 24373: 24371:Czechoslovakia 24367: 24366: 24359: 24357: 24346: 24343: 24342: 24334: 24332: 24326: 24325: 24318: 24316: 24308: 24307: 24299: 24297: 24291: 24290: 24287: 24286: 24279: 24277: 24271: 24270: 24265: 24263: 24254: 24248: 24247: 24242: 24240: 24234: 24233: 24228: 24226: 24220: 24219: 24214: 24212: 24206: 24205: 24197: 24195: 24189: 24188: 24183: 24181: 24175: 24174: 24169: 24167: 24155: 24152: 24151: 24146: 24145: 24138: 24131: 24123: 24114: 24113: 24111: 24110: 24105: 24100: 24095: 24090: 24084: 24082: 24078: 24077: 24075: 24074: 24069: 24064: 24059: 24054: 24049: 24044: 24039: 24033: 24031: 24027: 24026: 24024: 24023: 24018: 24013: 24008: 24003: 24001:Dekulakization 23998: 23993: 23988: 23983: 23978: 23973: 23967: 23965: 23961: 23960: 23958: 23957: 23952: 23947: 23942: 23937: 23932: 23927: 23922: 23917: 23911: 23909: 23905: 23904: 23897: 23896: 23889: 23882: 23874: 23865: 23864: 23862: 23861: 23855: 23849: 23844: 23838: 23837: 23836: 23830: 23817: 23815: 23811: 23810: 23808: 23807: 23802: 23796: 23791: 23785: 23779: 23773: 23771:Radio Bulgaria 23768: 23762: 23761: 23760: 23755: 23750: 23745: 23740: 23735: 23724: 23723: 23722: 23721:(Georgian SSR) 23716: 23710: 23705: 23704: 23703: 23692: 23686: 23680: 23679:(Estonian SSR) 23674: 23661: 23659: 23655: 23654: 23652: 23651: 23650: 23649: 23648: 23647: 23642: 23637: 23632: 23627: 23622: 23617: 23612: 23607: 23599: 23594: 23589: 23584: 23573: 23567: 23561: 23555: 23554:(East Germany) 23549: 23543: 23537: 23530: 23528: 23524: 23523: 23521: 23520: 23512: 23504: 23496: 23488: 23480: 23472: 23471:(Soviet Union) 23464: 23456: 23455:(East Germany) 23448: 23440: 23432: 23431:(Soviet Union) 23424: 23423:(Soviet Union) 23416: 23408: 23407:(East Germany) 23400: 23399:(East Germany) 23392: 23391:(East Germany) 23384: 23383:(East Germany) 23376: 23368: 23360: 23359:(East Germany) 23356:Kultur im Heim 23352: 23344: 23336: 23335:(East Germany) 23328: 23320: 23319:(East Germany) 23312: 23304: 23303:(East Germany) 23296: 23295:(East Germany) 23288: 23287:(East Germany) 23284:Form und Zweck 23280: 23279:(East Germany) 23272: 23264: 23263:(East Germany) 23256: 23248: 23240: 23232: 23231:(East Germany) 23223: 23221: 23217: 23216: 23214: 23213: 23205: 23197: 23189: 23181: 23173: 23165: 23157: 23149: 23141: 23133: 23125: 23117: 23109: 23101: 23093: 23085: 23077: 23069: 23068:(East Germany) 23061: 23053: 23045: 23037: 23029: 23028:(East Germany) 23021: 23013: 23005: 22997: 22989: 22981: 22980: 22979: 22971: 22963: 22955: 22954:(Georgian SSR) 22947: 22939: 22938:(Estonian SSR) 22931: 22923: 22915: 22907: 22899: 22891: 22890:(Russian SFSR) 22879: 22876:Sovetsky Sport 22872: 22865: 22858: 22851: 22844: 22829: 22827: 22823: 22822: 22820: 22819: 22814: 22813: 22812: 22807: 22806: 22805: 22800: 22795: 22794:(Gosteleradio) 22778: 22776: 22772: 22771: 22766: 22763: 22762: 22755: 22754: 22747: 22740: 22732: 22723: 22722: 22720: 22719: 22708: 22705: 22704: 22702: 22701: 22696: 22695: 22694: 22689: 22684: 22679: 22674: 22669: 22664: 22659: 22651: 22646: 22641: 22636: 22630: 22628: 22622: 22621: 22619: 22618: 22610: 22602: 22594: 22586: 22578: 22570: 22562: 22554: 22546: 22538: 22530: 22522: 22514: 22506: 22498: 22489: 22487: 22483: 22482: 22480: 22479: 22471: 22469: 22465: 22464: 22462: 22461: 22456: 22454:Stalin Society 22451: 22446: 22441: 22436: 22431: 22426: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22394:Stalin statues 22391: 22386: 22381: 22375: 22373: 22369: 22368: 22366: 22365: 22360: 22353: 22348: 22341: 22334: 22327: 22322: 22317: 22312: 22307: 22302: 22297: 22295:Stalin Epigram 22291: 22289: 22284: 22281: 22280: 22278: 22277: 22272: 22267: 22262: 22257: 22252: 22245: 22240: 22238:Rehabilitation 22235: 22230: 22224: 22222: 22216: 22215: 22213: 22212: 22207: 22200: 22195: 22190: 22183: 22178: 22173: 22166: 22161: 22154: 22149: 22144: 22137: 22130: 22123: 22116: 22108: 22106: 22102: 22101: 22099: 22098: 22093: 22088: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22068: 22063: 22058: 22057: 22056: 22051: 22046: 22041: 22036: 22031: 22026: 22016: 22006: 22001: 21996: 21991: 21986: 21981: 21980: 21979: 21974: 21965: 21960: 21952: 21951: 21950: 21945: 21940: 21935: 21934: 21933: 21928: 21923: 21918: 21913: 21908: 21903: 21898: 21893: 21888: 21883: 21878: 21873: 21868: 21858: 21848: 21843: 21838: 21837: 21836: 21826: 21821: 21816: 21814:Wittorf affair 21811: 21809:Dekulakization 21806: 21801: 21796: 21791: 21786: 21780: 21778: 21772: 21771: 21769: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21751:New Soviet man 21748: 21743: 21738: 21733: 21728: 21723: 21718: 21713: 21708: 21703: 21698: 21693: 21687: 21685: 21681: 21680: 21677: 21676: 21674: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21658: 21653: 21652: 21651: 21646: 21641: 21636: 21631: 21626: 21625: 21624: 21614: 21609: 21604: 21594: 21589: 21584: 21579: 21574: 21573: 21572: 21567: 21562: 21557: 21552: 21547: 21542: 21537: 21536: 21535: 21525: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21466: 21461: 21456: 21451: 21450: 21449: 21444: 21434: 21425: 21419: 21417: 21413: 21412: 21410: 21409: 21404: 21399: 21394: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21368: 21366: 21359: 21353: 21352: 21350: 21349: 21343: 21336: 21333: 21332: 21325: 21324: 21317: 21310: 21302: 21293: 21292: 21290: 21289: 21284: 21279: 21273: 21270: 21269: 21267: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21225: 21223: 21219: 21218: 21216: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21175: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21149: 21147: 21141: 21140: 21138: 21137: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21085:Timothy Snyder 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21022: 21017: 21015:Vojtech Mastny 21012: 21010:Geir Lundestad 21007: 21002: 21000:Walter Laqueur 20997: 20995:Walter LaFeber 20992: 20987: 20982: 20977: 20972: 20967: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20932: 20927: 20925:André Fontaine 20922: 20917: 20912: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20855:Gar Alperovitz 20851: 20849: 20845: 20844: 20842: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20825: 20823: 20817: 20816: 20813: 20812: 20810: 20809: 20804: 20798: 20797: 20792: 20785: 20780: 20772: 20770: 20766: 20765: 20763: 20762: 20755: 20750: 20743: 20736: 20731: 20724: 20717: 20710: 20704: 20702: 20695: 20691: 20690: 20688: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20631: 20629: 20625: 20624: 20621: 20620: 20618: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20595:Third-Worldism 20592: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20502: 20496: 20494: 20490: 20489: 20487: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20454: 20449: 20444: 20439: 20434: 20429: 20423: 20421: 20415: 20414: 20412: 20411: 20406: 20401: 20396: 20391: 20386: 20384:Libertarianism 20381: 20376: 20375: 20374: 20364: 20362:Chicago school 20359: 20353: 20351: 20342: 20338: 20337: 20335: 20334: 20329: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20307:Nixon Doctrine 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20274: 20269: 20264: 20259: 20253: 20251: 20250:Foreign policy 20247: 20246: 20244: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20202: 20200: 20194: 20193: 20191: 20190: 20185: 20184: 20183: 20173: 20168: 20163: 20158: 20153: 20148: 20143: 20138: 20132: 20130: 20126: 20125: 20123: 20122: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20102: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20082: 20077: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20037: 20035:Operation RYAN 20032: 20027: 20022: 20012: 20007: 20002: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19940:Able Archer 83 19937: 19932: 19927: 19922: 19917: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19886: 19885: 19875: 19870: 19865: 19856: 19851: 19845: 19843: 19839: 19838: 19836: 19835: 19830: 19825: 19820: 19815: 19810: 19805: 19800: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19737: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19690:Oromo conflict 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19630:Yom Kippur War 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19489: 19487: 19483: 19482: 19480: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19453: 19452: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19413: 19408: 19407: 19406: 19396: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19376: 19371: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19316: 19311: 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19285: 19284: 19274: 19269: 19264: 19262:Aden Emergency 19259: 19254: 19249: 19244: 19239: 19234: 19229: 19224: 19219: 19214: 19213: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19180:Papua conflict 19177: 19172: 19167: 19162: 19161: 19160: 19150: 19149: 19148: 19138: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19112: 19110: 19106: 19105: 19103: 19102: 19097: 19096: 19095: 19085: 19083:Kitchen Debate 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19043:Sputnik crisis 19040: 19035: 19027: 19020: 19015: 19013:Polish October 19010: 19005: 19000: 18993: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18973: 18968: 18963: 18958: 18953: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18913:Pact of Madrid 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18868:Bamboo Curtain 18864: 18862: 18858: 18857: 18855: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18838: 18837: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18761: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18675: 18667: 18659: 18651: 18646: 18641: 18636: 18628: 18623: 18622: 18621: 18616: 18608: 18595: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18574: 18572: 18568: 18567: 18565: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18544: 18539: 18534: 18529: 18524: 18517: 18509: 18506: 18505: 18498: 18497: 18490: 18483: 18475: 18466: 18465: 18463: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18446: 18444: 18438: 18437: 18435: 18434: 18428: 18426: 18420: 18419: 18417: 18416: 18411: 18405: 18403: 18397: 18396: 18394: 18393: 18388: 18382: 18380: 18374: 18373: 18371: 18370: 18364: 18362: 18356: 18355: 18353: 18352: 18346: 18344: 18342:Czechoslovakia 18338: 18337: 18335: 18334: 18328: 18326: 18320: 18319: 18317: 18316: 18310: 18308: 18302: 18301: 18299: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18257: 18255: 18249: 18248: 18246: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18219: 18216: 18215: 18204: 18203: 18196: 18189: 18181: 18172: 18171: 18168: 18167: 18163: 18162: 18159: 18158: 18156: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18094: 18092: 18086: 18085: 18083: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18045:Vladimir Lenin 18041: 18039: 18033: 18032: 18030: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18013: 18011: 18005: 18004: 18002: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17971: 17965: 17963: 17950: 17947: 17946: 17944: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17912: 17910: 17900: 17899: 17897: 17896: 17891: 17889:Erich Honecker 17886: 17881: 17879:Otto Grotewohl 17876: 17870: 17868: 17862: 17861: 17859: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17827: 17825: 17819: 17818: 17816: 17815: 17813:Petar Mladenov 17810: 17805: 17800: 17794: 17792: 17786: 17785: 17783: 17782: 17777: 17771: 17769: 17757: 17750: 17749: 17737: 17736: 17729: 17722: 17714: 17705: 17704: 17702: 17701: 17700: 17699: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17632: 17626: 17624: 17620: 17619: 17617: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17591: 17580: 17578: 17574: 17573: 17571: 17570: 17565: 17552: 17547: 17542: 17537: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17492: 17490: 17485: 17482: 17481: 17479: 17478: 17470: 17462: 17457: 17452: 17446: 17444: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17436: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17389: 17387: 17383: 17382: 17380: 17379: 17374: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17358: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17332: 17326: 17324: 17320: 17319: 17316: 17315: 17310: 17304: 17303: 17300: 17299: 17292: 17291: 17284: 17277: 17269: 17263: 17262: 17257: 17245: 17233: 17221: 17216: 17210: 17204: 17199: 17190: 17180: 17170: 17164: 17158: 17134: 17120: 17113: 17101: 17084: 17083: 17081: 17080:External links 17078: 17076: 17075: 17070: 17055: 17051:978-0691168708 17050: 17031: 17026: 17013: 17004: 16999: 16982: 16977: 16962: 16957: 16942: 16937: 16924: 16919: 16906: 16901: 16888: 16878: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16857: 16851: 16836: 16831: 16818: 16813: 16800: 16794: 16779: 16774: 16761: 16756: 16743: 16738: 16721: 16716: 16703: 16698: 16685: 16680: 16667: 16662: 16649: 16644: 16631: 16626: 16613: 16589: 16584: 16571: 16566: 16553: 16548: 16535: 16530: 16517: 16512: 16499: 16494: 16481: 16476: 16463: 16458: 16445: 16440: 16427: 16422: 16409: 16404: 16387: 16382: 16369: 16364: 16347: 16342: 16325: 16320: 16307: 16302: 16285: 16280: 16267: 16262: 16249: 16244: 16231: 16226: 16209: 16204: 16189: 16184: 16167: 16162: 16145: 16141:978-0714654089 16140: 16123: 16118: 16105: 16100: 16087: 16081: 16066: 16061: 16048: 16043: 16035:Westview Press 16026: 16021: 16007: 16005: 16002: 15999: 15998: 15972: 15932: 15902: 15872: 15859:Cato Institute 15844: 15824: 15807: 15788: 15775: 15759: 15746: 15729: 15712: 15696: 15683: 15658: 15633: 15608: 15574: 15564: 15540: 15482: 15472:978-0197549247 15471: 15441: 15384: 15322: 15262: 15243: 15219: 15207: 15195: 15180: 15168: 15156: 15147: 15138: 15129: 15120: 15111: 15109:9 August 2014. 15090: 15078: 15066: 15041: 15029: 15017: 15005: 14993: 14966: 14960: 14942: 14938:Grenville 2005 14930: 14915: 14903: 14891: 14861: 14830: 14817: 14805: 14779: 14760: 14729: 14694: 14658: 14645: 14632: 14629:(1.47 MB) 14591: 14559: 14556:(1.47 MB) 14518: 14515:(1.47 MB) 14477: 14474:(1.47 MB) 14436: 14433:(1.47 MB) 14395: 14392:(1.47 MB) 14354: 14351:(1.47 MB) 14310: 14307:(1.47 MB) 14269: 14249: 14213: 14184: 14155: 14136: 14117: 14098: 14083: 14071: 14059: 14047: 14032: 14015: 13998: 13979: 13950: 13941: 13920: 13903: 13886: 13871: 13856: 13835: 13814: 13788: 13773: 13761: 13746: 13734: 13722: 13705: 13688: 13669: 13662: 13637: 13630: 13610: 13592: 13577: 13562: 13547: 13528: 13509: 13490: 13464: 13455: 13446: 13434: 13411: 13394: 13371: 13356: 13341: 13329: 13317: 13305: 13288: 13267: 13246: 13227: 13215: 13186: 13174: 13153: 13126: 13117: 13105: 13079: 13042: 13021: 13009: 12990: 12978: 12966: 12951: 12936: 12924: 12905: 12890: 12875: 12863: 12851: 12836: 12821: 12816:Deutsche Welle 12796: 12787: 12757: 12727: 12697: 12685: 12670: 12653: 12641: 12615: 12603: 12584: 12554: 12542: 12523: 12506: 12489: 12460: 12448: 12434: 12414: 12396:(2): 234–235. 12376: 12360: 12348: 12336: 12321: 12309: 12294: 12268: 12256: 12244: 12227: 12215: 12203: 12191: 12176: 12164: 12152: 12140: 12119: 12104: 12092: 12077: 12065: 12053: 12041: 12020: 12008: 11991: 11974: 11959: 11944: 11923: 11903: 11874: 11867: 11849: 11834: 11817: 11802: 11785: 11773: 11754: 11736:(2): 499–521. 11710: 11693: 11678: 11663: 11651: 11639: 11620: 11608: 11591: 11582: 11573: 11566: 11548: 11536: 11513: 11488: 11476: 11464: 11443: 11431: 11419: 11407: 11395: 11383: 11371: 11352: 11329: 11297: 11285: 11273: 11261: 11249: 11234: 11219: 11213:978-1783087990 11212: 11194: 11175: 11163: 11140: 11125: 11113: 11086: 11080:978-3832956097 11079: 11067:Nohlen, Dieter 11058: 11046: 11027: 11012: 11008:Miscamble 2007 11000: 10996:Miscamble 2007 10988: 10977: 10955: 10938: 10926: 10911: 10905: 10884: 10872: 10860: 10823: 10808: 10791: 10771: 10756: 10704:Katyn massacre 10691: 10643: 10631: 10599: 10557: 10533: 10479: 10473: 10451: 10445: 10427: 10415: 10409: 10384: 10372: 10352: 10328: 10312: 10300: 10287: 10280: 10262: 10209: 10189: 10173: 10163:978-0415072250 10162: 10138: 10123: 10105: 10095: 10082:Eastern Europe 10071: 10053: 10043: 10025: 10003: 9991: 9981: 9963: 9937: 9927: 9900: 9879: 9861: 9841: 9831: 9813: 9786:(2): 150–171. 9763: 9742: 9719: 9698: 9677: 9656: 9635: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9591: 9590: 9573: 9561: 9549: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9508:(2): 150–171. 9493: 9473: 9458: 9441: 9426: 9417: 9404: 9391:Rees, G. Wyn. 9389: 9374: 9351: 9338: 9324: 9323: 9320: 9319: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9234: 9220: 9206: 9192: 9176: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9143: 9131: 9127: 9126: 9119: 9116: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9094: 9091: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9068: 9052: 9048: 9047: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9010: 9007: 8966:GDP per capita 8962:Cato Institute 8869:asserted that 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8828:Vladimir Putin 8722:decolonization 8715:communist rule 8645:general strike 8641:Czechoslovakia 8634:Petar Mladenov 8602:Erich Honecker 8591:Erich Honecker 8429:Following the 8288:preserved the 8236:Stalin's death 8166: 8163: 8082:consumer goods 8078:Action Program 8066:Czechoslovakia 8051: 8048: 7957:Main article: 7954: 7951: 7902:Republikflucht 7890:Main article: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7789:Czechoslovakia 7785: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7626:1986 shortage 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7602: 7599: 7554:Czechoslovakia 7518: 7515: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7232:Czech Republic 7227: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7079:United Kingdom 7076: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7035:Angus Maddison 7021: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 7001:United Kingdom 6998: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6771:Germany (West) 6768: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6517:Czech Republic 6512: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6336:United Kingdom 6333: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6046:Germany (West) 6043: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5813:Czech Republic 5808: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5591: 5588: 5482: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5445: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5408: 5407: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5372:A Polish-made 5371: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5335:A Soviet-made 5334: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5293: 5292: 5283: 5282: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5230:Robotron KC 87 5221: 5218: 5194:dekulakisation 5185:Czechoslovakia 5169:Lithuanian SSR 5158:dekulakisation 5110: 5107: 5089: 5086: 5050: 5047: 5035:Czechoslovakia 4953:heavy industry 4927: 4924: 4881: 4878: 4862:Czechoslovakia 4837: 4834: 4830:Czechoslovakia 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4678: 4675: 4639: 4636: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4479:Czechoslovakia 4475: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4090:Czechoslovakia 4086: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 3977:Czechoslovakia 3948: 3945: 3932: 3929: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3720:Czechoslovakia 3716: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3597: 3594: 3570:Republikflucht 3478:Republikflucht 3462:Main article: 3459: 3456: 3401:Czechoslovakia 3378: 3375: 3362:Main article: 3343: 3340: 3301:Lithuanian SSR 3284: 3283: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3232: 3219: 3214: 3156:Main article: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3134: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3096: 3090: 3021: 3018: 2925:Main article: 2922: 2919: 2838: 2835: 2816:Berlin Airlift 2800:Main article: 2797: 2794: 2740: 2715: 2694: 2654: 2651: 2643: 2640: 2620: 2617: 2536:, the parties 2493:U.S. President 2455: 2452: 2312: 2309: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2249: 2235: 2222: 2208: 2194: 2180: 2166: 2144: 2130: 2116: 2103: 2089: 2075: 2061: 2043: 2030: 2016: 2002: 1989: 1971: 1949: 1935: 1918: 1904: 1890: 1877: 1863: 1849: 1835: 1821: 1808: 1794: 1780: 1762: 1748: 1734: 1720: 1703: 1690: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1653: 1639: 1626: 1612: 1596: 1583: 1569: 1551: 1535: 1522: 1508: 1488: 1474: 1458: 1444: 1430: 1414: 1398: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1370:1945–1976 and 1353: 1352: 1351: 1337: 1305: 1289: 1273: 1257: 1241: 1223: 1219:Czechoslovakia 1207: 1193: 1177: 1151: 1148: 1138: 1137:List of states 1135: 1117:by the 1960s. 1004: 1001: 929:Czechoslovakia 909:Western Europe 835:Socialist Bloc 827:Communist Bloc 817: 816: 814: 813: 806: 799: 791: 788: 787: 784: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 746:January Events 743: 738: 733: 728: 722: 717: 716: 713: 712: 709: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 620: 615: 614: 611: 610: 605: 604: 603: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 574: 573: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 557:Lithuania 1991 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 518: 517: 512: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 476: 475: 470: 457: 456: 452: 451: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 421: 420: 414: 413: 412: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 373: 372: 364: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 324: 316: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 296: 282: 277: 271: 266: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 213:Czechoslovakia 210: 205: 200: 194: 189: 184: 179: 173: 167: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 77: 62: 61: 58: 57: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26525: 26514: 26511: 26509: 26506: 26504: 26501: 26499: 26496: 26494: 26491: 26489: 26486: 26484: 26481: 26479: 26476: 26474: 26471: 26469: 26466: 26464: 26461: 26459: 26456: 26455: 26453: 26439: 26429: 26427: 26422: 26417: 26414: 26409: 26406: 26404: 26401: 26399: 26396: 26394: 26391: 26389: 26386: 26384: 26381: 26379: 26376: 26373: 26369: 26366: 26364: 26361: 26359: 26356: 26354: 26351: 26349: 26346: 26344: 26341: 26339: 26336: 26333: 26332:Mass killings 26329: 26326: 26324: 26321: 26318: 26317:Mass killings 26314: 26311: 26309: 26306: 26304: 26300: 26295: 26292: 26290: 26287: 26285: 26282: 26280: 26276: 26271: 26268: 26266: 26263: 26260: 26256: 26253: 26251: 26248: 26246: 26243: 26241: 26238: 26236: 26233: 26231: 26228: 26226: 26223: 26221: 26218: 26216: 26213: 26211: 26208: 26206: 26203: 26201: 26198: 26196: 26193: 26191: 26188: 26186: 26183: 26181: 26178: 26176: 26173: 26171: 26168: 26166: 26163: 26161: 26158: 26156: 26153: 26151: 26149:Organizations 26147: 26141: 26138: 26136: 26133: 26131: 26128: 26126: 26123: 26121: 26118: 26116: 26112: 26109: 26107: 26104: 26102: 26099: 26096: 26093: 26091: 26088: 26086: 26083: 26081: 26078: 26076: 26073: 26071: 26068: 26066: 26063: 26061: 26058: 26056: 26053: 26051: 26048: 26046: 26043: 26041: 26038: 26036: 26033: 26031: 26028: 26026: 26022: 26019: 26017: 26014: 26012: 26009: 26007: 26004: 26002: 25999: 25997: 25994: 25992: 25989: 25987: 25984: 25982: 25979: 25977: 25974: 25972: 25969: 25967: 25964: 25961: 25958: 25956: 25952: 25949: 25947: 25944: 25942: 25939: 25937: 25934: 25931: 25928: 25926: 25922: 25919: 25917: 25914: 25912: 25909: 25907: 25904: 25902: 25899: 25897: 25894: 25892: 25888: 25883: 25880: 25878: 25875: 25873: 25870: 25868: 25865: 25863: 25860: 25858: 25855: 25853: 25850: 25848: 25847:Prague Spring 25845: 25843: 25840: 25838: 25835: 25833: 25830: 25828: 25825: 25823: 25820: 25818: 25815: 25813: 25810: 25808: 25805: 25803: 25800: 25798: 25795: 25793: 25790: 25788: 25785: 25783: 25780: 25778: 25775: 25773: 25770: 25767: 25764: 25762: 25759: 25757: 25754: 25752: 25748: 25745: 25743: 25740: 25738: 25735: 25733: 25730: 25728: 25725: 25723: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25713: 25710: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25698: 25695: 25692: 25689: 25687: 25684: 25682: 25679: 25677: 25673: 25670: 25668: 25664: 25659: 25656: 25654: 25651: 25649: 25646: 25644: 25641: 25639: 25636: 25634: 25631: 25629: 25626: 25624: 25621: 25619: 25615: 25610: 25607: 25605: 25602: 25600: 25597: 25595: 25592: 25590: 25587: 25585: 25582: 25580: 25577: 25575: 25572: 25570: 25567: 25565: 25562: 25560: 25557: 25555: 25554:Samora Machel 25552: 25550: 25547: 25545: 25542: 25540: 25537: 25535: 25532: 25530: 25527: 25525: 25522: 25520: 25517: 25515: 25512: 25510: 25507: 25505: 25502: 25500: 25497: 25495: 25492: 25490: 25487: 25485: 25482: 25480: 25477: 25475: 25474:Deng Xiaoping 25472: 25470: 25467: 25465: 25462: 25460: 25457: 25455: 25452: 25450: 25447: 25445: 25442: 25440: 25437: 25435: 25432: 25430: 25427: 25425: 25422: 25420: 25419:Mátyás Rákosi 25417: 25415: 25412: 25410: 25407: 25405: 25402: 25400: 25397: 25395: 25392: 25390: 25387: 25385: 25382: 25380: 25377: 25375: 25372: 25370: 25367: 25365: 25362: 25360: 25357: 25355: 25352: 25350: 25347: 25345: 25344:Joseph Stalin 25342: 25340: 25336: 25331: 25328: 25326: 25323: 25321: 25318: 25315: 25314: 25310: 25308: 25307: 25302: 25300: 25297: 25294: 25291: 25289: 25286: 25284: 25281: 25279: 25275: 25273: 25270: 25268: 25265: 25262: 25259: 25257: 25254: 25252: 25249: 25247: 25243: 25241: 25238: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25214: 25211: 25209: 25206: 25203: 25202:New Communism 25200: 25197: 25193: 25191: 25188: 25186: 25183: 25181: 25178: 25176: 25172: 25170: 25167: 25165: 25164:Khrushchevism 25162: 25160: 25157: 25154: 25151: 25149: 25146: 25144: 25140: 25138: 25137: 25133: 25131: 25128: 25126: 25123: 25121: 25118: 25115: 25112: 25110: 25106: 25104: 25101: 25099: 25095: 25089: 25086: 25084: 25083:Unified power 25081: 25079: 25076: 25074: 25071: 25069: 25066: 25064: 25061: 25059: 25056: 25054: 25051: 25049: 25046: 25044: 25041: 25039: 25036: 25034: 25031: 25029: 25026: 25024: 25021: 25020: 25018: 25014: 25009: 25006: 25004: 25001: 24999: 24996: 24994: 24991: 24989: 24986: 24984: 24981: 24979: 24976: 24974: 24970: 24964: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24947: 24944: 24942: 24939: 24938: 24937: 24934: 24932: 24929: 24927: 24924: 24922: 24919: 24917: 24914: 24912: 24911:Popular front 24909: 24907: 24904: 24902: 24899: 24897: 24894: 24892: 24889: 24887: 24884: 24882: 24879: 24877: 24874: 24872: 24869: 24865: 24862: 24861: 24860: 24857: 24855: 24852: 24850: 24847: 24845: 24842: 24840: 24837: 24835: 24832: 24831: 24829: 24825: 24821: 24814: 24809: 24807: 24802: 24800: 24795: 24794: 24791: 24778: 24775: 24774: 24771: 24768: 24766: 24763: 24761: 24758: 24756: 24753: 24751: 24748: 24746: 24743: 24742: 24739: 24726: 24722: 24720: 24716: 24712: 24711: 24706: 24704: 24703: 24697: 24696:North Vietnam 24693: 24689: 24685: 24683: 24679: 24675: 24671: 24669: 24665: 24660: 24656: 24652: 24650: 24646: 24642: 24638: 24634: 24632: 24628: 24623: 24619: 24617: 24613: 24607: 24602: 24600: 24596: 24592: 24588: 24586: 24582: 24578: 24574: 24570: 24568: 24564: 24560: 24559: 24554: 24552: 24551: 24546: 24543: 24535: 24534: 24529: 24527: 24523: 24518: 24514: 24512: 24508: 24503: 24499: 24497: 24493: 24489: 24488: 24483: 24481: 24480: 24475: 24468: 24465: 24463: 24460: 24459: 24456: 24454: 24450: 24444: 24439: 24437: 24436:Guinea-Bissau 24433: 24429: 24425: 24423: 24419: 24414: 24410: 24406: 24402: 24400: 24396: 24392: 24388: 24386: 24382: 24378: 24374: 24372: 24368: 24364: 24363: 24358: 24356: 24355: 24350: 24347: 24339: 24338: 24333: 24331: 24327: 24323: 24322: 24317: 24315: 24314: 24309: 24303: 24298: 24296: 24292: 24283: 24278: 24276: 24272: 24268: 24264: 24262: 24258: 24255: 24253: 24249: 24245: 24241: 24239: 24235: 24231: 24227: 24225: 24221: 24217: 24213: 24211: 24207: 24202: 24201: 24196: 24194: 24190: 24186: 24182: 24180: 24176: 24172: 24168: 24166: 24162: 24159: 24158: 24153: 24144: 24139: 24137: 24132: 24130: 24125: 24124: 24121: 24109: 24106: 24104: 24101: 24099: 24096: 24094: 24091: 24089: 24086: 24085: 24083: 24079: 24073: 24070: 24068: 24065: 24063: 24060: 24058: 24055: 24053: 24050: 24048: 24045: 24043: 24040: 24038: 24035: 24034: 24032: 24028: 24022: 24019: 24017: 24014: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23994: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23968: 23966: 23962: 23956: 23953: 23951: 23948: 23946: 23943: 23941: 23938: 23936: 23933: 23931: 23928: 23926: 23923: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23912: 23910: 23906: 23902: 23895: 23890: 23888: 23883: 23881: 23876: 23875: 23872: 23859: 23856: 23853: 23850: 23848: 23845: 23842: 23839: 23834: 23831: 23828: 23825: 23824: 23822: 23819: 23818: 23816: 23812: 23806: 23805:Radio Romania 23803: 23800: 23797: 23795: 23794:Radio Polonia 23792: 23789: 23788:Kossuth Rádió 23786: 23783: 23780: 23777: 23774: 23772: 23769: 23766: 23763: 23759: 23756: 23754: 23751: 23749: 23746: 23744: 23741: 23739: 23736: 23734: 23731: 23730: 23728: 23725: 23720: 23719:Radio Georgia 23717: 23714: 23713:Radio Belarus 23711: 23709: 23706: 23702: 23699: 23698: 23696: 23693: 23690: 23687: 23685:(Latvian SSR) 23684: 23681: 23678: 23675: 23672: 23669: 23668: 23666: 23663: 23662: 23660: 23656: 23646: 23643: 23641: 23638: 23636: 23633: 23631: 23628: 23626: 23623: 23621: 23618: 23616: 23613: 23611: 23608: 23606: 23603: 23602: 23600: 23598: 23595: 23593: 23590: 23588: 23587:Programme Two 23585: 23583: 23582:Programme One 23580: 23579: 23577: 23574: 23571: 23568: 23565: 23562: 23559: 23556: 23553: 23550: 23547: 23544: 23541: 23538: 23535: 23532: 23531: 23529: 23525: 23518: 23517: 23513: 23510: 23509: 23505: 23502: 23501: 23497: 23494: 23493: 23489: 23486: 23485: 23481: 23478: 23477: 23473: 23470: 23469: 23465: 23462: 23461: 23457: 23454: 23453: 23449: 23446: 23445: 23441: 23438: 23437: 23433: 23430: 23429: 23425: 23422: 23421: 23417: 23414: 23413: 23409: 23406: 23405: 23401: 23398: 23397: 23393: 23390: 23389: 23385: 23382: 23381: 23377: 23374: 23373: 23369: 23366: 23365: 23361: 23358: 23357: 23353: 23350: 23349: 23348:Književna reč 23345: 23342: 23341: 23337: 23334: 23333: 23329: 23326: 23325: 23321: 23318: 23317: 23313: 23310: 23309: 23305: 23302: 23301: 23297: 23294: 23293: 23289: 23286: 23285: 23281: 23278: 23277: 23273: 23270: 23269: 23265: 23262: 23261: 23257: 23254: 23253: 23249: 23246: 23245: 23241: 23238: 23237: 23233: 23230: 23229: 23225: 23224: 23222: 23218: 23211: 23210: 23206: 23203: 23202: 23198: 23195: 23194: 23193:Večernji list 23190: 23187: 23186: 23182: 23179: 23178: 23174: 23171: 23170: 23166: 23163: 23162: 23158: 23155: 23154: 23150: 23147: 23146: 23142: 23139: 23138: 23134: 23131: 23130: 23126: 23123: 23122: 23118: 23115: 23114: 23110: 23107: 23106: 23102: 23099: 23098: 23094: 23091: 23090: 23086: 23083: 23082: 23078: 23075: 23074: 23070: 23067: 23066: 23062: 23059: 23058: 23054: 23051: 23050: 23046: 23043: 23042: 23038: 23036:(Afghanistan) 23035: 23034: 23030: 23027: 23026: 23022: 23019: 23018: 23014: 23011: 23010: 23009:Esti Budapest 23006: 23003: 23002: 22998: 22995: 22994: 22990: 22987: 22986: 22982: 22977: 22976: 22972: 22970:(Kirghiz SSR) 22969: 22968: 22964: 22961: 22960: 22956: 22953: 22952: 22948: 22945: 22944: 22940: 22937: 22936: 22932: 22929: 22928: 22924: 22921: 22920: 22916: 22914:(Latvian SSR) 22913: 22912: 22908: 22906:(Latvian SSR) 22905: 22904: 22900: 22897: 22896: 22892: 22889: 22888: 22883: 22880: 22878: 22877: 22873: 22871: 22870: 22866: 22864: 22863: 22859: 22857: 22856: 22852: 22850: 22849: 22845: 22843: 22842: 22837: 22834: 22833: 22832:Soviet Union 22831: 22830: 22828: 22824: 22818: 22815: 22811: 22810:Printed media 22808: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22793: 22790: 22789: 22788: 22785: 22784: 22783: 22780: 22779: 22777: 22773: 22769: 22764: 22760: 22753: 22748: 22746: 22741: 22739: 22734: 22733: 22730: 22718: 22710: 22709: 22706: 22700: 22697: 22693: 22690: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22680: 22678: 22675: 22673: 22672:Semyonovskoye 22670: 22668: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22654: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22640: 22637: 22635: 22632: 22631: 22629: 22627: 22623: 22614: 22611: 22606: 22603: 22598: 22595: 22590: 22587: 22582: 22579: 22574: 22571: 22566: 22563: 22558: 22555: 22550: 22549:Vasily Stalin 22547: 22544:(second wife) 22542: 22539: 22536:(adopted son) 22534: 22531: 22526: 22523: 22518: 22515: 22510: 22509:Kato Svanidze 22507: 22502: 22499: 22494: 22491: 22490: 22488: 22484: 22478: 22477: 22473: 22472: 22470: 22466: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22380: 22377: 22376: 22374: 22370: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22358: 22354: 22352: 22349: 22347: 22346: 22342: 22340: 22339: 22335: 22333: 22332: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22305:Ryutin Affair 22303: 22301: 22298: 22296: 22293: 22292: 22290: 22285:Criticism and 22282: 22276: 22273: 22271: 22268: 22266: 22263: 22261: 22258: 22256: 22253: 22251: 22250: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22225: 22223: 22221: 22217: 22211: 22208: 22205: 22201: 22199: 22198:Order No. 270 22196: 22194: 22193:Order No. 227 22191: 22189: 22188: 22184: 22182: 22179: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22171: 22167: 22165: 22162: 22160: 22159: 22155: 22153: 22150: 22148: 22145: 22142: 22138: 22135: 22131: 22128: 22124: 22121: 22117: 22114: 22110: 22109: 22107: 22103: 22097: 22094: 22092: 22091:Doctors' plot 22089: 22087: 22084: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22072: 22069: 22067: 22064: 22062: 22059: 22055: 22052: 22050: 22049:Nazino affair 22047: 22045: 22042: 22040: 22037: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22027: 22025: 22022: 22021: 22020: 22017: 22014: 22013:German–Soviet 22010: 22007: 22005: 22002: 22000: 21997: 21995: 21992: 21990: 21987: 21985: 21982: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21972:Slavists case 21969: 21966: 21964: 21961: 21959: 21956: 21955: 21953: 21949: 21946: 21944: 21941: 21939: 21938:Moscow Trials 21936: 21932: 21929: 21927: 21924: 21922: 21919: 21917: 21914: 21912: 21909: 21907: 21904: 21902: 21899: 21897: 21894: 21892: 21889: 21887: 21884: 21882: 21879: 21877: 21874: 21872: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21863: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21853: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21839: 21835: 21832: 21831: 21830: 21827: 21825: 21822: 21820: 21817: 21815: 21812: 21810: 21807: 21805: 21802: 21800: 21797: 21795: 21792: 21790: 21787: 21785: 21782: 21781: 21779: 21773: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21719: 21717: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21704: 21702: 21701:Korenizatsiya 21699: 21697: 21696:Neo-Stalinism 21694: 21692: 21689: 21688: 21686: 21682: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21650: 21647: 21645: 21642: 21640: 21637: 21635: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21623: 21620: 21619: 21618: 21615: 21613: 21610: 21608: 21605: 21603: 21600: 21599: 21598: 21595: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21582:Ili Rebellion 21580: 21578: 21575: 21571: 21568: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21541: 21538: 21534: 21531: 21530: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21520: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21470: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21439: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21429: 21426: 21424: 21421: 21420: 21418: 21414: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21369: 21367: 21363: 21360: 21354: 21347: 21344: 21341: 21338: 21337: 21334: 21330: 21329:Joseph Stalin 21323: 21318: 21316: 21311: 21309: 21304: 21303: 21300: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21274: 21271: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21249:War on terror 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21226: 21224: 21220: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21150: 21148: 21144:Espionage and 21142: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21095:Andrew Thorpe 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20991: 20990:Gabriel Kolko 20988: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20973: 20971: 20968: 20966: 20963: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20955:Fred Halliday 20953: 20951: 20948: 20946: 20943: 20941: 20940:Lloyd Gardner 20938: 20936: 20933: 20931: 20928: 20926: 20923: 20921: 20918: 20916: 20913: 20911: 20908: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20900:Norman Davies 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20885:John Costello 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20852: 20850: 20846: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20826: 20824: 20820:Technological 20818: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20799: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20790: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20778: 20774: 20773: 20771: 20767: 20761: 20760: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20748: 20744: 20742: 20741: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20729: 20725: 20723: 20722: 20718: 20716: 20715: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20705: 20703: 20701:Pro-communist 20699: 20696: 20692: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20632: 20630: 20628:Organizations 20626: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20497: 20495: 20491: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20459: 20455: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20442:Eurocommunism 20440: 20438: 20435: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20424: 20422: 20420: 20416: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20402: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20380: 20377: 20373: 20370: 20369: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20354: 20352: 20350: 20346: 20343: 20339: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20272:Domino theory 20270: 20268: 20265: 20263: 20260: 20258: 20255: 20254: 20252: 20248: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20226:South Ossetia 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20203: 20201: 20199: 20195: 20189: 20186: 20182: 20179: 20178: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20167: 20164: 20162: 20159: 20157: 20154: 20152: 20149: 20147: 20144: 20142: 20139: 20137: 20134: 20133: 20131: 20127: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20033: 20031: 20028: 20026: 20023: 20020: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20010:8888 Uprising 20008: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19955:Iran–Iraq War 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19920:Falklands War 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19884: 19881: 19880: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19864: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19846: 19844: 19840: 19834: 19831: 19829: 19826: 19824: 19821: 19819: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19809: 19806: 19804: 19801: 19799: 19796: 19794: 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19783:NDF Rebellion 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19763:German Autumn 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19743: 19738: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19650:Metapolitefsi 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19545: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19511: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19490: 19488: 19484: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19451: 19448: 19447: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19419: 19414: 19412: 19411:Prague Spring 19409: 19405: 19402: 19401: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19389:Al-Wadiah War 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19355: 19354:12-3 incident 19352: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19283: 19280: 19279: 19278: 19275: 19273: 19270: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19233: 19230: 19228: 19225: 19223: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19197: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19159: 19156: 19155: 19154: 19151: 19147: 19144: 19143: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19113: 19111: 19107: 19101: 19098: 19094: 19091: 19090: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19033: 19028: 19025: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19001: 18998: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18951: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18933:Domino theory 18931: 18929: 18928:Petrov Affair 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18865: 18863: 18859: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18836: 18833: 18832: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18805:Madiun Affair 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18765:Marshall Plan 18763: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18745: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18673: 18668: 18666: 18665: 18660: 18658: 18657: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18634: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18614: 18609: 18607: 18606: 18601: 18600: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18584: 18581: 18579: 18576: 18575: 18573: 18569: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18522: 18518: 18516: 18515: 18514:United States 18511: 18510: 18507: 18503: 18496: 18491: 18489: 18484: 18482: 18477: 18476: 18473: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18447: 18445: 18443: 18439: 18433: 18430: 18429: 18427: 18425: 18421: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18406: 18404: 18402: 18398: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18383: 18381: 18379: 18375: 18369: 18366: 18365: 18363: 18361: 18357: 18351: 18348: 18347: 18345: 18343: 18339: 18333: 18330: 18329: 18327: 18325: 18321: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18309: 18307: 18303: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18258: 18256: 18254: 18250: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18220: 18217: 18213: 18209: 18208:Secret police 18202: 18197: 18195: 18190: 18188: 18183: 18182: 18179: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18118:Mitja Ribičič 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18095: 18093: 18091: 18087: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18070:Yuri Andropov 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18050:Joseph Stalin 18048: 18046: 18043: 18042: 18040: 18038: 18034: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18014: 18012: 18010: 18006: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17984:Edward Gierek 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17966: 17964: 17962: 17958: 17954: 17951: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17916:Mátyás Rákosi 17914: 17913: 17911: 17909: 17905: 17901: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17874:Wilhelm Pieck 17872: 17871: 17869: 17867: 17863: 17857: 17856:Karel Urbánek 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17828: 17826: 17824: 17820: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17808:Todor Zhivkov 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17795: 17793: 17791: 17787: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17772: 17770: 17768: 17764: 17761: 17760: 17755: 17751: 17747: 17743: 17735: 17730: 17728: 17723: 17721: 17716: 17715: 17712: 17698: 17697:Yugoslav Wars 17695: 17694: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17637: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17621: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17589: 17585: 17582: 17581: 17579: 17575: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17560: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17532: 17531:Prague Spring 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17493: 17491: 17483: 17477: 17471: 17469: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17447: 17445: 17443:Organizations 17441: 17435: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17391: 17390: 17388: 17384: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17345:Baltic states 17343: 17341: 17338: 17337: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17327: 17325: 17321: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17305: 17301: 17297: 17290: 17285: 17283: 17278: 17276: 17271: 17270: 17267: 17261: 17258: 17254: 17250: 17246: 17242: 17238: 17234: 17232: 17228: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17214: 17211: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17194: 17191: 17188: 17184: 17181: 17178: 17174: 17171: 17168: 17165: 17162: 17159: 17155: 17151: 17147: 17146: 17142: 17138: 17123: 17073: 17067: 17063: 17062: 17056: 17053: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17038: 17032: 17029: 17023: 17020:, Routledge, 17019: 17014: 17011:, vol. 4 17010: 17005: 17002: 16996: 16991: 16990: 16983: 16980: 16974: 16970: 16969: 16963: 16960: 16954: 16950: 16949: 16943: 16940: 16934: 16930: 16925: 16922: 16916: 16912: 16907: 16904: 16898: 16894: 16889: 16887: 16883: 16879: 16875: 16871: 16867: 16866: 16854: 16848: 16844: 16843: 16837: 16834: 16828: 16824: 16819: 16816: 16810: 16806: 16801: 16797: 16791: 16788:. Routledge. 16787: 16786: 16780: 16777: 16771: 16768:, Routledge, 16767: 16762: 16759: 16753: 16749: 16744: 16741: 16735: 16730: 16729: 16722: 16719: 16713: 16709: 16704: 16701: 16695: 16691: 16686: 16683: 16677: 16674:, Routledge, 16673: 16668: 16665: 16659: 16656:, Routledge, 16655: 16650: 16647: 16641: 16637: 16632: 16629: 16623: 16619: 16614: 16602: 16595: 16590: 16587: 16581: 16577: 16572: 16569: 16563: 16560:, McFarland, 16559: 16554: 16551: 16545: 16541: 16536: 16533: 16527: 16524:, Macmillan, 16523: 16518: 16515: 16509: 16506:, Routledge, 16505: 16500: 16497: 16491: 16487: 16482: 16479: 16473: 16469: 16464: 16461: 16455: 16451: 16446: 16443: 16437: 16433: 16428: 16425: 16419: 16415: 16410: 16407: 16401: 16397: 16393: 16388: 16385: 16379: 16375: 16370: 16367: 16361: 16356: 16355: 16348: 16345: 16339: 16335: 16331: 16326: 16323: 16317: 16313: 16308: 16305: 16299: 16295: 16291: 16286: 16283: 16277: 16273: 16268: 16265: 16259: 16255: 16250: 16247: 16241: 16238:, Routledge, 16237: 16232: 16229: 16223: 16219: 16215: 16210: 16207: 16201: 16197: 16196: 16190: 16187: 16181: 16177: 16173: 16168: 16165: 16159: 16155: 16151: 16146: 16143: 16137: 16133: 16129: 16124: 16121: 16115: 16112:, Routledge, 16111: 16106: 16103: 16097: 16093: 16088: 16084: 16078: 16074: 16073: 16067: 16064: 16058: 16054: 16049: 16046: 16040: 16036: 16032: 16027: 16024: 16018: 16015:, Routledge, 16014: 16009: 16008: 15986: 15982: 15976: 15960: 15956: 15955: 15950: 15946: 15942: 15936: 15920: 15916: 15912: 15906: 15890: 15886: 15882: 15876: 15861: 15860: 15855: 15848: 15841: 15837: 15834: 15828: 15821: 15817: 15811: 15804: 15800: 15792: 15785: 15779: 15772: 15769: 15763: 15756: 15750: 15743: 15739: 15733: 15726: 15722: 15716: 15709: 15706: 15700: 15693: 15687: 15672: 15668: 15662: 15647: 15643: 15637: 15622: 15618: 15612: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15581: 15579: 15571: 15567: 15561: 15557: 15553: 15552: 15544: 15536: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15520: 15516: 15512: 15508: 15505:(1): 93–125. 15504: 15500: 15496: 15489: 15487: 15479: 15474: 15468: 15464: 15460: 15456: 15452: 15445: 15437: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15404:(7421): 964. 15403: 15399: 15395: 15388: 15380: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15354: 15350: 15347:(7208): 468. 15346: 15342: 15338: 15331: 15329: 15327: 15318: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15300: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15282: 15278: 15274: 15266: 15250: 15246: 15244:9780691167374 15240: 15236: 15232: 15231: 15223: 15217:, p. 400 15216: 15215:Crampton 1997 15211: 15205:, p. 399 15204: 15203:Crampton 1997 15199: 15193:, p. 398 15192: 15191:Crampton 1997 15187: 15185: 15177: 15176:Crampton 1997 15172: 15165: 15164:Crampton 1997 15160: 15151: 15142: 15133: 15124: 15115: 15108: 15104: 15100: 15097:Hilde Szabo: 15094: 15088:, p. 392 15087: 15086:Crampton 1997 15082: 15076:, p. 381 15075: 15074:Crampton 1997 15070: 15063: 15059: 15058:0-7923-1379-8 15055: 15051: 15045: 15039:, p. 338 15038: 15037:Crampton 1997 15033: 15027:, p. 164 15026: 15025:Williams 1997 15021: 15014: 15009: 15002: 15001:Williams 1997 14997: 14981: 14977: 14970: 14963: 14957: 14953: 14946: 14940:, p. 780 14939: 14934: 14926: 14919: 14912: 14911:Navrátil 2006 14907: 14900: 14899:Navrátil 2006 14895: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14865: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14834: 14827: 14821: 14814: 14813:Williams 1997 14809: 14793: 14789: 14783: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14764: 14748: 14744: 14740: 14733: 14717: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14698: 14679: 14675: 14668: 14662: 14655: 14649: 14642: 14636: 14613: 14606: 14601: 14595: 14588: 14574: 14570: 14563: 14540: 14533: 14528: 14522: 14499: 14492: 14487: 14481: 14458: 14451: 14446: 14440: 14417: 14410: 14405: 14399: 14376: 14369: 14364: 14358: 14335: 14328: 14323: 14317: 14315: 14291: 14284: 14279: 14273: 14266: 14262: 14259: 14253: 14234: 14230: 14223: 14217: 14201: 14197: 14196: 14188: 14182:, p. 279 14181: 14180:Crampton 1997 14176: 14174: 14172: 14170: 14168: 14166: 14164: 14162: 14160: 14153:, p. 278 14152: 14151:Crampton 1997 14147: 14145: 14143: 14141: 14133: 14132:Sillince 1990 14128: 14126: 14124: 14122: 14114: 14113:Sillince 1990 14109: 14107: 14105: 14103: 14095: 14094:Sillince 1990 14090: 14088: 14080: 14079:Sillince 1990 14075: 14068: 14067:Sillince 1990 14063: 14056: 14055:Sillince 1990 14051: 14044: 14043:Sillince 1990 14039: 14037: 14029: 14028:Sillince 1990 14024: 14022: 14020: 14012: 14011:Sillince 1990 14007: 14005: 14003: 13996:, p. 748 13995: 13994:Sillince 1990 13990: 13988: 13986: 13984: 13976: 13975:Sillince 1990 13971: 13969: 13967: 13965: 13963: 13961: 13959: 13957: 13955: 13945: 13938: 13933: 13931: 13929: 13927: 13925: 13917: 13912: 13910: 13908: 13900: 13895: 13893: 13891: 13883: 13878: 13876: 13868: 13867:Graubard 1991 13863: 13861: 13845: 13839: 13824: 13818: 13802: 13798: 13792: 13785: 13780: 13778: 13771:, p. 152 13770: 13765: 13758: 13753: 13751: 13743: 13738: 13732:, p. 350 13731: 13726: 13719: 13714: 13712: 13710: 13702: 13697: 13695: 13693: 13683: 13679: 13673: 13665: 13659: 13654: 13653: 13647: 13641: 13633: 13627: 13623: 13622: 13614: 13606: 13602: 13596: 13589: 13584: 13582: 13574: 13569: 13567: 13559: 13554: 13552: 13544: 13539: 13537: 13535: 13533: 13525: 13520: 13518: 13516: 13514: 13506: 13501: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13478: 13474: 13468: 13459: 13450: 13443: 13442:O'Connor 2003 13438: 13432:, p. 473 13431: 13426: 13424: 13422: 13420: 13418: 13416: 13408: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13392:, p. 144 13391: 13386: 13384: 13382: 13380: 13378: 13376: 13369:, p. 190 13368: 13363: 13361: 13354:, p. 188 13353: 13348: 13346: 13339:, p. 204 13338: 13333: 13327:, p. 252 13326: 13325:Crampton 1997 13321: 13315:, p. 130 13314: 13313:Graubard 1991 13309: 13303:, p. 189 13302: 13297: 13295: 13293: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13271: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13250: 13243: 13238: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13224: 13219: 13212: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13199: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13183: 13178: 13172:, p. 251 13171: 13170:Crampton 1997 13166: 13164: 13162: 13160: 13158: 13151:, p. 474 13150: 13145: 13143: 13141: 13139: 13137: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13121: 13114: 13109: 13093: 13089: 13083: 13067: 13063: 13057: 13055: 13053: 13051: 13049: 13047: 13040:, p. 382 13039: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13028: 13026: 13018: 13013: 13006: 13001: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12987: 12982: 12976:, p. 211 12975: 12974:Crampton 1997 12970: 12963: 12958: 12956: 12949:, p. 461 12948: 12943: 12941: 12933: 12928: 12922:, p. 267 12921: 12916: 12914: 12912: 12910: 12902: 12897: 12895: 12887: 12882: 12880: 12872: 12867: 12860: 12855: 12848: 12843: 12841: 12834:, p. 150 12833: 12832:Graubard 1991 12828: 12826: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12800: 12791: 12775: 12771: 12767: 12761: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12731: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12701: 12694: 12689: 12682: 12677: 12675: 12667: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12650: 12649:Sillince 1990 12645: 12629: 12625: 12619: 12613:, p. 135 12612: 12607: 12600: 12599:Sillince 1990 12595: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12558: 12551: 12550:Sillince 1990 12546: 12539: 12538:Sillince 1990 12534: 12532: 12530: 12528: 12520: 12515: 12513: 12511: 12503: 12502:Sillince 1990 12498: 12496: 12494: 12487:, p. 475 12486: 12481: 12479: 12477: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12465: 12457: 12456:Sillince 1990 12452: 12437: 12431: 12427: 12426: 12418: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12380: 12374: 12370: 12364: 12357: 12352: 12346:, p. 355 12345: 12344:Crampton 1997 12340: 12333: 12328: 12326: 12319:, p. 851 12318: 12313: 12306: 12305:Sillince 1990 12301: 12299: 12282: 12278: 12272: 12265: 12260: 12253: 12248: 12242:, p. 209 12241: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12224: 12219: 12213:, p. 122 12212: 12207: 12201:, p. 121 12200: 12195: 12188: 12187:Harrison 2003 12183: 12181: 12173: 12168: 12161: 12160:Loescher 2001 12156: 12149: 12148:Loescher 2001 12144: 12137: 12133: 12130: 12129: 12123: 12117:, p. 114 12116: 12111: 12109: 12101: 12096: 12089: 12084: 12082: 12074: 12069: 12063:, p. 378 12062: 12061:Crampton 1997 12057: 12050: 12045: 12038: 12037:Crampton 1997 12033: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12017: 12012: 12005: 12000: 11998: 11996: 11988: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11971: 11966: 11964: 11957:, p. 240 11956: 11955:Crampton 1997 11951: 11949: 11942: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11927: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11912:George Calciu 11907: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11891:9986-757-41-X 11888: 11884: 11878: 11870: 11864: 11860: 11853: 11846: 11841: 11839: 11832:, p. 125 11831: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11814: 11809: 11807: 11800:, p. 247 11799: 11798:Crampton 1997 11794: 11792: 11790: 11782: 11777: 11771:, p. xiv 11770: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11759: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11724: 11717: 11715: 11707: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11690: 11685: 11683: 11676:, p. 245 11675: 11674:Crampton 1997 11670: 11668: 11661:, p. 244 11660: 11659:Crampton 1997 11655: 11649:, p. 246 11648: 11647:Crampton 1997 11643: 11636: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11617: 11612: 11605: 11600: 11598: 11596: 11586: 11577: 11569: 11563: 11559: 11552: 11546:, p. 158 11545: 11540: 11534:, p. 157 11533: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11511:, p. 156 11510: 11505: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11485: 11480: 11473: 11468: 11461: 11460:0-85496-684-6 11457: 11453: 11447: 11440: 11435: 11428: 11423: 11416: 11411: 11404: 11399: 11393:, p. 140 11392: 11387: 11381:, p. 149 11380: 11375: 11369:, p. 148 11368: 11363: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11350: 11349:0-415-16111-8 11346: 11342: 11336: 11334: 11317: 11313: 11312: 11307: 11301: 11295:, p. 138 11294: 11289: 11283:, p. 139 11282: 11277: 11270: 11265: 11258: 11253: 11246: 11241: 11239: 11231: 11226: 11224: 11215: 11209: 11205: 11198: 11191: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11173:, p. 211 11172: 11171:Crampton 1997 11167: 11160: 11155: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11137: 11132: 11130: 11122: 11117: 11111: 11110:0-415-23798-X 11107: 11103: 11099: 11093: 11091: 11082: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11055: 11050: 11043: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11024: 11019: 11017: 11009: 11004: 10997: 10992: 10986: 10981: 10965: 10959: 10952: 10948: 10942: 10936:, p. 794 10935: 10930: 10923: 10918: 10916: 10908: 10902: 10898: 10891: 10889: 10882:, p. 117 10881: 10880:O'Connor 2003 10876: 10870:, p. xix 10869: 10864: 10857: 10856:90-247-3075-9 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10840:0-912881-00-3 10837: 10833: 10827: 10820: 10815: 10813: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10775: 10768: 10763: 10761: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10688: 10687:83-7038-168-5 10684: 10680: 10676: 10669: 10668:0-14-025184-7 10665: 10661: 10660:Penguin Books 10657: 10653: 10647: 10640: 10635: 10619: 10616:(in Polish). 10615: 10614: 10609: 10603: 10597: 10596:83-240-0077-1 10593: 10589: 10585: 10582: 10578: 10575: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10530:0-691-09603-1 10527: 10523: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10483: 10476: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10455: 10448: 10442: 10438: 10431: 10425:, p. 131 10424: 10419: 10412: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10388: 10381: 10376: 10370: 10369:0-7007-1599-1 10366: 10362: 10356: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10341: 10335: 10333: 10325: 10319: 10317: 10309: 10304: 10297: 10291: 10283: 10277: 10273: 10266: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10221: 10213: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10193: 10186: 10185: 10177: 10170: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10150: 10142: 10135: 10133: 10126: 10120: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10083: 10075: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10046: 10040: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9995: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9942: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9915: 9907: 9905: 9897: 9896:81-7890-071-8 9893: 9889: 9883: 9876: 9874: 9868: 9864: 9862:9783825816186 9858: 9854: 9853: 9845: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9770: 9768: 9759: 9753: 9745: 9743:9780956873224 9739: 9735: 9734: 9726: 9724: 9716: 9715:0-472-11627-4 9712: 9708: 9702: 9695: 9694:0-7656-0731-X 9691: 9687: 9684:Zwass, Adam, 9681: 9674: 9673:0-19-925989-5 9670: 9666: 9660: 9654:, page 37, 39 9653: 9652:0-415-42109-8 9649: 9645: 9639: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9606: 9587: 9583: 9582:military coup 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9476: 9474:9780956873224 9470: 9466: 9465: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9448: 9444: 9442:9783825816186 9438: 9434: 9433: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9410: 9405: 9402: 9401:0-415-08282-X 9398: 9394: 9390: 9387: 9386:0-7614-7289-4 9383: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9371:0-415-00365-2 9368: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9348: 9342: 9335: 9329: 9325: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9278:Soviet empire 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9240: 9235: 9232: 9221: 9218: 9207: 9204: 9198: 9193: 9190: 9189:Europe portal 9179: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9158:2 July 1976 ( 9155: 9154:South Vietnam 9149: 9148:North Vietnam 9144: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9075: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9046:Ruling party 9045: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9032: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8983: 8982:Baltic states 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8956:In 2016, the 8954: 8952: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8915: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8900:Boris Yeltsin 8895: 8892: 8886: 8884: 8883:shock therapy 8880: 8876: 8875:privatization 8872: 8868: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8837: 8836:authoritarian 8833: 8829: 8826:before 1990, 8825: 8824:Boris Yeltsin 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8742:neo-Ba'athist 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8630:Todor Zhivkov 8627: 8623: 8618: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8453: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8424:Ronald Reagan 8421: 8417: 8413: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8325:Prague Spring 8322: 8318: 8315: 8314:Soviet leader 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8274:North Vietnam 8271: 8267: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8253: 8250:provoked the 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8210: 8209:Iran–Iraq War 8205: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8162: 8160: 8159:re-centralize 8156: 8155:normalization 8152: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8120: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8070:Prague Spring 8067: 8061: 8057: 8056:Prague Spring 8047: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8015: 8011: 8009: 8008:Georgy Zhukov 8004: 8002: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7973:rehabilitated 7970: 7966: 7960: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7932:left Berlin. 7931: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7898:Joseph Stalin 7893: 7878: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7842: 7837: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7617:Initial year 7616: 7613: 7612: 7606: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7586:prefabricated 7581: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7482: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7138: 7135:Soviet Union/ 7134: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5587: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530:environmental 5526: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5467: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5430: 5416: 5412: 5402: 5393: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5356: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5319: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5217: 5215: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5130:Joseph Stalin 5127: 5120: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5100: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5061:black markets 5056: 5049:Black markets 5046: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4988:Upper Silesia 4983: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4901:Marshall Plan 4898: 4897:Joseph Stalin 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4847:Marshall Plan 4843: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4799:Joseph Stalin 4793: 4792:khrushchyovka 4789: 4788:working class 4784: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4760: 4759:Joseph Stalin 4756: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4667:Club de Paris 4663: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4302:440,737 (16%) 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4237: 4234: 4231: 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3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2949:Joseph Stalin 2946: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2900:Mátyás Rákosi 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2712:United States 2709: 2705: 2701: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2676:Marshall Plan 2670: 2665: 2660: 2659:Marshall Plan 2649: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2613:sovietization 2610: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2553:Joseph Stalin 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2527:Eastern Front 2524: 2523:Moldavian SSR 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2503:Joseph Stalin 2501: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2444:Hertsa region 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2386:collectivized 2383: 2379: 2378:sovietization 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2305:Joseph Stalin 2302: 2298: 2295:approved the 2294: 2290: 2286: 2285:Ukrainian SSR 2282: 2279:In 1922, the 2273: 2261: 2250: 2247: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2220: 2209: 2206: 2195: 2192: 2181: 2178: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2145: 2142: 2131: 2128: 2117: 2114: 2104: 2101: 2090: 2087: 2076: 2073: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2044: 2041: 2031: 2028: 2017: 2014: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1950: 1947: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1905: 1902: 1891: 1888: 1887:Guinea Bissau 1883: 1878: 1875: 1864: 1861: 1850: 1847: 1836: 1833: 1822: 1819: 1809: 1806: 1795: 1792: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1763: 1760: 1749: 1746: 1735: 1732: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1677: 1676: 1666: 1654: 1651: 1640: 1637: 1627: 1624: 1613: 1609: 1597: 1594: 1584: 1581: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1552: 1548: 1536: 1533: 1523: 1520: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1489: 1486: 1475: 1471: 1459: 1456: 1445: 1442: 1431: 1427: 1415: 1411: 1399: 1395: 1383: 1382: 1373: 1369: 1368:North Vietnam 1365: 1354: 1349: 1348:Ukrainian SSR 1338: 1335: 1324: 1323: 1322:, 1917–1922) 1321: 1317: 1306: 1302: 1290: 1286: 1274: 1270: 1258: 1254: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1224: 1220: 1208: 1205: 1194: 1190: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1154: 1153: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 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24765:Eastern Bloc 24764: 24708: 24700: 24668:Soviet Union 24556: 24548: 24531: 24485: 24477: 24385:East Germany 24360: 24352: 24335: 24319: 24311: 24238:Burkina Faso 24198: 24103:Stakhanovite 23782:Magyar Rádió 23765:Radio Tirana 23695:Radio Moscow 23677:Eesti Raadio 23514: 23511:(Yugoslavia) 23506: 23503:(Yugoslavia) 23498: 23495:(Yugoslavia) 23490: 23487:(Yugoslavia) 23482: 23479:(Yugoslavia) 23474: 23466: 23463:(Yugoslavia) 23458: 23450: 23447:(Yugoslavia) 23442: 23439:(Yugoslavia) 23434: 23426: 23418: 23415:(Yugoslavia) 23410: 23402: 23394: 23388:Neue Werbung 23386: 23378: 23375:(Yugoslavia) 23370: 23364:Lakáskultúra 23362: 23354: 23351:(Yugoslavia) 23346: 23343:(Yugoslavia) 23338: 23330: 23327:(Yugoslavia) 23322: 23314: 23311:(Yugoslavia) 23306: 23298: 23290: 23282: 23274: 23266: 23260:Eulenspiegel 23258: 23255:(Yugoslavia) 23250: 23247:(Yugoslavia) 23242: 23234: 23226: 23207: 23204:(Yugoslavia) 23199: 23196:(Yugoslavia) 23191: 23188:(Yugoslavia) 23183: 23177:Trybuna Ludu 23175: 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Retrieved 14228: 14216: 14204:, retrieved 14200:the original 14194: 14187: 14096:, p. 33 14081:, p. 27 14074: 14069:, p. 17 14062: 14050: 14030:, p. 50 14013:, p. 49 13944: 13939:, p. 25 13937:Turnock 1997 13918:, p. 53 13901:, p. 72 13884:, p. 52 13847:. Retrieved 13838: 13826:. Retrieved 13817: 13805:. Retrieved 13791: 13786:, p. 17 13764: 13759:, p. 16 13744:, p. 48 13742:Turnock 1997 13737: 13730:Turnock 2006 13725: 13720:, p. 44 13718:Turnock 1997 13703:, p. 45 13701:Turnock 1997 13682:the original 13672: 13651: 13640: 13620: 13613: 13605:the original 13595: 13590:, p. 64 13588:Turnock 1997 13575:, p. 63 13573:Turnock 1997 13560:, p. 39 13558:Turnock 1997 13545:, p. 43 13543:Turnock 1997 13526:, p. 41 13524:Turnock 1997 13507:, p. 42 13505:Turnock 1997 13481:. 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8774:Turkmenistan 8772:until 2016, 8768:until 2022, 8726:Global North 8719: 8692: 8688:executed him 8658:Since 1971, 8657: 8649:Gustáv Husák 8638: 8617:East Germany 8614: 8566:East Germany 8558:Iron Curtain 8555: 8525: 8518: 8463: 8456: 8450: 8448: 8428: 8402: 8395: 8389: 8379: 8345: 8298:Fidel Castro 8259: 8213: 8151:Gustáv Husák 8148: 8132:East Germany 8125: 8086: 8063: 8035: 8020: 8005: 7985: 7962: 7934: 7918: 7910:East Germany 7895: 7869: 7860: 7845: 7832: 7767:Soviet Union 7701:East Germany 7604: 7595: 7591: 7582: 7578: 7574:East Germany 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7504: 7500: 7489: 7486: 7478: 7473:East Germany 7466: 7047: 6365: 5626: 5620: 5609: 5593: 5590:Growth rates 5580: 5573: 5561: 5550: 5527: 5519: 5499:East Germany 5496: 5304:East Germany 5300:Wartburg 353 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234:East Germany 5210: 5198: 5189:East Germany 5181: 5173:Estonian SSR 5162: 5147: 5143: 5124: 5103: 5091: 5088:Urbanization 5070: 5058: 5015:East Germany 5007:black market 5003: 4996: 4984: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4935:was 140–160 4929: 4912: 4905: 4893: 4866:East Germany 4855: 4839: 4827: 4819: 4803: 4796: 4767: 4763: 4750: 4748: 4729: 4708: 4704: 4702: 4697:World War II 4694: 4664: 4653: 4632: 4589:Soviet Union 4501:East Germany 4420:Western Bloc 4374:East Germany 4370: 4226:69.8% (1981) 4204:50.0% (1980) 4200:Soviet Union 4185:12.3% (1966) 4182:50.0% (1980) 4160:50.0% (1980) 4147:52.5% (1980) 4138:60.0% (1984) 4116:70.0% (1985) 4112:East Germany 4094:60.5% (1983) 4010: 3997: 3991:enacted the 3962: 3937:World War II 3934: 3924:nomenklatura 3920: 3860:Soviet Union 3776:East Germany 3640:Area (000s) 3622: 3606: 3599: 3582:Iron Curtain 3578: 3566: 3549:East Germany 3545: 3516:Russian SFSR 3505: 3482:Iron Curtain 3433: 3424:West Germany 3413: 3399:, Bulgaria, 3397:Soviet Union 3394: 3367: 3325: 3309:Estonian SSR 3285: 3237:(until 1956 3235:Népszabadság 3205: 3201: 3195:Trybuna Ludu 3193: 3084:Volkspolizei 3072: 3068: 3061: 2978: 2974: 2942: 2908: 2877: 2869: 2846: 2831: 2820: 2787: 2778:World War II 2775: 2764: 2737:Soviet Union 2725:Eastern Bloc 2724: 2721:Second World 2704:Western Bloc 2687:Three Worlds 2673: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2606: 2602: 2575: 2566: 2546: 2531: 2512: 2417: 2394: 2390:nationalized 2363: 2351:Nazi Germany 2344: 2301:Soviet Union 2281:Russian SFSR 2278: 1568:, 1945–1948) 1507:, 1974–1987) 1441:Burkina Faso 1320:Russian SFSR 1316:Soviet Union 1240:, 1945–1949) 1234:East Germany 1119: 1115:Soviet Union 1096: 1081: 1013:Maoist China 1009:Second World 1006: 921:East Germany 906: 900:Soviet ally 882:Second World 878:Western Bloc 863:Soviet Union 838: 834: 830: 826: 823:Eastern Bloc 822: 820: 595:to Hong Kong 590:East Germany 542:Tbilisi 1989 527:Romania 1977 495:Hungary 1956 490:Georgia 1956 326: 319: 218:East Germany 45:Eastern Bloc 43: 29: 26363:Red fascism 26001:North Korea 25896:Afghanistan 25802:Vietnam War 25792:Warsaw Pact 25712:Great Purge 25697:Great Break 25534:János Kádár 25509:Kim Il Sung 25489:Che Guevara 25454:Enver Hoxha 25389:Ho Chi Minh 25330:Brezhnevism 25313:Rankovićism 25088:Vanguardism 25068:Secretariat 24906:Partiinost' 24770:Warsaw Pact 24649:South Yemen 24550:North Korea 24165:Afghanistan 23748:Radio DDR 2 23743:Radio DDR 1 23420:Novy Vostok 23404:Neues Leben 23340:Jugoslavija 23276:Filmspiegel 23089:Oslobođenje 23017:Esti Hírlap 22372:Remembrance 22338:Animal Farm 22164:Stalin Note 21851:Great Purge 21819:Great Break 21711:Great Break 21432:(1928–1941) 21348:(1946–1953) 21342:(1922–1952) 21080:Shen Zhihua 20890:Michael Cox 20822:competition 20769:Pro-Western 20759:Soviet Life 20685:Safari Club 20655:Warsaw Pact 20510:Nationalism 20500:Imperialism 20399:Reaganomics 20262:Containment 20055:Perestroika 19544:Realpolitik 19374:Six-Day War 19359:Greek junta 19170:Berlin Wall 19018:Suez Crisis 18986:Vietnam War 18873:McCarthyism 18688:Baruch Plan 18633:Unthinkable 18593:Dekemvriana 18532:Warsaw Pact 18238:Berlin Wall 18148:Stipe Šuvar 18128:Ali Šukrija 17941:Rezső Nyers 17931:János Kádár 17851:Miloš Jakeš 17775:Enver Hoxha 17623:Dissolution 17563:Martial law 17486:Revolts and 17460:Warsaw Pact 16607:10 February 16004:Works cited 15820:EU Observer 15013:Goertz 1995 14815:, p. 5 14687:2 September 14242:2 September 14134:, p. 4 14115:, p. 3 14045:, p. 7 13869:, p. 8 13483:19 November 13390:Frucht 2003 13337:Frucht 2003 13098:19 November 13038:Frucht 2003 12859:Böcker 1998 12780:12 December 12750:12 December 12720:12 December 12634:19 November 12504:, p. 2 12458:, p. 1 12317:Frucht 2003 12287:19 November 12266:, p. 2 12240:Böcker 1998 11847:, p. 1 11845:O'Neil 1997 11830:O'Neil 1997 11813:O'Neil 1997 11706:Wettig 2008 11616:Wettig 2008 11544:Wettig 2008 11532:Wettig 2008 11509:Wettig 2008 11484:Miller 2000 11472:Gaddis 2005 11439:Turner 1987 11427:Miller 2000 11415:Turner 1987 11403:Gaddis 2005 11391:Wettig 2008 11379:Wettig 2008 11367:Wettig 2008 11293:Wettig 2008 11281:Wettig 2008 11269:Miller 2000 11257:Wettig 2008 11245:Wettig 2008 11230:Wettig 2008 11190:Wettig 2008 11159:Wettig 2008 11136:Wettig 2008 11054:Wettig 2008 11023:Wettig 2008 10934:Shirer 1990 10819:Wettig 2008 10767:Wettig 2008 10672:(in Polish) 10570:(in Polish) 10488:(in Polish) 10308:Tucker 1992 9040:Local name 8998:Scott Sehon 8960:think tank 8958:libertarian 8881:-inspired " 8848:led by the 8674:, dictator 8532:János Kádár 8498:nationalist 8458:perestroika 8416:Warsaw Pact 8397:perestroika 8368:First World 8333:Warsaw Pact 8310:Vietnam War 8270:North Korea 8165:Dissolution 8093:János Kádár 8068:called the 8043:Pál Maléter 8039:János Kádár 8023:Warsaw Pact 7906:brain drain 7862:East German 7548:was 1.8 in 7526:East German 7349:Yugoslavia/ 7050:nominal GDP 6978:Switzerland 6863:Netherlands 6307:Switzerland 6162:Netherlands 5489:Zastava 101 5411:Oltcit Club 5296:Trabant 601 5177:Latvian SSR 5154:Great Plain 5119:East German 5099:show trials 5082:moonlighted 4751:etatisation 4671:London Club 3965:East German 3652:1985 (mil) 3649:1980 (mil) 3646:1970 (mil) 3643:1950 (mil) 3574:Berlin Wall 3540:Berlin Wall 3510:, both the 3474:Berlin Wall 3440:Enver Hoxha 3416:Warsaw Pact 3391:Warsaw Pact 3305:Latvian SSR 3225: [ 3122:Munkásőrség 3108:Bulgaria – 3014:televisions 2998:confections 2904:László Rajk 2884:Enver Hoxha 2823:West Berlin 2814:during the 2767:Jan Masaryk 2746:Third World 2729:Warsaw Pact 2700:First World 2632:bourgeoisie 2262:(1980-1991) 2248:(1964–1991) 2234:(1962–1972) 2221:(1977–1991) 2207:(1969–1971) 2193:(1964–1988) 2179:(1964–1985) 2143:(1975–1991) 2129:(1969–1971) 2115:(1977–1991) 2102:(1960–1981) 2088:(1975–1991) 2074:(1976–1991) 2042:(1974–1991) 2029:(1961–1984) 2015:(1960–1991) 2001:(1969–1991) 1948:(1979–1991) 1917:(1971–1991) 1903:(1980–1991) 1889:(1973–1991) 1876:(1960–1984) 1862:(1960–1966) 1848:(1973–1991) 1834:(1968–1979) 1820:(1954–1974) 1807:(1981–1991) 1793:(1975–1978) 1761:(1962–1975) 1747:(1975–1990) 1733:(1966–1991) 1702:(1971–1975) 1689:(1962–1991) 1668:(1945–1948) 1652:(1967–1990) 1650:South Yemen 1625:(1979–1990) 1611:(1975–1990) 1595:(1975–1990) 1582:(1975–1989) 1562:North Korea 1550:(1979–1989) 1534:(1979–1983) 1473:(1963–1991) 1457:(1949–1961) 1443:(1983–1987) 1429:(1975–1990) 1413:(1975–1991) 1397:(1978–1991) 1394:Afghanistan 1288:(1947–1989) 1272:(1924–1990) 1256:(1949–1989) 1222:(1948–1989) 1206:(from 1959) 1192:(1946–1990) 1170:Warsaw Pact 1099:Warsaw Pact 1003:Terminology 973:South Yemen 969:North Korea 890:Third World 886:First World 839:Soviet Bloc 681:Vietnam War 671:Berlin Wall 600:North Korea 537:Brașov 1987 505:Prague 1968 468:Poznań 1956 321:Warsaw Pact 280:South Yemen 258:North Korea 171:Afghanistan 91:Byelorussia 18:Soviet bloc 26452:Categories 26294:Trotskyism 26284:Bolshevism 26130:Montenegro 26111:Yugoslavia 26095:Uzbekistan 26080:Tajikistan 26055:Kyrgyzstan 26050:Kazakhstan 26030:Azerbaijan 25996:Mozambique 25890:By country 25777:Korean War 25609:Xi Jinping 25569:Siad Barre 25349:Mao Zedong 25283:Browderism 25218:Pol Potism 25190:Pantherism 24719:Yugoslavia 24616:Seychelles 24526:Mozambique 24496:Madagascar 24295:Cape Verde 23778:(Bulgaria) 23542:(Bulgaria) 23527:Television 23236:Dolgozó nő 23137:Rudé právo 23132:(Bulgaria) 23041:Laiko Vima 23025:Freie Erde 22935:Rahva Hääl 22826:Newspapers 22803:Television 22687:Lake Ritsa 22667:Uspenskoye 22584:(grandson) 22568:(grandson) 22560:(daughter) 22315:Trotskyism 22287:opposition 21963:Lysenkoism 21649:Korean War 21528:Winter War 21416:Chronology 21407:Death toll 21372:Early life 20848:Historians 20839:Space Race 20740:Rudé právo 20694:Propaganda 20550:Neo-Nazism 20520:Chauvinism 20474:Trotskyism 20389:Monetarism 20357:Liberalism 20349:Capitalism 20341:Ideologies 20292:Ostpolitik 20015:Solidarity 19980:Toyota War 19883:Solidarity 19740:Operation 19695:Ogaden War 19384:Dhofar War 19272:Shifta War 19030:Operation 18878:Korean War 18670:Operation 18662:Operation 18654:Operation 18631:Operation 18611:Operation 18603:Operation 18442:Yugoslavia 17894:Egon Krenz 17780:Ramiz Alia 17577:Conditions 17555:Solidarity 17488:opposition 17189:, Budapest 17179:, Budapest 17137:Audio help 17128:2012-11-10 15676:21 January 15651:21 January 15626:21 January 15601:21 January 14986:23 January 14884:23 January 14798:20 January 14753:10 October 14585:Narrator: 14579:8 February 13265:, page 162 13242:Zwass 1984 13223:Zwass 1984 12211:Dowty 1989 12199:Dowty 1989 12115:Dowty 1989 12100:Dowty 1989 12088:Dowty 1989 12073:Dowty 1989 11462:, page 143 11322:1 February 10858:, page 460 10806:, page 334 10702:(see also 9696:, page 214 9596:References 9388:, p. 1,850 9345:Until the 9136:Vietnamese 9027:after 1993 9013:See also: 8871:neoliberal 8812:Tajikistan 8792:until 2003 8785:Azerbaijan 8781:until 2005 8778:Kyrgyzstan 8770:Uzbekistan 8762:Kazakhstan 8680:mass rally 8678:ordered a 8540:Solidarity 8381:Solidarity 8358:and later 8346:Under the 8337:Mao Zedong 8232:Korean War 8105:Bratislava 7975:reformist 7874:Yugoslavia 7811:Yugoslavia 7780:26,662,400 7774:13,690,000 7570:Yugoslavia 7529:Plattenbau 7496:Intershops 7469:World Bank 7054:US dollars 5613:per capita 5415:Dacia 1300 5206:Yugoslavia 5053:See also: 4726:, May 1986 4611:Yugoslavia 4222:Yugoslavia 4141:64% (1980) 3969:Plattenbau 3888:Yugoslavia 3596:Population 3442:following 3368:Under the 3241:, Hungary) 3239:Szabad Nép 3128:Securitate 3126:Romania – 3114:Albania – 2960:ideology. 2758:Yugoslavia 2646:See also: 2442:, and the 2355:Bessarabia 2337:Winter War 2113:Seychelles 2027:Mauritania 1745:Cape Verde 1665:Yugoslavia 1608:Mozambique 1593:Madagascar 1374:1975–1976) 1127:Yugoslavia 1107:Yugoslavia 1069:Ogaden War 902:Yugoslavia 875:capitalist 837:, and the 691:Afghan War 644:Korean War 480:Plzeň 1953 359:Opposition 299:Yugoslavia 253:Mozambique 151:Uzbekistan 136:Tajikistan 106:Kazakhstan 86:Azerbaijan 26488:Communism 26368:Red Scare 26353:New class 26165:Comintern 26125:Macedonia 26065:Lithuania 25761:1989–2002 25756:1976–1989 25751:1949–1976 25691:1982–1991 25686:1964–1982 25681:1953–1964 25676:1927–1953 25514:Chin Peng 25369:José Díaz 25320:Dubčekism 25267:Stalinism 25234:Nkrumaism 25229:Sankarism 25114:Guevarism 25109:Castroism 25063:Politburo 24760:Comintern 24755:Cominform 23908:Economies 23790:(Hungary) 23784:(Hungary) 23767:(Albania) 23572:(Romania) 23560:(Hungary) 23536:(Albania) 23396:Neuer Weg 23372:Naša žena 23367:(Hungary) 23316:Guter Rat 23308:Galaksija 23271:(Romania) 23239:(Romania) 23220:Magazines 23212:(Albania) 23148:(Romania) 23081:Novi list 23060:(Hungary) 23044:(Albania) 23020:(Hungary) 23012:(Hungary) 22951:Komunisti 22677:New Athos 21943:Hotel Lux 21926:Vinnytsia 21881:Chortkiv 21871:Berezwecz 21866:Berezhany 21834:Holodomor 21691:Stalinism 21629:Cominform 21365:Overviews 21135:Ken Young 20980:Tony Judt 20829:Arms race 20802:Red Scare 20670:NN States 20615:Apartheid 20570:Autocracy 20479:Stalinism 20447:Guevarism 20437:Castroism 20427:Communism 20419:Socialism 19945:Star Wars 19538:Koza riot 18664:Beleaguer 18656:Masterdom 17926:Imre Nagy 17921:Ernő Gerő 17636:Die Wende 17609:Economies 17450:Cominform 17433:(to 1948) 17395:(to 1961) 17323:Formation 17313:Communism 17093:hour and 16951:, Oxfam, 16132:Routledge 15535:154520098 15519:0034-6764 15418:0959-8138 15361:0959-8138 15299:2468-2667 14722:9 October 14569:"1956-44" 14206:8 October 13286:, page 85 12681:Dale 2005 12611:Pugh 2008 12172:Dale 2005 12049:Cook 2001 11897:wrote to 10970:27 August 10401:Routledge 10257:146764535 10241:0003-0554 9999:Cook 2001 9957:relations 9898:, page 65 9808:144922816 9752:cite book 9601:Citations 9530:144922816 9483:cite book 9358:Sources: 9307:Hong Kong 9058:: 中华人民共和国 9023:A map of 8917:In 2011, 8908:austerity 8861:Aftermath 8724:from the 8699:condemned 8684:Bucharest 8519:In 1989, 7969:Imre Nagy 7824:1,634,700 7758:1,157,900 7736:2,574,800 7730:1,357,000 7714:1,181,700 7601:Shortages 7507:Hungarian 7421:$ 12,351 7344:$ 19,239 7330:$ 12,355 7312:$ 21,942 7262:$ 16,082 7246:$ 17,562 7225:$ 25,865 7211:$ 60,514 7197:$ 17,788 7183:$ 14,384 7173:Lithuania 7130:$ 34,629 7116:$ 44,118 7102:$ 30,462 7088:$ 44,162 6610:Lithuania 5507:Wartburgs 5452:Tatra 613 5448:Škoda 105 5165:holodomor 5043:Comturist 5011:Intershop 4732:Stalinist 4720:Bucharest 4638:Economies 4353:3,853,288 4333:3,542,418 4313:3,118,096 4293:2,757,625 4273:2,466,514 3826:114.3/km 3798:154.6/km 3770:115.2/km 3742:119.5/km 3490:Refusenik 3383:Cominform 3136:Poland – 3058:Sharashka 2989:politburo 2890:, leader 2872:Cominform 2861:Cominform 2752:, led by 2689:" of the 2505:) at the 2401:Lithuania 2163:1963–1991 2159:1958–1961 2058:1968–1975 1986:1948–1953 1968:1968–1990 1964:1958–1963 1932:1959–1965 1928:Indonesia 1777:1970–1973 1717:1962–1988 1623:Nicaragua 1547:Kampuchea 993:Nicaragua 983:. In the 965:Kampuchea 562:Riga 1991 552:Baku 1990 442:Lithuania 334:Cominform 238:Kampuchea 141:Turkmenia 121:Lithuania 111:Kirghizia 66:Republics 26483:Cold War 26323:Cold War 26302:See also 26289:Leninism 26140:Slovenia 26035:Byelarus 25991:Mongolia 25971:Ethiopia 25960:Slovakia 25921:Cambodia 25916:Bulgaria 25732:Cold War 25599:Gus Hall 25306:Đilasism 25293:Marcyism 25272:American 25213:National 25159:Kadarism 25130:Husakism 25125:Hoxhaism 25097:Variants 24946:Yugoslav 24827:Concepts 24511:Mongolia 24399:Ethiopia 24252:Cambodia 24224:Bulgaria 23814:Agencies 23801:(Poland) 23776:Horizont 23566:(Poland) 23300:Für Dich 23180:(Poland) 23145:Scînteia 23105:Politika 22848:Izvestia 22775:Overview 22717:Category 22657:Kuntsevo 22504:(mother) 22496:(father) 21931:Zolochiv 21916:Valozhyn 21886:Kurapaty 21684:Concepts 21597:Cold War 21287:Timeline 21277:Category 21222:See also 20714:Izvestia 20555:Islamism 20452:Hoxhaism 20327:Rollback 20206:Abkhazia 20146:Gulf War 20050:Glasnost 19420:incident 19190:Sand War 19048:Ifni War 18557:Rio Pact 18502:Cold War 18324:Bulgaria 17604:Politics 17227:Archived 17139: · 16872:(2012), 16394:(1992), 15959:Archived 15919:Archived 15889:Archived 15836:Archived 15671:The Wire 15595:Archived 15527:41288494 15436:14576248 15379:10454391 15317:28626827 15255:13 March 15249:Archived 14878:Archived 14792:Archived 14771:Archived 14747:Archived 14678:Archived 14612:Archived 14539:Archived 14498:Archived 14457:Archived 14416:Archived 14375:Archived 14334:Archived 14290:Archived 14261:Archived 14233:Archived 13828:4 August 13807:4 August 13801:Archived 13648:(1990). 13477:Archived 13072:23 March 13066:Archived 12807:Archived 12774:Archived 12744:Archived 12714:Archived 12628:Archived 12577:23 March 12571:Archived 12402:43945192 12281:Archived 12132:Archived 11937:Archived 11861:. Gate. 10749:Archived 10730:Archived 10715:Archived 10618:Archived 10590:, ZNAK, 10584:Archived 10517:Archived 10497:Archived 10395:(2005), 10344:Archived 10201:Archived 9873:de facto 9867:Archived 9453:de facto 9447:Archived 9373:, p. 297 9349:in 1961. 9175:See also 9130:Vietnam 9037:Country 8951:Portugal 8804:Ukrainia 8734:Red Army 8711:Cambodia 8664:reversed 8626:Bulgaria 8492:against 8452:glasnost 8391:glasnost 8319:'s 1968 8294:rollback 8234:. After 8218:and the 8140:Bulgaria 8101:Cold War 7937:Red Army 7856:Bulgaria 7657:Bulgaria 7614:Country 7550:Bulgaria 7511:Bulgaria 7403:$ 9,121 7365:$ 5,239 7335:Portugal 7298:$ 3,984 7280:$ 6,847 7252:Slovakia 7222:$ 10,577 7208:$ 11,029 7167:$ 2,022 7151:$ 9,243 7127:$ 25,054 7113:$ 17,313 7099:$ 16,239 7085:$ 16,275 6909:Portugal 6220:Portugal 5505:and the 5503:Trabants 5501:such as 5076:, where 5019:Beryozka 4976:Bulgaria 4933:engineer 4457:Bulgaria 4400:Country 4378:Bulgaria 4068:Bulgaria 4025:Country 3981:Panelház 3973:Paneláks 3910:92.6/km 3882:11.9/km 3854:93.5/km 3714:80.1/km 3692:Bulgaria 3686:90.2/km 3637:Country 3618:Romanian 3525:Propiska 3514:and the 3428:Red Army 3342:Religion 3116:Sigurimi 3054:Samizdat 2993:Leninist 2983:in each 2921:Politics 2896:Bulgaria 2691:Cold War 2669:Cold War 2440:Bukovina 2291:and the 2260:Zimbabwe 2177:Tanzania 2141:Suriname 1805:Djibouti 1500:Ethiopia 1269:Mongolia 1189:Bulgaria 1103:Mongolia 1017:Cambodia 985:Americas 953:Mongolia 941:Bulgaria 898:pre-1948 867:Cold War 706:Gulf War 510:Invasion 384:Bulgaria 248:Mongolia 223:Ethiopia 192:Bulgaria 126:Moldavia 26160:Comecon 26120:Croatia 26101:Vietnam 26090:Ukraine 26070:Moldova 26045:Georgia 26040:Estonia 26025:Armenia 26016:Somalia 26011:Romania 25981:Hungary 25976:Grenada 25955:Czechia 25901:Albania 25666:History 25479:Pol Pot 25299:Titoism 25246:Dengism 25223:African 24750:Comecon 24702:Vietnam 24631:Somalia 24585:Romania 24533:FRELIMO 24453:Hungary 24422:Grenada 24179:Albania 24108:Comecon 24098:Sovkhoz 23823:(USSR) 23667:(USSR) 23578:(USSR) 23468:Sputnik 23452:Sibylle 23436:Pogledi 23428:Oktyabr 23252:Džuboks 23201:Vjesnik 23097:Pobjeda 23001:Dnevnik 22895:Zvyazda 22692:Sukhumi 22653:Dachas 22644:Kureika 22034:Koreans 21921:Vileyka 21622:Comecon 21447:Sovkhoz 21442:Kolkhoz 21356:History 20777:Amerika 20660:Comecon 20545:Fascism 20535:Zionism 20484:Titoism 20025:Contras 19493:Détente 18770:Comecon 18424:Romania 18378:Hungary 18306:Albania 17744:of the 17455:COMECON 17355:Romania 17350:Hungary 17126: ( 17097:minutes 16948:Albania 15370:1116380 15308:5459934 14854:7 March 14621:9 March 14602:(1957) 14548:9 March 14529:(1957) 14507:9 March 14488:(1957) 14466:9 March 14447:(1957) 14425:9 March 14406:(1957) 14384:9 March 14365:(1957) 14343:9 March 14324:(1957) 14299:9 March 14280:(1957) 13849:7 March 10708:Sanford 10624:6 April 10249:1960285 9800:4284075 9522:4284075 9160:unified 9085:Spanish 9056:Chinese 8987:A 2009 8808:Belarus 8800:Moldova 8796:Armenia 8789:Georgia 8764:fellow 8707:Albania 8703:Romania 8660:Romania 8528:Hungary 8502:liberal 8476:at the 8474:Hungary 8470:Austria 8136:Hungary 8089:Hungary 7881:Revolts 7870:panelka 7866:Albania 7852:Romania 7839:Soviet 7802:877,600 7796:438,000 7752:575,000 7745:Romania 7708:340,000 7692:257,000 7679:Hungary 7670:880,400 7664:472,000 7635:Albania 7566:Romania 7558:Hungary 7491:Ostmark 7460:$ 2,068 7446:Vietnam 7440:$ 8,109 7417:$ 3,115 7399:$ 2,424 7384:$ 7,657 7379:$ 2,577 7361:$ 4,197 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3985:Hungary 3931:Housing 3832:Romania 3748:Hungary 3664:Albania 3625:Romania 3542:in 1975 3405:Comecon 3387:Comecon 3010:cameras 3002:alcohol 2911:Trieste 2880:Albania 2865:Titoism 2853:Albania 2727:(i.e., 2706:(i.e., 2519:Ostland 2428:Karelia 2405:Estonia 2380:of the 2368:by the 2219:Vanuatu 2191:Tunisia 2100:Senegal 1846:Finland 1791:Comoros 1731:Burundi 1687:Algeria 1636:Somalia 1532:Grenada 1485:Eritrea 1364:Vietnam 1301:Romania 1253:Hungary 1165:Albania 1111:Albania 997:Grenada 957:Vietnam 945:Albania 937:Romania 933:Hungary 917:Comecon 833:), the 831:Combloc 571:Dissent 473:1980–89 432:Estonia 409:Ukraine 399:Romania 389:Croatia 379:Albania 328:Comecon 285:Vietnam 274:Somalia 269:Romania 233:Hungary 228:Grenada 176:Albania 146:Ukraine 101:Georgia 96:Estonia 81:Armenia 69:of the 26372:Second 26135:Serbia 26075:Russia 26060:Latvia 26006:Poland 25906:Angola 25338:People 25169:Maoism 25143:Songun 24941:Soviet 24567:Poland 24193:Angola 23843:(USSR) 23673:(USSR) 23516:Vlasta 23492:Svijet 23460:Signal 23324:Izgled 23268:Femeia 23121:Pravda 22841:Pravda 22486:Family 21911:Sambir 20728:Pravda 20530:Racism 20469:Maoism 20221:Kosovo 19742:Condor 19418:Pueblo 19404:May 68 19032:Gladio 18950:Tuapse 18613:Jungle 18605:Priboi 18401:Poland 17475:(WFDY) 17467:(WFTU) 17068: 17048: 17024: 16997: 16975: 16955: 16935: 16917: 16899: 16886:online 16849: 16829: 16811: 16792: 16772: 16754: 16736: 16714: 16696: 16678: 16660: 16642: 16624: 16582: 16564: 16546: 16528: 16510: 16492: 16474: 16456: 16438: 16420: 16402: 16380: 16362: 16340: 16318: 16300: 16278: 16260: 16242: 16224: 16202: 16182: 16160: 16138: 16116: 16098: 16079: 16059: 16041: 16019: 15925:14 May 15895:14 May 15865:7 July 15562: 15533: 15525: 15517: 15469: 15434: 15427:259165 15424: 15416: 15377: 15367: 15359: 15315: 15305: 15297: 15241: 15107:Profil 15056: 14958: 14627: 14554: 14513: 14472: 14431: 14390: 14349: 14305: 13660: 13628: 13282: 13261: 12441:17 May 12432: 12407:17 May 12400: 12371: 11918: 11889: 11865: 11564: 11458: 11347: 11210: 11108: 11077: 10966:. 1997 10903: 10854: 10838: 10786: 10685: 10666: 10594: 10552: 10528: 10471: 10443: 10407: 10367: 10326:, 2008 10278: 10255: 10247: 10239: 10160: 10121: 10093: 10041: 9979: 9925: 9894: 9859: 9829: 9806: 9798: 9740: 9713: 9692: 9671: 9650: 9629: 9528: 9520: 9471: 9439: 9415: 9403:, p. 6 9399: 9384: 9369: 9062:Pinyin 9051:China 9043:Since 8968:, the 8856:Legacy 8536:Poland 8370:. 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In 7777:23.1% 7755:11.0% 7733:15.9% 7695:6.6% 7686:6,000 7667:23.0% 7435:$ 406 7430:$ 111 7426:China 7412:$ 615 7394:$ 619 7374:$ 653 7356:$ 721 7338:$ 935 7294:$ 904 7216:Spain 7121:Japan 7093:Italy 7074:2015 7071:1989 7068:1970 7016:2.726 7010:2.583 7004:3.479 6993:1.447 6987:4.331 6984:1.601 6981:4.075 6970:1.563 6964:2.655 6961:0.455 6958:0.945 6947:4.001 6944:2.546 6941:4.827 6935:4.649 6932:Spain 6924:1.943 6921:4.368 6918:6.441 6915:1.618 6912:6.632 6901:2.085 6898:3.085 6895:1.038 6892:1.598 6889:5.672 6878:2.124 6875:2.439 6872:4.420 6866:4.331 6855:1.772 6852:1.538 6849:3.388 6846:0.844 6843:1.818 6840:Italy 6832:6.052 6829:1.930 6826:5.814 6823:3.325 6820:3.470 6809:4.132 6806:3.100 6803:3.800 6797:7.841 6786:1.695 6783:5.108 6780:3.897 6777:0.529 6774:3.133 6763:1.954 6760:1.039 6757:4.353 6754:1.078 6751:5.346 6740:2.581 6734:5.088 6731:1.295 6728:2.357 6717:0.823 6714:1.394 6711:0.645 6705:3.005 6694:0.812 6691:1.833 6688:3.469 6682:3.753 6671:1.351 6668:3.442 6665:3.887 6659:5.113 6648:4.993 6642:1.500 6639:1.400 6636:9.162 6625:6.524 6602:8.832 6579:5.091 6573:6.801 6570:5.301 6567:5.209 6556:3.316 6533:3.052 6527:0.386 6521:5.044 6507:5.592 6498:0.112 6484:1.248 6478:0.160 6472:7.415 6461:3.774 6455:0.736 6452:2.867 6449:6.200 6438:4.248 6429:4.900 6426:6.897 6415:8.293 6409:9.841 6406:5.746 6403:4.001 6395:2015 6392:2001 6389:1991 6386:1989 6383:1981 6380:1971 6357:2.758 6351:2.179 6345:2.118 6342:3.297 6339:2.985 6328:1.447 6322:4.340 6319:1.579 6316:4.076 6313:8.095 6310:8.097 6299:1.563 6293:3.073 6287:2.356 6284:5.623 6281:3.926 6270:4.001 6267:2.543 6264:5.280 6261:0.516 6258:5.722 6252:9.937 6249:Spain 6241:1.943 6238:4.368 6235:5.136 6232:1.618 6229:6.633 6226:5.462 6223:4.479 6212:2.085 6209:3.085 6206:0.956 6203:0.966 6200:5.130 6197:6.268 6194:5.418 6183:2.124 6180:2.439 6177:4.679 6171:4.222 6168:0.289 6165:2.098 6154:1.772 6151:1.538 6148:2.882 6145:0.474 6142:1.894 6139:8.422 6136:7.466 6133:Italy 6125:9.006 6122:3.098 6119:7.051 6116:3.890 6113:3.618 6110:4.790 6107:2.512 6096:4.132 6093:3.100 6090:3.845 6087:0.055 6084:7.118 6081:8.769 6078:8.807 6067:1.695 6064:5.108 6061:3.270 6058:0.378 6055:2.943 6052:4.119 6049:9.167 6038:1.954 6035:1.039 6032:4.057 6029:1.026 6026:4.839 6023:5.556 6020:6.160 6009:2.581 6003:5.668 6000:1.863 5997:2.090 5994:7.620 5991:8.504 5980:0.823 5977:1.300 5974:0.263 5968:2.666 5965:6.339 5962:0.668 5951:0.811 5948:1.833 5945:3.588 5939:3.753 5936:4.865 5933:5.688 5922:1.351 5919:3.442 5916:4.227 5910:5.112 5907:5.309 5904:6.840 5893:5.091 5887:0.704 5884:1.200 5881:4.200 5878:7.200 5864:3.316 5858:1.010 5835:3.052 5829:1.706 5823:5.215 5803:5.592 5788:6.761 5785:7.237 5774:1.248 5762:7.128 5759:7.982 5756:4.400 5745:3.849 5736:0.706 5733:4.462 5730:5.056 5727:9.659 5716:4.248 5707:2.660 5704:3.261 5701:6.520 5687:7.940 5681:2.648 5678:2.526 5675:6.510 5672:4.156 5669:6.608 5661:2015 5658:2001 5655:1991 5652:1989 5649:1981 5646:1971 5643:1961 5640:1951 5548:gas. 5515:Škoda 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14550:2009 14509:2009 14468:2009 14427:2009 14386:2009 14345:2009 14301:2009 14244:2006 14208:2006 13851:2017 13830:2017 13809:2017 13658:ISBN 13626:ISBN 13485:2013 13280:ISBN 13259:ISBN 13100:2013 13074:2015 12782:2017 12752:2017 12722:2017 12636:2013 12579:2015 12443:2024 12430:ISBN 12409:2024 12369:ISBN 12289:2013 11916:ISBN 11887:ISBN 11863:ISBN 11562:ISBN 11456:ISBN 11345:ISBN 11324:2009 11311:Time 11208:ISBN 11106:ISBN 11075:ISBN 10972:2019 10949:and 10901:ISBN 10852:ISBN 10836:ISBN 10784:ISBN 10683:ISBN 10664:ISBN 10626:2019 10592:ISBN 10550:ISBN 10526:ISBN 10505:NASK 10469:ISBN 10441:ISBN 10405:ISBN 10365:ISBN 10276:ISBN 10237:ISSN 10169:own. 10158:ISBN 10154:1244 10119:ISBN 10091:ISBN 10039:ISBN 9977:ISBN 9923:ISBN 9892:ISBN 9857:ISBN 9827:ISBN 9758:link 9738:ISBN 9711:ISBN 9690:ISBN 9669:ISBN 9648:ISBN 9627:ISBN 9568:See 9556:See 9544:See 9489:link 9469:ISBN 9437:ISBN 9413:ISBN 9397:ISBN 9382:ISBN 9367:ISBN 9309:and 9104:Laos 8996:and 8978:less 8946:2007 8944:and 8942:2004 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