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2456:(EVA), also known as a spacewalk, while keeping the cabin pressurized so that the capsule's electronics would not overheat. Leonov performed the first-ever EVA as part of the mission. A fatality was narrowly avoided when Leonov's spacesuit expanded in the vacuum of space, preventing him from re-entering the airlock. In order to overcome this, he had to partially depressurize his spacesuit to a potentially dangerous level. He succeeded in safely re-entering the spacecraft, but he and Belyayev faced further challenges when the spacecraft's atmospheric controls flooded the cabin with 45% pure oxygen, which had to be lowered to acceptable levels before re-entry. The reentry involved two more challenges: an improperly timed retrorocket firing caused the Voskhod 2 to land 386 kilometers (240 mi) off its designated target area, the city of
6651:
problems of sovereignty; by resolution of this
Assembly, the members of the United Nations have foresworn any claim to territorial rights in outer space or on celestial bodies, and declared that international law and the United Nations Charter will apply. Why, therefore, should man's first flight to the moon be a matter of national competition? Why should the United States and the Soviet Union, in preparing for such expeditions, become involved in immense duplications of research, construction, and expenditure? Surely we should explore whether the scientists and astronauts of our two countriesâindeed of all the worldâcannot work together in the conquest of space, sending someday in this decade to the moon not the representatives of a single nation, but the representatives of all of our countries.
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3670:, on April 12, 1981. The designers underestimated the time and cost of refurbishment between flights, which reduced the cost benefit of its reusability. They also overestimated its safety: two of the fleet of five orbiters were lost in fatal flight accidents: one during launch, due to failure of a solid rocket booster seal; and one on reentry, due to launch damage of a wing heat shield. The Air Force was also supposed to use the Shuttle to launch its military payloads, but shunned it in favor of its expendable launchers after the first Shuttle loss. NASA ceased production of its Apollo spacecraft and Saturn IB launcher, and used the Shuttle as its orbital workhorse until
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2175:... if we are to win the battle that is now going on around the world between freedom and tyranny, the dramatic achievements in space which occurred in recent weeks should have made clear to us all, as did the Sputnik in 1957, the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere, who are attempting to make a determination of which road they should take. ... Now it is time to take longer strides – time for a great new American enterprise – time for this nation to take a clearly leading role in space achievement, which in many ways may hold the key to our future on Earth.
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Voskhod 3 and 4, which were in the planning stages, and started concentrating on reaching the Moon. Voskhod 2 ended up being
Korolev's final achievement before his death on January 14, 1966, as it became the last of the space firsts that the USSR achieved during the early 1960s. According to historian Asif Siddiqi, Korolev's accomplishments marked "the absolute zenith of the Soviet space program, one never, ever attained since." There was a two-year pause in Soviet piloted space flights while Voskhod's replacement, the Soyuz spacecraft, was designed and developed.
2397:, a multi-cosmonaut spacecraft that had at least the same capabilities as the Gemini spacecraft. Soyuz would not be available for at least three years, and it could not be called upon to deal with this new American challenge in 1964 or 1965. Political pressure in early 1964 – which some sources claim was from Khrushchev while other sources claim was from other Communist Party officials – pushed him to modify his four remaining Vostoks to beat the Americans to new space firsts in the size of flight crews, and the duration of missions.
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1419:. The first launch took place on Friday, October 4, 1957, at exactly 10:28:34 pm Moscow time, with the R-7 and the now named Sputnik 1 satellite lifting off the launch pad and placing the artificial "moon" into an orbit a few minutes later. This "fellow traveler", as the name is translated in English, was a small, beeping ball, less than two feet in diameter and weighing less than 200 pounds. But the celebrations were muted at the launch control center until the down-range far east tracking station at
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1256:, tasked with the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles, and continued to give its assets random identifiers into the 1960s. They cloaked the program in a shroud of secrecy; public pronouncements were uniformly positive. As far as the public knew, the Soviet space program had never experienced failure. According to historian James Andrews, "With almost no exceptions, coverage of Soviet space exploits, especially in the case of human space missions, omitted reports of failure or trouble".
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1232:(TASS) established precedents for all official announcements on the Soviet space program. The information eventually released did not offer details on who built and launched the satellite or why it was launched. However, the public release is illuminating in what it does reveal: "there is an abundance of arcane scientific and technical data... as if to overwhelm the reader with mathematics in the absence of even a picture of the object".
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Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations." Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun's
Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could. In Britain, the US's Western Cold War ally, the reaction was mixed: some celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first, while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring. The
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1912:, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers (3.5 nautical miles) of one another, close enough for radio communication, but then drifted as far apart as 2,850 kilometers (1,540 nautical miles). The Vostok had no maneuvering rockets to keep the two craft a controlled distance apart. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. The first woman,
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2184:... Let it be clear that I am asking the Congress and the country to accept a firm commitment to a new course of actionâa course which will last for many years and carry very heavy costs: 531 million dollars in fiscal '62âan estimated seven to nine billion dollars additional over the next five years. If we are to go only half way, or reduce our sights in the face of difficulty, in my judgment it would be better not to go at all.
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2857:, were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test, less than a month before the planned February 21 launch. An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark and quickly grew out of control, fed by the spacecraft's atmosphere of pure oxygen at greater than one standard atmosphere. Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the
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2811:"A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment."
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1299:, which was a research-only rocket. This meant that von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle. On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of reentry vehicle technology.
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2944:) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968. The first Saturn V flight was an unqualified success, and although the second suffered some non-catastrophic engine failures, it was considered a partial success and the launcher achieved human rating qualification. Apollo 1's mission to check out the Apollo Command and Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom's backup crew on
1862:, mounted on its launch vehicle's third stage, with the nose cone in place concealing the spherical capsule. A tail section with eight fins was added in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers. This also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary. The Soviets finally revealed the true appearance of their Vostok capsule at the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition.
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3615:(ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz-to-Soyuz as well as Soyuz-to-Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the
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1317:(660 lb) would be composed of scientific instruments that would photograph the Earth, take readings on radiation levels, and check on the planet's magnetic field. However, things were not going along well with the design and manufacturing of the satellite, so in February 1957, Korolev sought and received permission from the Council of Ministers to build a
2181:... I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space, and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.
3457:. Each one weighed between 18,500 and 19,824 kilograms (40,786 and 43,704 lb), was 20 meters (66 ft) long by 4 meters (13 ft) in diameter, and had a habitable volume of 99 cubic meters (3,500 cu ft). All of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, but three of them were covers for military
3059:, was launched. It encountered difficulties in Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds.
1508:: "While we devote our industrial and technological power to producing new model automobiles and more gadgets, the Soviet Union is conquering space. ... It is Russia, not the United States, who has had the imagination to hitch its wagon to the stars and the skill to reach for the moon and all but grasp it. America is worried. It should be."
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satellites does indicate, however, that the USSR has perfected an ICBM which they can put on any desired target with accuracy." In reality, the launch weight of the Soviet rocket was 267 metric tons with an initial thrust of 410 tons with one and a half stages. The CIA's misjudgement was caused by extrapolating the parameters of the US
1853:, forcing them to keep the details and true appearance secret until after the Vostok program was over. The craft consisted of a spherical descent module with a mass of 2.46 tonnes (5,400 lb) and a diameter of 2.3 meters (7.5 ft), with a cylindrical inner cabin housing the cosmonaut, instruments, and escape system; and a
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administrator James E. Webb submitted a budget request to fund a Moon landing before 1970, Kennedy rejected it because it was simply too expensive. Some were surprised by
Kennedy's eventual support of NASA and the space program because of how often he had attacked the Eisenhower administration's inefficiency during the election.
1475:, such as, among other things, the rigorous weight saving, the control of the residual fuel quantities and a reduced thrust to weight relation of 1.4 instead of usual factor 2. The CIA had heard about such details already in January 1954 when it interrogated Göttrup after his return from the USSR but did not take him seriously.
2178:... Recognizing the head start obtained by the Soviets with their large rocket engines, which gives them many months of lead-time, and recognizing the likelihood that they will exploit this lead for some time to come in still more impressive successes, we nevertheless are required to make new efforts on our own.
1885:, roughly translated from Russian and Greek as "sailor of the universe". Gagarin's capsule was flown in automatic mode, since doctors did not know what would happen to a human in the weightlessness of space; but Gagarin was given an envelope containing the code that would unlock manual control in an emergency.
2429:
improvements in the Soviet spacecraft's environmental systems; rather this was because the craft's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits. Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization. This was not repeated until the US
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1061:. This left the United States as the only one of the major three World War II powers not to have its own rocket program, until Von Braun and his engineers were expatriated from Nazi Germany in 1945. The US acquired a large number of V-2 rockets and recruited von Braun and most of his engineering team in
3210:
3818:
Before that landing , there was an enormous amount of investment in the robotic exploration of the Moon, both by the
Soviets and the US, in terms of all sorts of smaller benchmarks like the first lunar impact, the first pictures of the far side of the Moon, the first soft lunar landing, and the first
2960:
took control. He got within 40 meters (130 ft) of his target, but was unable to dock before expending 90 percent of his maneuvering fuel, due to a piloting error that put his spacecraft into the wrong orientation and forced Soyuz 2 to automatically turn away from his approaching craft. The first
2738:
rocket. Following
Khrushchev's ouster from power, Chelomey lost his support in the Soviet government, and his proposal didn't receive any funding. Additionally, in August 1965, due to Korolev's opposition, work on the LK-1 was suspended, and later stopped completely. As a replacement, the circumlunar
1857:
instrument module with a mass of 2.27 tonnes (5,000 lb), 2.25 meters (7.4 ft) long and 2.43 meters (8.0 ft) in diameter, containing the engine system and propellant. After reentry, the cosmonaut would eject at about 7,000 meters (23,000 ft) over the USSR and descend via parachute,
4276:
Most observers felt that the U.S. moon landing ended the space race with a decisive
American victory. The formal end of the space race occurred with the 1975 joint Apollo-Soyuz mission, in which U.S. and Soviet spacecraft docked, or joined, in orbit while their crews visited one another's craft and
3444:
Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3 and then launched a series of six successful space stations (plus two failures to achieve orbit and one station rendered uninhabitable
3293:
Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the
Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was
1410:
in
Washington D.C., with a paper titled "Satellite Over the Planet", on October 6, 1957. Korolev anticipated that von Braun might launch a Jupiter-C with a satellite payload on or around October 4 or 5, in conjunction with the paper. He hastened the launch, moving it to October 4. The launch vehicle
6650:
Finally, in a field where the United States and the Soviet Union have a special capacityâin the field of spaceâthere is room for new cooperation, for further joint efforts in the regulation and exploration of space. I include among these possibilities a joint expedition to the moon. Space offers no
3409:
had a better sense of the declining political support in
Congress for new Apollo-style programs, which had disappeared with the achievement of the landing, and he intended to pursue détente with the USSR and China, which he hoped might ease Cold War tensions. He cut the spending proposal he sent to
3355:
NASA had ambitious follow-on human spaceflight plans as it reached its lunar goal but soon discovered it had expended most of its political capital to do so. A victim of its own success, Apollo had achieved its first landing goal with enough spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for a total of ten
2919:
impacted the ground 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Karabutak, exploding into a ball of flames. The official autopsy states Komarov died of blunt force trauma on impact, and that the subsequent heat mutilation of his corpse was a result of the explosive impact. Fixing the spacecraft's faults caused
2762:
On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly in December 1962, which not only urged member nations
2428:
became the first spaceflight with a three-person crew on October 12, 1964. The USSR touted another "technological achievement" during this mission: it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt-sleeve-environment. However, flying without spacesuits was not due to safety
2021:
on the blunt end. Base diameter at the blunt end was 6.0 feet (1.8 m) and length was 10.8 feet (3.3 m); with the launch escape system added, the overall length was 25.9 feet (7.9 m). With 100 cubic feet (2.8 m) of habitable volume, the capsule was just large enough for a single
1519:
in Florida. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik, and Dudnik. In the United Nations, the Soviet delegate offered the US representative aid "under the
1291:, and they used the 1957â58 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law. Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a "warmonger" if he were to use military missiles as launchers. Therefore, he selected the untried
1286:
Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi) might be seen as violating that nation's airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory
3271:
The first step was witnessed on live television by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20
3041:
During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and
2272:
to develop a Moon flyby program with a projected first flight by the end of 1966, and directed Korolev to develop the Moon landing program with a first flight by the end of 1967. In September 1965, Chelomei's flyby program was assigned to Korolev, who redesigned the cislunar mission to use his own
1866:
3284:
was asked to use his goodwill contacts in the Soviet Union to prevent any collision. Subsequently, in one of the first instances of SovietâAmerican space communication the Soviet Union released Luna 15's flight plan to ensure it would not collide with Apollo 11, although its exact mission was not
2914:
began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely, resulting in the craft spinning wildly. Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system, which was only partially effective. The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day. During the emergency re-entry, a fault in the
2861:
hatch cover against the internal pressure. The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft, and procedural failings, including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure-oxygen atmosphere, as well as inadequate safety procedures. All these flaws had to be corrected over the
2490:
Though delayed a year to reach its first flight, Gemini was able to take advantage of the USSR's two-year hiatus after Voskhod, which enabled the US to catch up and surpass the previous Soviet superiority in piloted spaceflight. Gemini had ten crewed missions between March 1965 and November 1966:
2317:
on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture, and decided to accept Kennedy's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world's two superpowers, but
2305:, that the United States and the Soviet Union join forces in an effort to reach the Moon. Kennedy thus changed his mind regarding the desirability of the space race, preferring instead to ease tensions with the Soviet Union by cooperating on projects such as a joint lunar landing. Soviet Premier
1430:
s radio transmitters, indicating that it was on its way to completing its first orbit. About 95 minutes after launch, the satellite flew over its launch site, and its radio signals were picked up by the engineers and military personnel at Tyura-Tam: that's when Korolev and his team celebrated the
1239:
between countries, and also to create a mysterious barrier between the space program and the Soviet populace. The program's nature embodied ambiguous messages concerning its goals, successes, and values. The program itself was so secret that a regular Soviet citizen could never achieve a concrete
3289:
before Apollo 11 would return. As Luna 15 descended just two hours before Apollo 11's launch and impacted at 15:50 UTC some hundred kilometers away from Apollo 11, British astronomers monitoring Luna 15 recorded the situation, with one commenting:âI say, this has really been drama of the highest
3101:
Unknown to the Americans, the Soviet Moon program was in deep trouble. After two successive launch failures of the N1 rocket in 1969, Soviet plans for a piloted landing suffered delay. The launch pad explosion of the N-1 on July 3, 1969, was a significant setback. The rocket hit the pad after an
2807:
declares that "the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty", and "States Parties shall bear international responsibility for national
1764:
on November 3, 1957, for an intended ten-day flight. They did not yet have the technology to return Laika safely to Earth, and the government reported Laika died when the oxygen ran out, but in October 2002 her true cause of death was reported as stress and overheating on the fourth orbit due to
1458:
estimated the launch weight at 500 metric tons requiring an initial thrust of more than 1,000 tons and supposed the use of a three-stage rocket. In a secret report, it concluded that âłthe launching of two earth satellites must have been a stupendous scientific achievement. ... Launching of these
1271:
as 'a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma' and nothing signified this more than the search for the truth behind its space program during the Cold War. Although the Space Race was literally played out above our heads, it was often obscured by a figurative 'space curtain' that took much
2467:
and a small cadre of high-ranking Communist Party officials deposed Khrushchev as Soviet government leader a day after Voskhod 1 landed, in what was called the "Wednesday conspiracy". The new political leaders, along with Korolev, ended the technologically troublesome Voskhod program, canceling
995:
with the requirement for a missile with a launch mass of 170 to 200 tons, range of 8,500 km and carrying a 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) nuclear warhead, powerful enough to launch a nuclear warhead against the United States. In late 1953 the warhead's mass was increased to 5.5 to 6 tons to
3074:
became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space, on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go to another celestial body, entering lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in
2149:
on May 15, 1963, 22 orbits (32.4 hours), the maximum capability of the spacecraft. NASA at first intended to launch one more mission, extending the spacecraft's endurance to three days, but since this would not beat the Soviet record, it was decided instead to concentrate on developing Project
2589:
Most of the novice pilots on the early missions would command the later missions. In this way, Project Gemini built up spaceflight experience for the pool of astronauts for the Apollo lunar missions. With the completion of Gemini, the US had demonstrated all the technologies necessary to make
3098:, conducted a "dress rehearsal" for the first landing in May 1969, flying the LM in lunar orbit as close as 47,400 feet (14.4 km) above the surface, the point where the powered descent to the surface would begin. With the LM proven to work well, the next step was to attempt the landing.
1316:
as his primary satellite. It was given the designation 'D', to distinguish it from other R-7 payload designations 'A', 'B', 'V', and 'G' which were nuclear weapon payloads. Object D dwarfed the proposed US satellites, having a weight of 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb), of which 300 kilograms
5373:
Towards the end of the war the general opinion was that a starting acceleration of 2 g was optimal. We have carried out detailed studies on this point, taking into account the increase in engine weights and the weights of the components used to transmit thrust. It turned out that a starting
2220:
the opportunity to catch up. The two major options at the time were either the establishment of an Earth orbital space station or a crewed landing on the Moon. Johnson, in turn, consulted with von Braun, who answered Kennedy's questions based on his estimates of US and Soviet rocket lifting
2204:
of MIT, who served as a science advisor to presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, and himself an opponent of sending humans into space, remarked, "If Kennedy could have opted out of a big space program without hurting the country in his judgment, he would have." As late as March 1961, when NASA
3054:
on board and returned safely to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were
6057:», ĐČ ŃДЎ. ЀДЎДŃĐ°Đ»ŃĐœĐŸĐłĐŸ Đ·Đ°ĐșĐŸĐœĐ° â59-Đ€Đ ĐŸŃ 10 Đ°ĐżŃĐ”Đ»Ń 2009 Đł «РĐČĐœĐ”ŃĐ”ĐœĐžĐž ĐžĐ·ĐŒĐ”ĐœĐ”ĐœĐžŃ ĐČ ŃŃĐ°ŃŃŃ 1.1 ŃДЎДŃĐ°Đ»ŃĐœĐŸĐłĐŸ Đ·Đ°ĐșĐŸĐœĐ° "Đ ĐŽĐœŃŃ
ĐČĐŸĐžĐœŃĐșĐŸĐč ŃлаĐČŃ Đž ĐżĐ°ĐŒŃŃĐœŃŃ
ĐŽĐ°ŃĐ°Ń
Đ ĐŸŃŃОО"». ĐŃŃŃпОл ĐČ ŃĐžĐ»Ń ŃĐŸ ĐŽĐœŃ ĐŸŃĐžŃОалŃĐœĐŸĐłĐŸ ĐŸĐżŃблОĐșĐŸĐČĐ°ĐœĐžŃ. ĐĐżŃблОĐșĐŸĐČĐ°Đœ: "Đ ĐŸŃŃĐžĐčŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐĐ°Đ·Đ”ŃĐ°", No. 52, 15 ĐŒĐ°ŃŃĐ° 1995 Đł.
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engines and a fuel tank in its payload bay, allowing it to make its own atmospheric test flights, which began in November 1985. Also unlike the US Shuttle, it could be flown pilotlessly and landed automatically. Energia-Buran made only one orbital test flight in November 1988, but US
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for young readers. He described a two-person interplanetary spaceship of the future and the industrial and technological processes required to create it. He ended the short article with a clear forecast of the future: "We do not have long to wait. We can assume that the bold dream of
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on June 16, 1963, as (possibly) a medical experiment. She was the only one to fly of a small group of female parachutist factory workers (unlike the male cosmonauts who were military test pilots), chosen by the head of cosmonaut training because he read a tabloid article about the
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facilities. The Americans' announced plans for Gemini represented major advances over the Mercury and Vostok capsules, and Korolev felt the need to try to beat the Americans to many of these innovations. He had already begun designing the Vostok's replacement, the next-generation
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was a metallic sphere that would be a much lighter craft, weighing 83.8 kilograms (185 lb) and having a 58-centimeter (23 in) diameter. The satellite would not contain the complex instrumentation that Object D had, but had two radio transmitters operating on different
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A Soviet youth magazine in 1951 is often credited with sparking public interest in space travel. Quickly picked up by US magazines, the idea of extending the Cold War playing board to outer space soon energized the imaginations of politicians, military leaders, and the private
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when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred.
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astronaut. The first suborbital spacecraft weighed 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg); the heaviest, Mercury-Atlas 9, weighed 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) fully loaded. On reentry, the astronaut would stay in the craft through splashdown by parachute in the Atlantic Ocean.
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AAP planners decided the Earth orbital workshop could be accomplished more efficiently by prefabricating it on the ground and launching it with a single Saturn V, which immediately eliminated Apollo 20. Budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well.
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The public's reaction in the Soviet Union was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about the lunar landing, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it any attention, and another portion was angered by it.
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capability. Based on this, Johnson responded to Kennedy, concluding that much more was needed to reach a position of leadership, and recommending that the crewed Moon landing was far enough in the future that the US had a fighting chance to achieve it first.
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Public interest in space travel originated in the 1951 publication of a Soviet youth magazine and was promptly picked up by US magazines. The competition began on July 30, 1955, when the United States announced its intent to launch artificial
3810:, the space race is generally regarded as a "decisive American victory" after Apollo 11. However, according to historian Jennifer Frost, "f we define the 'space race' as spaceflight capability, the Soviets won it hands down". Space historian
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on November 29, 1961, into what was supposed to be a three-orbit flight. However, the mission was aborted after two orbits due to capsule overheating, and a malfunctioning "avoidance conditioning" test subjecting him to 76 electrical shocks.
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Korolev received word about von Braun's 1956 Jupiter-C test and, mistakenly thinking it was a satellite mission that failed, expedited plans to get his own satellite in orbit. Since the R-7 was substantially more powerful than any of the US
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baited the Soviets with disinformation about the heat shield design, and it was not reusable for repeated flight. Buran was the largest and most expensive Soviet program in the history of the Space Race, and was effectively canceled by the
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to "extend the rules of international law to outer space," but to also cooperate in its exploration. Following the passing of this resolution, Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American and Soviet space program.
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exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes, and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military maneuvers, or establishing military bases, installations, and
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names were not released until they flew. Mission details were sparse. Outside observers did not know the size or shape of their rockets or cabins or most of their spaceships, except for the first Sputniks, lunar probes, and Venus probe.
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was launched on October 26, 1968. The goal was to complete Komarov's rendezvous and docking mission with the un-piloted Soyuz 2. Ground controllers brought the two craft to within 200 meters (660 ft) of each other, then cosmonaut
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On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by
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The N1/L3 launch vehicle had three stages to Earth orbit, a fourth stage for Earth departure, and a fifth stage for lunar landing assist. The combined space vehicle was roughly the same height and takeoff mass as the three-stage US
2676:) The circumlunar flights were planned to occur in 1967, and the landings to start in 1968, intending to land a person on the Moon before the Apollo flights. Both of the bureaus submitted their projects for a crewed lunar landing.
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with an extended frame and a new engine designed by Glushko, which entered service in November, 1951, with a range of 600 kilometres (370 mi), twice that of the R-1. This was followed in 1951 with the development of the
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spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy awarded Glenn with the
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was launched on March 2, 1968, and successfully made a circumlunar flight, but encountered problems with its Earth reentry on March 9, and was ordered destroyed by an explosive charge 15,000 meters (49,000 ft) over the
3021:. The Soviet official announcement said that Zond 4 was an automated test flight which ended with its intentional destruction, due to its recovery trajectory positioning it over the Atlantic Ocean instead of over the USSR.
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landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail, and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute, causing descent speed to reach as high as 40 m/s (140 km/h; 89 mph). Shortly thereafter,
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2801:, "not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means". However, the State that launches a space object retains jurisdiction and control over that object;
878:, who had begun studying solid and liquid-fueled rockets in 1894, and obtained a patent in 1915 for "self-propelled aerial and water-surface mines. The first test-firing of a solid fuel rocket was carried out in 1928.
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Focused by the commitment to a Moon landing, in January 1962 the US announced Project Gemini, a two-person spacecraft that would support the later three-person Apollo by developing the key spaceflight technologies of
2948:, launched on October 11, 1968. The eleven-day mission was a total success, as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission, paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule.
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allowed the Soviet space program to beat the Gemini program in achieving the first spaceflight with a multi-person crew, and the first "spacewalk". Gemini took a year longer than planned to make its first flight, so
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to raise the stakes on May 25, 1961, by asking the US Congress to commit to the goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" before the end of the decade. Both countries began developing
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while the capsule would land separately, because the descent module made an extremely rough landing that could have left a cosmonaut seriously injured. The "Vostok spaceship" was first displayed at the July 1961
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Soon after the end of World War II, the two former allies became engaged in a state of political conflict and military tension known as the Cold War (1947â1991), which polarized Europe between the Soviet Union's
6457:, Memorandum for the President, "National Aeronautics and Space Administration Budget Problem", March 22, 1961, NASA Historical Reference Collection; U.S. Congress, House, Committee of Science and Astronautics,
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Korolev's design bureau produced two prospectuses for circumlunar spaceflight (March 1962 and May 1963), the main spacecraft for which were early versions of his Soyuz design. At the same time, another bureau,
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Gemini 8 experienced the first in-space mission abort on March 17, 1966, just after achieving the world's first docking, when a stuck or shorted thruster sent the craft into an uncontrolled spin. Command pilot
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minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Collins in
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Kennedy ultimately decided to pursue what became the Apollo program, and on May 25 took the opportunity to ask for Congressional support in a Cold War speech titled "Special Message on Urgent National Needs".
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It was generally held up to now that the ratio thrust/take-off weights should be approximately two. discovered ⊠that values as low as 1.2 for this ratio could give optimum results under certain conditions.
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derivative uncrewed cargo craft as shuttles to the ISS. After the 2011 retirement of the Space Shuttle, American crews were dependent on the R-7âSoyuz to reach the ISS, until the 2020 first flight of the US
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Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the
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He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his
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In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be used to launch objects into space, the stage was set for nationalistic competition. On July 29, 1955,
3778:) assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996. At 129,700 kilograms (285,900 lb), it held records for the largest spacecraft and the longest continuous human presence in space at 3,644 days, until the
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The USSR continued trying to develop its N1 rocket, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972, finally canceling it in May 1974, without achieving a single successful uncrewed test flight.
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in Earth and lunar orbit, perhaps a base on the lunar surface, and the first human flight to Mars as early as 1986 or as late as 2000. These would be serviced by an infrastructure of a reusable
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into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight in late 1968. In September 1968,
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was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent crewed missions repaired the station, and the third and final mission's crew,
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for PS-1 was a modified R-7 â vehicle 8K71PS number M1-PS â without much of the test equipment and radio gear that was present in the previous launches. It arrived at the Soviet missile base
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caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters (590 ft) to correct a slight downrange guidance error, and set the
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Khrushchev responded to Kennedy's challenge with silence, refusing to publicly confirm or deny the Soviets were pursuing a "Moon race". As later disclosed, the Soviet Union secretly pursued
1769:, a senior Soviet scientist involved in the project, stated "The more time passes, the more I'm sorry about it. We did not learn enough from the mission to justify the death of the dog...".
1559:, is a doughnut-shaped zone of high-level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of
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Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
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1186:'s press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of the US contribution to the
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was launched with the intention of orbiting the Moon only to result in a partial mission success when it reached an apogee of 113,800 km before falling back to Earth. The missions of
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2743:"Zond", while still retaining the Proton UR-500 booster. In order to fit two crewmembers, the Zond had to omit the Soyuz orbital module, sacrificing equipment for habitable cabin volume.
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to bomb the Allies in the war. After the war, both the US and USSR acquired custody of German rocket development assets which they used to leverage the development of their own missiles.
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1563:. The satellite measured three phenomena: cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no
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in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V-2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the
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engine shutdown, destroying itself and the launch facility. Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR could not send a large enough payload to the Moon to land a human and return him safely.
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These are extraordinary times. And we face an extraordinary challenge. Our strength, as well as our convictions, have imposed upon this nation the role of leader in freedom's cause.
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806:" in the US television with an audience of about 40 million people eventually fired the public enthusiasm for space travel and raised government interest, both in the US and USSR.
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in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official "Commemorative Dates of Russia." In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the
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After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the assets of the USSR's space program passed mainly to Russia. Since then, the United States and Russia have cooperated in space with the
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related to the project. A-4s were assembled and studied and the experience derived from assembling and launching A4 rockets was directly applied to the Soviet copy, called the
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As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued
2281:. After Korolev's death in January 1966, another government decree of February 1967 moved the first crewed flyby to mid-1967, and the first crewed landing to the end of 1968.
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It wasn't just a cut-and-dried decision as to who should make the first steps on the Moon. If I had to select on that basis, my first choice would have been Gus, which both
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Space Shuttle (US) docked to Mir (USSR/Russia) (1995), both products of the ending competition, joined in the Shuttle-Mir program (1993â1998) which facilitated the ongoing
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The Soviet success raised a great deal of concern in the United States. For example, economist Bernard Baruch wrote in an open letter titled "The Lessons of Defeat" to the
708:(ASTP), resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew and joint development of an international docking standard
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1601:(NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, appointed by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs.
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Mission elapsed time (MET) from when Armstrong states that he will step off the LM at 109hrs:24mins:13secs to when Armstrong was back inside the LM at 111hrs:38mins:38sec
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Remark: The designations R-12 und R-14 are related to the internal project names (also known as G-2 und G-4), not to the rockets installed during the Cuban Missile Crisis
3146:, just half a year after the first crewed flight to the Moon. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP)
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ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers (391 nmi) on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the 806-pound (366 kg) Block III
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it due to the safety concern. Originally, more than 150 flights over a 15-year operation were expected; actually, the Shuttle made 135 flights in its 30-year lifespan.
1000:. On the 21 August 1957 the R-7 flew 6,000 km (3,700 mi), and became the worlds's first intercontinental ballistic missile. Two months later the R-7 launched
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665:. The conclusion of Apollo 11 is regarded by many as ending the Space Race with an American victory. This view is contested by some historians, whilst space historian
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Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies: Status of the Treaty
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Gemini 10, 11, and 12 used the ATV's engine to make large changes in its orbit while docked. Gemini 11 used the Agena's rocket to achieve a crewed Earth orbit record
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661:, which was large enough to send a three-person orbiter and two-person lander to the Moon. Kennedy's Moon landing goal was achieved in July 1969, with the flight of
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1925:" group of women wanting to become astronauts, and got the mistaken idea that NASA was actually entertaining this. Five months after her flight, Tereshkova married
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On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's
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began a policy of treating development of its space program as top-secret. When the Sputnik project was first approved, one of the immediate courses of action the
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successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were
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warhead. The R-5 entered service in 1955. Scientific versions of the R-1, R-2 and R-5 undertook various experiments between 1949 and 1958, including flights with
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lunar orbit. We forget, but in those little races, the Soviet Union dominated almost every benchmark, but it is forgotten as the United States won the big one.
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Meanwhile, Korolev had planned further long-term missions for the Vostok spacecraft, and had four Vostoks in various stages of fabrication in late 1963 at his
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firing. After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the
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lunar landing in December 1972; the two unused Saturn Vs were used as outdoor visitor displays and allowed to deteriorate due to the effects of weathering.
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image of it, but rather a superficial picture of its history, present activities, or future endeavors. Launchings were not announced until they took place.
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spent over five hours working comfortably during three (EVA) sessions, finally proving that humans could perform productive tasks outside their spacecraft.
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Roger D. Launius and Howard E. McCurdy, eds, Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 56.
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2902:, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted
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rocket. The Soviet government rejected Korolev's proposals, opting to support Chelomey's project, who gained favor with Khrushchev by employing his son.
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for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously. In March 1958 a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments.
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to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth. Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific Ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery.
2006:, who started research for human spaceflight during the time of the NACA. It consisted of a conical capsule with a cylindrical pack of three solid-fuel
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had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970 due to an in-flight spacecraft failure but returned its crew safely to Earth. The Apollo program made its
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Officially, the Soviet lunar program was established on August 3, 1964, with the adoption of Soviet Communist Party Central Committee Command 655-268 (
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3276:. But before they return ascended the Space Race came to a particular culmination. Few days before Apollo 11 left Earth the Soviet Union launched the
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with the ATV was achieved on Gemini 8, 10, 11, and 12. Gemini 11 achieved the first direct-ascent rendezvous with its Agena target on the first orbit.
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Gagarin's flight changed this; now Kennedy sensed the humiliation and fear on the part of the American public over the Soviet lead. Additionally, the
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Congress to include funding for only the Space Shuttle, with perhaps an option to pursue the Earth orbital space station for the foreseeable future.
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developed, patented, and flew small liquid-propellant rockets as early as 1914, he became a recluse when his ideas were ridiculed by an editorial in
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was 30.66 pounds (13.91 kg) in mass. The payload of Explorer 1 weighed 18.35 pounds (8.32 kg). It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a
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4158:(Motion picture (excerpt)). Boston, MA: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Accession Number: TNC:200; Digital Identifier: TNC-200-2
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in June 1983. NASA included women mission specialists in the next four astronaut candidate classes, and admitted female pilots starting in 1990.
1999:, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unpiloted, then carry a non-human primate, then finally humans.
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declares that the exploration of outer space shall be done to benefit all countries and shall be free for exploration and use by all the States;
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Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
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Eisenhower ordered project Vanguard to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957
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on August 13 in New York City and Chicago, attended by an estimated six million. That evening in Los Angeles they were honored at an official
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On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission, Command Pilot
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frequencies, the ability to detect if a meteoroid were to penetrate its pressure hull, and the ability to detect the density of the Earth's
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When the valve opened at a height of 168 kilometers, the gradual but steady loss of pressure was fatal to the crew within about 30 seconds.
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Gemini 5 demonstrated eight-day endurance, long enough for a round trip to the Moon. Gemini 7 demonstrated a fourteen-day endurance flight.
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stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979.
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2460:; and the instrument compartment's failure to detach from the descent apparatus caused the spacecraft to become unstable during reentry.
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3685:, beginning in 1974. They copied the aerodynamic design of NASA's Shuttle orbiter, which they strapped to the side of their expendable,
980:, the Soviet Union's first real strategic missile, with a range of 1,200 km (750 mi) and capable of carrying a 1 megaton (mt)
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The Soviets mistook the Shuttle as a military surveillance vehicle and decided they had to develop their own shuttle, which they named
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publicized. But as Apollo 11 was wrapping up surface activities, the Soviet mission command hastened Luna 15 and attempted its robotic
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on September 16, 1969. This began a 38-day world tour to 22 foreign countries and included visits with the leaders of many countries.
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The US and the USSR sent animals into space to determine the safety of the environment before sending the first humans. The USSR used
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next twenty-two months until the first piloted flight could be made. Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of
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with Gemini 7 for three consecutive orbits at distances as close as 1 foot (0.30 m). Gemini 9A also achieved rendezvous with an
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with its weight of more than 500 kg proved that the USSR had achieved a leading advantage in rocket technology. The dumbfounded
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Korolev was buoyed by the first successful launches of the R-7 rocket in August and September, which paved the way for the launch of
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The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module named
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missions. It was the first-ever docking of two crewed spacecraft, and the first transfer of crew from one space vehicle to another.
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acceleration of a considerably smaller value can be optimal. One of our projects was designed for a starting acceleration of 1.4 g.
1967:, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency's
1745:, a rhesus monkey launched by the US on a sub-orbital flight on June 14, 1949, who died on landing due to a parachute malfunction.
1221:
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told international reporters at the Soviet embassy of his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the "near future".
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rocket family at Cape Canaveral. By 1957, a descendant of the Air Force MX-774 received top-priority funding. and evolved into the
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5371:]. Raketentechnik und Raumfahrtforschung (in German). Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂŒr Raketentechnik und Raumfahrt. pp. 58â62.
2906:, but the mission was plagued with problems. Early on, Komarov's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two
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Each of the United States armed services had its own ICBM development program. The Air Force began ICBM research in 1945 with the
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Papers of John F. Kennedy. Presidential Papers. National Security Files. Subjects. Space activities: US/USSR cooperation, 1961â96
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probe, entering lunar orbit just before Apollo 11 and eventually sharing it with Apollo 11. Aware of Luna 15, Apollo 8 astronaut
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predicted that the US would catch up to and pass the USSR in space; "never doubt for a moment that America would be successful".
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1467:). In part, the favourable data of the Soviet launcher was based on concepts proposed by the German rocket scientists headed by
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for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the
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explicitly forbids any government from claiming a celestial resource such as the Moon or a planet, claiming that they are the
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completed with 161 days to spare. With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.
1406:. Word came that the US was planning to announce a major breakthrough at an International Geophysical Year conference at the
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at his expense. Eisenhower and his advisors were of the opinion that a nation's airspace sovereignty did not extend past the
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Korolev modified the one-person Vostok capsule into carrying three people, or two plus an airlock for spacewalk capability.
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On March 18, 1965, about a week before the first piloted Project Gemini space flight, the USSR launched the two-cosmonaut
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on April 12, 1961. These were followed by a string of other early firsts achieved by the Soviets over the next few years.
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2052:. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's
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712:. Being considered as the final act of the Space Race, the competition was only gradually replaced with cooperation. The
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1093:, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team developed the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the
30:
This article is about the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. For various space races, see
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6913:"Russian Floats in Space for 10 Minutes; Leaves Orbiting Craft With a Lifeline; Moscow Says Moon Trip Is 'Target Now'"
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The US and USSR began discussions on the peaceful uses of space as early as 1958, presenting issues for debate to the
1612:, which when mature gave the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA.
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On Amending Article 1.1 of the Federal Law "On the Days of Military Glory and the Commemorative Dates in Russia"
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mission in December 1974 to test modifications of the Soyuz atmosphere and the docking adapter to prepare for ASTP.
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was able to shut off the stuck thruster and stop the spin by using the re-entry control system. He and his crewmate
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changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson.
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in its two upper stages, and carried a 48.6-tonne (107,000 lb) payload to the Moon, enough for a three-person
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crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The
2707:-Saturn V and exceeded its takeoff thrust by 28% (45,400 kN vs. 33,000 kN), but had only about half the
1971:
and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. The Mercury spacecraft was designed by the STG's chief engineer
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8132:"The Moon Landing through Soviet Eyes: A Q&A with Sergei Khrushchev, son of former premier Nikita Khrushchev"
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flew in 1968; the command module cabin was designed to transport three astronauts in a low pressure, pure oxygen
2302:
1996:
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and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data.
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rocket developed at the same time (launch weight 82 tons, initial thrust 135 tones, maximum payload of 70 kg for
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lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-duration missions and transporting the landing crews in
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Kennedy's goal of landing a man on the Moon, with the exception of developing a large enough launch vehicle.
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In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. The
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1321:(PS-1), or simple satellite. The council also decreed that Object D be postponed until April 1958. The new
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8546:. Washington: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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initially rejected Kennedy's proposal. However, on October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son
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in 1991, due to lack of funding. The Energia was also canceled at the same time, after only two flights.
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3109:, and attempted to land on the Moon robotically in early 1969, but failed to launch and land Lunokhod 0.
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The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire, fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the
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and became part of the symbolism and ideology of the time. The Space Race brought pioneering launches of
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35:
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Stone, Oliver and Peter Kuznick, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), p. 320
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The Soviet Union also fixed the parachute and control problems with Soyuz, and the next piloted mission
1035:
variants. Several versions are still in use and it has become the world's most reliable space launcher.
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programs. The technological advantage demonstrated by spaceflight achievement was seen as necessary for
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The American Lunar Module was finally ready for a successful piloted test flight in low Earth orbit on
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431:
42:
17:
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3309:, and ambassadors from 83 nations. The President and Vice president presented each astronaut with the
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transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon. On November 10, 1968, another automated test flight,
870:
The first Soviet development of artillery rockets was in 1921 when the Soviet military sanctioned the
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In 1967, both nations' space programs faced serious challenges that brought them to temporary halts.
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5785:"The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946-1952"
5026:
Koman, Rita G. (January 1, 1994). "Man on the Moon: The U.S. Space Program as a Cold War Maneuver".
3543:
were second-generation stations designed for long duration, and were occupied for 683 and 816 days.
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Preliminary Report, COSPAR Twelfth Plenary Meeting and Tenth International Space Science Symposium
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5965:. Lafayette, Louisiana. Associated Press. November 29, 1961. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
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The USSR turned its space program to the development of the low Earth orbit modular space station
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8060:. Baltimore, Maryland. Associated Press. August 14, 1969. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
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Both the Apollo 11 Moon landing and the ASTP have been identified as the end of the Space Race,
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2562:(EVA) was perfected through increasing practice on Gemini 4, 9A, 10, 11, and 12. On Gemini 12,
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Some cooperation in robotic space exploration nevertheless did take place, such as a combined
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to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the
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which impacted on July 31, 1964. Ranger had three successful impactors out of nine attempts.
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The Soyuz 11 crew with the Salyut station in the background, in a Soviet commemorative stamp
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launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The 730-pound (330 kg)
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Wernher von Braun became the United States' lead rocket engineer during the 1950s and 1960s.
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Although Germans, Americans and Soviets experimented with small liquid-fuel rockets before
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These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 2 July 2005
8119:. Logan, Ohio. Associated Press. September 29, 1969. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
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The Soviet space program's use of secrecy served as both a tool to prevent the leaking of
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7198:. International Network of Engineers and Scientists Against Proliferation. Archived from
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5808:"Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960"
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Barnett, Nicholas. '"Russia Wins Space Race": The British Press and the Sputnik Moment',
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3200:). Six hours later, at 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong left the
3083:. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first
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on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut
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The USSR demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and launched two piloted spacecraft,
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successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 7, 1959.
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6053:ĐĐŸŃŃĐŽĐ°ŃŃŃĐČĐ”ĐœĐœĐ°Ń ĐŃĐŒĐ°. ЀДЎДŃĐ°Đ»ŃĐœŃĐč Đ·Đ°ĐșĐŸĐœ â32-Đ€Đ ĐŸŃ 13 ĐŒĐ°ŃŃĐ° 1995 Đł. «
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1959:. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a
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will be realized within the next 10 to 15 years." From March 1952 to April 1954, the US
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Space Race: The Epic Battle Between America and the Soviet Union for Dominance of Space
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Engvold, OddbjĂžrn; Czerny, Bozena; Lattanzio, John; Stabell, Rolf (November 30, 2012).
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space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental entities"; and
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The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named
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successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb)
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s operation continued after the 1991 replacement of the USSR's space program with the
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had, with extensive input from German engineers, outlined a successor to the R-1, the
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8028:"Richard Nixon: Remarks at a Dinner in Los Angeles Honoring the Apollo 11 Astronauts"
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rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite
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6633:"Address before the 18th General Assembly of the United Nations, September 20, 1963"
6085:"UN Resolution A/RES/65/271, The International Day of Human Space Flight (12 April)"
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3721:. NASA did not welcome female astronauts into its corps until 1978, when six female
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9258:. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div
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4322:"Calls For a New Way of Thinking About the Global Space Race - SPACE & DEFENSE"
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Gayn, Mark (October 16, 1964). "Kremlin summit probably greased skids for Mr. K".
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in 1962, President Kennedy proposed on September 20, 1963, in a speech before the
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launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II
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at a Washington, DC news conference after confirmation the satellite was in orbit.
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4383:(Report). US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. July 1985. pp. 80â81
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The Rocket and the Reich: PeenemĂŒnde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
2932:. The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle (
2866:, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, to make the first piloted landing.
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12336:
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12157:
12117:
12087:
11987:
11942:
11042:
10704:
9574:
8428:
The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program: 50 Years After Sputnik, New Frontiers
6796:. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
6392:"President John F. Kennedy Pins NASA Distinguished Service Medal on John Glenn"
5730:
3913:
3734:
3578:
3390:
3135:
3071:
3034:
3024:
3018:
2841:
Charred interior of the Apollo 1 spacecraft after the fire that killed the crew
2773:
2752:
2579:
2477:
2445:
2201:
2159:
2116:. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a
1898:
1846:
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had five successful soft landings out of seven attempts from 1966 to 1968. The
1675:
1621:
1440:
1309:
1161:
1125:
1121:
960:
898:
886:
856:
802:'s plans for crewed spaceflight. In March 1955, Disneyland's animated episode "
678:
630:
574:
393:
9563:
8950:
8932:
Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon
8613:
Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ingnited the Space Race
8543:
Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles
8377:
7134:
Korolev: how one man masterminded the Soviet drive to beat America to the moon
5975:
Animals In Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle, Chris Dubbs and
4815:
3393:. Agnew was an enthusiastic proponent of NASA's follow-up plans for permanent
3374:
upper stage, to be constructed in orbit using several launches of the smaller
1228:
took was to consider what to announce to the world regarding their event. The
26785:
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12428:
12007:
12002:
11957:
11879:
11839:
11588:
9339:
8681:
8270:
6454:
6352:"A New Analysis May Have Just Solved A Decades-Old Mystery Of The Space Race"
6329:
6229:
5784:
5629:
3663:
3574:
3454:
3402:
3394:
2854:
2727:
2449:
2121:
1992:
1960:
1842:
1765:
failure of the air conditioning system. At a Moscow press conference in 1998
1625:
1522:
1013:
972:
967:
on 28 November 1950. By the latter half of 1946, Korolev and rocket engineer
956:
933:
830:
682:
637:, on October 4, 1957. It gained momentum when the USSR sent the first human,
542:
340:
335:
330:
258:
233:
106:
8244:
7356:
5039:
2815:
The treaty remains in force, signed by 107 member states. â As of July 2017
1825:
1423:
received the first distinctive beep ... beep ... beep sounds from
1108:
720:
to end their Cold War competition also in space, by agreeing in 1993 on the
693:. Meanwhile, the US landed five more Apollo crews on the Moon and continued
64:
26619:
24732:
24727:
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24623:
23870:
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16030:
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14454:
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13833:
13821:
13808:
13614:
13441:
12942:
12190:
12040:
11899:
11894:
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11595:
11383:
8986:
8969:
8725:
8635:
7876:
7845:
7644:
7320:
5989:
5875:
5814:. ONR TR ACR-64 (AD0272581). Archived from the original on December 4, 2012
5655:
5338:
4040:
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4016:
4004:
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2037:
2029:
2007:
2003:
1972:
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1004:, the first artificial satellite, into orbit, and became the basis for the
992:
944:
826:
803:
788:
760:
740:
638:
626:
562:
546:
369:
121:
21686:
9499:, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
9250:
8856:
The Rocket Men: Vostok & Voskhod, The First Soviet Manned Spaceflights
8403:
5004:
4907:
4595:
3839:
as their orbital workhorse to launch the Soyuz crewed spacecraft and its
2313:
claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of
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25849:
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12618:
12448:
12433:
12244:
12092:
12060:
11947:
11762:
11667:
11606:
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11507:
10613:
5994:"Declassified documents offer a new perspective on Yuri Gagarin's flight"
4403:
3845:
3570:
3500:
3151:
3033:, as seen from Apollo 8, December 24, 1968 (photograph by astronaut
2985:
2981:
2961:
docking of Soviet spacecraft was finally realized in January 1969 by the
2846:
2740:
2680:
2621:
2583:
2290:
2274:
2086:
2018:
1964:
1691:
1593:, which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the
1460:
1248:
The Soviet military maintained control over the space program; Korolev's
1149:
1145:
964:
937:
674:
590:
570:
550:
294:
146:
102:
75:
9338:
Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966).
6443:
The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest
6272:
6070:, as amended by the Federal Law #59-FZ of April 10, 2009
5871:"The first creature in space was a dog. She died miserably 60 years ago"
5457:
O'Neill, Terry. The Nuclear Age. San Diego: Greenhaven, Inc., 2002.(146)
5047:
2381:, flight durations of sufficient length to go to the Moon and back, and
2099:
became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His
24680:
22508:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
22191:
21783:
19721:
19527:
19348:
19266:
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13366:
13054:
12769:
12458:
12346:
11952:
9565:
John F. Kennedy Moon Speech at Rice Stadium and Apollo 11 Mission Video
7621:. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA.
6729:
6317:
As World Watched. Spaceman Hailed After U.S. Triumph, 1961/05/08 (1961)
6260:
6061:
3726:
3364:(AAP) to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named
3345:
3329:
3263:
3110:
3067:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2096:
2078:
2015:
1922:
1784:
1734:
1539:
1394:
1152:, later served as a nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for
1113:
1082:
977:
963:
overseeing the R-1's development., The R-1 entered into service in the
381:
345:
271:
17527:
12567:
8952:
The Space Shuttle Decision: NASA's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle
8375:
8091:"The Apollo 11 Crew Members Appear Before a Joint Meeting of Congress"
7603:
Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979).
4629:"Greatest World War II Weapons: The Fearsome Katyusha Rocket Launcher"
4569:
3737:
from this class became the first pilot to fly on Space Shuttle flight
3608:
3131:
2597:
Progress in the Space Race, showing the US passing the Soviets in 1965
2345:
was realized afterall, which furthermore laid the foundations for the
1312:, he made sure to take full advantage of this capability by designing
701:
26423:
26411:
26375:
26076:
25641:
25267:
25255:
24236:
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23763:
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21203:
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16976:
16826:
16573:
16546:
16394:
16306:
16166:
16135:
16128:
15925:
15823:
15577:
15136:
14987:
14704:
14585:
14506:
14489:
14209:
14054:
13903:
13876:
13689:
13644:
13553:
13521:
13501:
13493:
12822:
12612:
11187:
11175:
11139:
10840:
10405:
10031:
10019:
9147:
The Race: The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon
9073:(2 ed.). Baltimore: Nautical and Publishing Company of America.
5365:
Aus den Arbeiten des deutschen Raketen-Kollektivs in der Sowjet-Union
3958:
3908:
3883:
3741:
in February 1995, and the first female commander of a spaceflight on
3588:
American Stafford and Russian Leonov shake hands in space aboard the
3445:
due to damage from explosion of the launcher's upper stage) on their
3419:
3415:
3375:
3348:) on the Moon and any extraterrestrial body, in its first successful
3325:
3126:
3095:
3051:
3029:
2891:
2858:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2504:
2441:
2425:
2329:
2131:
The United States launched three more Mercury flights after Glenn's:
2011:
1976:
1947:
1882:
1761:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1451:
1313:
1241:
1225:
1129:
1098:
1001:
951:) rocket production facilities, and also gained the services of some
851:
662:
634:
618:
376:
289:
98:
94:
22491:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
9029:
The link is to the 2004 edition, pages differ, but content the same.
8907:
Epic Rivalry: The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race
6515:"Memo, Wernher von Braun to the Vice President of the United States"
5369:
About the work of the German rocketry collective in the Soviet Union
5217:
4035:
1865:
1128:
launch vehicles were a varied group of ICBMs and the NASA-developed
1043:
874:, a small research laboratory to explore solid fuel rockets, led by
24438:
24402:
24284:
23632:
22417:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
22206:
22130:
21942:
19393:
19343:
17733:
17671:
17443:
17362:
13788:
13629:
13526:
13401:
13220:
13124:
12264:
12122:
11576:
9252:
Challenge to Apollo: the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945â1974
9123:. NASA Reference Publication 1357. Houston TX: NASA. Archived from
8678:
A Man on the Moon: The Triumphant Story of the Apollo Space Program
6067:
On the Days of Military Glory and the Commemorative Dates in Russia
3878:
3753:
3752:, in 1980. She became the first female to fly since Tereshkova, on
3696:
3662:
of a complete, crewed Space Shuttle, consisting of the orbiter, an
3623:
3616:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3518:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3446:
3340:
3091:
3079:
from lunar orbit, which concluded with a reading from the biblical
3043:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2920:
an eighteen-month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume.
2880:
2832:
2776:
on January 27, 1967, and came into force the following October 10.
2617:
2535:
Every mission demonstrated the ability to change the craft's orbit.
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2323:
2133:
1926:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1878:
1877:
into a single, 108-minute orbit around the Earth in a craft called
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1483:
1420:
686:
658:
642:
538:
12908:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
8582:
7374:
6140:
6138:
5524:. Washington, DC.: American Institute of Aeronautics. p. 285.
4023:
2988:
missions in 1968, after six unsuccessful automated test launches:
2244:
Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new
2191:
Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs, May 25, 1961
905:, the first Soviet liquid-fueled rocket in 1933. In 1933 the two
677:
but did not succeed, and eventually canceled it to concentrate on
25906:
25535:
24498:
24308:
23637:
22705:
22140:
22059:
16088:
16078:
15981:
15420:
13734:
13619:
13609:
13558:
13099:
11844:
10670:
10299:
8105:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7410:
6981:
6879:
6582:. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from
3671:
3277:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2916:
2903:
2875:
2145:
1854:
929:
709:
633:", when the USSR achieved the first successful satellite launch,
7663:
7636:
6210:
Nikolaeva-Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna (2015). "Preface".
6064:. Federal Law #32-FZ of March 13, 1995
6011:
6009:
6007:
4808:
Russian Space Probes: Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions
4787:
3324:
The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on
3297:
Armstrong and his crew became worldwide celebrities, feted with
2837:
2804:
holds any State liable for damages caused by their space object;
2337:
in 1969, allowing a more complete drawing of the profile of the
1148:, the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the
24522:
24450:
24414:
24342:
24296:
24260:
24248:
24110:
22876:
22301:
16122:
16053:
15550:
15415:
14950:
14814:
13802:
13604:
13543:
12478:
9534:
9508:
9484:
Scanned letter from Wernher Von Braun to Vice President Johnson
7480:
7478:
7348:
7024:
Apollo to the Moon; To Reach the Moon â Early Human Spaceflight
6957:
6955:
6891:
6889:
6701:
6611:. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). pp. 228â.
6374:
6372:
6135:
6099:
5387:"Development of guided missiles at Bleicherode and Institut 88"
5283:
5281:
5232:
3742:
3738:
3509:
3366:
3056:
3047:
3013:
2731:
2654:
2570:
2334:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1534:
1431:
first successful artificial satellite placed into Earth-orbit.
1137:
690:
14372:
9221:
Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958â2016
8515:"U.S. Human Spaceflight Program Still Strong, NASA Chief Says"
8330:. New York: Orion Books, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc.
8190:
8178:
8079:. Honolulu, Hawaii. UPI. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
7680:
7678:
7407:
7248:"United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space"
6831:
6829:
6827:
6123:
5654:
Bilstein, Roger E. "2. Aerospace Alphabet: ABMA, ARPA, MSFC".
4775:
4659:
4526:
3748:
The USSR admitted its first female test pilot as a cosmonaut,
3142:
Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the
2679:
Korolev's lunar landing program was designated N1/L3, for its
2665:
lunar flyby spacecraft, which would be launched by Chelomey's
1337:
928:, During the 1930s Soviet rocket technology was comparable to
55:
26636:
26522:
24546:
24534:
24426:
24354:
24272:
24098:
23753:
23494:
22593:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
22291:
22028:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
16146:
15919:
15883:
15878:
15669:
14287:
14243:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
13749:
13532:
11611:
11400:
11286:
8378:"The Partnership: A History of the ApolloâSoyuz Test Project"
8267:"The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project"
7567:
7565:
6604:
6074:. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
6004:
5466:
Knapp, Brian. Journey into Space. Danbury: Grolier, 2004.(17)
5251:
5249:
5247:
3730:
3659:
3458:
3406:
3371:
3254:"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
2333:
data analysis under a joint SovietâAmerican working group of
2200:'s support for America's piloted space program was lukewarm.
1873:
On April 12, 1961, the USSR surprised the world by launching
1757:
1249:
598:
7792:
7790:
7475:
7395:
6952:
6886:
6769:"Report on the Activities of the COSPAR Working Group VII".
6704:"United States-Soviet Space Cooperation during the Cold War"
6369:
5436:
5278:
5172:
5170:
5157:
5155:
5153:
4954:
4952:
4609:
4538:
4084:"How Did NASA'S "Vomit Comet" Get Its Name? A Brief History"
2894:
in memory of 14 deceased NASA astronauts and USSR cosmonauts
1529:
On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of
1192:
Sixth Congress of the International Astronautical Federation
1081:
combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from
669:
proposed a more balanced view. The USSR continued to pursue
629:. The competition gained Western public attention with the "
26100:
25842:
25368:
25005:
24558:
24320:
23861:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
22495:
15241:
13827:
13709:
11601:
11545:
10864:
10606:
10132:
9769:
8166:
8154:
7675:
7550:
7526:
7026:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from
6988:
6942:
6940:
6824:
6678:"Soviets Planned to Accept JFK's Joint Lunar Mission Offer"
6284:
6172:
4805:
4683:
3938:
2772:, which was signed by the United States, the USSR, and the
2674:
On Work on the Exploration of the Moon and Mastery of Space
2662:
2419:
Korolev's conversion of his surplus Vostok capsules to the
2266:
On Work on the Exploration of the Moon and Mastery of Space
2217:
1608:, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the
1598:
1264:
602:
594:
9037:
Moonshot: The Inside Story of Mankind's Greatest Adventure
8589:
7726:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7562:
7490:
7115:
7113:
6474:
Wolfe, Tom. The Right Stuff. New York: Picador, 1979.(179)
6296:
6111:
5453:
5451:
5244:
5187:
5185:
4862:
4822:
2074:
1702:
became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its
23523:
22407:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
14831:
14282:
14262:
14257:
7993:
7787:
7614:
Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft
7514:
7333:. New York City: Forge: St. Martin's Press. p. 223.
7175:
6576:"Address at Rice University on the Nation's Space Effort"
6248:
6236:
6214:. Bethesda, MD: SpaceHistory101.com Press. pp. 4â7.
5805:
5313:"Analysis of Soviet Earth Satellite and Launching Device"
5293:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5167:
5150:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4949:
4502:
4132:
4130:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
3766:
3650:
NASA achieved the first approach and landing test of its
3631:
3627:
3507:
The United States launched a single orbital workstation,
2787:
in Earth orbit, on the Moon, or any other celestial body;
2350:
2240:" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at
948:
906:
855:
The Soviet stable of Sputnik, Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz
116:
9337:
8593:
Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon
8005:
7981:
7892:
7813:. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from
7702:
7690:
7538:
7502:
7000:
6937:
6925:
6853:
6841:
6812:
6278:
6266:
5422:. New York City: Chelsea House Publications. p. 4.
5128:
5126:
4671:
2699:), would carry a single cosmonaut to the lunar surface.
2636:
and Soyuz 7K-L3 (Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl) lunar orbiters
1671:
had one partially successful lunar flyby in March 1959.
881:
Further development was carried out in the 1930s by the
704:
followed with the April 1972 agreement on a cooperative
23975:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
23866:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
22486:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
15210:
8804:
Arrows to the Moon: Avro's Engineers and the Space Race
8721:
Hitler's Scientists: Science, War, and the Devil's Pact
7738:
7714:
7577:
7110:
7042:
6548:"Memo, Johnson to Kennedy, Evaluation of Space Program"
5929:. Idaho. Associated Press. February 1, 1961. p. 1.
5448:
5197:
5182:
4426:
2972:
2691:", LOK), with a crew of two. A separate lunar lander ("
1624:
began with three failed secret 1958 attempts to launch
26797:
History of science and technology in the United States
22445:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
9227:. Washington D.C.: NASA History Division. p. xv.
7054:
6872:
Special (October 13, 1964). "Space Troika on Target".
6021:
5261:
5100:
5098:
4964:
4937:
4925:
4550:
4127:
4106:
3344:
In 1970 the Soviet Union landed the first ever rover (
1725:
had five successes out of five attempts in 1966â1967.
1494:, and Wernher von Braun display a full-scale model of
673:
to launch and land on the Moon before the US with its
24738:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
23881:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
9071:
Strategic Air Command: People, Aircraft, and Missiles
9068:
8202:
7602:
7461:"Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures"
6421:. Chichester, UK: Springer Praxis. pp. 385â386.
6417:
Project Mercury â NASA's First Manned Space Programme
5743:
5684:
5672:
5522:
Space Biology and Medicine: Space and Its Exploration
5138:
5123:
5071:
Into the Cosmos: Space Exploration and Soviet Culture
4763:
4695:
4490:
3964:
3113:
succeeded in 1970, being the first successful Soviet
2687:
spacecraft, also known as the lunar orbital module ("
1655:, albeit ending in failure. A subsequent probe named
22535:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
9057:
Pekkanen, Saadia M. "Governing the New Space Race."
7330:
Deke!: U.S. Manned Space from Mercury to the Shuttle
7196:"Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and International Law"
4647:
4514:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4155:
Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs
3725:
were recruited. This first class included scientist
3717:
The first woman in space was from the Soviet Union,
120:
Earth orbital space station; US and Soviet crews of
9497:"America's Space Program: Exploring a New Frontier"
7434:"Soyuz 4 & 5: The First Crew Exchange in Space"
6732:(September 1969). "The COSPAR Meetings in Prague".
6209:
5095:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
4747:
Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955â2005
3305:attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the
3204:to become the first human to set foot on the Moon.
2040:became the first American in space, launching in a
1979:(from the Greek for "star sailor") candidates from
24745:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
23856:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
22525:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
22503:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
9541:Timeline of the Space Race to the Moon 1960 â 1969
9144:
8904:
8654:
8323:
7943:"Recording tracks Russia's Moon gatecrash attempt"
7216:Nuclear Weapons and Contemporary International Law
6702:Sagdeev, Roald; Eisenhower, Susan (May 28, 2008).
6414:
5583:
5536:
5515:
5513:
5511:
4845:"The Military Rockets that Launched the Space Age"
4570:"GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya)"
4465:
3237:Neil Armstrong's historic first words on the Moon.
2890:sculpture left on the Moon in 1971 by the crew of
2137:on May 24, 1962, duplicated Glenn's three orbits,
23986:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
23846:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
9176:The Oxford Companion to American Military History
8615:. New York: Times Books, Henry Holt and Company.
8376:Edward Clinton Ezell; Linda Neuman Ezell (1978).
8298:The Voyages of Columbia: The First True Spaceship
6625:
5947:. Bend, Oregon. UPI. January 31, 1961. p. 1.
4238:
4147:
4145:
3328:in November 1969, within walking distance of the
2284:
1790:on a suborbital flight of the Mercury capsule on
1415:in September and was prepared for its mission at
1140:. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force
940:from 1936 to 1938 severely damaged its progress.
26783:
24840:
23841:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
20422:Native American recognition in the United States
16671:
14228:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
9604:
9391:108 minutes which changed the world (in Russian)
9320:Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence, 1942â2002
8632:This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age
7964:"The Soviets crashed a spacecraft onto the moon"
7250:. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs.
5054:
3105:At the same time the Soviet Union developed the
2898:On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1,
2002:The Mercury spacecraft's principal designer was
778:published "Flight to the Moon" in the newspaper
770:Wernher von Braun's space station concept (1952)
716:eventually allowed the US and the newly founded
23969:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
22496:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
22370:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004â2010)
12665:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
12072:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
8934:(1 ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
8705:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
5763:"National Space Science Data Center â Ranger 6"
5508:
4257:Encyclopedia of United States National Security
3899:List of space exploration milestones, 1957â1969
3729:, who became America's first woman in space on
3158:, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from
1212:On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the
23253:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
22038:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
21994:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
9195:"Findings, Determinations And Recommendations"
8902:
8746:An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917â1963
8590:Burgess, Colin; Kate Doolan; Bert Vis (2003).
7319:
7291:"Findings, Determinations And Recommendations"
6671:
6669:
5287:
5238:
5067:
4142:
3759:
3626:was first launched on July 15, 1975, at 12:20
2818:
2601:
1794:and recovered him safely on January 31, 1961.
1172:
1038:
26758:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
24826:
23804:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
23776:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
22611:Creation of the British National Space Centre
21999:European Space Research and Technology Centre
21909:
21899:
21702:
20819:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
19003:
16942:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution
16657:
15226:
14388:
11561:
11522:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
9590:
8911:. Foreword by Sergei Khrushchev. Washington:
8301:. Columbia University Press. pp. 80â82.
8054:"President Offers Toast to 'Three Brave Men'"
7596:
6906:
6904:
6191:Eidelman, Tamara (2013). "A Cosmic Wedding".
6055:Đ ĐŽĐœŃŃ
ĐČĐŸĐžĐœŃĐșĐŸĐč ŃлаĐČŃ Đž ĐżĐ°ĐŒŃŃĐœŃŃ
ĐŽĐ°ŃĐ°Ń
Đ ĐŸŃŃОО
6051:
5420:Sputnik/Explorer I: The Race to Conquer Space
4395:
4372:
4370:
2757:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
2734:, which would be launched using his proposed
1869:Yuri Gagarin, the first person in space, 1961
1599:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
537:) was a 20th-century competition between two
505:
22050:European Space Security and Education Centre
17866:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
14304:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
11855:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
9537:â Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo space programs
9341:This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury
8466:"ISS Passing Old Russian Mir In Crewed Time"
8022:
8020:
7136:. New York; Chichester: Wiley. p. 271.
7085:
7083:
6598:
6569:
6567:
5988:
5799:
5614:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5567:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5482:
5068:Andrews, James T.; Siddiqi, Asif A. (2011).
4908:"The R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile"
4178:"Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)"
3546:
3138:, the first person to walk on the Moon, 1969
2153:
836:
695:exploration of other extraterrestrial bodies
153:
23891:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
23851:International Mobile Satellite Organization
23731:Politics of the International Space Station
22366:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
21716:
13165:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
9553:Shadows of the Soviet Space Age, Paul Lucas
9097:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University.
8948:
8877:
8852:
8838:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
8560:
8355:. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company.
8236:
8196:
8184:
8172:
8160:
7496:
7420:
6666:
6212:The 'First Lady of Space': In Her Own Words
6178:
6144:
6129:
6105:
6015:
5959:"Operational Trouble Shortens Chimp's Ride"
5862:
5519:
4707:
4353:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
4207:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
4182:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
3790:until 2001, supported by Soyuz spacecraft.
3607:negotiated an easing of relations known as
3332:spacecraft which landed on April 20, 1967.
3120:
2486:Rendezvous of Gemini 6 and 7, December 1965
26802:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
24833:
24819:
23886:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
23876:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
23223:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
22640:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
21963:European Launcher Development Organisation
21709:
21695:
19017:
19010:
18996:
16664:
16650:
15605:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
15233:
15219:
14395:
14381:
14268:United States involvement in regime change
11823:1947â1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
11568:
11554:
9597:
9583:
8610:
8457:
8288:
6901:
6728:
5442:
4734:
4367:
4294:"Who really won the US-Soviet space race?"
3835:(ISS). The Russians continue to use their
3806:According to American political scientist
3646:Soyuz, US Space Shuttle, and Energia-Buran
2367:
1595:National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics
1341:Replica of the first artificial satellite
913:and produced the RP-318, the USSR's first
565:and had its peak with the more particular
512:
498:
23963:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
23809:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
23749:International Civil Aviation Organization
23291:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
23188:Launch of the Space Launch System program
23183:Cancellation of the Constellation program
20432:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
17390:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
16499:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
9388:
9005:
8596:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
8242:
8017:
7999:
7796:
7401:
7098:. Federation of American Scientists (FAS)
7080:
6564:
6512:
6412:
6254:
6242:
5923:"Chimp survives 420-mile ride into space"
5590:. New York: Facts on Files, Inc. p.
5543:. New York: Facts on Files, Inc. p.
3335:
1728:
1275:
1252:design bureau was subordinated under the
943:In 1945 the Soviets captured several key
657:, with the US successfully deploying the
23343:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
9453:
9365:
9293:
9270:
9142:
9069:Polmar, Norman; Timothy M. Laur (1990).
8717:
8539:
8344:
8093:. United States House of Representatives
8011:
7808:
7684:
7669:
7556:
7544:
7532:
7484:
7458:
7289:Seamans, Robert C. Jr. (April 5, 1967).
7284:
7282:
7280:
7089:
7006:
6994:
6961:
6946:
6931:
6895:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6818:
6539:
6445:(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970) p. 111.
6378:
6290:
6190:
5941:"Chimp sent out on flight over Atlantic"
5417:
5362:
5255:
5203:
5191:
5161:
5144:
5132:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4931:
4810:. Chichester,UK: Springer Praxis Books.
4749:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 6â15.
4347:Williams, David R. (December 11, 2003).
4346:
4287:
4285:
4136:
4121:
3853:
3797:
3641:
3583:
3556:
3435:
3339:
3206:
3130:
3023:
2976:Soyuz 7K-L1 Zond spacecraft, artist view
2971:
2923:
2879:
2836:
2639:
2627:
2611:
2592:
2481:
2410:
2385:to perform work outside the spacecraft.
2089:repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in
2073:
2024:
1946:
1864:
1824:
1809:
1747:
1482:
1336:
1222:Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
1107:
1042:
850:
794:reacted with a series of seven articles
765:
641:, into space with the orbital flight of
23992:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
23114:2002 National missile defense directive
22467:Council of European Aerospace Societies
22349:Western European Union Satellite Centre
20483:List of counties and county equivalents
17545:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
16584:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
14880:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
12394:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
9368:The Moonlandings: An Eyewitness Account
9316:
9248:
9217:
9192:
9169:
9111:
8929:
8833:
8767:
8698:
8675:
8661:. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
8652:
8629:
8463:
8418:
8350:
8208:
7844:. p. MET 109:43:16. Archived from
7732:
7720:
7571:
7520:
7380:
7288:
7194:Heintze, Hans-Joachim (March 5, 1999).
7193:
7187:
7181:
7131:
7119:
7048:
6871:
6675:
6574:Kennedy, John F. (September 12, 1962).
6573:
6545:
6302:
6117:
6027:
6000:from the original on December 13, 2020.
5915:
5777:
5765:. National Air and Space Administration
5749:
5690:
5678:
5299:
5272:
5218:"Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age"
5176:
4975:
4958:
4943:
4868:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4793:
4781:
4769:
4701:
4689:
4677:
4665:
4653:
4615:
4587:
4556:
4544:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4496:
4463:
4277:performed joint scientific experiments.
4250:
3712:
3561:Apollo-Soyuz crew: From left to right:
3360:on the last five. NASA also planned an
2644:Soviet LK (Lunniy Korabl) and American
1991:test pilots, and narrowed this down to
1841:The Soviets designed their first human
1615:
1450:At the latest, the successful start of
93:Clockwise, from top left: Model of the
14:
26784:
24765:International Astronautical Federation
23546:
23074:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
22482:European Committee for Standardization
22094:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
15372:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
14902:Psychological and sociological effects
14238:Russian espionage in the United States
12510:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
9467:, and do not reflect subsequent edits.
9323:. London: Frank Case. pp. 12â24.
9273:Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge
9094:Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth
8800:
8742:
8484:"International Cooperation on the ISS"
8424:
8404:"How the Soviet space shuttle fizzled"
8315:
8142:from the original on February 25, 2021
7961:
7934:
7916:Solar System Exploration: NASA Science
7459:Williams, David R. (January 6, 2005).
7150:
6910:
6682:"SpaceCast News Service" Washington DC
6349:
6279:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966
6267:Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966
5933:
5868:
5848:"First dog in space died within hours"
5581:
5534:
5492:TIME. October 14, 1957. Archived from
5215:
4806:Brian Harvey; Olga Zakutnyaya (2011).
4740:
4713:
4432:
4316:
4314:
3692:. The Buran could be fitted with four
3219:Armstrong describes the lunar surface.
3160:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39
2711:payload capability. The Saturn V used
2573:of 742 nautical miles (1,374 km).
2541:Gemini 6A demonstrated rendezvous and
2196:Before Gagarin's flight, US President
2103:mission completed three orbits in the
1606:George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
1073:, and the first two-stage rocket, the
911:Reactive Scientific Research Institute
883:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion
553:capability. It had its origins in the
27:USâUSSR spaceflight capability rivalry
24814:
24760:International Academy of Astronautics
23981:International Docking System Standard
23826:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
23819:International Planetary Data Alliance
23726:International Space Station programme
23448:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
23358:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
22650:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
22412:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
22089:Space Situational Awareness Programme
21690:
18991:
18473:
18235:
17897:
16701:
16645:
16162:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
15214:
14376:
14233:Soviet espionage in the United States
12389:Indonesian mass killings of 1965â1966
12168:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
11833:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
11549:
9578:
9201:. NASA History Office. Archived from
9174:. In Whiteclay Chambers, John (ed.).
9121:Johnson Space Center Reference Series
9087:
9034:
8984:
8959:
8878:Hall, Rex; Shayler, David J. (2003).
8853:Hall, Rex; Shayler, David J. (2001).
8807:. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books.
8567:. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing.
8506:
8353:Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight
8321:
8294:
8259:
8070:
7987:
7955:
7940:
7898:
7866:
7835:
7756:
7744:
7708:
7696:
7590:
7508:
7452:
7297:. NASA History Office. Archived from
7277:
6608:Astronomy and Astrophysics â Volume I
6546:Johnson, Lyndon B. (April 28, 1961).
6513:von Braun, Wernher (April 29, 1961).
5528:
5336:
5025:
4981:
4882:"Russian Rockets and Space Launchers"
4720:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 41.
4472:. New York: The Free Press. pp.
4401:
4291:
4282:
3860:International Space Station programme
3428:
2746:
1555:, had theorized. The belt, named the
885:(GIRD), where Soviet rocket pioneers
532:
26807:Soviet UnionâUnited States relations
24755:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
22770:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
21977:European Space Research Organisation
16624:
14309:Soviet UnionâUnited States relations
12660:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
9504:Why Did the USSR Lose the Moon Race?
8903:Hardesty, Von; Eisman, Gene (2007).
8512:
7020:"The World's First Space Rendezvous"
6973:
6790:"Gemini: Stepping Stone to the Moon"
6787:
6045:
5812:US Naval School of Aviation Medicine
5736:The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere
5729:
5653:
5490:"THE NATION: Red Moon Over the U.S."
4834:
4741:Zaloga, Steven J. (March 20, 2013).
4714:Zaloga, Steven J. (March 20, 2013).
4220:
3944:Timeline of Solar System exploration
2143:on October 3, 1962, six orbits, and
1254:Ministry of General Machine Building
1230:Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union
729:International Space Station programs
23614:United Rocket and Space Corporation
23268:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
23148:Launch of the Constellation program
22872:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
14273:Soviet involvement in regime change
8464:Jackman, Frank (October 29, 2010).
8129:
8071:Smith, Merriman (August 14, 1969).
7617:. NASA History Series. Foreword by
5761:
5660:. Washington D.C.: NASA. p. 39
4874:
4799:
4311:
3802:International Space Station in 2010
2726:Chelomey's program assumed using a
2262:two competing crewed lunar programs
2081:, the first American in orbit, 1962
2032:, the first American in space, 1961
1891:World War II Victory Parade of 1945
1570:
1220:start date for the Space Race. The
24:
26827:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
24708:Air & Space Forces Association
23348:Antennas & Propagation Society
22556:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
22477:European Civil Aviation Conference
17232:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
17222:Assassination of James A. Garfield
15278:National Aeronautics and Space Act
14611:Weather and environment monitoring
14314:Soviet UnionâUnited States summits
11788:1947 Polish parliamentary election
11673:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
9112:Portree, David S.F. (March 1995).
8988:Flight: My Life in Mission Control
8960:Jones, Eric M. (January 1, 2010).
8836:Manned Spacecraft, Second Revision
8561:Burgess, Colin; Hall, Rex (2009).
8513:Chow, Denise (November 17, 2011).
8490:. November 1, 2019. Archived from
8445:from the original on June 24, 2016
8113:"Apollo 11 Crew Starts World Tour"
7867:Jones, Eric M. (January 1, 2010).
7836:Jones, Eric M. (January 1, 2010).
7757:Jones, Eric M. (January 1, 2010).
6676:Sietzen, Frank (October 2, 1997).
5806:DE Beischer and AR Fregly (1962).
5216:Garber, Steve (October 10, 2007).
4414:from the original on June 15, 2015
3307:Chief Justice of the United States
3225:
2739:mission would use a stripped-down
2586:landed and were recovered safely.
2531:; and accomplished the following:
2268:, issued in August 1964, directed
1737:for this purpose, and the US used
1591:National Aeronautics and Space Act
1351:
1201:
1065:. The team was sent to the Army's
816:Intercontinental ballistic missile
648:Gagarin's flight led US president
561:between the two nations following
34:. For other uses of the term, see
25:
26873:
23781:General Assembly Fourth Committee
23769:Space Generation Advisory Council
23203:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
22377:EU Agency for the Space Programme
22126:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
22099:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
21926:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
21868:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
19828:Director of National Intelligence
17264:Assassination of William McKinley
16232:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
15786:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
13075:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
13010:United States invasion of Grenada
12280:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
12221:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
9408:
9296:The Soviet Space Race with Apollo
9199:Report of Apollo 204 Review Board
8962:"Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal"
8384:from the original on May 24, 2011
8130:Das, Saswato R. (July 16, 2009).
7869:"Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal"
7838:"Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal"
7295:Report of Apollo 204 Review Board
7092:"The Soviet Manned Lunar Program"
6158:"Kamanin diaries, April 16, 1965"
5869:Berger, Eric (November 3, 2017).
4445:from the original on June 3, 2015
4349:"Apollo Landing Site Coordinates"
4292:Frost, Jennifer (July 18, 2019).
4152:Kennedy, John F. (May 25, 1961).
3637:
3196:, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm
3094:in March 1969. The next mission,
2910:had deployed. Then the automatic
2634:Apollo Command and Service Module
2297:agreement and cooperation on the
1445:
1282:Space policy of the United States
1051:Although American rocket pioneer
991:Design work began in 1953 on the
921:, which became the basis for the
26737:
26725:
26713:
26701:
26689:
26677:
26654:
26642:
26630:
26530:
26511:
26484:
26472:
26453:
26441:
26417:
26405:
26393:
26381:
26369:
26346:
26334:
26322:
26308:
26296:
26284:
26272:
26233:
26221:
26209:
26197:
26185:
26173:
26161:
26149:
26137:
26125:
26106:
26094:
26082:
26070:
26058:
26046:
26027:
26015:
26003:
25991:
25979:
25965:
25953:
25860:
25790:
25771:
25752:
25733:
25714:
25695:
25683:
25671:
25659:
25647:
25635:
25612:
25600:
25588:
25576:
25564:
25552:
25529:
25517:
25488:
25476:
25453:
25441:
25417:
25405:
25393:
25381:
25362:
25308:
25285:
25261:
25249:
25192:
25180:
25151:
25139:
25127:
25115:
25103:
25078:
25066:
25054:
25042:
25030:
25011:
24999:
24987:
24953:
24941:
24929:
24917:
24898:
24886:
24770:International Astronomical Union
24592:
24580:
24568:
24557:
24545:
24533:
24521:
24497:
24473:
24461:
24449:
24437:
24425:
24413:
24401:
24389:
24377:
24365:
24353:
24341:
24319:
24307:
24295:
24283:
24271:
24259:
24247:
24235:
24133:
24121:
24109:
24097:
23593:Medvedev modernisation programme
23296:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
22964:1985 anti-satellite missile test
22628:Space Innovation and Growth Team
22373:European GNSS Agency (2010â2021)
22055:European Space Operations Centre
22016:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
19984:Government Accountability Office
18971:
18962:
18961:
18926:
18925:
17483:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
17276:Nadir of American race relations
17155:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
16623:
16612:
16611:
16527:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
16285:Space Flight Operations Facility
15471:Operations and Checkout Building
15194:
15184:
15183:
13150:United States invasion of Panama
13000:1982 EthiopianâSomali Border War
12640:1971 Turkish military memorandum
12603:Communist insurgency in Thailand
12573:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
12505:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
12332:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
12260:IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation
11778:Restatement of Policy on Germany
11501:
11489:
11477:
11465:
11453:
11441:
11418:
11406:
11394:
11294:
11275:
11248:
11236:
11217:
11205:
11181:
11169:
11157:
11145:
11133:
11110:
11098:
11086:
11072:
11060:
11048:
11036:
10997:
10985:
10973:
10961:
10949:
10937:
10925:
10913:
10901:
10889:
10870:
10858:
10846:
10834:
10822:
10810:
10791:
10779:
10767:
10755:
10743:
10729:
10717:
10624:
10554:
10535:
10516:
10497:
10478:
10459:
10447:
10435:
10423:
10411:
10399:
10376:
10364:
10352:
10340:
10328:
10316:
10293:
10281:
10252:
10240:
10217:
10205:
10181:
10169:
10157:
10145:
10126:
10072:
10049:
10025:
10013:
9956:
9944:
9915:
9903:
9891:
9879:
9867:
9842:
9830:
9818:
9806:
9794:
9775:
9763:
9751:
9717:
9705:
9693:
9681:
9662:
9650:
9452:
9440:
9430:
8476:
8396:
8369:
8214:
8123:
8083:
8073:"Astronauts Awed by the Acclaim"
8064:
8046:
7941:Brown, Jonathan (July 3, 2009).
7904:
7860:
7829:
7802:
7750:
7426:
7386:
7313:
7265:
7254:
7240:
7221:
7206:
7125:
7012:
6967:
6911:Tanner, Henry (March 19, 1965).
6865:
6788:Loff, Sarah (October 21, 2013).
6781:
6762:
6722:
6695:
6657:
6506:
6494:"Memorandum for Vice President,"
6486:
6477:
6468:
6448:
6435:
6406:
6384:
6343:
6322:Universal-International Newsreel
6308:
6203:
6184:
6150:
5702:
5520:Nicogossian, Arnauld E. (1993).
5106:"OhioLINK Institution Selection"
5074:. University of Pittsburgh Pre.
4994:
4378:U.S.-Soviet Cooperation in Space
4232:Smithsonian Air and Space Museum
4203:"Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP"
4064:. History.com. February 21, 2020
4034:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3535:s occupation record at 92 days.
3313:. The astronauts spoke before a
3262:Problems playing this file? See
3241:
2360:renaming the Cape Canaveral and
2253:
2230:
2124:, reminiscent of that given for
2114:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
2110:NASA Distinguished Service Medal
2062:NASA Distinguished Service Medal
1881:. They dubbed Gagarin the first
1741:. The first mammal in space was
1517:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
1393:Problems playing this file? See
1369:
1259:Dominic Phelan says in the book
1071:first photos of Earth from space
685:program, and the first landings
655:super heavy-lift launch vehicles
534:[kÉsËmÊČitÍĄÉÉȘskÉjÉËÉĄonkÉ]
481:
83:
74:
63:
54:
26822:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson
24019:Astronomical naming conventions
22944:Strategy of Technology doctrine
22716:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
22634:Creation of the UK Space Agency
22084:European Space Policy Institute
22044:European Space Astronomy Centre
17185:First transcontinental railroad
15746:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
14655:Space launch market competition
14402:
13870:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
13251:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
13180:Fall of the inner German border
13080:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
12730:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
12720:Spanish transition to democracy
12680:1972â1975 Bangladesh insurgency
12307:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
11813:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947â1948
11694:Occupation of the Baltic states
9193:Seamans, Robert C. Jr. (1967).
8564:The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team
8326:The Soviet Manned Space Program
8032:The American Presidency Project
7218:N. Singh, E. WcWhinney (p. 289)
6350:Neuman, Scott (July 22, 2021).
6077:
6033:
5982:
5969:
5951:
5895:
5840:
5755:
5723:
5696:
5647:
5622:
5586:Encyclopedia of Space Astronomy
5575:
5539:Encyclopedia of Space Astronomy
5469:
5460:
5411:
5379:
5363:Gröttrup, Helmut (April 1958).
5356:
5330:
5305:
5209:
5019:
4905:
4899:
4621:
4593:
4562:
4457:
4433:Garcia, Mark (April 30, 2015).
4340:
3150:, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP)
3050:made a circumlunar flight with
2783:bars party States from placing
2303:United Nations General Assembly
1975:. NASA selected a new group of
1513:Project Vanguard launch failure
1478:
953:German scientists and engineers
809:
41:For a chronological guide, see
24750:British Interplanetary Society
24713:Alliance for Space Development
23836:Global Standards Collaboration
23759:Office for Outer Space Affairs
23286:China exclusion policy of NASA
22954:Space Station Freedom proposal
22867:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
21937:Planetary Exploration of China
21761:Planetary protection principle
21627:Separation of church and state
19843:National Reconnaissance Office
19786:President of the United States
14892:Health threat from cosmic rays
12650:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
12285:Mozambican War of Independence
11724:Indonesian National Revolution
8985:Kraft, Christopher C. (2001).
8702:Rockets and People Volumes 1-4
7962:Horton, Alex (July 19, 2019).
7811:"Space Program and television"
7647:. NASA SP-4205. Archived from
6777:. May 11â24, 1969. p. 94.
6459:NASA Fiscal 1962 Authorization
4402:Boyle, Alan (March 23, 2001).
4195:
4170:
4076:
4054:
3401:, including an Earth-to-orbit
2984:was not yet ready for piloted
2285:Proposed joint US-USSR program
2246:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
1951:Cutaway of the Mercury capsule
1752:Laika on a Romanian post stamp
1678:was started in 1959 by NASA's
1434:
1188:International Geophysical Year
623:International Geophysical Year
13:
1:
26812:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
23933:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
23263:Launch of the Artemis program
23193:Redesign of the Orion program
23109:Aerospace Industry Commission
22805:Launch of the Mariner program
22530:European Southern Observatory
22230:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995â2015)
14248:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
13263:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
13216:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
12938:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
12903:Seven Days to the River Rhine
12635:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
11922:March 1949 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
11850:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat
9530:National Air and Space Museum
9009:; Cox, Catherine Bly (1990).
8881:Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft
8406:. NBC News. February 11, 2008
4849:National Air and Space Museum
4717:V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942â52
4404:"Russia bids farewell to Mir"
4047:
3949:Timeline of space exploration
3889:Cold War playground equipment
3622:The joint mission began when
3449:heavy-lift launcher in their
3311:Presidential Medal of Freedom
2884:Commemorative plaque and the
1916:, was launched into space on
1772:On August 19, 1960, the dogs
1647:The US first embarked on the
1263:(Springer-Praxis 2013): "The
996:accommodate the then planned
959:, with NII-88 chief designer
24842:Public-sector space agencies
24014:Extraterrestrial real estate
23554:GoreâChernomyrdin Commission
23454:Soviet crewed lunar programs
23363:Vehicular Technology Society
23353:Broadcast Technology Society
23128:Vision for Space Exploration
23045:GoreâChernomyrdin Commission
23003:Space Exploration Initiative
22949:Strategic Defense Initiative
22902:Launch of the Viking program
22815:Launch of the Apollo program
22810:Launch of the Gemini project
22662:Defence in a Competitive Age
22599:Start of the Ariel programme
22513:European Patent Organisation
19989:Government Publishing Office
19457:Technological and industrial
18353:Hispanic and Latino American
17207:Second Industrial Revolution
17041:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
16747:Exploration of North America
16673:History of the United States
16564:Space program on U.S. stamps
16489:Gemini and Apollo medallions
16439:Solar System Family Portrait
16215:Joint Polar Satellite System
16084:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
15338:Vision for Space Exploration
15308:Space Exploration Initiative
13241:Fall of communism in Albania
13211:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
13160:Polish Round Table Agreement
12500:1968 Polish political crisis
12317:Eritrean War of Independence
12083:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
11978:East German uprising of 1953
11910:Chinese Communist Revolution
11575:
9606:Public-sector space agencies
9172:"Cold War (1945â91): Causes"
9065:, role of international law.
9011:Apollo: The Race to the Moon
8966:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
8630:Burrows, William E. (1998).
8611:Brzezinski, Matthew (2007).
8269:. NASA. 1974. Archived from
7873:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
7842:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
7768:. p. 33. Archived from
7766:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
6775:National Academy of Sciences
6756:10.1016/0019-1035(69)90052-9
3814:proposes more nuanced view:
3788:Russian Federal Space Agency
3782:was built starting in 1998.
3707:collapse of the Soviet Union
3658:on August 12, 1977, and the
3381:In February 1969, President
2766:The UN ultimately created a
2608:Soviet crewed lunar programs
1776:were sent into orbit aboard
1632:probes. The fourth attempt,
1408:National Academy of Sciences
859:were all derivatives of the
796:Man Will Conquer Space Soon!
755:, which became known as the
714:collapse of the Soviet Union
613:and ultimately to the Moon.
7:
26832:Presidency of Richard Nixon
23831:Group on Earth Observations
23814:Committee on Space Research
23258:Creation of the Space Force
23178:Kennedy Space Center speech
22821:We choose to go to the Moon
22752:Introduction to Outer Space
22472:European Broadcasting Union
21461:Women's reproductive health
20427:Federally recognized tribes
20290:Public utilities commission
20194:Public Health Service Corps
20097:Code of Federal Regulations
19979:Congressional Budget Office
19833:Central Intelligence Agency
19739:Water supply and sanitation
19166:Declaration of Independence
17877:Indictments of Donald Trump
17068:First Industrial Revolution
16902:Declaration of Independence
16892:Second Continental Congress
16559:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
16516:We choose to go to the Moon
16479:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
16037:International Space Station
16017:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
15756:Great Observatories program
15600:International Space Station
15578:Roscosmos State Corporation
15495:Science Mission Directorate
15441:Manned Space Flight Network
15008:Self-replicating spacecraft
14844:International Space Station
13115:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
12843:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
12588:Corrective Movement (Syria)
12552:New People's Army rebellion
12547:Sino-Soviet border conflict
12275:Angolan War of Independence
12138:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
12018:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
11663:Jamaican political conflict
9366:Turnhill, Reginald (2004).
9300:University Press of Florida
9277:University Press of Florida
9178:. Oxford University Press.
9039:. Chatham, United Kingdom:
8913:National Geographic Society
8540:Bilstein, Roger E. (1996).
7230:UN Resolution 1348 (XIII).
6441:Quoted in John M. Logsdon,
5901:Dick Abadzis, afterword to
5582:Angelo, Joseph, A. (2006).
5535:Angelo, Joseph, A. (2006).
4464:Neufeld, Michael J (1995).
4439:International Space Station
4228:"Apollo 11 Mission Summary"
3866:
3849:Commercial Crew Development
3833:International Space Station
3780:International Space Station
3760:First modular space station
3399:Space Transportation System
3362:Apollo Applications Program
2826:
2819:Disaster strikes both sides
2785:weapons of mass destruction
2602:Soviet crewed Moon programs
2238:We choose to go to the Moon
2048:, in a spacecraft he named
1933:, and they had a daughter.
1589:, responded by passing the
1551:, a space scientist at the
1190:(IGY). On August 2, at the
1173:First artificial satellites
1039:American rocket development
454:List of space organizations
36:Space Race (disambiguation)
10:
26878:
24780:Space Exploration Alliance
24009:Common heritage of mankind
23927:Space Liability Convention
23699:North Korean space program
23625:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
23089:Launch of the X-37 program
22939:Citizens' Advisory Council
22033:European Data Relay System
22004:Concurrent Design Facility
21749:Space Debris Working Group
20639:Red states and blue states
20544:City commission government
20539:Councilâmanager government
18474:
18236:
17898:
17769:Killing of Osama bin Laden
16857:First Continental Congress
16702:
16376:NASA cameras on spacecraft
16187:James Webb Space Telescope
16099:Solar Dynamics Observatory
15320:U.S. National Space Policy
14522:Space Liability Convention
13311:Sino-Indian border dispute
13140:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
13070:1987â1989 JVP insurrection
12828:1976 Argentine coup d'Ă©tat
12740:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
12690:1973 Uruguayan coup d'Ă©tat
12374:1964 Brazilian coup d'Ă©tat
12342:Cyprus crisis of 1963â1964
12031:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
11798:Asian Relations Conference
9546:November 19, 2005, at the
9372:Cambridge University Press
9170:Schmitz, David F. (1999).
8968:. Internet. Archived from
8949:Hepplewhite, T.A. (1999).
8930:Harford, James J. (1997).
8533:
8295:Lewis, Richard S. (1984).
7383:, pp. 310â12, 314â16.
7234:November 17, 2015, at the
6794:Gemini: Bridge to the Moon
6773:. Prague, Czechoslovakia:
5392:CIA Historical Collections
5288:Hardesty & Eisman 2007
5239:Hardesty & Eisman 2007
3550:
3173:Command and Service Module
3124:
2873:
2869:
2830:
2799:common heritage of mankind
2730:lander based on the LK-1,
2605:
2475:
2404:
2400:
2364:facilities after Kennedy.
2277:spacecraft and Chelomei's
2163:
2157:
1961:ballistic re-entry capsule
1940:
1936:
1818:
1574:
1438:
1302:
1279:
1267:was famously described by
1214:Soviet Academy of Sciences
1205:
1167:
1156:and the remote-controlled
1067:White Sands Proving Ground
840:
825:(often referred to as the
813:
734:
43:Timeline of the Space Race
40:
29:
26837:Presidency of Gerald Ford
26752:
26669:
26545:
26503:
26361:
25939:
25821:
25814:
25627:
25544:
25468:
25300:
25241:
25225:
25218:
25093:
24979:
24972:
24878:
24855:
24848:
24723:Space Frontier Foundation
24698:
24609:
24218:
24209:
24150:Launch market competition
24082:
23899:
23789:
23741:
23721:Ugandan space initiatives
23656:
23606:
23585:
23537:
23516:
23469:
23421:
23397:
23384:
23377:
23281:
23241:
23161:
23097:
23026:
22991:
22927:
22910:
22885:
22850:
22830:
22793:
22775:Launch of Project Mercury
22724:
22682:
22673:
22581:
22543:
22435:
22339:
22271:
22229:
22153:
22072:Ariane launcher programme
22011:European Astronaut Centre
21969:Europa launcher programme
21953:
21910:
21900:
21856:
21801:
21789:The Spaceguard Foundation
21724:
21648:
21474:
21347:
21279:
20932:
20928:
20919:
20867:
20732:
20723:
20619:
20590:
20567:
20506:
20473:
20464:
20407:
20395:Comparison of governments
20370:
20333:
20310:
20226:
20206:
20137:
20075:
19997:
19920:
19778:
19769:
19765:
19756:
19478:
19469:
19414:
19374:Post-Cold War (1991â2008)
19215:drafting and ratification
19188:Articles of Confederation
19101:
19035:
19026:
18947:
18913:
18857:
18821:
18809:
18548:
18522:
18484:
18480:
18469:
18242:
18231:
17904:
17893:
17759:
17662:
17590:
17491:
17402:
17353:Wall Street Crash of 1929
17284:
17165:
17150:Emancipation Proclamation
17081:
17004:
16952:
16919:Articles of Confederation
16872:
16757:Native American epidemics
16737:
16712:
16708:
16697:
16679:
16607:
16507:
16384:
16299:
16244:
16207:
16006:
15816:
15803:
15733:
15647:
15637:
15592:
15518:
15507:
15451:Vehicle Assembly Building
15359:
15258:
15248:
15178:
15145:
15098:
15050:
14936:
14885:Space adaptation syndrome
14872:
14777:
14697:
14688:
14576:
14410:
14347:
14296:
14218:
14195:William Appleman Williams
14140:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
13922:
13894:
13843:
13775:
13768:
13702:
13567:
13492:
13422:
13415:
13324:
13271:
13203:
12916:
12655:Bangladesh Liberation War
12645:1971 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
12560:
12532:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
12520:1968 Peruvian coup d'Ă©tat
12183:
11958:Arab Cold War (1952â1979)
11935:
11645:
11583:
11516:
11433:
11309:
11267:
11125:
10703:
10585:
10578:
10391:
10308:
10232:
10064:
10005:
9989:
9982:
9857:
9743:
9736:
9642:
9619:
9612:
9389:Pervushin, Anton (2011).
9294:Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003).
9271:Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003).
9249:Siddiqi, Asif A. (2000).
9218:Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018).
8834:Gatland, Kenneth (1976).
8751:Little, Brown and Company
8653:Cadbury, Deborah (2006).
8311:– via Google Books.
7158:"Ground Ignition Weights"
7090:Lindroos, Marcus (1997).
6499:January 31, 2017, at the
6052:
5832:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5418:Crompton, Samuel (2007).
5343:Encyclopedia Astronautica
4596:"Gas Dynamics Laboratory"
3793:
3660:first orbital test flight
3613:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
3553:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
3547:ApolloâSoyuz Test Project
3461:reconnaissance stations:
3315:joint session of Congress
3171:, leaving Collins in the
2471:
2299:Echo II balloon satellite
2264:. Soviet Decree 655â268,
2154:Kennedy aims for the Moon
1963:launched on a derivative
1814:
1680:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1651:in 1958 by launching the
1488:William Hayward Pickering
1293:Naval Research Laboratory
1194:in Copenhagen, scientist
919:RS-82 and RS-132 missiles
837:Soviet rocket development
706:ApolloâSoyuz Test Project
529:
24676:Reconnaissance satellite
24049:International Designator
23716:Philippine space program
23664:Australian space program
23316:Office of Space Commerce
23306:House Committee on Space
23218:Space Shuttle retirement
23173:2009 Augustine Committee
23008:1990 Augustine Committee
22154:Horizon 2000 (1985â1995)
21739:Space traffic management
21414:Prescription drug prices
20534:Mayorâcouncil government
20524:Coterminous municipality
20514:Consolidated city-county
20280:Agriculture commissioner
19930:House of Representatives
19838:National Security Agency
19488:Contiguous United States
18839:Northern Mariana Islands
17412:Strike wave of 1945â1946
16522:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
16446:The Day the Earth Smiled
15781:Solar Terrestrial Probes
15240:
14618:Communications satellite
12970:1980 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
12805:CambodianâVietnamese War
12775:1978 Somali coup attempt
12735:Second IraqiâKurdish War
12700:1973 Chilean coup d'Ă©tat
12525:Revolutionary Government
12419:South African Border War
12211:1960 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
12128:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
11983:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
11963:1952 Egyptian revolution
9521:January 1, 2006, at the
9317:Stocker, Jeremy (2004).
9143:Schefter, James (1999).
9013:. New York: Touchstone (
8676:Chaikin, Andrew (1994).
8351:Newkirk, Dennis (1990).
7809:Paterson, Chris (2010).
6413:Catchpole, John (2001).
5927:Lewiston Morning Tribune
5222:Sputnik 50th Anniversary
5001:Encyclopedia Astronautix
4796:, p. 242-285 Vol 2.
3656:Boeing 747 carrier plane
3121:First humans on the Moon
2940:) and the Lunar Module (
2435:shirt-sleeve environment
2383:extra-vehicular activity
1893:. April 12 was declared
1557:Van Allen radiation belt
1272:effort to see through".
1103:Saturn family of rockets
926:multiple rocket launcher
829:) and the states of the
24790:Space Force Association
24775:Lunar Explorers Society
23945:Registration Convention
23909:Partial Test Ban Treaty
23790:Other intergovernmental
23704:Pakistani space program
23669:Brazilian space program
23039:Faster, better, cheaper
22842:1967 Outer Space Treaty
22645:Space Industry Act 2018
22422:European Defence Agency
22078:Vega launcher programme
22021:Living Planet Programme
21744:Space debris management
21718:Politics of outer space
21499:Criticism of government
20844:Social welfare programs
20437:State-recognized tribes
19422:Outline of U.S. history
19134:Continental Association
18374:Middle Eastern American
18191:Technology and industry
17061:Seneca Falls Convention
16862:Continental Association
16762:Settlement of Jamestown
16579:Other primates in space
16291:Deep Space Atomic Clock
16111:Mars Science Laboratory
15899:Spitzer Space Telescope
15488:Lunar Sample Laboratory
15431:Launch Services Program
15122:reusable launch systems
14739:Extravehicular activity
14650:Commercial use of space
14554:Militarisation of space
14527:Registration Convention
14443:Accidents and incidents
13175:Fall of the Berlin Wall
13120:People Power Revolution
13105:Central American crisis
13045:1986 Black Sea incident
12695:1973 Afghan coup d'Ă©tat
12593:Western Sahara conflict
12404:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
12327:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
12270:Portuguese Colonial War
12233:First IraqiâKurdish War
11998:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
11875:Annexation of Hyderabad
11818:1947â1949 Palestine war
9114:"Mir Hardware Heritage"
8955:. Washington, DC: NASA.
8768:Leonard, David (2019).
8743:Dallek, Robert (2003).
8718:Cornwell, John (2003).
8699:Chertok, Boris (2005).
8431:. Springer. p. 8.
8322:Clark, Phillip (1988).
8077:The Honolulu Advertiser
7672:, pp. 665, 832â34.
7497:Hall & Shayler 2003
7421:Hall & Shayler 2003
7132:Harford, James (1997).
6179:Burgess & Hall 2009
6145:Hall & Shayler 2001
6130:Hall & Shayler 2001
6106:Hall & Shayler 2001
6016:Hall & Shayler 2001
5850:. BBC. October 28, 2002
5028:OAH Magazine of History
4435:"ISS Facts and Figures"
3596:In May 1972, President
3008:on April 23, 1968; and
3000:on September 28, 1967;
2930:Block II command module
2912:attitude control system
2689:Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl
2560:Extravehicular activity
2454:extravehicular activity
2368:First crewed spacecraft
2315:Kennedy's assassination
1783:The Americans sent the
1505:New York Herald Tribune
915:rocket-powered aircraft
909:were combined into the
872:Gas Dynamics Laboratory
184:Timeline of spaceflight
24718:National Space Society
24619:Space domain awareness
23792:or inter-agency bodies
23694:Lebanese space program
23679:Japanese space program
23620:2014 Military doctrine
23598:2010 Military doctrine
23018:National Space Council
23013:Hubble Space Telescope
22785:Launch of X-15 program
22706:Aerobee rocket program
22656:2021 Integrated Review
22518:European Patent Office
22438:initiatives and bodies
21828:Billionaire space race
21754:Space Debris Committee
21561:Environmental movement
21404:Health insurance costs
21299:Educational attainment
20824:Federal Reserve System
20782:Science and technology
20285:Insurance commissioner
19823:Intelligence Community
19518:minor outlying islands
19281:Civil rights movement
18494:Admission to the Union
17860:Afghanistan withdrawal
17855:January 6 insurrection
17774:Rise in mass shootings
17746:Virginia Tech shooting
17299:Paris Peace Conference
17073:Second Great Awakening
16812:American Enlightenment
16594:National Astronaut Day
16537:The Astronaut Monument
16359:Space Shuttle missions
16059:Mars Exploration Rover
16042:Hubble Space Telescope
15951:Kepler space telescope
15751:Earth Observing System
15725:Mars Exploration Rover
15436:Mercury Control Center
15170:Mission control center
15132:Non-rocket spacelaunch
14566:Billionaire space race
13469:Neoclassical economics
12980:Gulf of Sidra incident
12537:1969 Libyan revolution
12228:IraqiâKurdish conflict
12013:1954 Geneva Conference
11773:Turkish straits crisis
11768:Corfu Channel incident
9560:at russianspaceweb.com
9415:Listen to this article
8801:Gainor, Chris (2001).
8774:. Simon and Schuster.
8488:Texas State University
8425:Harvey, Brian (2007).
7392:Burrows (1999), p. 417
7062:"Gemini8 Crew and PJs"
6921:. New York. p. 1.
6520:. NASA. Archived from
5905:, First Second, 2007,
5479:, (2013) 19:2, 182â95.
4784:, p. 48-49 Vol 2.
4668:, p. 167-8 Vol 1.
4535:, p. 164-5 Vol 1.
3894:History of spaceflight
3874:Billionaire space race
3863:
3821:
3803:
3687:liquid hydrogen-fueled
3647:
3593:
3581:
3567:Thomas Patten Stafford
3441:
3352:
3336:Competition ramps down
3230:
3220:
3139:
3062:On December 21, 1968,
3038:
3004:on November 22, 1967;
2977:
2895:
2842:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2598:
2487:
2416:
2289:After a first US-USSR
2186:
2082:
2033:
1952:
1870:
1838:
1756:The USSR sent the dog
1753:
1729:First mammals in space
1584:Senate Majority Leader
1499:
1417:launch site number one
1364:Beep ... beep ... beep
1356:
1346:
1276:United States planning
1261:Cold War Space Sleuths
1237:classified information
1133:
1048:
867:
785:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
771:
549:, to achieve superior
488:Spaceflight portal
404:Non-rocket spacelaunch
174:History of spaceflight
158:
126:rendezvous and docking
26862:Spaceflight histories
24800:The Planetary Society
24629:Anti-satellite weapon
24024:ITU Radio Regulations
23674:Emirati space program
23405:Operation Osoaviakhim
23273:Executive Order 13959
23153:Operation Burnt Frost
23084:Decadal Planning Team
22566:Indian ASAT programme
22561:Space Activities Bill
21983:European Space Agency
21955:ESA Science Programme
21766:Post-detection policy
21387:Immigrant health care
20902:Transportation safety
20897:Transportation policy
20887:Public transportation
19957:President pro tempore
19813:Executive departments
19582:National Park Service
19237:Territorial evolution
18486:Territorial evolution
17850:George Floyd Protests
17833:Unite the Right rally
17702:Oklahoma City bombing
17697:Republican Revolution
17644:Space Shuttle program
17466:Civil Rights Movement
17434:North Atlantic Treaty
17242:Sherman Antitrust Act
17227:Chinese Exclusion Act
16817:French and Indian War
16807:Prelude to Revolution
16792:First Great Awakening
16752:European colonization
16542:Lunar sample displays
16532:Space Mirror Memorial
16474:Voyager Golden Record
16366:United States rockets
15558: (with the
15466:Launch Control Center
15020:Spacecraft propulsion
14470:European Space Agency
14319:RussiaâNATO relations
14200:Jonathan Reed Winkler
13484:Democratic capitalism
13479:Supply-side economics
13447:American conservatism
13246:Breakup of Yugoslavia
13135:Bougainville conflict
13050:South Yemen civil war
12985:Martial law in Poland
12848:Nicaraguan Revolution
12823:Dirty War (Argentina)
12630:1971 JVP insurrection
12444:Years of Lead (Italy)
12322:North Yemen civil war
12240:Berlin Crisis of 1961
12216:AlbanianâSoviet split
12148:1959 Tibetan uprising
12113:Syrian Crisis of 1957
11968:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
11828:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
9516:Space Race Exhibition
9489:May 13, 2005, at the
8886:SpringerâPraxis Books
8861:SpringerâPraxis Books
8000:Murray & Cox 1990
7797:Murray & Cox 1990
7759:"Apollo 11 Press Kit"
7402:Murray & Cox 1990
5040:10.1093/maghis/8.2.42
3954:Woods Hole Conference
3857:
3816:
3801:
3668:solid rocket boosters
3652:Space Shuttle orbiter
3645:
3587:
3563:Donald "Deke" Slayton
3560:
3439:
3358:Lunar Roving Vehicles
3350:sample-return mission
3343:
3287:sample-return mission
3229:
3218:
3134:
3115:sample-return mission
3085:trans-Earth injection
3077:Christmas Eve program
3027:
2975:
2924:Both programs recover
2883:
2840:
2661:, was developing the
2643:
2631:
2615:
2596:
2485:
2463:By October 16, 1964,
2431:Apollo Command Module
2414:
2358:Executive Order 11129
2170:
2077:
2028:
1950:
1868:
1828:
1810:First humans in space
1780:and safely returned.
1751:
1723:Lunar Orbiter program
1486:
1385:continued for 22 days
1355:
1340:
1280:Further information:
1206:Further information:
1111:
1046:
854:
841:Further information:
833:allied with the U.S.
769:
671:crewed lunar programs
587:artificial satellites
157:
114:docked to the Soviet
26842:Geopolitical rivalry
26764:Soviet space program
24222:units and formations
24192:Project Harvest Moon
23939:Satellite Convention
23799:African Space Agency
23709:Space programme 2040
23689:Kenyan space program
23684:Kazakh space program
22617:Outer Space Act 1986
22605:Black Arrow launcher
22388:Copernicus programme
22361:EU/ESA Space Council
21989:EU/ESA Space Council
21880:Chinese ASAT program
21556:Environmental issues
21221:Political ideologies
21120:Indigenous languages
20320:List of legislatures
20117:separation of powers
19818:Independent agencies
19744:World Heritage Sites
19379:September 11 attacks
19302:SpanishâAmerican War
19242:MexicanâAmerican War
19198:Confederation period
19129:Continental Congress
18400:Palestinian American
17827:Obergefell v. Hodges
17719:September 11 attacks
17555:Second-wave feminism
17476:Cuban Missile Crisis
17336:Bath School disaster
17254:SpanishâAmerican War
17217:The Gospel of Wealth
17096:California Gold Rush
17056:MexicanâAmerican War
17046:Nullification crisis
17014:Era of Good Feelings
16914:Confederation period
16822:Proclamation of 1763
16772:Atlantic slave trade
15560:Soviet space program
15478:Johnson Space Center
15446:Kennedy Space Center
15409:spinoff technologies
14645:Satellite navigation
13740:Non-Aligned Movement
13362:Peaceful coexistence
13316:North Borneo dispute
13231:German reunification
13226:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
12924:Salvadoran Civil War
12873:Grand Mosque seizure
12868:Yemenite War of 1979
12760:Mozambican Civil War
12715:Carnation Revolution
12670:Yemenite War of 1972
12608:1970 Polish protests
12439:1967 Hong Kong riots
12414:Argentine Revolution
12364:Guatemalan Civil War
12292:Cuban Missile Crisis
12206:Bay of Pigs Invasion
12078:1956 PoznaĆ protests
12056:Geneva Summit (1955)
11658:Hukbalahap Rebellion
11637:Non-Aligned Movement
11528:Soviet space program
9558:Chronology:Moon Race
9476:More spoken articles
9015:Simon & Schuster
8991:. New York: Dutton.
7775:on November 17, 2015
7609:The Dress Rehearsal"
7030:on November 16, 2007
6800:on December 21, 2014
6710:on December 25, 2018
6639:. September 20, 1963
6580:Historical Resources
6394:. NASA. May 13, 2015
6108:, pp. 183, 192.
5992:(October 12, 2015).
5963:The Daily Advertiser
5787:. NASA. January 1958
5226:NASA History Website
4618:, p. 167 vol 1.
4547:, p. 165 Vol 1.
3719:Valentina Tereshkova
3713:First women in space
3075:history, with their
2847:Virgil "Gus" Grissom
2713:liquid hydrogen fuel
2709:translunar injection
2683:and a more advanced
2547:Agena Target Vehicle
2379:docking of two craft
2343:Apollo-Soyuz mission
2210:Bay of Pigs invasion
2087:Virgil "Gus" Grissom
2042:ballistic trajectory
1957:Man in Space Soonest
1914:Valentina Tereshkova
1616:Robotic lunar probes
1610:Saturn rocket family
1208:Soviet space program
1184:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1158:Agena Target Vehicle
847:Soviet space program
26852:Operation Paperclip
26847:Technological races
25914:Guiana Space Centre
24656:Kinetic bombardment
24182:Space manufacturing
24172:Space-based economy
24145:Private spaceflight
23565:ShuttleâMir program
23133:Aldridge Commission
23055:ShuttleâMir program
22763:Space Act Agreement
22694:Operation Paperclip
22551:Department of Space
22544:Indian space policy
22427:Europe by Satellite
22355:EU Satellite Centre
22067:Guiana Space Centre
21811:Cold War space race
21729:Spacefaring nations
21399:Health care finance
20892:Rail transportation
20658:Imperial presidency
20380:State constitutions
20325:List of legislators
20275:Auditor/Comptroller
20248:Lieutenant governor
19974:Library of Congress
19865:Diplomatic Security
19508:Indian reservations
19171:American Revolution
18849:U.S. Virgin Islands
18335:Lithuanian American
18291:Vietnamese American
17637:End of the Cold War
17627:Invasion of Grenada
17577:Iran hostage crisis
17326:Tulsa race massacre
17133:Election of Lincoln
17128:Dred Scott decision
17116:KansasâNebraska Act
17019:Missouri Compromise
16937:Northwest Ordinance
16927:Pennsylvania Mutiny
16922:and Perpetual Union
16882:American Revolution
16797:War of Jenkins' Ear
16569:Apollo 17 Moon mice
16425:Pillars of Creation
16332:Space Shuttle crews
15810:(human and robotic)
15804:Individual featured
15387:Ranks and positions
15030:Electric propulsion
14717:Life-support system
14601:Imagery and mapping
14561:Private spaceflight
14185:Alex von Tunzelmann
14175:Vladimir TismÄneanu
14100:Thomas J. McCormick
14095:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
13995:Robert Hugh Ferrell
13858:Crusade for Freedom
13655:Illiberal democracy
13539:Ho Chi Minh Thought
13342:Eisenhower Doctrine
13195:Peaceful Revolution
13190:Romanian Revolution
13170:Revolutions of 1989
13155:1988 Polish strikes
13065:Operation INFEKTION
13060:1987 Lieyu massacre
12965:Eritrean Civil Wars
12948:Peruvian Revolution
12898:1979 Herat uprising
12888:Sino-Vietnamese War
12853:UgandaâTanzania War
12833:EgyptianâLibyan War
12800:Third Indochina War
12795:Sino-Albanian split
12785:Ethiopian Civil War
12685:Eritrean Civil Wars
12625:Ping-pong diplomacy
12598:Cambodian Civil War
12424:Korean DMZ Conflict
12409:Cultural Revolution
12379:Dominican Civil War
12357:Tlatelolco massacre
12143:1959 Mosul uprising
12133:1958 Lebanon crisis
11860:Al-Wathbah uprising
11783:First Indochina War
11753:Iran crisis of 1946
10678:Guiana Space Centre
9205:on November 5, 2015
9061:113 (2019): 92â97.
9035:Parry, Dan (2009).
8972:on January 16, 2012
8494:on January 15, 2020
8224:. Russian Space Web
8136:Scientific American
7912:"Missions: Luna 15"
7879:on January 16, 2012
7848:on January 16, 2012
7817:on December 4, 2010
7651:on October 20, 2015
7487:, pp. 616â618.
7301:on November 5, 2015
6964:, pp. 454â460.
6898:, pp. 199â200.
6748:1969Icar...11..268S
6492:Kennedy to Johnson,
6381:, pp. 156â164.
6147:, pp. 194â218.
5883:on December 1, 2017
5711:on January 31, 2009
5110:Ebooks.ohiolink.edu
4886:Historic Spacecraft
4692:, p. 41 Vol 2.
4635:. February 20, 2016
4252:Samuels, Richard J.
3934:Spaceflight records
3750:Svetlana Savitskaya
3723:mission specialists
3702:counterintelligence
3299:ticker-tape parades
3152:Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin
2992:on March 10, 1967;
2646:Apollo Lunar Module
2564:Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin
2347:Shuttle-Mir program
2339:atmosphere of Venus
1851:Zenit spy satellite
1091:Huntsville, Alabama
1063:Operation Paperclip
1031:, as well as later
998:theromonuclear bomb
895:Mikhail Tikhonravov
776:Mikhail Tikhonravov
759:(V-2) developed by
326:Apollo Lunar Module
32:List of space races
24671:Military satellite
24509:Ranks and insignia
24004:Space jurisdiction
23951:Bogota Declaration
23915:Outer Space Treaty
23411:list of scientists
22699:list of scientists
22341:EU Space Programme
21509:affirmative action
21482:Capital punishment
21441:Poverty and health
21436:Physician shortage
21409:Health care prices
21339:Standard of living
21022:standard of living
20829:Financial position
20456:Hawaiian home land
20444:Indian reservation
20417:Tribal sovereignty
20260:Secretary of state
20129:United States Code
20045:Territorial courts
20017:Associate Justices
19902:Inspector generals
19389:War in Afghanistan
19252:Reconstruction era
19119:Stamp Act Congress
18499:Historical regions
18455:Transgender people
18013:Capital punishment
17872:Support of Ukraine
17821:Black Lives Matter
17729:War in Afghanistan
17654:Invasion of Panama
17610:IranâContra affair
17471:Earlyâmid Cold War
17341:Harlem Renaissance
17200:Compromise of 1877
17175:Reconstruction era
17111:Fugitive Slave Act
17106:Compromise of 1850
17051:Westward expansion
16989:Louisiana Purchase
16832:Stamp Act Congress
16777:King William's War
16371:NASA cancellations
16266:Deep Space Network
16256:Near Earth Network
15741:Living With a Star
15715:Project Prometheus
15695:Planetary Observer
14983:Robotic spacecraft
14909:Space and survival
14764:Space colonization
14660:Space architecture
14512:Outer Space Treaty
14339:Russian Revolution
14135:Mary Elise Sarotte
14120:William B. Pickett
14045:Patrick J. Hearden
14025:Gabriel Gorodetsky
14020:Timothy Garton Ash
14005:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
13600:Ethnic nationalism
13352:Hallstein Doctrine
13236:Yemeni unification
13025:1985 Geneva Summit
12990:Casamance conflict
12893:New Jewel Movement
12878:Iranian Revolution
12863:ChadianâLibyan War
12810:Cambodian conflict
12790:Lebanese Civil War
12780:Western Sahara War
12755:June 1976 protests
12750:Cambodian genocide
12515:17 July Revolution
12469:Nigerian Civil War
12384:Rhodesian Bush War
12369:Colombian conflict
12312:Ramadan Revolution
12051:Bandung Conference
11927:Operation Valuable
11808:Partition of India
8788:on January 8, 2023
8273:on August 23, 2007
8199:, pp. 150â77.
8187:, pp. 136â50.
7990:, pp. 252â62.
7901:, pp. 250â51.
7735:, pp. 163â83.
7711:, pp. 144â51.
7699:, pp. 178â79.
7687:, pp. 690â93.
7619:Samuel C. Phillips
7574:, pp. 318â19.
7559:, pp. 663â66.
7535:, pp. 654â56.
7511:, pp. 284â97.
7440:. January 17, 2019
7423:, pp. 144â47.
7404:, pp. 323â24.
7321:Slayton, Donald K.
7202:on March 18, 2008.
6997:, pp. 510â11.
6918:The New York Times
6838:, pp. 384â86.
6320:(Motion picture).
6305:, pp. 153â54.
6293:, pp. 138â43.
6132:, pp. 185â91.
6120:, pp. 117â18.
6041:7.1 ĐŃĐ°Đ¶ĐŽĐ°ĐœĐžĐœ ĐŒĐžŃĐ°
6039:Pervushin (2011),
6018:, pp. 149â57.
5445:, pp. 254â67.
5395:. January 22, 1954
5318:. November 9, 1957
5302:, pp. 164â65.
5258:, pp. 163â68.
5179:, pp. 154â57.
4961:, pp. 129â34.
4871:, p. 160-161.
4831:, p. 128-132.
4743:"R-11: the Scud A"
4511:, pp. 149â54.
4326:spaceanddefense.io
3864:
3808:Richard J. Samuels
3804:
3756:in December 1981.
3664:external fuel tank
3648:
3594:
3582:
3493:Georgi Dobrovolski
3442:
3353:
3231:
3221:
3144:Sea of Tranquility
3140:
3039:
2996:on April 8, 1967;
2978:
2896:
2843:
2755:, which created a
2747:Outer space treaty
2650:
2638:
2626:
2599:
2488:
2421:Voskhod spacecraft
2417:
2118:ticker-tape parade
2083:
2046:Mercury-Redstone 3
2034:
1953:
1931:Andriyan Nikolayev
1871:
1839:
1792:Mercury-Redstone 2
1754:
1553:University of Iowa
1545:Geiger-MĂŒller tube
1500:
1357:
1347:
1319:Prosteishy Sputnik
1134:
1085:to the Army's new
1058:The New York Times
1049:
876:Nikolai Tikhomirov
868:
780:Pionerskaya pravda
772:
757:Vergeltungswaffe 2
745:ballistic missiles
718:Russian Federation
283:Robotic spacecraft
159:
26857:Space exploration
26779:
26778:
26499:
26498:
25810:
25809:
25214:
25213:
25096:and the Caribbean
24968:
24967:
24808:
24807:
24694:
24693:
24686:Satellite jamming
24162:Space advertising
23652:
23651:
23648:
23647:
23533:
23532:
23373:
23372:
22993:George H. W. Bush
22462:Council of Europe
22383:Galileo programme
22335:
22334:
22322:Comet Interceptor
21848:Space competition
21684:
21683:
21644:
21643:
21640:
21639:
21610:National security
21319:Income inequality
21199:Statue of Liberty
21002:income inequality
20915:
20914:
20907:Trucking industry
20719:
20718:
20715:
20714:
20646:Foreign relations
20634:Electoral College
20615:
20614:
20403:
20402:
20355:District attorney
20202:
20201:
20029:Courts of appeals
19752:
19751:
19465:
19464:
19406:COVID-19 pandemic
19359:Feminist Movement
19205:American frontier
19124:Thirteen Colonies
18985:
18984:
18943:
18942:
18939:
18938:
18504:American frontier
18465:
18464:
18395:Lebanese American
18380:Egyptian American
18315:Estonian American
18305:Albanian American
18299:European American
18276:Japanese American
18266:Filipino American
18227:
18226:
17889:
17888:
17885:
17884:
17838:COVID-19 pandemic
17741:Hurricane Katrina
17682:Los Angeles riots
17572:Watergate scandal
17417:Start of Cold War
17385:Manhattan Project
16972:Whiskey Rebellion
16802:King George's War
16767:Thirteen Colonies
16728:Pre-Columbian Era
16639:
16638:
16552:stolen or missing
16349:uncrewed missions
16327:Apollo astronauts
16322:Gemini astronauts
16240:
16239:
16024:2001 Mars Odyssey
15799:
15798:
15675:Mars Surveyor '98
15633:
15632:
15576: (with
15509:Human spaceflight
15503:
15502:
15461:Launch Complex 48
15456:Launch Complex 39
15208:
15207:
15155:Flight controller
14932:
14931:
14690:Human spaceflight
14665:Space exploration
14591:Earth observation
14370:
14369:
14357:List of conflicts
14205:Rudolph Winnacker
14150:Giles Scott-Smith
14125:Ronald E. Powaski
14080:Melvyn P. Leffler
14010:John Lewis Gaddis
13985:Robert D. English
13950:Warren H. Carroll
13940:Michael Beschloss
13909:Nuclear arms race
13890:
13889:
13796:Neues Deutschland
13698:
13697:
13680:White nationalism
13650:Liberal democracy
13387:Ulbricht Doctrine
13377:Brezhnev Doctrine
13185:Velvet Revolution
12929:SovietâAfghan War
12745:Angolan Civil War
12542:Goulash Communism
12399:ASEAN Declaration
12352:Mexican Dirty War
12250:Annexation of Goa
12201:1960 U-2 incident
12175:Sino-Soviet split
12153:Laotian Civil War
11993:Bricker Amendment
11973:Mau Mau rebellion
11917:Malayan Emergency
11905:Chinese Civil War
11865:TitoâStalin split
11719:Division of Korea
11543:
11542:
11263:
11262:
10574:
10573:
9978:
9977:
9860:and the Caribbean
9732:
9731:
9445:
9435:
9400:978-5-699-48001-2
9234:978-1-62683-043-1
9130:on March 23, 2021
9104:978-0-300-13766-8
9050:978-0-09-192837-7
8922:978-1-4262-0119-6
8781:978-1-4262-2005-0
8668:978-0-06-084553-7
8645:978-0-679-44521-0
8622:978-0-8050-8147-3
8574:978-0-387-84824-2
8438:978-0-38-771356-4
8034:. August 13, 1969
7922:on April 10, 2019
7747:, pp. 38â44.
7628:978-0-486-46756-6
7593:, pp. 19â34.
7523:, pp. 57â58.
7143:978-0-471-32721-9
6882:. UPI. p. 1.
6618:978-1-78021-000-1
6221:978-1-887022-99-6
6160:. Astronautix.com
5705:"Pioneer 0, 1, 2"
5601:978-0-8160-5330-8
5554:978-0-8160-5330-8
5429:978-0-7910-9357-3
5241:, pp. 72â73.
5164:, pp. 15â18.
5081:978-0-8229-7746-9
4912:Russian Space Web
4756:978-1-4728-0306-1
4727:978-1-4728-0299-6
4483:978-0-02-922895-1
4271:978-0-7619-2927-7
4262:SAGE Publications
3919:Space exploration
3837:R-7 rocket family
3249:
3216:
2659:Vladimir Chelomey
2407:Voskhod programme
2341:. Eventually the
2307:Nikita Khrushchev
2270:Vladimir Chelomei
2214:Lyndon B. Johnson
2126:Charles Lindbergh
2112:in a ceremony at
1774:Belka and Strelka
1587:Lyndon B. Johnson
1473:Gorodomlya Island
1376:
1269:Winston Churchill
1112:The US stable of
1053:Robert H. Goddard
800:Wernher von Braun
749:Wernher von Braun
741:World War II
607:human spaceflight
583:national security
559:nuclear arms race
555:ballistic missile
530:ĐĐŸŃĐŒĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐ°Ń ĐłĐŸĐœĐșĐ°
522:
521:
416:Spaceflight types
360:
359:
317:Crewed spacecraft
309:
308:
224:Earth observation
16:(Redirected from
26869:
26762:Preceded by the
26742:
26741:
26740:
26730:
26729:
26728:
26718:
26717:
26716:
26706:
26705:
26704:
26694:
26693:
26692:
26682:
26681:
26680:
26659:
26658:
26657:
26647:
26646:
26645:
26635:
26634:
26633:
26535:
26534:
26533:
26516:
26515:
26514:
26489:
26488:
26487:
26477:
26476:
26475:
26458:
26457:
26456:
26446:
26445:
26444:
26422:
26421:
26420:
26410:
26409:
26408:
26398:
26397:
26396:
26386:
26385:
26384:
26374:
26373:
26372:
26351:
26350:
26349:
26339:
26338:
26337:
26327:
26326:
26325:
26313:
26312:
26311:
26301:
26300:
26299:
26289:
26288:
26287:
26277:
26276:
26275:
26238:
26237:
26236:
26226:
26225:
26224:
26214:
26213:
26212:
26202:
26201:
26200:
26190:
26189:
26188:
26178:
26177:
26176:
26166:
26165:
26164:
26154:
26153:
26152:
26142:
26141:
26140:
26130:
26129:
26128:
26111:
26110:
26109:
26099:
26098:
26097:
26087:
26086:
26085:
26075:
26074:
26073:
26063:
26062:
26061:
26051:
26050:
26049:
26032:
26031:
26030:
26020:
26019:
26018:
26008:
26007:
26006:
25996:
25995:
25994:
25984:
25983:
25982:
25970:
25969:
25968:
25958:
25957:
25956:
25865:
25864:
25863:
25819:
25818:
25795:
25794:
25793:
25776:
25775:
25774:
25757:
25756:
25755:
25738:
25737:
25736:
25719:
25718:
25717:
25700:
25699:
25698:
25688:
25687:
25686:
25676:
25675:
25674:
25664:
25663:
25662:
25652:
25651:
25650:
25640:
25639:
25638:
25617:
25616:
25615:
25605:
25604:
25603:
25593:
25592:
25591:
25581:
25580:
25579:
25569:
25568:
25567:
25557:
25556:
25555:
25534:
25533:
25532:
25522:
25521:
25520:
25493:
25492:
25491:
25481:
25480:
25479:
25458:
25457:
25456:
25446:
25445:
25444:
25422:
25421:
25420:
25410:
25409:
25408:
25398:
25397:
25396:
25386:
25385:
25384:
25367:
25366:
25365:
25313:
25312:
25311:
25290:
25289:
25288:
25266:
25265:
25264:
25254:
25253:
25252:
25223:
25222:
25197:
25196:
25195:
25185:
25184:
25183:
25156:
25155:
25154:
25144:
25143:
25142:
25132:
25131:
25130:
25120:
25119:
25118:
25108:
25107:
25106:
25083:
25082:
25081:
25071:
25070:
25069:
25059:
25058:
25057:
25047:
25046:
25045:
25035:
25034:
25033:
25016:
25015:
25014:
25004:
25003:
25002:
24992:
24991:
24990:
24977:
24976:
24958:
24957:
24956:
24946:
24945:
24944:
24934:
24933:
24932:
24922:
24921:
24920:
24903:
24902:
24901:
24891:
24890:
24889:
24853:
24852:
24835:
24828:
24821:
24812:
24811:
24795:Space Foundation
24785:Space Fellowship
24597:
24596:
24585:
24584:
24572:
24562:
24561:
24550:
24549:
24538:
24537:
24526:
24525:
24502:
24501:
24478:
24477:
24466:
24465:
24454:
24453:
24442:
24441:
24430:
24429:
24418:
24417:
24406:
24405:
24394:
24393:
24382:
24381:
24370:
24369:
24358:
24357:
24346:
24345:
24324:
24323:
24312:
24311:
24300:
24299:
24288:
24287:
24276:
24275:
24264:
24263:
24252:
24251:
24240:
24239:
24216:
24215:
24167:Space technology
24138:
24137:
24126:
24125:
24114:
24113:
24102:
24101:
24044:COSPAR standards
23921:Rescue Agreement
23544:
23543:
23395:
23394:
23382:
23381:
22741:Project Vanguard
22680:
22679:
22151:
22150:
22136:Aurora programme
22122:Mars and beyond
21913:
21912:
21903:
21902:
21874:Shuguang program
21843:Space propaganda
21770:Asteroid impact
21711:
21704:
21697:
21688:
21687:
21664:
21657:
21544:African American
21426:Health insurance
21314:Household income
21184:National symbols
21115:American English
21088:Federal holidays
20997:household income
20930:
20929:
20926:
20925:
20730:
20729:
20668:Anti-Americanism
20592:Special district
20519:Independent city
20488:County executive
20471:
20470:
20265:Attorney general
20224:
20223:
20213:Federal District
19796:Executive Office
19776:
19775:
19767:
19766:
19763:
19762:
19523:populated places
19503:federal enclaves
19498:federal district
19476:
19475:
19339:American Century
19322:Great Depression
19317:Roaring Twenties
19277:Women's suffrage
19156:Halifax Resolves
19149:Founding Fathers
19144:military history
19109:Pre-colonial era
19033:
19032:
19012:
19005:
18998:
18989:
18988:
18975:
18965:
18964:
18929:
18928:
18858:Outlying islands
18815:Washington, D.C.
18810:Federal District
18509:Manifest destiny
18482:
18481:
18471:
18470:
18413:Native Americans
18385:Iranian American
18359:Mexican American
18345:Serbian American
18330:Italian American
18320:Finnish American
18310:English American
18261:Chinese American
18248:African American
18233:
18232:
18038:Direct democracy
18028:The Constitution
17987:Higher education
17910:American Century
17895:
17894:
17348:Great Depression
17321:Women's suffrage
17311:Roaring Twenties
17237:Haymarket affair
17195:Enforcement Acts
16984:Jeffersonian era
16932:Shays' Rebellion
16852:Intolerable Acts
16847:Boston Tea Party
16782:Queen Anne's War
16710:
16709:
16699:
16698:
16666:
16659:
16652:
16643:
16642:
16627:
16626:
16615:
16614:
16453:Fallen Astronaut
16094:Van Allen Probes
15814:
15813:
15720:Mars Exploration
15645:
15644:
15516:
15515:
15284:Space Task Group
15256:
15255:
15235:
15228:
15221:
15212:
15211:
15198:
15187:
15186:
14897:Space psychology
14722:Animals in space
14695:
14694:
14675:Space technology
14517:Rescue Agreement
14397:
14390:
14383:
14374:
14373:
14115:David S. Painter
14040:John Earl Haynes
13970:Nicholas J. Cull
13955:Adrian Cioroianu
13935:Thomas A. Bailey
13882:Voice of America
13773:
13772:
13685:White separatism
13665:Social democracy
13660:Guided democracy
13640:Authoritarianism
13590:Ultranationalism
13580:Anti-imperialism
13507:MarxismâLeninism
13420:
13419:
13407:Kinmen Agreement
13372:Johnson Doctrine
13357:Kennedy Doctrine
13273:Frozen conflicts
13256:1991 August Coup
13145:Afghan Civil War
13040:ReykjavĂk Summit
13035:Somali Rebellion
12975:Ugandan Bush War
12953:GdaĆsk Agreement
12474:Protests of 1968
12454:War of Attrition
12163:Cuban Revolution
12099:We will bury you
12066:Cyprus Emergency
12046:Kashmir Princess
12036:Jebel Akhdar War
11885:Western betrayal
11570:
11563:
11556:
11547:
11546:
11526:Preceded by the
11506:
11505:
11504:
11494:
11493:
11492:
11482:
11481:
11480:
11470:
11469:
11468:
11458:
11457:
11456:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11423:
11422:
11421:
11411:
11410:
11409:
11399:
11398:
11397:
11299:
11298:
11297:
11280:
11279:
11278:
11253:
11252:
11251:
11241:
11240:
11239:
11222:
11221:
11220:
11210:
11209:
11208:
11186:
11185:
11184:
11174:
11173:
11172:
11162:
11161:
11160:
11150:
11149:
11148:
11138:
11137:
11136:
11115:
11114:
11113:
11103:
11102:
11101:
11091:
11090:
11089:
11077:
11076:
11075:
11065:
11064:
11063:
11053:
11052:
11051:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11002:
11001:
11000:
10990:
10989:
10988:
10978:
10977:
10976:
10966:
10965:
10964:
10954:
10953:
10952:
10942:
10941:
10940:
10930:
10929:
10928:
10918:
10917:
10916:
10906:
10905:
10904:
10894:
10893:
10892:
10875:
10874:
10873:
10863:
10862:
10861:
10851:
10850:
10849:
10839:
10838:
10837:
10827:
10826:
10825:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10784:
10783:
10782:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10760:
10759:
10758:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10734:
10733:
10732:
10722:
10721:
10720:
10629:
10628:
10627:
10583:
10582:
10559:
10558:
10557:
10540:
10539:
10538:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10502:
10501:
10500:
10483:
10482:
10481:
10464:
10463:
10462:
10452:
10451:
10450:
10440:
10439:
10438:
10428:
10427:
10426:
10416:
10415:
10414:
10404:
10403:
10402:
10381:
10380:
10379:
10369:
10368:
10367:
10357:
10356:
10355:
10345:
10344:
10343:
10333:
10332:
10331:
10321:
10320:
10319:
10298:
10297:
10296:
10286:
10285:
10284:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10245:
10244:
10243:
10222:
10221:
10220:
10210:
10209:
10208:
10186:
10185:
10184:
10174:
10173:
10172:
10162:
10161:
10160:
10150:
10149:
10148:
10131:
10130:
10129:
10077:
10076:
10075:
10054:
10053:
10052:
10030:
10029:
10028:
10018:
10017:
10016:
9987:
9986:
9961:
9960:
9959:
9949:
9948:
9947:
9920:
9919:
9918:
9908:
9907:
9906:
9896:
9895:
9894:
9884:
9883:
9882:
9872:
9871:
9870:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9823:
9822:
9821:
9811:
9810:
9809:
9799:
9798:
9797:
9780:
9779:
9778:
9768:
9767:
9766:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9741:
9740:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9710:
9709:
9708:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9686:
9685:
9684:
9667:
9666:
9665:
9655:
9654:
9653:
9617:
9616:
9599:
9592:
9585:
9576:
9575:
9566:
9535:TheSpaceRace.com
9466:
9464:
9456:
9455:
9447:
9446:
9437:
9436:
9424:
9422:
9416:
9404:
9385:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9334:
9313:
9290:
9267:
9265:
9263:
9257:
9245:
9243:
9241:
9226:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9189:
9166:
9150:
9139:
9137:
9135:
9129:
9118:
9108:
9084:
9054:
9031:
9002:
8981:
8979:
8977:
8956:
8945:
8926:
8910:
8899:
8874:
8849:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8821:on July 23, 2008
8817:. Archived from
8797:
8795:
8793:
8784:. Archived from
8764:
8739:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8695:
8672:
8660:
8649:
8626:
8607:
8586:
8557:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8461:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8411:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8329:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8280:
8278:
8263:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8240:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8218:
8212:
8206:
8200:
8197:Hepplewhite 1999
8194:
8188:
8185:Hepplewhite 1999
8182:
8176:
8173:Hepplewhite 1999
8170:
8164:
8161:Hepplewhite 1999
8158:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8147:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8117:Logan Daily News
8109:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8087:
8081:
8080:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8024:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7991:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7918:. Archived from
7908:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7875:. Archived from
7864:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7774:
7763:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7724:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7688:
7682:
7673:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7600:
7594:
7588:
7575:
7569:
7560:
7554:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7488:
7482:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7430:
7424:
7418:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7325:Cassutt, Michael
7317:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7286:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7244:
7238:
7225:
7219:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7191:
7185:
7184:, p. 12-13.
7179:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7087:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7068:on July 27, 2011
7064:. Archived from
7058:
7052:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7016:
7010:
7004:
6998:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6977:The Toronto Star
6971:
6965:
6959:
6950:
6944:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6908:
6899:
6893:
6884:
6883:
6875:The Toronto Star
6869:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6822:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6785:
6779:
6778:
6766:
6760:
6759:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6706:. Archived from
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6673:
6664:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6646:
6644:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6571:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6552:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6526:
6519:
6510:
6504:
6490:
6484:
6481:
6475:
6472:
6466:
6452:
6446:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6420:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6154:
6148:
6142:
6133:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6081:
6075:
6059:
6058:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6002:
6001:
5986:
5980:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5919:
5913:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5879:. Archived from
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5831:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5707:. Archived from
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5657:Stages to Saturn
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5634:history.nasa.gov
5626:
5620:
5619:
5613:
5605:
5589:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5566:
5558:
5542:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5517:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5486:
5480:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5276:
5270:
5259:
5253:
5242:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5180:
5174:
5165:
5159:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5065:
5052:
5051:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5007:on July 10, 2016
5003:. Archived from
4992:
4979:
4973:
4962:
4956:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4841:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4680:, p. 24-39.
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4566:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4471:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4260:(1st ed.).
4247:
4236:
4235:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4149:
4140:
4134:
4125:
4119:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4062:"The Space Race"
4058:
4039:
4038:
4027:
4026:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3929:Space propaganda
3690:Energia launcher
3598:Richard M. Nixon
3592:docking adapter.
3489:Vladislav Volkov
3387:space task group
3383:Richard M. Nixon
3378:launch vehicle.
3251:
3250:
3228:
3217:
2958:Georgy Beregovoy
2900:Vladimir Komarov
2887:Fallen Astronaut
2437:while in space.
2375:space rendezvous
2257:
2234:
2192:
2189:John F. Kennedy,
2036:On May 5, 1961,
2010:strapped over a
1997:Redstone missile
1993:a group of seven
1969:Space Task Group
1895:Cosmonautics Day
1860:Tushino air show
1821:Vostok programme
1801:was launched on
1739:monkeys and apes
1719:Surveyor program
1577:Creation of NASA
1571:Creation of NASA
1429:
1378:
1377:
1354:
1328:short wave radio
1180:James C. Hagerty
1087:Redstone Arsenal
969:Valentin Glushko
891:Friedrich Zander
823:satellite states
753:Aggregat-4 (A-4)
571:land on the Moon
536:
531:
514:
507:
500:
486:
485:
484:
311:
310:
300:Cargo spacecraft
277:
276:
134:
133:
105:on the Moon; US
87:
78:
67:
58:
21:
26877:
26876:
26872:
26871:
26870:
26868:
26867:
26866:
26782:
26781:
26780:
26775:
26748:
26738:
26736:
26726:
26724:
26714:
26712:
26702:
26700:
26690:
26688:
26678:
26676:
26665:
26655:
26653:
26643:
26641:
26631:
26629:
26541:
26531:
26529:
26512:
26510:
26495:
26485:
26483:
26473:
26471:
26454:
26452:
26442:
26440:
26418:
26416:
26406:
26404:
26394:
26392:
26382:
26380:
26370:
26368:
26357:
26347:
26345:
26335:
26333:
26323:
26321:
26309:
26307:
26297:
26295:
26285:
26283:
26273:
26271:
26234:
26232:
26222:
26220:
26210:
26208:
26198:
26196:
26186:
26184:
26174:
26172:
26162:
26160:
26150:
26148:
26138:
26136:
26126:
26124:
26107:
26105:
26095:
26093:
26083:
26081:
26071:
26069:
26059:
26057:
26047:
26045:
26028:
26026:
26016:
26014:
26004:
26002:
25992:
25990:
25980:
25978:
25966:
25964:
25954:
25952:
25935:
25861:
25859:
25806:
25791:
25789:
25772:
25770:
25753:
25751:
25734:
25732:
25715:
25713:
25696:
25694:
25684:
25682:
25672:
25670:
25660:
25658:
25648:
25646:
25636:
25634:
25623:
25613:
25611:
25601:
25599:
25589:
25587:
25577:
25575:
25565:
25563:
25553:
25551:
25540:
25530:
25528:
25518:
25516:
25489:
25487:
25477:
25475:
25464:
25454:
25452:
25442:
25440:
25418:
25416:
25406:
25404:
25394:
25392:
25382:
25380:
25363:
25361:
25309:
25307:
25296:
25286:
25284:
25262:
25260:
25250:
25248:
25237:
25210:
25193:
25191:
25181:
25179:
25152:
25150:
25140:
25138:
25128:
25126:
25116:
25114:
25104:
25102:
25095:
25089:
25079:
25077:
25067:
25065:
25055:
25053:
25043:
25041:
25031:
25029:
25012:
25010:
25000:
24998:
24988:
24986:
24964:
24954:
24952:
24942:
24940:
24930:
24928:
24918:
24916:
24899:
24897:
24887:
24885:
24874:
24857:
24844:
24839:
24809:
24804:
24690:
24666:Missile defense
24605:
24591:
24579:
24556:
24544:
24532:
24520:
24496:
24472:
24460:
24448:
24436:
24424:
24412:
24400:
24388:
24376:
24364:
24352:
24340:
24318:
24306:
24294:
24282:
24270:
24258:
24246:
24234:
24221:
24205:
24199:Asteroid mining
24187:Lunar resources
24132:
24120:
24108:
24096:
24078:
24071:ISECG standards
24034:ODCWG standards
24029:CCSDS standards
23998:Artemis Accords
23895:
23791:
23785:
23737:
23644:
23602:
23581:
23529:
23512:
23465:
23460:Voskhod program
23429:Sputnik program
23417:
23389:
23387:
23378:USSR and Russia
23369:
23277:
23244:
23237:
23164:
23157:
23100:
23093:
23029:
23022:
22994:
22987:
22930:
22923:
22913:
22906:
22888:
22881:
22853:
22846:
22833:
22826:
22796:
22789:
22727:
22720:
22685:
22675:US space policy
22669:
22585:space programme
22584:
22577:
22539:
22437:
22431:
22398:EUSST programme
22393:EGNOS programme
22331:
22267:
22256:LISA Pathfinder
22225:
22167:CassiniâHuygens
22149:
22060:ESTRACK network
21949:
21932:Mars and beyond
21859:
21852:
21797:
21720:
21715:
21685:
21680:
21667:
21660:
21653:
21636:
21622:Opioid epidemic
21539:Native American
21519:intersex rights
21470:
21466:Life expectancy
21456:Medical deserts
21446:Race and health
21343:
21329:Personal income
21275:
21179:National anthem
21012:personal income
20977:Economic issues
20911:
20863:
20711:
20611:
20600:School district
20586:
20569:Minor divisions
20563:
20502:
20460:
20399:
20385:Statutory codes
20366:
20329:
20306:
20216:
20211:
20198:
20133:
20090:civil liberties
20071:
20062:Other tribunals
20041:District courts
19993:
19952:current members
19935:current members
19916:
19850:Law enforcement
19748:
19461:
19410:
19401:Great Recession
19272:Progressive Era
19262:Native genocide
19193:Perpetual Union
19181:Treaty of Paris
19139:United Colonies
19097:
19022:
19016:
18986:
18981:
18935:
18909:
18853:
18817:
18805:
18544:
18518:
18476:
18461:
18367:Jewish American
18340:Polish American
18281:Korean American
18271:Indian American
18238:
18223:
18078:Merchant Marine
18048:Law enforcement
17900:
17881:
17755:
17751:Great Recession
17658:
17632:Reagan Doctrine
17586:
17565:Stonewall riots
17487:
17461:Project Mercury
17422:Truman Doctrine
17398:
17306:First Red Scare
17280:
17249:Progressive Era
17161:
17121:Bleeding Kansas
17077:
17024:Monroe Doctrine
17000:
16948:
16907:Treaty of Paris
16868:
16842:Boston Massacre
16837:Sons of Liberty
16733:
16704:
16693:
16675:
16670:
16640:
16635:
16603:
16503:
16494:Mission patches
16469:Pioneer plaques
16432:Mystic Mountain
16409:Family Portrait
16402:The Blue Marble
16386:
16380:
16354:Apollo missions
16295:
16247:
16236:
16203:
16008:
16002:
15839:Mercury-Atlas 6
15809:
15805:
15795:
15729:
15665:Mariner Mark II
15629:
15610:Commercial Crew
15588:
15511:
15499:
15483:Mission Control
15382:Astronaut Corps
15377:Chief Scientist
15355:
15260:
15244:
15239:
15209:
15204:
15174:
15141:
15113:Escape velocity
15094:
15046:
15013:Space telescope
14966:Reentry capsule
14928:
14868:
14773:
14744:Overview effect
14727:Bioastronautics
14684:
14572:
14406:
14401:
14371:
14366:
14343:
14334:Second Cold War
14292:
14220:
14214:
14190:Odd Arne Westad
14180:Patrick Vaughan
14165:Athan Theoharis
14145:Ellen Schrecker
14130:Yakov M. Rabkin
14105:Timothy Naftali
14050:Tvrtko Jakovina
14035:Jussi HanhimÀki
13918:
13896:
13886:
13864:Paix et Liberté
13839:
13783:Active measures
13764:
13694:
13675:White supremacy
13635:Totalitarianism
13563:
13488:
13411:
13397:Reagan Doctrine
13392:Carter Doctrine
13332:Truman Doctrine
13320:
13267:
13199:
13094:Soviet reaction
13005:Ndogboyosoi War
12912:
12883:Saur Revolution
12710:1973 oil crisis
12675:Munich massacre
12583:Alcora Exercise
12578:Black September
12556:
12302:Sino-Indian War
12196:Simba rebellion
12179:
12023:Capture of the
11931:
11870:Berlin Blockade
11803:May 1947 crises
11793:Truman Doctrine
11758:Greek Civil War
11747:Blacklist Forty
11714:Gouzenko Affair
11701:Cursed soldiers
11653:Morgenthau Plan
11641:
11579:
11574:
11544:
11539:
11512:
11502:
11500:
11490:
11488:
11478:
11476:
11466:
11464:
11454:
11452:
11442:
11440:
11429:
11419:
11417:
11407:
11405:
11395:
11393:
11305:
11295:
11293:
11276:
11274:
11259:
11249:
11247:
11237:
11235:
11218:
11216:
11206:
11204:
11182:
11180:
11170:
11168:
11158:
11156:
11146:
11144:
11134:
11132:
11121:
11111:
11109:
11099:
11097:
11087:
11085:
11073:
11071:
11061:
11059:
11049:
11047:
11037:
11035:
10998:
10996:
10986:
10984:
10974:
10972:
10962:
10960:
10950:
10948:
10938:
10936:
10926:
10924:
10914:
10912:
10902:
10900:
10890:
10888:
10871:
10869:
10859:
10857:
10847:
10845:
10835:
10833:
10823:
10821:
10811:
10809:
10792:
10790:
10780:
10778:
10768:
10766:
10756:
10754:
10744:
10742:
10730:
10728:
10718:
10716:
10699:
10625:
10623:
10570:
10555:
10553:
10536:
10534:
10517:
10515:
10498:
10496:
10479:
10477:
10460:
10458:
10448:
10446:
10436:
10434:
10424:
10422:
10412:
10410:
10400:
10398:
10387:
10377:
10375:
10365:
10363:
10353:
10351:
10341:
10339:
10329:
10327:
10317:
10315:
10304:
10294:
10292:
10282:
10280:
10253:
10251:
10241:
10239:
10228:
10218:
10216:
10206:
10204:
10182:
10180:
10170:
10168:
10158:
10156:
10146:
10144:
10127:
10125:
10073:
10071:
10060:
10050:
10048:
10026:
10024:
10014:
10012:
10001:
9974:
9957:
9955:
9945:
9943:
9916:
9914:
9904:
9902:
9892:
9890:
9880:
9878:
9868:
9866:
9859:
9853:
9843:
9841:
9831:
9829:
9819:
9817:
9807:
9805:
9795:
9793:
9776:
9774:
9764:
9762:
9752:
9750:
9728:
9718:
9716:
9706:
9704:
9694:
9692:
9682:
9680:
9663:
9661:
9651:
9649:
9638:
9621:
9608:
9603:
9564:
9548:Wayback Machine
9523:Wayback Machine
9491:Wayback Machine
9480:
9479:
9468:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9450:
9441:
9431:
9426:
9420:
9419:
9418:(2 parts,
9417:
9414:
9411:
9401:
9382:
9356:
9354:
9352:
9331:
9310:
9298:. Gainesville:
9287:
9275:. Gainesville:
9261:
9259:
9255:
9239:
9237:
9235:
9224:
9208:
9206:
9186:
9163:
9133:
9131:
9127:
9116:
9105:
9081:
9051:
9025:
9007:Murray, Charles
8999:
8975:
8973:
8942:
8923:
8896:
8871:
8846:
8824:
8822:
8815:
8791:
8789:
8782:
8761:
8736:
8708:
8706:
8692:
8669:
8646:
8623:
8604:
8575:
8554:
8536:
8531:
8530:
8520:
8518:
8511:
8507:
8497:
8495:
8482:
8481:
8477:
8462:
8458:
8448:
8446:
8439:
8423:
8419:
8409:
8407:
8402:
8401:
8397:
8387:
8385:
8374:
8370:
8363:
8349:
8345:
8338:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8293:
8289:
8276:
8274:
8265:
8264:
8260:
8250:
8248:
8243:James Bamford.
8241:
8237:
8227:
8225:
8220:
8219:
8215:
8207:
8203:
8195:
8191:
8183:
8179:
8171:
8167:
8159:
8155:
8145:
8143:
8128:
8124:
8111:
8110:
8106:
8096:
8094:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8069:
8065:
8058:The Evening Sun
8052:
8051:
8047:
8037:
8035:
8026:
8025:
8018:
8010:
8006:
7998:
7994:
7986:
7982:
7972:
7970:
7968:Washington Post
7960:
7956:
7948:The Independent
7939:
7935:
7925:
7923:
7910:
7909:
7905:
7897:
7893:
7882:
7880:
7865:
7861:
7851:
7849:
7834:
7830:
7820:
7818:
7807:
7803:
7795:
7788:
7778:
7776:
7772:
7761:
7755:
7751:
7743:
7739:
7731:
7727:
7719:
7715:
7707:
7703:
7695:
7691:
7683:
7676:
7668:
7664:
7654:
7652:
7629:
7601:
7597:
7589:
7578:
7570:
7563:
7555:
7551:
7543:
7539:
7531:
7527:
7519:
7515:
7507:
7503:
7495:
7491:
7483:
7476:
7466:
7464:
7457:
7453:
7443:
7441:
7432:
7431:
7427:
7419:
7408:
7400:
7396:
7391:
7387:
7379:
7375:
7341:
7318:
7314:
7304:
7302:
7287:
7278:
7270:
7266:
7259:
7255:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7236:Wayback Machine
7226:
7222:
7211:
7207:
7192:
7188:
7180:
7176:
7166:
7164:
7156:
7155:
7151:
7144:
7130:
7126:
7118:
7111:
7101:
7099:
7088:
7081:
7071:
7069:
7060:
7059:
7055:
7047:
7043:
7033:
7031:
7018:
7017:
7013:
7005:
7001:
6993:
6989:
6972:
6968:
6960:
6953:
6945:
6938:
6930:
6926:
6909:
6902:
6894:
6887:
6870:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6846:
6842:
6834:
6825:
6817:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6786:
6782:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6727:
6723:
6713:
6711:
6700:
6696:
6686:
6684:
6674:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6642:
6640:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6603:
6599:
6589:
6587:
6572:
6565:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6544:
6540:
6530:
6528:
6527:on May 13, 2005
6524:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6503:April 20, 1961.
6501:Wayback Machine
6491:
6487:
6482:
6478:
6473:
6469:
6453:
6449:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6411:
6407:
6397:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6377:
6370:
6360:
6358:
6348:
6344:
6334:
6332:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6301:
6297:
6289:
6285:
6277:
6273:
6265:
6261:
6253:
6249:
6241:
6237:
6222:
6208:
6204:
6189:
6185:
6177:
6173:
6163:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6151:
6143:
6136:
6128:
6124:
6116:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6087:. April 7, 2011
6083:
6082:
6078:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6005:
5987:
5983:
5974:
5970:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5884:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5815:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5760:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5728:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5701:
5697:
5689:
5685:
5677:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5630:"Birth of NASA"
5628:
5627:
5623:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5580:
5576:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5533:
5529:
5518:
5509:
5499:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5449:
5443:Brzezinski 2007
5441:
5437:
5430:
5416:
5412:
5398:
5396:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5345:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5262:
5254:
5245:
5237:
5233:
5214:
5210:
5202:
5198:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5124:
5114:
5112:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5066:
5055:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4993:
4982:
4974:
4965:
4957:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4914:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4888:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4804:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4636:
4633:Defencyclopidea
4627:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4476:, 160â62, 190.
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4328:. June 29, 2023
4320:
4319:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4290:
4283:
4272:
4264:. p. 669.
4248:
4239:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4128:
4124:, pp. 3â5.
4120:
4107:
4093:
4091:
4090:. June 30, 2023
4082:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4033:
4021:
4011:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3965:
3963:
3869:
3812:Asif A. Siddiqi
3796:
3762:
3715:
3640:
3605:Leonid Brezhnev
3555:
3549:
3497:Viktor Patsayev
3434:
3370:) from a spent
3338:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3242:
3239:
3232:
3226:
3207:
3188:down on a safe
3148:Michael Collins
3129:
3123:
3107:Lunokhod rovers
3081:Book of Genesis
2982:Zond spacecraft
2926:
2878:
2872:
2849:, Senior Pilot
2835:
2829:
2821:
2791:fortifications;
2749:
2719:and two-person
2681:N1 super rocket
2624:launch vehicles
2610:
2604:
2552:Rendezvous and
2543:station-keeping
2480:
2474:
2465:Leonid Brezhnev
2409:
2403:
2370:
2287:
2242:Rice University
2198:John F. Kennedy
2194:
2190:
2188:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2101:Mercury-Atlas 6
2069:John F. Kennedy
1945:
1943:Project Mercury
1939:
1845:using the same
1829:Replica of the
1823:
1817:
1812:
1803:Mercury-Atlas 5
1797:The chimpanzee
1731:
1667:failed whereas
1649:Pioneer program
1618:
1579:
1573:
1549:James Van Allen
1492:James Van Allen
1481:
1469:Helmut Gröttrup
1465:low Earth orbit
1448:
1443:
1437:
1427:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:The signals of
1379:
1370:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1310:launch vehicles
1305:
1297:Vanguard rocket
1284:
1278:
1210:
1204:
1202:Soviet planning
1196:Leonid I. Sedov
1175:
1170:
1154:Project Mercury
1142:PGM-11 Redstone
1095:Redstone rocket
1041:
1029:space launchers
1008:which includes
857:launch vehicles
849:
843:Soviet rocketry
839:
818:
812:
737:
667:Asif A. Siddiqi
650:John F. Kennedy
611:low Earth orbit
579:Soviet moonshot
518:
482:
480:
475:
474:
455:
447:
446:
417:
409:
408:
399:Escape velocity
394:launch vehicles
372:
362:
361:
356:
355:
319:
305:
304:
285:
274:
264:
263:
214:
204:
203:
169:
132:
131:
130:
129:
90:
89:
88:
80:
79:
70:
69:
68:
60:
59:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
26875:
26865:
26864:
26859:
26854:
26849:
26844:
26839:
26834:
26829:
26824:
26819:
26814:
26809:
26804:
26799:
26794:
26777:
26776:
26774:
26773:
26766:
26760:
26753:
26750:
26749:
26747:
26746:
26734:
26722:
26710:
26698:
26686:
26673:
26671:
26667:
26666:
26664:
26663:
26651:
26639:
26627:
26622:
26617:
26612:
26607:
26602:
26597:
26592:
26587:
26582:
26577:
26572:
26571:
26570:
26560:
26555:
26549:
26547:
26543:
26542:
26540:
26539:
26527:
26526:
26525:
26507:
26505:
26501:
26500:
26497:
26496:
26494:
26493:
26481:
26469:
26468:
26467:
26450:
26438:
26437:
26436:
26431:
26414:
26402:
26390:
26378:
26365:
26363:
26359:
26358:
26356:
26355:
26343:
26331:
26319:
26318:
26317:
26293:
26281:
26269:
26268:
26267:
26262:
26257:
26252:
26247:
26230:
26218:
26206:
26194:
26182:
26170:
26158:
26146:
26134:
26122:
26121:
26120:
26103:
26091:
26079:
26067:
26055:
26043:
26042:
26041:
26024:
26012:
26000:
25988:
25976:
25975:
25974:
25949:
25947:
25937:
25936:
25934:
25933:
25928:
25923:
25918:
25917:
25916:
25911:
25910:
25909:
25899:
25894:
25889:
25884:
25879:
25874:
25857:
25852:
25847:
25846:
25845:
25835:
25825:
25823:
25816:
25812:
25811:
25808:
25807:
25805:
25804:
25787:
25786:
25785:
25768:
25767:
25766:
25749:
25748:
25747:
25730:
25729:
25728:
25711:
25710:
25709:
25692:
25680:
25668:
25656:
25644:
25631:
25629:
25625:
25624:
25622:
25621:
25609:
25597:
25585:
25573:
25561:
25548:
25546:
25545:Southeast Asia
25542:
25541:
25539:
25538:
25526:
25514:
25513:
25512:
25507:
25502:
25485:
25472:
25470:
25466:
25465:
25463:
25462:
25450:
25438:
25437:
25436:
25431:
25414:
25402:
25390:
25378:
25377:
25376:
25359:
25358:
25357:
25352:
25347:
25346:
25345:
25342:
25337:
25332:
25322:
25304:
25302:
25298:
25297:
25295:
25294:
25282:
25281:
25280:
25275:
25258:
25245:
25243:
25239:
25238:
25236:
25235:
25229:
25227:
25220:
25216:
25215:
25212:
25211:
25209:
25208:
25207:
25206:
25189:
25177:
25176:
25175:
25170:
25165:
25148:
25136:
25124:
25112:
25099:
25097:
25091:
25090:
25088:
25087:
25075:
25063:
25051:
25039:
25027:
25026:
25025:
25008:
24996:
24983:
24981:
24974:
24970:
24969:
24966:
24965:
24963:
24962:
24950:
24938:
24926:
24914:
24913:
24912:
24895:
24882:
24880:
24876:
24875:
24873:
24872:
24867:
24861:
24859:
24850:
24846:
24845:
24838:
24837:
24830:
24823:
24815:
24806:
24805:
24803:
24802:
24797:
24792:
24787:
24782:
24777:
24772:
24767:
24762:
24757:
24752:
24747:
24742:
24741:
24740:
24735:
24730:
24725:
24720:
24710:
24704:
24702:
24700:Space advocacy
24696:
24695:
24692:
24691:
24689:
24688:
24683:
24678:
24673:
24668:
24663:
24658:
24653:
24652:
24651:
24646:
24641:
24636:
24626:
24621:
24615:
24613:
24607:
24606:
24604:
24603:
24602:
24601:
24589:
24587:United Kingdom
24577:
24566:
24554:
24542:
24530:
24516:Space commands
24513:
24512:
24511:
24506:
24494:
24493:
24492:
24487:
24470:
24468:United Kingdom
24458:
24446:
24434:
24422:
24410:
24398:
24386:
24374:
24362:
24350:
24338:
24337:
24336:
24331:
24316:
24304:
24292:
24280:
24268:
24256:
24244:
24226:
24224:
24213:
24211:Militarisation
24207:
24206:
24204:
24203:
24202:
24201:
24196:
24195:
24194:
24184:
24179:
24169:
24164:
24159:
24154:
24153:
24152:
24147:
24142:
24130:
24128:United Kingdom
24118:
24106:
24092:Space industry
24088:
24086:
24084:Commercial use
24080:
24079:
24077:
24076:
24073:
24068:
24063:
24058:
24057:
24056:
24054:IPDA standards
24051:
24041:
24039:CEOS standards
24036:
24031:
24026:
24021:
24016:
24011:
24006:
24001:
23995:
23989:
23983:
23978:
23972:
23966:
23960:
23954:
23948:
23942:
23936:
23930:
23924:
23918:
23912:
23905:
23903:
23897:
23896:
23894:
23893:
23888:
23883:
23878:
23873:
23868:
23863:
23858:
23853:
23848:
23843:
23838:
23833:
23828:
23823:
23822:
23821:
23811:
23806:
23801:
23795:
23793:
23787:
23786:
23784:
23783:
23778:
23773:
23772:
23771:
23766:
23756:
23751:
23745:
23743:
23742:United Nations
23739:
23738:
23736:
23735:
23734:
23733:
23723:
23718:
23713:
23712:
23711:
23701:
23696:
23691:
23686:
23681:
23676:
23671:
23666:
23660:
23658:
23657:Other policies
23654:
23653:
23650:
23649:
23646:
23645:
23643:
23642:
23641:
23640:
23635:
23633:MARS-500 study
23627:
23622:
23617:
23610:
23608:
23604:
23603:
23601:
23600:
23595:
23589:
23587:
23583:
23582:
23580:
23579:
23578:
23577:
23572:
23567:
23556:
23550:
23548:
23541:
23535:
23534:
23531:
23530:
23528:
23527:
23520:
23518:
23514:
23513:
23511:
23510:
23504:
23498:
23492:
23489:Salyut program
23486:
23480:
23473:
23471:
23467:
23466:
23464:
23463:
23457:
23451:
23445:
23442:Vostok program
23439:
23438:
23437:
23434:Sputnik crisis
23425:
23423:
23419:
23418:
23416:
23415:
23414:
23413:
23401:
23399:
23392:
23379:
23375:
23374:
23371:
23370:
23368:
23367:
23366:
23365:
23360:
23355:
23350:
23345:
23335:
23330:
23325:
23320:
23319:
23318:
23308:
23303:
23301:Budget of NASA
23298:
23293:
23288:
23282:
23279:
23278:
23276:
23275:
23270:
23265:
23260:
23255:
23249:
23247:
23239:
23238:
23236:
23235:
23233:2015 Space Act
23230:
23225:
23220:
23215:
23210:
23205:
23200:
23195:
23190:
23185:
23180:
23175:
23169:
23167:
23159:
23158:
23156:
23155:
23150:
23145:
23140:
23135:
23130:
23125:
23119:Space Shuttle
23116:
23111:
23105:
23103:
23099:George W. Bush
23095:
23094:
23092:
23091:
23086:
23081:
23079:1998 Space Act
23076:
23071:
23070:
23069:
23068:
23067:
23057:
23047:
23042:
23034:
23032:
23024:
23023:
23021:
23020:
23015:
23010:
23005:
22999:
22997:
22989:
22988:
22986:
22985:
22980:
22975:
22969:Space Shuttle
22966:
22961:
22959:1984 Space Act
22956:
22951:
22946:
22941:
22935:
22933:
22925:
22924:
22922:
22921:
22918:
22916:
22908:
22907:
22905:
22904:
22899:
22893:
22891:
22883:
22882:
22880:
22879:
22874:
22869:
22864:
22858:
22856:
22848:
22847:
22845:
22844:
22838:
22836:
22828:
22827:
22825:
22824:
22817:
22812:
22807:
22801:
22799:
22791:
22790:
22788:
22787:
22782:
22777:
22772:
22767:
22766:
22765:
22755:
22748:
22746:Sputnik crisis
22743:
22738:
22732:
22730:
22722:
22721:
22719:
22718:
22713:
22708:
22703:
22702:
22701:
22690:
22688:
22677:
22671:
22670:
22668:
22667:
22666:
22665:
22653:
22647:
22642:
22637:
22631:
22625:
22619:
22614:
22608:
22602:
22596:
22589:
22587:
22579:
22578:
22576:
22575:
22574:
22573:
22571:Mission Shakti
22563:
22558:
22553:
22547:
22545:
22541:
22540:
22538:
22537:
22532:
22527:
22522:
22521:
22520:
22510:
22505:
22500:
22499:
22498:
22488:
22479:
22474:
22469:
22464:
22459:
22454:
22453:
22452:
22441:
22439:
22436:Other European
22433:
22432:
22430:
22429:
22424:
22419:
22414:
22409:
22404:
22403:
22402:
22401:
22400:
22395:
22390:
22385:
22374:
22371:
22363:
22358:
22352:
22345:
22343:
22337:
22336:
22333:
22332:
22330:
22329:
22324:
22319:
22314:
22309:
22304:
22299:
22294:
22289:
22284:
22278:
22276:
22269:
22268:
22266:
22265:
22258:
22253:
22246:
22245:
22244:
22233:
22231:
22227:
22226:
22224:
22223:
22216:
22209:
22204:
22197:
22189:
22184:
22179:
22178:
22177:
22163:
22157:
22155:
22148:
22147:
22146:
22145:
22144:
22143:
22138:
22133:
22131:MARS-500 study
22128:
22120:
22118:ESA Television
22115:
22114:
22113:
22112:
22111:
22101:
22091:
22086:
22081:
22075:
22069:
22064:
22063:
22062:
22052:
22047:
22041:
22035:
22030:
22025:
22024:
22023:
22013:
22008:
22007:
22006:
21996:
21991:
21980:
21974:
21973:
21972:
21959:
21957:
21951:
21950:
21948:
21947:
21946:
21945:
21943:MARS-500 study
21940:
21929:
21923:
21922:
21921:
21916:
21906:
21890:
21889:
21888:
21877:
21871:
21864:
21862:
21854:
21853:
21851:
21850:
21845:
21840:
21835:
21830:
21825:
21824:
21823:
21818:
21816:Sputnik crisis
21807:
21805:
21799:
21798:
21796:
21795:
21794:
21793:
21792:
21791:
21781:
21776:
21768:
21763:
21758:
21757:
21756:
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21741:
21736:
21731:
21725:
21722:
21721:
21714:
21713:
21706:
21699:
21691:
21682:
21681:
21679:
21678:
21673:
21666:
21665:
21658:
21650:
21649:
21646:
21645:
21642:
21641:
21638:
21637:
21635:
21634:
21629:
21624:
21619:
21618:
21617:
21607:
21606:
21605:
21595:
21590:
21585:
21580:
21578:Mass shootings
21575:
21570:
21569:
21568:
21566:Climate change
21563:
21553:
21548:
21547:
21546:
21541:
21536:
21531:
21526:
21521:
21516:
21511:
21504:Discrimination
21501:
21496:
21495:
21494:
21484:
21478:
21476:
21472:
21471:
21469:
21468:
21463:
21458:
21453:
21448:
21443:
21438:
21433:
21428:
21423:
21418:
21417:
21416:
21411:
21406:
21396:
21395:
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21389:
21384:
21379:
21374:
21369:
21359:
21353:
21351:
21345:
21344:
21342:
21341:
21336:
21331:
21326:
21321:
21316:
21311:
21306:
21301:
21296:
21294:American Dream
21291:
21285:
21283:
21277:
21276:
21274:
21273:
21268:
21263:
21261:Transportation
21258:
21253:
21248:
21243:
21238:
21233:
21228:
21223:
21218:
21213:
21208:
21207:
21206:
21201:
21196:
21194:Mount Rushmore
21191:
21181:
21176:
21171:
21166:
21165:
21164:
21159:
21154:
21149:
21144:
21134:
21129:
21128:
21127:
21122:
21117:
21107:
21102:
21097:
21092:
21091:
21090:
21080:
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21073:
21063:
21058:
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21051:
21046:
21036:
21035:
21034:
21029:
21024:
21019:
21014:
21009:
21004:
20999:
20994:
20989:
20984:
20974:
20969:
20964:
20959:
20954:
20949:
20944:
20938:
20936:
20923:
20917:
20916:
20913:
20912:
20910:
20909:
20904:
20899:
20894:
20889:
20884:
20879:
20873:
20871:
20865:
20864:
20862:
20861:
20856:
20851:
20846:
20841:
20836:
20831:
20826:
20821:
20816:
20814:Federal budget
20811:
20806:
20801:
20800:
20799:
20794:
20789:
20784:
20779:
20774:
20769:
20764:
20759:
20754:
20752:Communications
20749:
20744:
20733:
20727:
20721:
20720:
20717:
20716:
20713:
20712:
20710:
20709:
20704:
20703:
20702:
20697:
20692:
20682:
20681:
20680:
20675:
20673:exceptionalism
20670:
20660:
20655:
20654:
20653:
20651:foreign policy
20643:
20642:
20641:
20636:
20626:
20620:
20617:
20616:
20613:
20612:
20610:
20609:
20608:
20607:
20596:
20594:
20588:
20587:
20585:
20584:
20579:
20573:
20571:
20565:
20564:
20562:
20561:
20556:
20551:
20546:
20541:
20536:
20531:
20526:
20521:
20516:
20510:
20508:
20504:
20503:
20501:
20500:
20495:
20490:
20485:
20479:
20477:
20468:
20462:
20461:
20459:
20458:
20453:
20452:
20451:
20441:
20440:
20439:
20434:
20429:
20419:
20413:
20411:
20405:
20404:
20401:
20400:
20398:
20397:
20392:
20387:
20382:
20376:
20374:
20368:
20367:
20365:
20364:
20363:
20362:
20352:
20351:
20350:
20348:Chief justices
20343:Supreme courts
20339:
20337:
20331:
20330:
20328:
20327:
20322:
20316:
20314:
20308:
20307:
20305:
20304:
20303:
20302:
20292:
20287:
20282:
20277:
20272:
20267:
20262:
20257:
20256:
20255:
20245:
20244:
20243:
20232:
20230:
20221:
20204:
20203:
20200:
20199:
20197:
20196:
20191:
20186:
20185:
20184:
20182:National Guard
20179:
20174:
20169:
20164:
20159:
20154:
20143:
20141:
20135:
20134:
20132:
20131:
20126:
20125:
20124:
20119:
20114:
20109:
20099:
20094:
20093:
20092:
20085:Bill of Rights
20081:
20079:
20073:
20072:
20070:
20069:
20064:
20059:
20058:
20057:
20055:list of judges
20052:
20050:list of courts
20038:
20037:
20036:
20034:list of judges
20026:
20025:
20024:
20019:
20014:
20003:
20001:
19995:
19994:
19992:
19991:
19986:
19981:
19976:
19971:
19969:Capitol Police
19966:
19965:
19964:
19959:
19954:
19944:
19943:
19942:
19937:
19926:
19924:
19918:
19917:
19915:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19898:
19897:
19892:
19890:Secret Service
19887:
19882:
19877:
19872:
19867:
19862:
19857:
19847:
19846:
19845:
19840:
19835:
19830:
19820:
19815:
19810:
19805:
19803:Vice President
19800:
19799:
19798:
19793:
19782:
19780:
19773:
19760:
19754:
19753:
19750:
19749:
19747:
19746:
19741:
19736:
19731:
19730:
19729:
19724:
19719:
19714:
19709:
19704:
19699:
19694:
19683:
19682:
19681:
19676:
19671:
19666:
19661:
19656:
19651:
19646:
19641:
19636:
19631:
19626:
19621:
19616:
19611:
19606:
19601:
19591:
19590:
19589:
19587:National Parks
19579:
19578:
19577:
19572:
19567:
19562:
19557:
19547:
19542:
19540:Extreme points
19537:
19532:
19531:
19530:
19525:
19520:
19515:
19510:
19505:
19500:
19495:
19490:
19479:
19473:
19467:
19466:
19463:
19462:
19460:
19459:
19454:
19449:
19444:
19439:
19434:
19429:
19424:
19418:
19416:
19412:
19411:
19409:
19408:
19403:
19398:
19397:
19396:
19391:
19381:
19376:
19371:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19351:
19346:
19341:
19336:
19335:
19334:
19324:
19319:
19314:
19309:
19304:
19299:
19298:
19297:
19292:
19287:
19279:
19274:
19269:
19264:
19259:
19254:
19249:
19244:
19239:
19234:
19229:
19227:Federalist Era
19224:
19223:
19222:
19220:Bill of Rights
19217:
19207:
19202:
19201:
19200:
19195:
19185:
19184:
19183:
19178:
19168:
19163:
19161:Lee Resolution
19158:
19153:
19152:
19151:
19146:
19141:
19136:
19131:
19126:
19121:
19111:
19105:
19103:
19099:
19098:
19096:
19095:
19090:
19085:
19080:
19075:
19070:
19065:
19060:
19055:
19050:
19045:
19039:
19037:
19030:
19024:
19023:
19021: articles
19015:
19014:
19007:
19000:
18992:
18983:
18982:
18980:
18979:
18969:
18959:
18957:Historiography
18954:
18948:
18945:
18944:
18941:
18940:
18937:
18936:
18934:
18933:
18923:
18917:
18915:
18911:
18910:
18908:
18907:
18902:
18897:
18895:Navassa Island
18892:
18887:
18882:
18880:Johnston Atoll
18877:
18872:
18870:Howland Island
18867:
18861:
18859:
18855:
18854:
18852:
18851:
18846:
18841:
18836:
18831:
18829:American Samoa
18825:
18823:
18819:
18818:
18813:
18811:
18807:
18806:
18804:
18803:
18798:
18793:
18788:
18783:
18778:
18773:
18768:
18763:
18758:
18753:
18751:South Carolina
18748:
18743:
18738:
18733:
18728:
18723:
18718:
18716:North Carolina
18713:
18708:
18703:
18698:
18693:
18688:
18683:
18678:
18673:
18668:
18663:
18658:
18653:
18648:
18643:
18638:
18633:
18628:
18623:
18618:
18613:
18608:
18603:
18598:
18593:
18588:
18583:
18578:
18573:
18568:
18563:
18558:
18552:
18550:
18546:
18545:
18543:
18542:
18540:The West Coast
18537:
18532:
18526:
18524:
18520:
18519:
18517:
18516:
18514:Indian removal
18511:
18506:
18501:
18496:
18490:
18488:
18478:
18477:
18467:
18466:
18463:
18462:
18460:
18459:
18458:
18457:
18452:
18447:
18435:
18428:
18427:
18426:
18421:
18409:
18408:
18407:
18405:Saudi American
18402:
18397:
18392:
18390:Iraqi American
18387:
18382:
18370:
18363:
18362:
18361:
18349:
18348:
18347:
18342:
18337:
18332:
18327:
18325:Irish American
18322:
18317:
18312:
18307:
18295:
18294:
18293:
18288:
18283:
18278:
18273:
18268:
18263:
18255:Asian American
18251:
18243:
18240:
18239:
18229:
18228:
18225:
18224:
18222:
18221:
18220:
18219:
18214:
18209:
18204:
18199:
18187:
18186:
18185:
18183:Sexual slavery
18173:
18166:
18159:
18158:
18157:
18152:
18147:
18142:
18137:
18132:
18120:
18119:
18118:
18113:
18108:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18081:
18074:
18067:
18066:
18065:
18060:
18055:
18053:Postal service
18050:
18045:
18043:Foreign policy
18040:
18035:
18030:
18025:
18020:
18015:
18010:
17998:
17991:
17990:
17989:
17977:
17976:
17975:
17963:
17962:
17961:
17949:
17948:
17947:
17942:
17937:
17932:
17920:
17913:
17905:
17902:
17901:
17891:
17890:
17887:
17886:
17883:
17882:
17880:
17879:
17874:
17869:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17847:
17846:
17845:
17835:
17830:
17823:
17818:
17817:
17816:
17811:
17806:
17801:
17796:
17791:
17786:
17781:
17771:
17765:
17763:
17757:
17756:
17754:
17753:
17748:
17743:
17738:
17737:
17736:
17731:
17721:
17716:
17709:
17704:
17699:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17674:
17668:
17666:
17660:
17659:
17657:
17656:
17651:
17646:
17641:
17640:
17639:
17634:
17629:
17619:
17617:Crack epidemic
17614:
17613:
17612:
17607:
17596:
17594:
17588:
17587:
17585:
17584:
17582:Moral Majority
17579:
17574:
17569:
17568:
17567:
17560:Gay liberation
17557:
17552:
17550:Counterculture
17547:
17542:
17541:
17540:
17538:Fall of Saigon
17535:
17530:
17520:
17519:
17518:
17516:Apollo program
17513:
17511:Project Gemini
17503:
17497:
17495:
17489:
17488:
17486:
17485:
17480:
17479:
17478:
17468:
17463:
17458:
17453:
17452:
17451:
17446:
17441:
17436:
17429:Early Cold War
17426:
17425:
17424:
17414:
17408:
17406:
17400:
17399:
17397:
17396:
17395:
17394:
17393:
17392:
17382:
17377:
17367:
17366:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17345:
17344:
17343:
17338:
17333:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17308:
17303:
17302:
17301:
17290:
17288:
17282:
17281:
17279:
17278:
17273:
17272:
17271:
17266:
17261:
17256:
17246:
17245:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17209:
17204:
17203:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17171:
17169:
17163:
17162:
17160:
17159:
17158:
17157:
17152:
17142:
17141:
17140:
17135:
17130:
17125:
17124:
17123:
17113:
17108:
17101:Prelude to War
17098:
17093:
17091:Antebellum Era
17087:
17085:
17079:
17078:
17076:
17075:
17070:
17065:
17064:
17063:
17058:
17053:
17048:
17043:
17038:
17036:Trail of Tears
17031:Jacksonian era
17028:
17027:
17026:
17021:
17010:
17008:
17002:
17001:
16999:
16998:
16997:
16996:
16991:
16981:
16980:
16979:
16974:
16967:Federalist Era
16964:
16962:Bill of Rights
16958:
16956:
16950:
16949:
16947:
16946:
16945:
16944:
16939:
16934:
16929:
16924:
16911:
16910:
16909:
16904:
16899:
16897:Lee Resolution
16894:
16889:
16878:
16876:
16870:
16869:
16867:
16866:
16865:
16864:
16859:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16814:
16804:
16799:
16794:
16789:
16784:
16779:
16774:
16769:
16764:
16759:
16754:
16749:
16743:
16741:
16735:
16734:
16732:
16731:
16724:
16716:
16714:
16706:
16705:
16695:
16694:
16692:
16691:
16686:
16680:
16677:
16676:
16669:
16668:
16661:
16654:
16646:
16637:
16636:
16634:
16633:
16621:
16608:
16605:
16604:
16602:
16601:
16596:
16591:
16589:Astronauts Day
16586:
16581:
16576:
16571:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16555:
16554:
16549:
16539:
16534:
16529:
16524:
16519:
16511:
16509:
16505:
16504:
16502:
16501:
16496:
16491:
16486:
16481:
16476:
16471:
16466:
16461:
16456:
16449:
16442:
16435:
16428:
16421:
16420:
16419:
16405:
16398:
16390:
16388:
16382:
16381:
16379:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16363:
16362:
16361:
16356:
16351:
16341:
16336:
16335:
16334:
16329:
16324:
16319:
16314:
16303:
16301:
16297:
16296:
16294:
16293:
16288:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16263:
16258:
16252:
16250:
16248:and navigation
16246:Communications
16242:
16241:
16238:
16237:
16235:
16234:
16229:
16226:Europa Clipper
16222:
16217:
16211:
16209:
16205:
16204:
16202:
16201:
16196:
16195:
16194:
16184:
16183:
16182:
16177:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16149:
16144:
16139:
16132:
16125:
16120:
16119:
16118:
16108:
16101:
16096:
16091:
16086:
16081:
16076:
16075:
16074:
16061:
16056:
16051:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16027:
16020:
16012:
16010:
16004:
16003:
16001:
16000:
15999:
15998:
15985:
15978:
15973:
15972:
15971:
15966:
15953:
15948:
15941:
15934:
15929:
15922:
15917:
15909:
15901:
15896:
15891:
15886:
15881:
15876:
15875:
15874:
15862:
15855:
15848:
15841:
15836:
15831:
15826:
15820:
15818:
15811:
15801:
15800:
15797:
15796:
15794:
15793:
15788:
15783:
15778:
15773:
15768:
15763:
15758:
15753:
15748:
15743:
15737:
15735:
15731:
15730:
15728:
15727:
15722:
15717:
15712:
15707:
15702:
15697:
15692:
15687:
15682:
15680:New Millennium
15677:
15672:
15667:
15662:
15657:
15651:
15649:
15642:
15635:
15634:
15631:
15630:
15628:
15627:
15622:
15617:
15612:
15607:
15602:
15596:
15594:
15590:
15589:
15587:
15586:
15581:
15568:
15563:
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15160:Ground station
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15096:
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15087:
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15080:Interplanetary
15077:
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15073:Geosynchronous
15070:
15060:
15054:
15052:
15048:
15047:
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15040:Gravity assist
15037:
15032:
15027:
15017:
15016:
15015:
15010:
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15000:
14995:
14990:
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14971:Service module
14968:
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14961:Orbital module
14953:
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14946:Launch vehicle
14942:
14940:
14934:
14933:
14930:
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14927:
14926:
14924:Space sexology
14921:
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14914:Space medicine
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14906:
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14894:
14889:
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14749:Weightlessness
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14713:
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14670:Space research
14667:
14662:
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14647:
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14641:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14615:
14614:
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14608:
14606:Reconnaissance
14603:
14598:
14588:
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14574:
14573:
14571:
14570:
14569:
14568:
14558:
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14529:
14524:
14519:
14514:
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14482:
14477:
14475:European Union
14472:
14467:
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14435:
14430:
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14265:
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14224:
14222:
14216:
14215:
14213:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14192:
14187:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14167:
14162:
14160:Timothy Snyder
14157:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14102:
14097:
14092:
14090:Vojtech Mastny
14087:
14085:Geir Lundestad
14082:
14077:
14075:Walter Laqueur
14072:
14070:Walter LaFeber
14067:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14047:
14042:
14037:
14032:
14027:
14022:
14017:
14012:
14007:
14002:
14000:André Fontaine
13997:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
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13957:
13952:
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13942:
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13932:
13930:Gar Alperovitz
13926:
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13704:
13700:
13699:
13696:
13695:
13693:
13692:
13687:
13682:
13677:
13672:
13670:Third-Worldism
13667:
13662:
13657:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
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13612:
13607:
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13498:
13496:
13490:
13489:
13487:
13486:
13481:
13476:
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13466:
13461:
13459:Libertarianism
13456:
13451:
13450:
13449:
13439:
13437:Chicago school
13434:
13428:
13426:
13417:
13413:
13412:
13410:
13409:
13404:
13399:
13394:
13389:
13384:
13382:Nixon Doctrine
13379:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13334:
13328:
13326:
13325:Foreign policy
13322:
13321:
13319:
13318:
13313:
13308:
13303:
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13157:
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13132:
13127:
13122:
13117:
13112:
13110:Operation RYAN
13107:
13102:
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13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
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13017:
13015:Able Archer 83
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12807:
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12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12765:Oromo conflict
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12705:Yom Kippur War
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12376:
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12361:
12360:
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12349:
12344:
12339:
12337:Aden Emergency
12334:
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12324:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12288:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12255:Papua conflict
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12236:
12235:
12225:
12224:
12223:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12187:
12185:
12181:
12180:
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12177:
12172:
12171:
12170:
12160:
12158:Kitchen Debate
12155:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12118:Sputnik crisis
12115:
12110:
12102:
12095:
12090:
12088:Polish October
12085:
12080:
12075:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12028:
12020:
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11990:
11988:Pact of Madrid
11985:
11980:
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11950:
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11943:Bamboo Curtain
11939:
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10408:
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10393:
10389:
10388:
10386:
10385:
10373:
10361:
10349:
10337:
10325:
10312:
10310:
10309:Southeast Asia
10306:
10305:
10303:
10302:
10290:
10278:
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10276:
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10266:
10249:
10236:
10234:
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10046:
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10022:
10009:
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10000:
9999:
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9991:
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9976:
9975:
9973:
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9941:
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9929:
9912:
9900:
9888:
9876:
9863:
9861:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9851:
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9815:
9803:
9791:
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9610:
9609:
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9572:
9561:
9555:
9550:
9538:
9532:
9513:
9501:
9493:
9469:
9458:
9451:
9449:
9448:
9438:
9427:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9409:External links
9407:
9406:
9405:
9399:
9386:
9380:
9363:
9350:
9335:
9329:
9314:
9308:
9291:
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9268:
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9215:
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9032:
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8894:
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8456:
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8361:
8343:
8336:
8314:
8307:
8287:
8258:
8235:
8213:
8201:
8189:
8177:
8175:, p. 123.
8165:
8163:, p. 186.
8153:
8122:
8104:
8082:
8063:
8045:
8016:
8014:, p. 288.
8004:
8002:, p. 347.
7992:
7980:
7954:
7933:
7903:
7891:
7859:
7828:
7801:
7799:, p. 356.
7786:
7749:
7737:
7725:
7723:, p. 138.
7713:
7701:
7689:
7674:
7662:
7627:
7595:
7576:
7561:
7549:
7547:, p. 134.
7537:
7525:
7513:
7501:
7489:
7474:
7451:
7425:
7406:
7394:
7385:
7373:
7339:
7312:
7276:
7264:
7253:
7239:
7220:
7205:
7186:
7174:
7149:
7142:
7124:
7122:, p. 3-5.
7109:
7079:
7053:
7051:, p. 176.
7041:
7011:
7009:, p. 207.
6999:
6987:
6966:
6951:
6949:, p. 205.
6936:
6934:, p. 448.
6924:
6900:
6885:
6864:
6862:, p. 198.
6852:
6850:, p. 149.
6840:
6823:
6821:, p. 383.
6811:
6780:
6761:
6742:(2): 268â272.
6721:
6694:
6665:
6656:
6624:
6617:
6597:
6586:on May 6, 2010
6563:
6538:
6505:
6485:
6476:
6467:
6447:
6434:
6427:
6405:
6383:
6368:
6342:
6307:
6295:
6283:
6281:, p. 490.
6271:
6259:
6257:, p. 131.
6255:Catchpole 2001
6247:
6245:, p. 150.
6243:Catchpole 2001
6235:
6220:
6202:
6183:
6181:, p. 229.
6171:
6149:
6134:
6122:
6110:
6098:
6076:
6044:
6032:
6030:, p. 254.
6020:
6003:
5981:
5968:
5950:
5932:
5914:
5894:
5861:
5839:
5798:
5776:
5754:
5742:
5722:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5646:
5621:
5600:
5574:
5553:
5527:
5507:
5496:on May 6, 2009
5481:
5468:
5459:
5447:
5435:
5428:
5410:
5378:
5355:
5329:
5304:
5292:
5277:
5275:, p. 163.
5260:
5243:
5231:
5224:. Washington:
5208:
5206:, p. 155.
5196:
5194:, p. 151.
5181:
5166:
5149:
5137:
5122:
5094:
5080:
5053:
5018:
4980:
4978:, p. 137.
4963:
4948:
4946:, p. 123.
4936:
4924:
4906:Zak, Anatoly.
4898:
4873:
4861:
4833:
4821:
4798:
4786:
4774:
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4755:
4733:
4726:
4706:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4620:
4608:
4594:Zak, Anatoly.
4586:
4561:
4559:, p. 4-5.
4549:
4537:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4482:
4456:
4425:
4394:
4366:
4339:
4310:
4298:newsroom.co.nz
4281:
4270:
4254:, ed. (2005).
4237:
4219:
4194:
4169:
4141:
4139:, p. 460.
4126:
4105:
4075:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4031:
4019:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:Space advocacy
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3795:
3792:
3761:
3758:
3745:in July 1999.
3735:Eileen Collins
3714:
3711:
3639:
3638:Space Shuttles
3636:
3579:Valeri Kubasov
3551:Main article:
3548:
3545:
3451:Salyut program
3433:
3427:
3395:space stations
3391:Spiro T. Agnew
3337:
3334:
3259:
3253:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3136:Neil Armstrong
3125:Main article:
3122:
3119:
3072:William Anders
3035:William Anders
3019:Gulf of Guinea
3012:in July 1968.
2925:
2922:
2874:Main article:
2871:
2868:
2831:Main article:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2774:United Kingdom
2753:United Nations
2748:
2745:
2606:Main article:
2603:
2600:
2580:Neil Armstrong
2575:
2574:
2567:
2557:
2550:
2539:
2536:
2478:Project Gemini
2476:Main article:
2473:
2470:
2446:Pavel Belyayev
2405:Main article:
2402:
2399:
2369:
2366:
2286:
2283:
2202:Jerome Wiesner
2169:
2160:Apollo program
2158:Main article:
2155:
2152:
2092:Liberty Bell 7
1941:Main article:
1938:
1935:
1899:United Nations
1847:spacecraft bus
1837:spacecraft bus
1819:Main article:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1760:into orbit on
1730:
1727:
1682:. The Block I
1676:Ranger program
1617:
1614:
1575:Main article:
1572:
1569:
1480:
1477:
1447:
1446:CIA assessment
1444:
1441:Sputnik crisis
1439:Main article:
1436:
1433:
1390:
1380:
1368:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1304:
1301:
1277:
1274:
1203:
1200:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:Project Gemini
1040:
1037:
961:Sergei Korolev
907:design bureaus
899:Leonid Dushkin
887:Sergey Korolev
838:
835:
814:Main article:
811:
808:
736:
733:
631:Sputnik crisis
520:
519:
517:
516:
509:
502:
494:
491:
490:
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
462:
460:Space agencies
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
434:
432:Interplanetary
429:
424:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
396:
384:
379:
373:
368:
367:
364:
363:
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
343:
341:Space stations
338:
333:
331:Space capsules
328:
323:
320:
315:
314:
307:
306:
303:
302:
297:
292:
286:
281:
280:
275:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
219:Communications
215:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
196:
194:Lunar missions
191:
186:
181:
176:
170:
165:
164:
161:
160:
150:
149:
143:
142:
124:, first joint
92:
91:
82:
81:
73:
72:
71:
62:
61:
53:
52:
51:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
26874:
26863:
26860:
26858:
26855:
26853:
26850:
26848:
26845:
26843:
26840:
26838:
26835:
26833:
26830:
26828:
26825:
26823:
26820:
26818:
26815:
26813:
26810:
26808:
26805:
26803:
26800:
26798:
26795:
26793:
26790:
26789:
26787:
26772:participation
26771:
26767:
26765:
26761:
26759:
26755:
26754:
26751:
26745:
26735:
26733:
26723:
26721:
26711:
26709:
26699:
26697:
26687:
26685:
26675:
26674:
26672:
26668:
26662:
26652:
26650:
26640:
26638:
26628:
26626:
26623:
26621:
26618:
26616:
26613:
26611:
26608:
26606:
26603:
26601:
26598:
26596:
26593:
26591:
26588:
26586:
26583:
26581:
26578:
26576:
26575:Cospas-Sarsat
26573:
26569:
26566:
26565:
26564:
26561:
26559:
26556:
26554:
26551:
26550:
26548:
26544:
26538:
26528:
26524:
26521:
26520:
26519:
26509:
26508:
26506:
26502:
26492:
26482:
26480:
26470:
26466:
26463:
26462:
26461:
26451:
26449:
26439:
26435:
26432:
26430:
26427:
26426:
26425:
26415:
26413:
26403:
26401:
26391:
26389:
26379:
26377:
26367:
26366:
26364:
26360:
26354:
26344:
26342:
26332:
26330:
26320:
26316:
26306:
26305:
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26294:
26292:
26282:
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26270:
26266:
26263:
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26258:
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25878:
25875:
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25869:
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25858:
25856:
25853:
25851:
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25841:
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25827:
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25802:
25798:
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25779:
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25762:
25761:
25760:
25750:
25746:
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25731:
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25708:
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25704:
25703:
25693:
25691:
25681:
25679:
25669:
25667:
25657:
25655:
25645:
25643:
25633:
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25630:
25626:
25620:
25610:
25608:
25598:
25596:
25586:
25584:
25574:
25572:
25562:
25560:
25550:
25549:
25547:
25543:
25537:
25527:
25525:
25515:
25511:
25508:
25506:
25503:
25501:
25498:
25497:
25496:
25486:
25484:
25474:
25473:
25471:
25467:
25461:
25451:
25449:
25439:
25435:
25432:
25430:
25427:
25426:
25425:
25415:
25413:
25403:
25401:
25391:
25389:
25379:
25375:
25372:
25371:
25370:
25360:
25356:
25353:
25351:
25348:
25343:
25341:
25338:
25336:
25333:
25331:
25328:
25327:
25326:
25323:
25321:
25318:
25317:
25316:
25306:
25305:
25303:
25299:
25293:
25283:
25279:
25276:
25274:
25271:
25270:
25269:
25259:
25257:
25247:
25246:
25244:
25240:
25234:
25231:
25230:
25228:
25224:
25221:
25217:
25205:
25202:
25201:
25200:
25190:
25188:
25178:
25174:
25171:
25169:
25166:
25164:
25161:
25160:
25159:
25149:
25147:
25137:
25135:
25125:
25123:
25113:
25111:
25101:
25100:
25098:
25094:Latin America
25092:
25086:
25076:
25074:
25064:
25062:
25052:
25050:
25040:
25038:
25028:
25024:
25021:
25020:
25019:
25009:
25007:
24997:
24995:
24985:
24984:
24982:
24980:North America
24978:
24975:
24971:
24961:
24951:
24949:
24939:
24937:
24927:
24925:
24915:
24911:
24908:
24907:
24906:
24896:
24894:
24884:
24883:
24881:
24877:
24871:
24868:
24866:
24863:
24862:
24860:
24854:
24851:
24847:
24843:
24836:
24831:
24829:
24824:
24822:
24817:
24816:
24813:
24801:
24798:
24796:
24793:
24791:
24788:
24786:
24783:
24781:
24778:
24776:
24773:
24771:
24768:
24766:
24763:
24761:
24758:
24756:
24753:
24751:
24748:
24746:
24743:
24739:
24736:
24734:
24731:
24729:
24726:
24724:
24721:
24719:
24716:
24715:
24714:
24711:
24709:
24706:
24705:
24703:
24701:
24697:
24687:
24684:
24682:
24679:
24677:
24674:
24672:
24669:
24667:
24664:
24662:
24659:
24657:
24654:
24650:
24649:United States
24647:
24645:
24642:
24640:
24637:
24635:
24632:
24631:
24630:
24627:
24625:
24622:
24620:
24617:
24616:
24614:
24612:
24611:Space warfare
24608:
24600:
24599:United States
24595:
24590:
24588:
24583:
24578:
24576:
24571:
24567:
24565:
24560:
24555:
24553:
24548:
24543:
24541:
24536:
24531:
24529:
24524:
24519:
24518:
24517:
24514:
24510:
24507:
24505:
24500:
24495:
24491:
24488:
24486:
24483:
24482:
24481:
24480:United States
24476:
24471:
24469:
24464:
24459:
24457:
24452:
24447:
24445:
24440:
24435:
24433:
24428:
24423:
24421:
24416:
24411:
24409:
24404:
24399:
24397:
24392:
24387:
24385:
24380:
24375:
24373:
24368:
24363:
24361:
24356:
24351:
24349:
24344:
24339:
24335:
24332:
24330:
24327:
24326:
24322:
24317:
24315:
24310:
24305:
24303:
24298:
24293:
24291:
24286:
24281:
24279:
24274:
24269:
24267:
24262:
24257:
24255:
24250:
24245:
24243:
24238:
24233:
24232:
24231:
24228:
24227:
24225:
24223:
24220:Space forces,
24217:
24214:
24212:
24208:
24200:
24197:
24193:
24190:
24189:
24188:
24185:
24183:
24180:
24178:
24175:
24174:
24173:
24170:
24168:
24165:
24163:
24160:
24158:
24157:Space tourism
24155:
24151:
24148:
24146:
24143:
24141:
24140:United States
24136:
24131:
24129:
24124:
24119:
24117:
24112:
24107:
24105:
24100:
24095:
24094:
24093:
24090:
24089:
24087:
24085:
24081:
24074:
24072:
24069:
24067:
24066:GEO standards
24064:
24062:
24061:GSC standards
24059:
24055:
24052:
24050:
24047:
24046:
24045:
24042:
24040:
24037:
24035:
24032:
24030:
24027:
24025:
24022:
24020:
24017:
24015:
24012:
24010:
24007:
24005:
24002:
23999:
23996:
23993:
23990:
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23984:
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23907:
23906:
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23898:
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23877:
23874:
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23869:
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23864:
23862:
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23687:
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23682:
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23609:
23605:
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23596:
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23588:
23584:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23570:ISS programme
23568:
23566:
23563:
23562:
23560:
23557:
23555:
23552:
23551:
23549:
23545:
23542:
23540:
23536:
23525:
23522:
23521:
23519:
23515:
23508:
23505:
23502:
23501:Buran program
23499:
23496:
23493:
23490:
23487:
23484:
23481:
23478:
23477:Soyuz program
23475:
23474:
23472:
23468:
23461:
23458:
23455:
23452:
23449:
23446:
23443:
23440:
23435:
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23409:
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23396:
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23383:
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23376:
23364:
23361:
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23351:
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23341:
23340:
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23317:
23314:
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23309:
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23302:
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23283:
23280:
23274:
23271:
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23266:
23264:
23261:
23259:
23256:
23254:
23251:
23250:
23248:
23246:
23240:
23234:
23231:
23229:
23228:2014 NASA Act
23226:
23224:
23221:
23219:
23216:
23214:
23211:
23209:
23208:2010 NASA Act
23206:
23204:
23201:
23199:
23198:Flexible path
23196:
23194:
23191:
23189:
23186:
23184:
23181:
23179:
23176:
23174:
23171:
23170:
23168:
23166:
23160:
23154:
23151:
23149:
23146:
23144:
23143:2005 NASA Act
23141:
23139:
23136:
23134:
23131:
23129:
23126:
23124:
23122:
23117:
23115:
23112:
23110:
23107:
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23090:
23087:
23085:
23082:
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23077:
23075:
23072:
23066:
23063:
23062:
23061:
23060:ISS programme
23058:
23056:
23053:
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23051:
23048:
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23043:
23041:
23040:
23036:
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23025:
23019:
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23011:
23009:
23006:
23004:
23001:
23000:
22998:
22996:
22990:
22984:
22981:
22979:
22978:Rogers Report
22976:
22974:
22972:
22967:
22965:
22962:
22960:
22957:
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22781:
22778:
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22768:
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22761:
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22759:
22758:1958 NASA Act
22756:
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22594:
22591:
22590:
22588:
22586:
22580:
22572:
22569:
22568:
22567:
22564:
22562:
22559:
22557:
22554:
22552:
22549:
22548:
22546:
22542:
22536:
22533:
22531:
22528:
22526:
22523:
22519:
22516:
22515:
22514:
22511:
22509:
22506:
22504:
22501:
22497:
22494:
22493:
22492:
22489:
22487:
22483:
22480:
22478:
22475:
22473:
22470:
22468:
22465:
22463:
22460:
22458:
22455:
22451:
22448:
22447:
22446:
22443:
22442:
22440:
22434:
22428:
22425:
22423:
22420:
22418:
22415:
22413:
22410:
22408:
22405:
22399:
22396:
22394:
22391:
22389:
22386:
22384:
22381:
22380:
22378:
22375:
22372:
22369:
22368:
22367:
22364:
22362:
22359:
22356:
22353:
22350:
22347:
22346:
22344:
22342:
22338:
22328:
22325:
22323:
22320:
22318:
22315:
22313:
22310:
22308:
22305:
22303:
22300:
22298:
22295:
22293:
22290:
22288:
22285:
22283:
22282:Solar Orbiter
22280:
22279:
22277:
22274:
22273:Cosmic Vision
22270:
22264:
22263:
22259:
22257:
22254:
22252:
22251:
22247:
22243:
22240:
22239:
22238:
22237:ISS programme
22235:
22234:
22232:
22228:
22222:
22221:
22217:
22215:
22214:
22210:
22208:
22205:
22203:
22202:
22198:
22196:
22195:
22190:
22188:
22185:
22183:
22180:
22176:
22175:
22171:
22170:
22169:
22168:
22164:
22162:
22159:
22158:
22156:
22152:
22142:
22139:
22137:
22134:
22132:
22129:
22127:
22124:
22123:
22121:
22119:
22116:
22110:
22107:
22106:
22105:
22102:
22100:
22097:
22096:
22095:
22092:
22090:
22087:
22085:
22082:
22079:
22076:
22073:
22070:
22068:
22065:
22061:
22058:
22057:
22056:
22053:
22051:
22048:
22045:
22042:
22039:
22036:
22034:
22031:
22029:
22026:
22022:
22019:
22018:
22017:
22014:
22012:
22009:
22005:
22002:
22001:
22000:
21997:
21995:
21992:
21990:
21987:
21986:
21984:
21981:
21978:
21975:
21970:
21967:
21966:
21964:
21961:
21960:
21958:
21956:
21952:
21944:
21941:
21938:
21935:
21934:
21933:
21930:
21927:
21924:
21920:
21919:Space station
21917:
21915:
21907:
21905:
21897:
21896:
21894:
21891:
21887:
21884:
21883:
21881:
21878:
21875:
21872:
21869:
21866:
21865:
21863:
21861:
21860:space program
21855:
21849:
21846:
21844:
21841:
21839:
21836:
21834:
21831:
21829:
21826:
21822:
21819:
21817:
21814:
21813:
21812:
21809:
21808:
21806:
21804:
21800:
21790:
21787:
21786:
21785:
21782:
21780:
21777:
21775:
21772:
21771:
21769:
21767:
21764:
21762:
21759:
21755:
21752:
21750:
21747:
21746:
21745:
21742:
21740:
21737:
21735:
21732:
21730:
21727:
21726:
21723:
21719:
21712:
21707:
21705:
21700:
21698:
21693:
21692:
21689:
21677:
21674:
21672:
21669:
21668:
21663:
21659:
21656:
21652:
21651:
21647:
21633:
21630:
21628:
21625:
21623:
21620:
21616:
21613:
21612:
21611:
21608:
21604:
21601:
21600:
21599:
21596:
21594:
21591:
21589:
21586:
21584:
21581:
21579:
21576:
21574:
21571:
21567:
21564:
21562:
21559:
21558:
21557:
21554:
21552:
21551:Energy policy
21549:
21545:
21542:
21540:
21537:
21535:
21532:
21530:
21527:
21525:
21522:
21520:
21517:
21515:
21512:
21510:
21507:
21506:
21505:
21502:
21500:
21497:
21493:
21492:incarceration
21490:
21489:
21488:
21485:
21483:
21480:
21479:
21477:
21473:
21467:
21464:
21462:
21459:
21457:
21454:
21452:
21449:
21447:
21444:
21442:
21439:
21437:
21434:
21432:
21429:
21427:
21424:
21422:
21419:
21415:
21412:
21410:
21407:
21405:
21402:
21401:
21400:
21397:
21393:
21390:
21388:
21385:
21383:
21380:
21378:
21377:Prenatal care
21375:
21373:
21372:Birth control
21370:
21368:
21365:
21364:
21363:
21360:
21358:
21355:
21354:
21352:
21350:
21346:
21340:
21337:
21335:
21332:
21330:
21327:
21325:
21322:
21320:
21317:
21315:
21312:
21310:
21309:Homeownership
21307:
21305:
21302:
21300:
21297:
21295:
21292:
21290:
21287:
21286:
21284:
21282:
21278:
21272:
21269:
21267:
21264:
21262:
21259:
21257:
21254:
21252:
21249:
21247:
21244:
21242:
21239:
21237:
21234:
21232:
21229:
21227:
21224:
21222:
21219:
21217:
21214:
21212:
21209:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21186:
21185:
21182:
21180:
21177:
21175:
21172:
21170:
21167:
21163:
21160:
21158:
21155:
21153:
21150:
21148:
21145:
21143:
21140:
21139:
21138:
21135:
21133:
21130:
21126:
21123:
21121:
21118:
21116:
21113:
21112:
21111:
21108:
21106:
21103:
21101:
21098:
21096:
21093:
21089:
21086:
21085:
21084:
21081:
21079:
21076:
21072:
21069:
21068:
21067:
21064:
21062:
21059:
21057:
21054:
21050:
21047:
21045:
21042:
21041:
21040:
21037:
21033:
21032:working class
21030:
21028:
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21013:
21010:
21008:
21005:
21003:
21000:
20998:
20995:
20993:
20992:homeownership
20990:
20988:
20985:
20983:
20980:
20979:
20978:
20975:
20973:
20970:
20968:
20965:
20963:
20960:
20958:
20955:
20953:
20950:
20948:
20945:
20943:
20940:
20939:
20937:
20935:
20931:
20927:
20924:
20922:
20918:
20908:
20905:
20903:
20900:
20898:
20895:
20893:
20890:
20888:
20885:
20883:
20880:
20878:
20875:
20874:
20872:
20870:
20866:
20860:
20857:
20855:
20852:
20850:
20847:
20845:
20842:
20840:
20837:
20835:
20832:
20830:
20827:
20825:
20822:
20820:
20817:
20815:
20812:
20810:
20807:
20805:
20802:
20798:
20795:
20793:
20790:
20788:
20785:
20783:
20780:
20778:
20775:
20773:
20772:Manufacturing
20770:
20768:
20765:
20763:
20760:
20758:
20755:
20753:
20750:
20748:
20745:
20743:
20740:
20739:
20738:
20735:
20734:
20731:
20728:
20726:
20722:
20708:
20705:
20701:
20700:Third parties
20698:
20696:
20693:
20691:
20688:
20687:
20686:
20683:
20679:
20676:
20674:
20671:
20669:
20666:
20665:
20664:
20661:
20659:
20656:
20652:
20649:
20648:
20647:
20644:
20640:
20637:
20635:
20632:
20631:
20630:
20627:
20625:
20622:
20621:
20618:
20606:
20603:
20602:
20601:
20598:
20597:
20595:
20593:
20589:
20583:
20580:
20578:
20575:
20574:
20572:
20570:
20566:
20560:
20557:
20555:
20552:
20550:
20547:
20545:
20542:
20540:
20537:
20535:
20532:
20530:
20527:
20525:
20522:
20520:
20517:
20515:
20512:
20511:
20509:
20505:
20499:
20496:
20494:
20491:
20489:
20486:
20484:
20481:
20480:
20478:
20476:
20472:
20469:
20467:
20463:
20457:
20454:
20450:
20447:
20446:
20445:
20442:
20438:
20435:
20433:
20430:
20428:
20425:
20424:
20423:
20420:
20418:
20415:
20414:
20412:
20410:
20406:
20396:
20393:
20391:
20388:
20386:
20383:
20381:
20378:
20377:
20375:
20373:
20369:
20361:
20358:
20357:
20356:
20353:
20349:
20346:
20345:
20344:
20341:
20340:
20338:
20336:
20332:
20326:
20323:
20321:
20318:
20317:
20315:
20313:
20309:
20301:
20298:
20297:
20296:
20293:
20291:
20288:
20286:
20283:
20281:
20278:
20276:
20273:
20271:
20268:
20266:
20263:
20261:
20258:
20254:
20251:
20250:
20249:
20246:
20242:
20239:
20238:
20237:
20234:
20233:
20231:
20229:
20225:
20222:
20220:
20214:
20209:
20205:
20195:
20192:
20190:
20187:
20183:
20180:
20178:
20175:
20173:
20170:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20155:
20153:
20150:
20149:
20148:
20145:
20144:
20142:
20140:
20136:
20130:
20127:
20123:
20120:
20118:
20115:
20113:
20110:
20108:
20105:
20104:
20103:
20100:
20098:
20095:
20091:
20088:
20087:
20086:
20083:
20082:
20080:
20078:
20074:
20068:
20067:U.S. attorney
20065:
20063:
20060:
20056:
20053:
20051:
20048:
20047:
20046:
20042:
20039:
20035:
20032:
20031:
20030:
20027:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20013:
20012:Chief Justice
20010:
20009:
20008:
20007:Supreme Court
20005:
20004:
20002:
20000:
19996:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19980:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19963:
19960:
19958:
19955:
19953:
19950:
19949:
19948:
19945:
19941:
19938:
19936:
19933:
19932:
19931:
19928:
19927:
19925:
19923:
19919:
19913:
19912:Public policy
19910:
19908:
19907:Civil service
19905:
19903:
19900:
19896:
19893:
19891:
19888:
19886:
19883:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19873:
19871:
19868:
19866:
19863:
19861:
19858:
19856:
19853:
19852:
19851:
19848:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19834:
19831:
19829:
19826:
19825:
19824:
19821:
19819:
19816:
19814:
19811:
19809:
19806:
19804:
19801:
19797:
19794:
19792:
19789:
19788:
19787:
19784:
19783:
19781:
19777:
19774:
19772:
19768:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19755:
19745:
19742:
19740:
19737:
19735:
19732:
19728:
19725:
19723:
19720:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19693:
19690:
19689:
19688:
19684:
19680:
19677:
19675:
19672:
19670:
19667:
19665:
19662:
19660:
19657:
19655:
19652:
19650:
19647:
19645:
19642:
19640:
19637:
19635:
19632:
19630:
19627:
19625:
19622:
19620:
19617:
19615:
19612:
19610:
19607:
19605:
19602:
19600:
19597:
19596:
19595:
19592:
19588:
19585:
19584:
19583:
19580:
19576:
19575:Sierra Nevada
19573:
19571:
19568:
19566:
19563:
19561:
19558:
19556:
19553:
19552:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19541:
19538:
19536:
19533:
19529:
19526:
19524:
19521:
19519:
19516:
19514:
19513:insular zones
19511:
19509:
19506:
19504:
19501:
19499:
19496:
19494:
19491:
19489:
19486:
19485:
19484:
19481:
19480:
19477:
19474:
19472:
19468:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19443:
19440:
19438:
19435:
19433:
19430:
19428:
19425:
19423:
19420:
19419:
19417:
19413:
19407:
19404:
19402:
19399:
19395:
19392:
19390:
19387:
19386:
19385:
19384:War on Terror
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19365:
19364:LGBT Movement
19362:
19360:
19357:
19355:
19352:
19350:
19347:
19345:
19342:
19340:
19337:
19333:
19330:
19329:
19328:
19325:
19323:
19320:
19318:
19315:
19313:
19310:
19308:
19305:
19303:
19300:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19288:
19286:
19283:
19282:
19280:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19270:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19255:
19253:
19250:
19248:
19245:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19235:
19233:
19230:
19228:
19225:
19221:
19218:
19216:
19213:
19212:
19211:
19208:
19206:
19203:
19199:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19190:
19189:
19186:
19182:
19179:
19177:
19174:
19173:
19172:
19169:
19167:
19164:
19162:
19159:
19157:
19154:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19142:
19140:
19137:
19135:
19132:
19130:
19127:
19125:
19122:
19120:
19117:
19116:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19107:
19106:
19104:
19100:
19094:
19091:
19089:
19086:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19054:
19051:
19049:
19046:
19044:
19041:
19040:
19038:
19034:
19031:
19029:
19025:
19020:
19019:United States
19013:
19008:
19006:
19001:
18999:
18994:
18993:
18990:
18978:
18974:
18970:
18968:
18960:
18958:
18955:
18953:
18952:List of years
18950:
18949:
18946:
18932:
18924:
18922:
18921:Urban history
18919:
18918:
18916:
18912:
18906:
18903:
18901:
18900:Palmyra Atoll
18898:
18896:
18893:
18891:
18888:
18886:
18883:
18881:
18878:
18876:
18875:Jarvis Island
18873:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18863:
18862:
18860:
18856:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18826:
18824:
18822:Insular areas
18820:
18816:
18812:
18808:
18802:
18799:
18797:
18794:
18792:
18791:West Virginia
18789:
18787:
18784:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18774:
18772:
18769:
18767:
18764:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18754:
18752:
18749:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18707:
18704:
18702:
18699:
18697:
18696:New Hampshire
18694:
18692:
18689:
18687:
18684:
18682:
18679:
18677:
18674:
18672:
18669:
18667:
18664:
18662:
18659:
18657:
18656:Massachusetts
18654:
18652:
18649:
18647:
18644:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18627:
18624:
18622:
18619:
18617:
18614:
18612:
18609:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18594:
18592:
18589:
18587:
18584:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18572:
18569:
18567:
18564:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18553:
18551:
18547:
18541:
18538:
18536:
18533:
18531:
18528:
18527:
18525:
18521:
18515:
18512:
18510:
18507:
18505:
18502:
18500:
18497:
18495:
18492:
18491:
18489:
18487:
18483:
18479:
18472:
18468:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18446:
18443:
18442:
18441:
18440:
18436:
18434:
18433:
18429:
18425:
18422:
18420:
18417:
18416:
18415:
18414:
18410:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18398:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18377:
18376:
18375:
18371:
18369:
18368:
18364:
18360:
18357:
18356:
18355:
18354:
18350:
18346:
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18338:
18336:
18333:
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18321:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18302:
18301:
18300:
18296:
18292:
18289:
18287:
18286:Thai American
18284:
18282:
18279:
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18274:
18272:
18269:
18267:
18264:
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18218:
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18213:
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18148:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18136:
18133:
18131:
18128:
18127:
18126:
18125:
18124:Party Systems
18121:
18117:
18114:
18112:
18109:
18107:
18104:
18102:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18088:
18087:
18086:
18082:
18080:
18079:
18075:
18073:
18072:
18068:
18064:
18063:Voting rights
18061:
18059:
18056:
18054:
18051:
18049:
18046:
18044:
18041:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18009:
18006:
18005:
18004:
18003:
17999:
17997:
17996:
17992:
17988:
17985:
17984:
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17982:
17978:
17974:
17971:
17970:
17969:
17968:
17964:
17960:
17957:
17956:
17955:
17954:
17950:
17946:
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17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
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17925:
17921:
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17918:
17914:
17912:
17911:
17907:
17906:
17903:
17896:
17892:
17878:
17875:
17873:
17870:
17868:
17867:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17844:
17841:
17840:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17828:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17815:
17812:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17776:
17775:
17772:
17770:
17767:
17766:
17764:
17762:
17758:
17752:
17749:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17735:
17732:
17730:
17727:
17726:
17725:
17724:War on terror
17722:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17714:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17669:
17667:
17665:
17661:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17638:
17635:
17633:
17630:
17628:
17625:
17624:
17623:
17622:Late Cold War
17620:
17618:
17615:
17611:
17608:
17606:
17603:
17602:
17601:
17598:
17597:
17595:
17593:
17589:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17566:
17563:
17562:
17561:
17558:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17546:
17543:
17539:
17536:
17534:
17531:
17529:
17526:
17525:
17524:
17521:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17508:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17501:Great Society
17499:
17498:
17496:
17494:
17490:
17484:
17481:
17477:
17474:
17473:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17464:
17462:
17459:
17457:
17456:Post-war boom
17454:
17450:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17431:
17430:
17427:
17423:
17420:
17419:
17418:
17415:
17413:
17410:
17409:
17407:
17405:
17401:
17391:
17388:
17387:
17386:
17383:
17381:
17378:
17376:
17373:
17372:
17371:
17368:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
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17351:
17350:
17349:
17346:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17313:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17300:
17297:
17296:
17295:
17292:
17291:
17289:
17287:
17283:
17277:
17274:
17270:
17267:
17265:
17262:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17251:
17250:
17247:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17214:
17213:
17210:
17208:
17205:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
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17176:
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17172:
17170:
17168:
17164:
17156:
17153:
17151:
17148:
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17146:
17143:
17139:
17136:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17122:
17119:
17118:
17117:
17114:
17112:
17109:
17107:
17104:
17103:
17102:
17099:
17097:
17094:
17092:
17089:
17088:
17086:
17084:
17080:
17074:
17071:
17069:
17066:
17062:
17059:
17057:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17047:
17044:
17042:
17039:
17037:
17034:
17033:
17032:
17029:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17016:
17015:
17012:
17011:
17009:
17007:
17003:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16987:
16986:
16985:
16982:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16969:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16959:
16957:
16955:
16951:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16917:
16916:
16915:
16912:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16898:
16895:
16893:
16890:
16888:
16885:
16884:
16883:
16880:
16879:
16877:
16875:
16871:
16863:
16860:
16858:
16855:
16853:
16850:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16840:
16838:
16835:
16833:
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16809:
16808:
16805:
16803:
16800:
16798:
16795:
16793:
16790:
16788:
16785:
16783:
16780:
16778:
16775:
16773:
16770:
16768:
16765:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16753:
16750:
16748:
16745:
16744:
16742:
16740:
16736:
16730:
16729:
16725:
16723:
16722:
16718:
16717:
16715:
16711:
16707:
16700:
16696:
16690:
16687:
16685:
16682:
16681:
16678:
16674:
16667:
16662:
16660:
16655:
16653:
16648:
16647:
16644:
16632:
16631:
16622:
16620:
16619:
16610:
16609:
16606:
16600:
16599:Nikon NASA F4
16597:
16595:
16592:
16590:
16587:
16585:
16582:
16580:
16577:
16575:
16572:
16570:
16567:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16557:
16553:
16550:
16548:
16545:
16544:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16520:
16517:
16513:
16512:
16510:
16506:
16500:
16497:
16495:
16492:
16490:
16487:
16485:
16484:NASA insignia
16482:
16480:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16464:Lunar plaques
16462:
16460:
16457:
16455:
16454:
16450:
16448:
16447:
16443:
16441:
16440:
16436:
16434:
16433:
16429:
16427:
16426:
16422:
16418:
16417:
16416:Pale Blue Dot
16413:
16412:
16411:
16410:
16406:
16404:
16403:
16399:
16397:
16396:
16392:
16391:
16389:
16383:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16347:
16346:
16345:
16344:NASA missions
16342:
16340:
16339:NASA aircraft
16337:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16309:
16308:
16305:
16304:
16302:
16298:
16292:
16289:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16261:Space Network
16259:
16257:
16254:
16253:
16251:
16249:
16243:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16227:
16223:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16212:
16210:
16206:
16200:
16197:
16193:
16190:
16189:
16188:
16185:
16181:
16178:
16176:
16174:
16170:
16169:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16137:
16133:
16131:
16130:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16117:
16114:
16113:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16106:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16077:
16073:
16070:
16069:
16068:
16066:
16062:
16060:
16057:
16055:
16052:
16050:
16049:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16032:
16028:
16026:
16025:
16021:
16019:
16018:
16014:
16013:
16011:
16005:
15997:
15994:
15993:
15992:
15990:
15986:
15984:
15983:
15979:
15977:
15974:
15970:
15967:
15965:
15962:
15961:
15960:
15958:
15954:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15946:
15942:
15940:
15939:
15935:
15933:
15930:
15928:
15927:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15914:
15910:
15908:
15906:
15902:
15900:
15897:
15895:
15894:Space Shuttle
15892:
15890:
15887:
15885:
15882:
15880:
15877:
15873:
15870:
15869:
15868:
15867:
15863:
15861:
15860:
15856:
15854:
15853:
15849:
15847:
15846:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15821:
15819:
15815:
15812:
15808:
15802:
15792:
15789:
15787:
15784:
15782:
15779:
15777:
15776:New Frontiers
15774:
15772:
15769:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15759:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15738:
15736:
15732:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15685:Lunar Orbiter
15683:
15681:
15678:
15676:
15673:
15671:
15668:
15666:
15663:
15661:
15658:
15656:
15653:
15652:
15650:
15646:
15643:
15640:
15636:
15626:
15625:Lunar Gateway
15623:
15621:
15618:
15616:
15613:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15603:
15601:
15598:
15597:
15595:
15591:
15585:
15584:Constellation
15582:
15579:
15575:
15574:
15569:
15567:
15566:Space Shuttle
15564:
15561:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15531:
15527:
15524:
15523:
15521:
15517:
15514:
15510:
15506:
15496:
15493:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15480:
15479:
15476:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15448:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15410:
15407:
15406:
15405:
15404:NASA research
15402:
15400:
15397:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15385:
15384:
15383:
15380:
15378:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15368:
15365:
15364:
15362:
15358:
15351:
15348:
15345:
15342:
15339:
15336:
15333:
15330:
15327:
15324:
15321:
15318:
15315:
15312:
15309:
15306:
15303:
15300:
15297:
15294:
15291:
15288:
15285:
15282:
15279:
15276:
15273:
15270:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15257:
15254:
15251:
15247:
15243:
15236:
15231:
15229:
15224:
15222:
15217:
15216:
15213:
15201:
15197:
15192:
15190:
15181:
15180:
15177:
15171:
15168:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15152:
15150:
15148:
15144:
15138:
15135:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15111:
15109:
15108:Direct ascent
15106:
15105:
15103:
15101:
15097:
15091:
15090:Intergalactic
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15065:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15055:
15053:
15049:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15025:Rocket engine
15023:
15022:
15021:
15018:
15014:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15004:
15001:
14999:
14996:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14986:
14985:
14984:
14981:
14979:
14976:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14958:
14957:
14956:Space capsule
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14943:
14941:
14939:
14935:
14925:
14922:
14920:
14919:Space nursing
14917:
14915:
14912:
14910:
14907:
14903:
14900:
14899:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14886:
14883:
14882:
14881:
14878:
14877:
14875:
14873:Health issues
14871:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14855:
14852:
14850:
14847:
14845:
14842:
14838:
14835:
14834:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14827:Space Shuttle
14825:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14812:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14782:
14780:
14776:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14759:Space tourism
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14719:
14718:
14715:
14711:
14708:
14707:
14706:
14703:
14702:
14700:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14687:
14681:
14680:Space weather
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14620:
14619:
14616:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14594:
14593:
14592:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14583:
14581:
14579:
14575:
14567:
14564:
14563:
14562:
14559:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14544:Space command
14542:
14541:
14540:
14539:Space warfare
14537:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14510:
14509:
14508:
14505:
14501:
14500:United States
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14457:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14425:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14418:Astrodynamics
14416:
14415:
14413:
14409:
14405:
14398:
14393:
14391:
14386:
14384:
14379:
14378:
14375:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14349:
14346:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14324:War on terror
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14301:
14299:
14295:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14225:
14223:
14219:Espionage and
14217:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14170:Andrew Thorpe
14168:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14083:
14081:
14078:
14076:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14066:
14065:Gabriel Kolko
14063:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14046:
14043:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14033:
14031:
14030:Fred Halliday
14028:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14018:
14016:
14015:Lloyd Gardner
14013:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13975:Norman Davies
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13960:John Costello
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13927:
13925:
13921:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13901:
13899:
13895:Technological
13893:
13883:
13880:
13878:
13875:
13874:
13871:
13868:
13866:
13865:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13853:
13849:
13848:
13846:
13842:
13836:
13835:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13823:
13819:
13817:
13816:
13812:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13804:
13800:
13798:
13797:
13793:
13791:
13790:
13786:
13784:
13781:
13780:
13778:
13776:Pro-communist
13774:
13771:
13767:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13707:
13705:
13703:Organizations
13701:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13606:
13603:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13572:
13570:
13566:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13534:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13517:Eurocommunism
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13499:
13497:
13495:
13491:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13448:
13445:
13444:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13429:
13427:
13425:
13421:
13418:
13414:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13390:
13388:
13385:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13347:Domino theory
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13329:
13327:
13323:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13301:South Ossetia
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13274:
13270:
13264:
13261:
13257:
13254:
13253:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13208:
13206:
13202:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13166:
13163:
13161:
13158:
13156:
13153:
13151:
13148:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13095:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13085:8888 Uprising
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13030:IranâIraq War
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12995:Falklands War
12993:
12991:
12988:
12986:
12983:
12981:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12971:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12959:
12956:
12955:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12921:
12919:
12915:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12858:NDF Rebellion
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12838:German Autumn
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12818:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12725:Metapolitefsi
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12620:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12565:
12563:
12559:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12526:
12523:
12522:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12494:
12489:
12487:
12486:Prague Spring
12484:
12480:
12477:
12476:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12464:Al-Wadiah War
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12429:12-3 incident
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12358:
12355:
12354:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12272:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12234:
12231:
12230:
12229:
12226:
12222:
12219:
12218:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12188:
12186:
12182:
12176:
12173:
12169:
12166:
12165:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12151:
12149:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12139:
12136:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12108:
12103:
12100:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12073:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12026:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12008:Domino theory
12006:
12004:
12003:Petrov Affair
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11934:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11911:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11880:Madiun Affair
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11840:Marshall Plan
11838:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11820:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11748:
11743:
11741:
11740:
11735:
11733:
11732:
11727:
11725:
11722:
11720:
11717:
11715:
11712:
11710:
11709:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11689:
11684:
11682:
11681:
11676:
11675:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11650:
11648:
11644:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11597:
11593:
11591:
11590:
11589:United States
11586:
11585:
11582:
11578:
11571:
11566:
11564:
11559:
11557:
11552:
11551:
11548:
11536:participation
11535:
11531:
11529:
11525:
11523:
11519:
11518:
11515:
11509:
11499:
11497:
11487:
11485:
11475:
11473:
11463:
11461:
11451:
11449:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11432:
11426:
11416:
11414:
11404:
11402:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11339:Cospas-Sarsat
11337:
11333:
11330:
11329:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11308:
11302:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11284:
11283:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11266:
11256:
11246:
11244:
11234:
11230:
11227:
11226:
11225:
11215:
11213:
11203:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11190:
11189:
11179:
11177:
11167:
11165:
11155:
11153:
11143:
11141:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11118:
11108:
11106:
11096:
11094:
11084:
11080:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11058:
11056:
11046:
11044:
11034:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11006:
11005:
10995:
10993:
10983:
10981:
10971:
10969:
10959:
10957:
10947:
10945:
10935:
10933:
10923:
10921:
10911:
10909:
10899:
10897:
10887:
10883:
10880:
10879:
10878:
10868:
10866:
10856:
10854:
10844:
10842:
10832:
10830:
10820:
10818:
10808:
10804:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10789:
10787:
10777:
10775:
10765:
10763:
10753:
10751:
10741:
10737:
10727:
10726:
10725:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10679:
10676:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10633:
10632:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10594:
10591:
10590:
10588:
10584:
10581:
10577:
10566:
10562:
10552:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10533:
10529:
10526:
10525:
10524:
10514:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10495:
10491:
10488:
10487:
10486:
10476:
10472:
10469:
10468:
10467:
10457:
10455:
10445:
10443:
10433:
10431:
10421:
10419:
10409:
10407:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10390:
10384:
10374:
10372:
10362:
10360:
10350:
10348:
10338:
10336:
10326:
10324:
10314:
10313:
10311:
10307:
10301:
10291:
10289:
10279:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10261:
10260:
10250:
10248:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10231:
10225:
10215:
10213:
10203:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10189:
10179:
10177:
10167:
10165:
10155:
10153:
10143:
10139:
10136:
10135:
10134:
10124:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10081:
10080:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10063:
10057:
10047:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10023:
10021:
10011:
10010:
10008:
10004:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9992:
9988:
9985:
9981:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9964:
9954:
9952:
9942:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9913:
9911:
9901:
9899:
9889:
9887:
9877:
9875:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9858:Latin America
9856:
9850:
9840:
9838:
9828:
9826:
9816:
9814:
9804:
9802:
9792:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9783:
9773:
9771:
9761:
9759:
9749:
9748:
9746:
9744:North America
9742:
9739:
9735:
9725:
9715:
9713:
9703:
9701:
9691:
9689:
9679:
9675:
9672:
9671:
9670:
9660:
9658:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9641:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9618:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9600:
9595:
9593:
9588:
9586:
9581:
9580:
9577:
9571:
9567:
9562:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9545:
9542:
9539:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9517:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9498:
9494:
9492:
9488:
9485:
9482:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9439:
9429:
9428:
9402:
9396:
9392:
9387:
9383:
9381:0-521-81595-9
9377:
9373:
9369:
9364:
9353:
9351:1-934941-87-5
9347:
9343:
9342:
9336:
9332:
9330:0-7146-5696-8
9326:
9322:
9321:
9315:
9311:
9309:0-8130-2628-8
9305:
9301:
9297:
9292:
9288:
9286:0-8130-2627-X
9282:
9278:
9274:
9269:
9254:
9253:
9247:
9236:
9230:
9223:
9222:
9216:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9187:
9185:0-19-507198-0
9181:
9177:
9173:
9168:
9164:
9162:0-385-49253-7
9158:
9154:
9149:
9148:
9141:
9126:
9122:
9115:
9110:
9106:
9100:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9089:Poole, Robert
9086:
9082:
9080:0-933852-77-0
9076:
9072:
9067:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9033:
9030:
9026:
9024:0-671-70625-X
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8998:0-525-94571-7
8994:
8990:
8989:
8983:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8958:
8954:
8953:
8947:
8943:
8941:0-471-14853-9
8937:
8933:
8928:
8924:
8918:
8914:
8909:
8908:
8901:
8897:
8895:1-85233-657-9
8891:
8887:
8883:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8870:1-85233-391-X
8866:
8862:
8858:
8857:
8851:
8847:
8845:0-02-542820-9
8841:
8837:
8832:
8820:
8816:
8814:1-896522-83-1
8810:
8806:
8805:
8799:
8787:
8783:
8777:
8773:
8772:
8766:
8762:
8760:0-316-17238-3
8756:
8752:
8748:
8747:
8741:
8737:
8735:0-670-03075-9
8731:
8727:
8723:
8722:
8716:
8704:
8703:
8697:
8693:
8691:0-14-027201-1
8687:
8683:
8682:Penguin Books
8679:
8674:
8670:
8664:
8659:
8658:
8651:
8647:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8628:
8624:
8618:
8614:
8609:
8605:
8603:0-8032-6212-4
8599:
8595:
8594:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8570:
8566:
8565:
8559:
8555:
8553:0-16-048909-1
8549:
8545:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8516:
8509:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8479:
8471:
8470:Aviation Week
8467:
8460:
8444:
8440:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8421:
8405:
8399:
8383:
8379:
8372:
8364:
8362:0-87201-848-2
8358:
8354:
8347:
8339:
8337:0-517-56954-X
8333:
8328:
8327:
8318:
8310:
8308:0-231-05924-8
8304:
8300:
8299:
8291:
8284:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8246:
8239:
8223:
8217:
8210:
8205:
8198:
8193:
8186:
8181:
8174:
8169:
8162:
8157:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8126:
8118:
8114:
8108:
8092:
8086:
8078:
8074:
8067:
8059:
8055:
8049:
8033:
8029:
8023:
8021:
8013:
8012:Schefter 1999
8008:
8001:
7996:
7989:
7984:
7969:
7965:
7958:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7937:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7907:
7900:
7895:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7863:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7832:
7816:
7812:
7805:
7798:
7793:
7791:
7771:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7741:
7734:
7729:
7722:
7717:
7710:
7705:
7698:
7693:
7686:
7685:Siddiqi 2003b
7681:
7679:
7671:
7670:Siddiqi 2003b
7666:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7610:
7608:
7599:
7592:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7573:
7568:
7566:
7558:
7557:Siddiqi 2003b
7553:
7546:
7545:Turnhill 2004
7541:
7534:
7533:Siddiqi 2003b
7529:
7522:
7517:
7510:
7505:
7499:, p. 25.
7498:
7493:
7486:
7485:Siddiqi 2003b
7481:
7479:
7462:
7455:
7439:
7438:drewexmachina
7435:
7429:
7422:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7403:
7398:
7389:
7382:
7377:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7340:0-312-85503-6
7336:
7332:
7331:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7273:
7268:
7262:
7257:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7224:
7217:
7214:
7209:
7201:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7178:
7163:
7159:
7153:
7145:
7139:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7116:
7114:
7097:
7093:
7086:
7084:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7050:
7045:
7034:September 17,
7029:
7025:
7021:
7015:
7008:
7007:Schefter 1999
7003:
6996:
6995:Siddiqi 2003a
6991:
6984:. p. 11.
6983:
6979:
6978:
6970:
6963:
6962:Siddiqi 2003a
6958:
6956:
6948:
6947:Schefter 1999
6943:
6941:
6933:
6932:Siddiqi 2003a
6928:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6907:
6905:
6897:
6896:Schefter 1999
6892:
6890:
6881:
6877:
6876:
6868:
6861:
6860:Schefter 1999
6856:
6849:
6848:Schefter 1999
6844:
6837:
6836:Siddiqi 2003a
6832:
6830:
6828:
6820:
6819:Siddiqi 2003a
6815:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6776:
6772:
6765:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6725:
6709:
6705:
6698:
6683:
6679:
6672:
6670:
6660:
6653:
6652:
6638:
6634:
6628:
6620:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6601:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6568:
6549:
6542:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6489:
6480:
6471:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6455:David E. Bell
6451:
6444:
6438:
6430:
6428:1-85233-406-1
6424:
6419:
6418:
6409:
6393:
6387:
6380:
6379:Schefter 1999
6375:
6373:
6357:
6353:
6346:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6299:
6292:
6291:Schefter 1999
6287:
6280:
6275:
6269:, p. 47.
6268:
6263:
6256:
6251:
6244:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6175:
6159:
6153:
6146:
6141:
6139:
6131:
6126:
6119:
6114:
6107:
6102:
6086:
6080:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6010:
6008:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5978:
5977:Colin Burgess
5972:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5911:1-59643-302-7
5908:
5904:
5898:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5865:
5849:
5843:
5835:
5829:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5786:
5780:
5764:
5758:
5752:, p. 41.
5751:
5746:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5693:, p. 14.
5692:
5687:
5681:, p. xv.
5680:
5675:
5659:
5658:
5650:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5617:
5611:
5603:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5587:
5578:
5570:
5564:
5556:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5540:
5531:
5523:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5478:
5477:Media History
5472:
5463:
5454:
5452:
5444:
5439:
5431:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5399:September 30,
5394:
5393:
5388:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5359:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5314:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5290:, p. 74.
5289:
5284:
5282:
5274:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5256:Siddiqi 2003a
5252:
5250:
5248:
5240:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5204:Siddiqi 2003a
5200:
5193:
5192:Siddiqi 2003a
5188:
5186:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5163:
5162:Schefter 1999
5158:
5156:
5154:
5146:
5145:Schefter 1999
5141:
5134:
5133:Schefter 1999
5129:
5127:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5011:September 28,
5006:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4945:
4940:
4934:, p. 29.
4933:
4932:Schefter 1999
4928:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4830:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4772:, p. 42.
4771:
4766:
4758:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4704:, p. 49.
4703:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4679:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4597:
4590:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4534:
4529:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4505:
4499:, p. 89.
4498:
4493:
4485:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4286:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4157:
4156:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4137:Siddiqi 2003a
4133:
4131:
4123:
4122:Schefter 1999
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4102:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3575:Alexei Leonov
3572:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3455:Kerim Kerimov
3452:
3448:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3403:Space Shuttle
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3265:
3238:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2855:Roger Chaffee
2852:
2848:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:This treaty:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:direct ascent
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:Lunniy Korabl
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2667:Proton UR-500
2664:
2660:
2656:
2648:lunar landers
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:Alexei Leonov
2447:
2444:mission with
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2363:
2362:Apollo launch
2359:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2279:Proton rocket
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:New York City
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:retro-rockets
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:Atlas missile
1962:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:space capsule
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1523:Daily Express
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1384:
1366:
1365:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1231:
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1089:, located in
1088:
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1027:
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1003:
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989:
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983:
982:thermonuclear
979:
974:
970:
966:
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950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
934:Joseph Stalin
931:
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831:Western world
828:
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697:robotically.
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683:space station
680:
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543:United States
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442:Intergalactic
440:
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108:
107:Space Shuttle
104:
100:
96:
86:
77:
66:
57:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
26817:Space policy
26768:Preceded by
26620:Intersputnik
26465:TĂBÄ°TAK UZAY
25926:EUTELSAT IGO
25822:Pan-European
25783:TĂBÄ°TAK UZAY
25242:Central Asia
24858:and pan-Arab
24733:Moon Society
24728:Mars Society
24661:Kill vehicle
24624:Space weapon
24230:Space forces
23871:Intersputnik
23507:ApolloâSoyuz
23245:space policy
23165:space policy
23120:
23101:space policy
23037:
23030:space policy
22995:space policy
22970:
22931:space policy
22914:space policy
22897:ApolloâSoyuz
22889:space policy
22862:Moon landing
22854:space policy
22834:space policy
22797:space policy
22750:
22728:space policy
22686:space policy
22660:
22622:Project Juno
22260:
22248:
22218:
22211:
22199:
22193:
22172:
22165:
21965:(1960â1975)
21810:
21734:Space policy
21593:Human rights
21573:Gun politics
21524:Islamophobia
21514:antisemitism
21382:Hospice care
21324:Middle class
21304:Homelessness
21281:Social class
21241:Social class
21105:Human rights
21095:Homelessness
21007:middle class
20972:Demographics
20947:Architecture
20854:Unemployment
20834:Labor unions
20582:Town meeting
20559:City council
20554:City manager
20295:State police
20157:Marine Corps
20147:Armed Forces
20122:civil rights
20102:Constitution
19674:Southwestern
19669:Southeastern
19659:Northwestern
19654:Northeastern
19619:Mid-Atlantic
19609:Great Plains
19353:
19327:World War II
19210:Constitution
19114:Colonial era
19093:2008âpresent
18890:Midway Atoll
18885:Kingman Reef
18865:Baker Island
18844:Puerto Rico
18756:South Dakota
18746:Rhode Island
18741:Pennsylvania
18721:North Dakota
18437:
18430:
18411:
18372:
18365:
18351:
18297:
18253:
18246:
18189:
18175:
18168:
18161:
18122:
18096:Marine Corps
18083:
18076:
18069:
18033:Debt ceiling
18018:Civil Rights
18000:
17993:
17979:
17965:
17951:
17922:
17917:Antisemitism
17915:
17908:
17864:
17825:
17761:2008âpresent
17713:Bush v. Gore
17711:
17649:War on drugs
17523:Mid Cold War
17505:
17375:Pearl Harbor
17370:World War II
17190:Ku Klux Klan
16787:Dummer's War
16726:
16719:
16713:Pre-Colonial
16629:
16617:
16451:
16444:
16438:
16430:
16423:
16414:
16407:
16400:
16393:
16224:
16173:Perseverance
16172:
16134:
16127:
16104:
16064:
16047:
16031:New Horizons
16029:
16022:
16015:
15988:
15980:
15956:
15944:
15937:
15924:
15912:
15904:
15865:
15857:
15850:
15843:
15572:
15556:ApolloâSoyuz
15366:
15100:Space launch
15085:Interstellar
15051:Destinations
14820:ApolloâSoyuz
14769:Space diving
14754:Space toilet
14578:Applications
14495:Soviet Union
14455:Space policy
14450:Space launch
14432:
14329:Brinkmanship
14221:intelligence
14110:Marius Oprea
14060:Harvey Klehr
13990:Herbert Feis
13980:Willem Drees
13945:Archie Brown
13913:
13862:
13850:
13832:
13822:Trybuna Ludu
13820:
13813:
13809:Radio Moscow
13801:
13794:
13787:
13615:Anti-Zionism
13531:
13454:Keynesianism
13442:Conservatism
13306:Transnistria
13286:China-Taiwan
12943:Gera Demands
12816:
12617:
12492:
12297:El Porteñazo
12191:Congo Crisis
12106:
12041:Algerian War
12024:
11900:Western Bloc
11895:Eastern Bloc
11890:Iron Curtain
11746:
11738:
11730:
11707:
11687:
11679:
11596:Soviet Union
11594:
11587:
11532:Preceded by
11384:Intersputnik
11229:TĂBÄ°TAK UZAY
10690:EUTELSAT IGO
10586:Pan-European
10547:TĂBÄ°TAK UZAY
10006:Central Asia
9622:and pan-Arab
9512:, 2002-12-03
9507:
9496:
9390:
9370:. New York:
9367:
9355:. Retrieved
9340:
9319:
9295:
9272:
9260:. Retrieved
9251:
9238:. Retrieved
9220:
9207:. Retrieved
9203:the original
9198:
9175:
9151:. New York:
9146:
9132:. Retrieved
9125:the original
9120:
9093:
9070:
9059:AJIL Unbound
9058:
9036:
9028:
9010:
8987:
8974:. Retrieved
8970:the original
8965:
8951:
8931:
8906:
8884:. New York:
8880:
8859:. New York:
8855:
8835:
8823:. Retrieved
8819:the original
8803:
8790:. Retrieved
8786:the original
8770:
8745:
8726:Viking Press
8724:. New York:
8720:
8707:. Retrieved
8701:
8680:. New York:
8677:
8656:
8636:Random House
8634:. New York:
8631:
8612:
8592:
8563:
8542:
8519:. Retrieved
8508:
8496:. Retrieved
8492:the original
8487:
8478:
8469:
8459:
8447:. Retrieved
8427:
8420:
8408:. Retrieved
8398:
8386:. Retrieved
8371:
8352:
8346:
8325:
8317:
8297:
8290:
8282:
8275:. Retrieved
8271:the original
8261:
8249:. Retrieved
8245:"Astrospies"
8238:
8226:. Retrieved
8216:
8211:, p. 5.
8209:Portree 1995
8204:
8192:
8180:
8168:
8156:
8144:. Retrieved
8135:
8125:
8116:
8107:
8095:. Retrieved
8085:
8076:
8066:
8057:
8048:
8036:. Retrieved
8031:
8007:
7995:
7983:
7971:. Retrieved
7967:
7957:
7946:
7936:
7924:. Retrieved
7920:the original
7915:
7906:
7894:
7881:. Retrieved
7877:the original
7872:
7862:
7850:. Retrieved
7846:the original
7841:
7831:
7819:. Retrieved
7815:the original
7804:
7777:. Retrieved
7770:the original
7765:
7752:
7740:
7733:Chaikin 1994
7728:
7721:Chaikin 1994
7716:
7704:
7692:
7665:
7653:. Retrieved
7649:the original
7613:
7606:
7598:
7572:Cadbury 2006
7552:
7540:
7528:
7521:Chaikin 1994
7516:
7504:
7492:
7465:. Retrieved
7463:. NASA NSSDC
7454:
7442:. Retrieved
7437:
7428:
7397:
7388:
7381:Cadbury 2006
7376:
7360:
7329:
7315:
7303:. Retrieved
7299:the original
7294:
7267:
7256:
7242:
7223:
7215:
7213:Google books
7208:
7200:the original
7189:
7182:Portree 1995
7177:
7165:. Retrieved
7161:
7152:
7133:
7127:
7120:Portree 1995
7100:. Retrieved
7095:
7070:. Retrieved
7066:the original
7056:
7049:Gatland 1976
7044:
7032:. Retrieved
7028:the original
7023:
7014:
7002:
6990:
6975:
6969:
6927:
6916:
6873:
6867:
6855:
6843:
6814:
6802:. Retrieved
6798:the original
6793:
6783:
6770:
6764:
6739:
6733:
6724:
6712:. Retrieved
6708:the original
6697:
6685:. Retrieved
6681:
6659:
6649:
6648:
6643:November 16,
6641:. Retrieved
6636:
6627:
6607:
6600:
6588:. Retrieved
6584:the original
6579:
6554:. Retrieved
6541:
6529:. Retrieved
6522:the original
6508:
6488:
6479:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6450:
6442:
6437:
6416:
6408:
6396:. Retrieved
6386:
6361:December 13,
6359:. Retrieved
6355:
6345:
6335:February 20,
6333:. Retrieved
6316:
6310:
6303:Gatland 1976
6298:
6286:
6274:
6262:
6250:
6238:
6211:
6205:
6196:
6193:Russian Life
6192:
6186:
6174:
6162:. Retrieved
6152:
6125:
6118:Gatland 1976
6113:
6101:
6089:. Retrieved
6079:
6071:
6065:
6047:
6035:
6028:Gatland 1976
6023:
5990:Asif Siddiqi
5984:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5945:The Bulletin
5944:
5935:
5926:
5917:
5902:
5897:
5885:. Retrieved
5881:the original
5876:Ars Technica
5874:
5864:
5852:. Retrieved
5842:
5828:cite journal
5816:. Retrieved
5811:
5801:
5789:. Retrieved
5779:
5767:. Retrieved
5757:
5750:Siddiqi 2018
5745:
5734:
5731:Hess, Wilmot
5725:
5713:. Retrieved
5709:the original
5698:
5691:Siddiqi 2018
5686:
5679:Siddiqi 2018
5674:
5662:. Retrieved
5656:
5649:
5639:February 12,
5637:. Retrieved
5633:
5624:
5585:
5577:
5538:
5530:
5521:
5500:February 24,
5498:. Retrieved
5494:the original
5484:
5476:
5471:
5462:
5438:
5419:
5413:
5404:
5397:. Retrieved
5390:
5381:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5346:. Retrieved
5342:
5332:
5320:. Retrieved
5307:
5300:Cadbury 2006
5295:
5273:Cadbury 2006
5234:
5221:
5211:
5199:
5177:Cadbury 2006
5147:, p. 6.
5140:
5135:, p. 8.
5113:. Retrieved
5109:
5085:. Retrieved
5070:
5034:(2): 42â50.
5031:
5027:
5021:
5009:. Retrieved
5005:the original
5000:
4995:Wade, Mark.
4976:Burrows 1998
4959:Burrows 1998
4944:Burrows 1998
4939:
4927:
4917:December 29,
4915:. Retrieved
4911:
4901:
4891:December 26,
4889:. Retrieved
4885:
4876:
4869:Siddiqi 2000
4864:
4854:December 24,
4852:. Retrieved
4848:
4829:Siddiqi 2000
4824:
4807:
4801:
4794:Chertok 2005
4789:
4782:Chertok 2005
4777:
4770:Siddiqi 2000
4765:
4746:
4736:
4716:
4709:
4702:Siddiqi 2000
4697:
4690:Chertok 2005
4685:
4678:Siddiqi 2000
4673:
4666:Chertok 2005
4661:
4656:, p. 9.
4654:Siddiqi 2000
4649:
4637:. Retrieved
4632:
4623:
4616:Chertok 2005
4611:
4599:. Retrieved
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4573:
4564:
4557:Siddiqi 2000
4552:
4545:Chertok 2005
4540:
4533:Chertok 2005
4528:
4523:, p. 6.
4521:Siddiqi 2000
4516:
4509:Schmitz 1999
4504:
4497:Siddiqi 2000
4492:
4467:
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4438:
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4410:. New York.
4407:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4359:September 7,
4357:. Retrieved
4352:
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4325:
4301:. Retrieved
4297:
4275:
4256:
4231:
4222:
4212:November 20,
4210:. Retrieved
4206:
4197:
4187:November 20,
4185:. Retrieved
4181:
4172:
4160:. Retrieved
4154:
4099:
4092:. Retrieved
4087:
4078:
4066:. Retrieved
4056:
3924:Space policy
3904:Moon landing
3826:
3822:
3817:
3805:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3747:
3716:
3694:Saturn AL-31
3680:
3649:
3621:
3595:
3590:ApolloâSoyuz
3532:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3475:
3453:designed by
3443:
3430:
3429:Salyuts and
3424:
3412:
3385:convened a "
3380:
3365:
3354:
3323:
3319:
3303:state dinner
3296:
3292:
3282:Frank Borman
3273:
3270:
3261:
3201:
3192:at 20:18:04
3190:landing spot
3185:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3162:in Florida.
3141:
3104:
3100:
3089:
3068:James Lovell
3064:Frank Borman
3061:
3040:
3028:
2979:
2950:
2927:
2908:solar panels
2897:
2885:
2864:Deke Slayton
2853:, and Pilot
2844:
2822:
2814:
2778:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2750:
2725:
2701:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2657:, headed by
2651:
2588:
2576:
2489:
2462:
2439:
2418:
2387:
2371:
2355:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2288:
2265:
2259:
2223:
2207:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2166:Moon landing
2144:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2105:Friendship 7
2104:
2090:
2084:
2058:retro-rocket
2049:
2038:Alan Shepard
2035:
2030:Alan Shepard
2004:Maxime Faget
2001:
1973:Maxime Faget
1954:
1903:
1887:
1875:Yuri Gagarin
1872:
1840:
1796:
1782:
1771:
1767:Oleg Gazenko
1755:
1732:
1716:
1704:solar panels
1673:
1646:
1622:Luna program
1619:
1603:
1580:
1560:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1515:occurred at
1510:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1479:US reactions
1449:
1424:
1403:
1401:
1392:
1382:
1363:
1342:
1332:thermosphere
1322:
1318:
1306:
1285:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1234:
1217:
1211:
1182:, President
1176:
1135:
1075:WAC Corporal
1056:
1050:
993:R-7 Semyorka
990:
942:
880:
869:
861:R-7 Semyorka
827:Eastern Bloc
819:
810:Missile race
804:Man in Space
789:
779:
773:
761:Nazi Germany
738:
723:
700:A period of
699:
681:, the first
647:
639:Yuri Gagarin
627:World War II
615:
591:space probes
573:between the
566:
563:World War II
547:Soviet Union
541:rivals, the
525:
523:
465:Space forces
437:Interstellar
370:Space launch
212:Applications
189:Space probes
178:
122:Apollo-Soyuz
115:
109:
47:
26770:Interkosmos
26744:Interkosmos
25850:Eurocontrol
25500:Antrix Corp
24856:Pan-African
24396:North Korea
24384:New Zealand
24372:Netherlands
24177:Space trade
23957:Moon Treaty
23616:(2013â2015)
23526:(1986â2001)
23503:(1974â1993)
23497:(1973â1977)
23491:(1971â1986)
23485:(1967â1991)
23483:Interkosmos
23462:(1964â1966)
23456:(1961â1976)
23450:(1960â1982)
23444:(1960â1963)
22983:Ride Report
22780:Missile gap
22652:(2018â2020)
22630:(2009â2010)
22607:(1964â1971)
22457:Eurocontrol
22351:(1992â2002)
22275:(2015â2025)
22262:BepiColombo
22109:Space Rider
22040:(1983â2010)
21979:(1964â1975)
21971:(1962â1973)
21893:Project 921
21876:(1966â1972)
21870:(1966â1976)
21803:Space races
21598:Immigration
21529:LGBT rights
21431:Food safety
21266:Video games
20859:Wall Street
20839:Public debt
20742:Agriculture
20678:nationalism
20390:Uniform act
20312:Legislative
20219:Territorial
20177:Coast Guard
20172:Space Force
19922:Legislative
19717:Red (South)
19707:Mississippi
19629:New England
19565:Appalachian
19535:Earthquakes
19432:Discoveries
19427:Demographic
19369:Vietnam War
19312:World War I
19307:Imperialism
19257:Indian Wars
19232:War of 1812
18905:Wake Island
18671:Mississippi
18586:Connecticut
18530:New England
18197:Agriculture
18116:Coast Guard
18111:Space Force
17959:Immigration
17687:WTC bombing
17605:Reaganomics
17533:Vietnam War
17449:McCarthyism
17331:Second Klan
17316:Prohibition
17294:World War I
17269:Square Deal
17259:Imperialism
16994:War of 1812
16721:Prehistoric
16459:Deep fields
16387:and artwork
16385:NASA images
15957:Opportunity
15426:NASA Social
15252:and history
15058:Sub-orbital
14993:Space probe
14859:New Shepard
14837:ShuttleâMir
14596:Archaeology
14549:Space force
14532:Moon Treaty
14404:Spaceflight
14155:Shen Zhihua
13965:Michael Cox
13897:competition
13844:Pro-Western
13834:Soviet Life
13760:Safari Club
13730:Warsaw Pact
13585:Nationalism
13575:Imperialism
13474:Reaganomics
13337:Containment
13130:Perestroika
12619:Realpolitik
12449:Six-Day War
12434:Greek junta
12245:Berlin Wall
12093:Suez Crisis
12061:Vietnam War
11948:McCarthyism
11763:Baruch Plan
11708:Unthinkable
11668:Dekemvriana
11607:Warsaw Pact
11534:Interkosmos
11508:Interkosmos
10614:Eurocontrol
10264:Antrix Corp
9620:Pan-African
9527:Smithsonian
9041:Ebury Press
8517:. Space.com
8498:January 15,
8449:February 9,
8277:October 20,
8038:October 24,
7655:January 29,
7367:Bob Gilruth
7363:Chris Kraft
7167:November 8,
6980:. Toronto:
6878:. Toronto:
6687:February 1,
6637:JFK Library
6199:(6): 22â25.
6091:January 19,
5887:November 3,
5348:November 1,
5337:Mark Wade.
5322:December 1,
5115:January 19,
5087:January 19,
4332:January 25,
4303:January 25,
4088:gozerog.com
3993:Spaceflight
3846:Crew Dragon
3600:and Soviet
3571:Vance Brand
3501:asphyxiated
2986:circumlunar
2980:The Soviet
2741:Soyuz 7K-L1
2685:Soyuz 7K-L3
2620:and Soviet
2584:David Scott
2295:Blagonravov
2275:Soyuz 7K-L1
2019:heat shield
1692:Atlas-Agena
1653:first probe
1435:US response
1289:KĂĄrmĂĄn line
965:Soviet Army
945:Nazi German
938:Great Purge
575:US moonshot
551:spaceflight
422:Sub-orbital
346:Spaceplanes
295:Space probe
229:Exploration
147:Spaceflight
103:Buzz Aldrin
97:satellite;
26786:Categories
26756:See also:
25469:South Asia
25073:USSPACECOM
24681:Spaceplane
23422:Khrushchev
22971:Challenger
22726:Eisenhower
22187:Cluster II
21784:Spaceguard
21774:Prediction
21632:Xenophobia
21421:Disability
21362:Healthcare
21271:Visual art
21216:Philosophy
21162:television
21152:newspapers
21142:journalism
21132:Literature
21044:attainment
20695:Republican
20690:Democratic
20663:Ideologies
20624:Corruption
20189:NOAA Corps
20112:preemption
20107:federalism
19722:Rio Grande
19624:Midwestern
19604:West Coast
19599:East Coast
19442:Inventions
19354:Space Race
19349:Korean War
19332:home front
19267:Gilded Age
18786:Washington
18706:New Mexico
18701:New Jersey
18576:California
18071:Journalism
18023:Corruption
18002:Government
17953:Demography
17940:Newspapers
17789:Sandy Hook
17692:Waco siege
17600:Reagan era
17506:Space Race
17439:Korean War
17380:home front
17212:Gilded Age
17180:Amendments
16547:Moon rocks
16307:Astronauts
16300:NASA lists
16157:OSIRIS-REx
15991:helicopter
15859:Pioneer 11
15852:Pioneer 10
15655:Hitchhiker
15530:suborbital
15367:Space Race
15127:Launch pad
15118:Expendable
15068:Geocentric
15035:Solar sail
14978:Spaceplane
14938:Spacecraft
14732:Space suit
14710:commercial
14638:Television
14433:Space Race
13923:Historians
13914:Space Race
13815:Rudé pråvo
13769:Propaganda
13625:Neo-Nazism
13595:Chauvinism
13549:Trotskyism
13464:Monetarism
13432:Liberalism
13424:Capitalism
13416:Ideologies
13367:Ostpolitik
13090:Solidarity
13055:Toyota War
12958:Solidarity
12815:Operation
12770:Ogaden War
12459:Dhofar War
12347:Shifta War
12105:Operation
11953:Korean War
11745:Operation
11737:Operation
11729:Operation
11706:Operation
11686:Operation
11678:Operation
11520:See also:
10233:South Asia
9837:USSPACECOM
9472:Audio help
9463:2005-07-02
9357:January 8,
9134:January 8,
8976:August 15,
8792:January 8,
8749:. Boston:
8583:2008935694
8410:January 8,
8247:. PBS Nova
8222:"Salyut 2"
8146:January 7,
7988:Parry 2009
7899:Parry 2009
7883:August 15,
7852:August 15,
7821:August 11,
7779:August 15,
7745:Parry 2009
7709:Parry 2009
7697:Parry 2009
7607:Apollo 10:
7591:Poole 2008
7509:Kraft 2001
7305:October 7,
7228:UN website
6804:January 4,
6730:Carl Sagan
6590:August 16,
6556:January 8,
6531:January 8,
6164:January 8,
6062:State Duma
5854:January 4,
4816:1316077842
4068:January 8,
4048:References
3831:, and the
3727:Sally Ride
3666:, and two
3465:(failed),
3346:Lunokhod 1
3330:Surveyor 3
3264:media help
3111:Lunokhod 1
3010:Zond 1968B
3006:Zond 1968A
3002:Zond 1967B
2998:Zond 1967A
2994:Kosmos 154
2990:Kosmos 146
2248:facility.
2164:See also:
2097:John Glenn
2079:John Glenn
2016:fiberglass
1929:cosmonaut
1923:Mercury 13
1785:chimpanzee
1561:Explorer 1
1540:Explorer 1
1496:Explorer 1
1395:media help
1114:Explorer 1
1083:Fort Bliss
1006:R-7 family
986:space dogs
978:R-5 Pobeda
798:detailing
619:satellites
589:, robotic
528:(Russian:
526:Space Race
387:Expendable
382:Launch pad
272:Spacecraft
254:Telescopes
249:Settlement
244:Navigation
179:Space Race
101:astronaut
18:Space race
26424:Roscosmos
26412:KazCosmos
26376:ArmCosmos
26077:DTU Space
26039:BIRA-IASB
25986:EU SatCen
25745:KACST-SRI
25642:ArmCosmos
25628:West Asia
25301:East Asia
25268:Roscosmos
25256:KazCosmos
25226:Pan-Asian
24490:Structure
24242:Australia
23901:Space law
23764:UN-SPIDER
23539:Roscosmos
23517:Gorbachev
22450:Eurospace
21886:2007 test
21833:Mars race
21779:Avoidance
21615:Terrorism
21392:Rationing
21289:Affluence
21236:Sexuality
21204:Uncle Sam
21110:Languages
21039:Education
20982:affluence
20942:Americana
20869:Transport
20767:Insurance
20757:Companies
20737:By sector
20629:Elections
20270:Treasurer
20228:Executive
20167:Air Force
20139:Uniformed
19962:President
19779:Executive
19550:Mountains
19483:Territory
19471:Geography
19295:1954â1968
19290:1896â1954
19285:1865â1896
19247:Civil War
19088:1991â2008
19083:1980â1991
19078:1964â1980
19073:1945â1964
19068:1917â1945
19063:1865â1917
19058:1849â1865
19053:1815â1849
19048:1789â1815
19043:1776â1789
19036:By period
18796:Wisconsin
18761:Tennessee
18666:Minnesota
18641:Louisiana
18535:The South
18106:Air Force
17981:Education
17843:recession
17799:Las Vegas
17707:Columbine
17664:1991â2008
17592:1980â1991
17493:1964â1980
17404:1945â1964
17358:Dust Bowl
17286:1917â1945
17167:1865â1917
17145:Civil War
17138:Secession
17083:1849â1865
17006:1815â1849
16977:Quasi-War
16954:1789â1815
16874:1776â1789
16827:Sugar Act
16574:Moon tree
16395:Earthrise
16270:Goldstone
16167:Mars 2020
16136:Voyager 2
16129:Voyager 1
16065:Curiosity
16009:operating
16007:Currently
15989:Ingenuity
15926:MESSENGER
15905:Sojourner
15834:Mercury 3
15824:Apollo 11
15771:Discovery
15761:Explorers
15350:Augustine
15314:Augustine
15137:Spaceport
14988:Satellite
14705:Astronaut
14633:Telephone
14586:Astronomy
14507:Space law
14460:Australia
14210:Ken Young
14055:Tony Judt
13904:Arms race
13877:Red Scare
13745:NN States
13690:Apartheid
13645:Autocracy
13554:Stalinism
13522:Guevarism
13512:Castroism
13502:Communism
13494:Socialism
13020:Star Wars
12613:Koza riot
11739:Beleaguer
11731:Masterdom
11188:Roscosmos
11176:KazCosmos
11140:ArmCosmos
10841:DTU Space
10803:BIRA-IASB
10750:EU SatCen
10509:KACST-SRI
10406:ArmCosmos
10392:West Asia
10065:East Asia
10032:Roscosmos
10020:KazCosmos
9990:Pan-Asian
9393:. ĐĐșŃĐŒĐŸ.
9240:March 22,
9209:April 28,
9153:Doubleday
8825:August 2,
8771:Moon Rush
7951:. London.
7926:March 18,
7369:seconded.
6330:709678549
6230:930799309
5664:March 19,
5610:cite book
5563:cite book
5339:"Atlas A"
4162:August 1,
4094:August 1,
3959:Mars race
3909:Moon Shot
3884:Arms race
3416:Apollo 13
3376:Saturn IB
3326:Apollo 12
3127:Apollo 11
3096:Apollo 10
3052:tortoises
3030:Earthrise
2892:Apollo 15
2859:plug door
2759:in 1959.
2632:American
2616:American
2529:Gemini 12
2525:Gemini 11
2521:Gemini 10
2517:Gemini 9A
2505:Gemini 6A
2442:Voskhod 2
2426:Voskhod 1
2330:Mariner 5
2250:Full text
2227:Full text
2085:American
2066:President
2050:Freedom 7
2012:beryllium
1985:Air Force
1977:astronaut
1883:cosmonaut
1849:as their
1778:Sputnik 5
1762:Sputnik 2
1743:Albert II
1690:suffered
1669:Pioneer 4
1665:Pioneer 3
1661:Pioneer 2
1657:Pioneer 1
1597:into the
1531:Sputnik 1
1452:Sputnik 2
1425:Sputnik 1
1421:Kamchatka
1413:Tyura-Tam
1383:Sputnik 1
1343:Sputnik 1
1242:Cosmonaut
1226:Politburo
1130:Saturn IB
1002:Sputnik 1
901:launched
790:Collier's
675:N1 rocket
663:Apollo 11
635:Sputnik 1
567:Moon Race
470:Companies
377:Spaceport
290:Satellite
234:Espionage
99:Apollo 11
95:Sputnik 1
26792:Cold War
26649:UNCOPUOS
25960:DG DEFIS
25921:EUMETSAT
24973:Americas
24879:National
24444:Thailand
24408:Pakistan
24290:Colombia
23586:Medvedev
23575:Politics
23561:(1993â)
23470:Brezhnev
23213:Title 51
23123:disaster
23121:Columbia
23065:Politics
22973:disaster
22379:(2021â)
22297:EnVision
22242:Politics
22213:Herschel
22207:INTEGRAL
21985:(1975â)
21911:Tiangong
21901:Shenzhou
21895:(1992â)
21882:(1964â)
21821:Timeline
21671:Category
21367:Abortion
21231:Religion
21189:Columbia
21147:internet
21083:Holidays
21078:Folklore
21049:literacy
20987:eviction
20877:Aviation
20849:Taxation
20804:Currency
20797:by state
20707:Scandals
20577:Township
20335:Judicial
20236:Governor
19999:Judicial
19885:Marshals
19758:Politics
19712:Missouri
19702:Columbia
19697:Colorado
19692:Arkansas
19685:Longest
19664:Southern
19649:Northern
19493:counties
19447:Military
19437:Economic
19415:By topic
19394:Iraq War
19344:Cold War
19102:By event
18967:Category
18781:Virginia
18731:Oklahoma
18711:New York
18686:Nebraska
18676:Missouri
18661:Michigan
18651:Maryland
18636:Kentucky
18616:Illinois
18591:Delaware
18581:Colorado
18571:Arkansas
18450:Lesbians
18424:Comanche
18419:Cherokee
18212:Medicine
18170:Genocide
18163:Religion
18085:Military
18058:Taxation
18008:Abortion
17924:Cultural
17804:Parkland
17734:Iraq War
17672:Gulf War
17444:Ivy Mike
17363:New Deal
16739:Colonial
16684:Timeline
16618:Category
16280:Canberra
16192:timeline
16180:timeline
16116:timeline
16072:timeline
15969:observed
15964:timeline
15932:Aquarius
15872:timeline
15845:Magellan
15807:missions
15705:Surveyor
15641:programs
15571:Shuttleâ
15512:programs
15344:Aldridge
15263:creation
15189:Category
14854:Tiangong
14849:Shenzhou
14778:Programs
14623:Internet
14428:Timeline
14362:Timeline
14352:Category
14297:See also
13789:Izvestia
13630:Islamism
13527:Hoxhaism
13402:Rollback
13281:Abkhazia
13221:Gulf War
13125:Glasnost
12495:incident
12265:Sand War
12123:Ifni War
11632:Rio Pact
11577:Cold War
11413:UNCOPUOS
10724:DG DEFIS
10685:EUMETSAT
9737:Americas
9643:National
9544:Archived
9519:Archived
9487:Archived
9474: ·
9344:. NASA.
9091:(2008).
8443:Archived
8382:Archived
8380:. NASA.
8140:Archived
8097:March 3,
7973:July 17,
7637:79001042
7467:July 30,
7444:July 24,
7357:29845663
7327:(1994).
7232:Archived
7162:NASA.gov
7072:June 15,
6714:July 19,
6497:Archived
6463:Hearings
6398:July 30,
6324:. 1961.
5998:Archived
5818:June 14,
5791:June 26,
5769:June 19,
5733:(1968).
5715:July 11,
5048:25162945
4579:July 26,
4449:June 13,
4443:Archived
4441:. NASA.
4418:June 13,
4412:Archived
4408:NBC News
4387:June 13,
3879:Cold War
3867:See also
3851:vehicle.
3841:Progress
3825:Shuttle-
3754:Salyut 7
3697:turbofan
3624:Soyuz 19
3617:Soyuz 16
3541:Salyut 7
3537:Salyut 6
3529:Salyut 4
3519:Skylab 4
3487:crew of
3485:Soyuz 11
3481:Soyuz 10
3477:Salyut 1
3471:Salyut 5
3467:Salyut 3
3463:Salyut 2
3447:Proton-K
3290:orderâ.
3274:Columbia
3182:computer
3177:Columbia
3092:Apollo 9
3044:Apollo 8
3042:sending
2946:Apollo 7
2942:Apollo 5
2938:Apollo 6
2934:Apollo 4
2851:Ed White
2833:Apollo 1
2827:Apollo 1
2618:Saturn V
2513:Gemini 8
2509:Gemini 7
2501:Gemini 5
2497:Gemini 4
2493:Gemini 3
2349:and the
2324:Venera 4
2150:Gemini.
2134:Aurora 7
2054:attitude
1927:Vostok 3
1918:Vostok 6
1910:Vostok 4
1906:Vostok 3
1879:Vostok 1
1712:Ranger 7
1708:Ranger 5
1700:Ranger 4
1696:Ranger 3
1688:Ranger 2
1684:Ranger 1
1630:impactor
1626:Luna E-1
1314:Object D
1218:de facto
1160:used in
932:'s, but
923:Katyusha
917:and the
792:magazine
747:such as
722:Shuttleâ
687:on Venus
659:Saturn V
643:Vostok 1
621:for the
545:and the
539:Cold War
391:reusable
239:Military
139:a series
137:Part of
111:Atlantis
26610:ISS MCB
26504:Oceania
26279:PTSPACE
26245:CBK PAN
25907:ESTRACK
25833:CENELEC
25536:SUPARCO
25483:SPARRSO
25320:SASTIND
25037:FAA/AST
24870:Arabsat
24504:Vietnam
24485:History
24314:Germany
23638:ExoMars
23547:Yeltsin
23479:(1967â)
23407:(1946)
23390:program
23328:FAA/AST
23028:Clinton
22832:Johnson
22795:Kennedy
22736:WS-117L
22583:British
22357:(2002â)
22201:Rosetta
22182:Cluster
22174:Huygens
22141:ExoMars
22080:(1998â)
22074:(1973â)
22046:(2005â)
21939:(2016â)
21928:(2003â)
21914:program
21904:program
21858:Chinese
21838:Records
21655:Outline
21603:illegal
21588:Smoking
21451:Obesity
21334:Poverty
21256:Theater
21246:Society
21100:Housing
21061:Fashion
21017:poverty
20962:Cuisine
20934:Culture
20921:Society
20882:Driving
20809:Exports
20787:Tourism
20747:Banking
20725:Economy
20685:Parties
20529:Charter
20493:Sheriff
19940:Speaker
19808:Cabinet
19771:Federal
19679:Western
19644:Eastern
19639:Central
19634:Pacific
19594:Regions
19545:Islands
19028:History
18801:Wyoming
18776:Vermont
18681:Montana
18621:Indiana
18601:Georgia
18596:Florida
18566:Arizona
18556:Alabama
18523:Regions
18445:Gay men
18217:Railway
18177:Slavery
17973:Banking
17967:Economy
17809:El Paso
17794:Orlando
17528:DĂ©tente
16689:Outline
16630:Commons
16508:Related
16317:by year
16312:by name
16089:GOES 15
16079:GOES 14
15996:flights
15982:InSight
15938:Cassini
15866:Galileo
15791:SIMPLEx
15766:Voyager
15734:Current
15690:Pioneer
15660:Mariner
15639:Robotic
15620:Artemis
15593:Current
15536:Mercury
15528: (
15421:NASA TV
15360:General
15259:History
15063:Orbital
14864:Artemis
14795:Voskhod
14790:Mercury
14698:General
14438:Records
14423:History
14411:General
13852:Amerika
13735:Comecon
13620:Fascism
13610:Zionism
13559:Titoism
13100:Contras
12568:DĂ©tente
11845:Comecon
11374:ISS MCB
11268:Oceania
11043:PTSPACE
11009:CBK PAN
10671:ESTRACK
10597:CENELEC
10300:SUPARCO
10247:SPARRSO
10084:SASTIND
9801:FAA/AST
9634:Arabsat
9570:YouTube
9525:at the
9461: (
9423:minutes
9262:May 22,
8709:May 29,
8534:Sources
8521:July 2,
8251:July 6,
8228:July 6,
7645:4664449
7349:94-2463
7274:(UNODA)
7102:May 24,
6982:Torstar
6880:Torstar
6744:Bibcode
4997:"Atlas"
4639:May 20,
4601:June 9,
4101:sector.
3967:Portals
3829:Program
3676:retired
3674:, then
3609:détente
3602:Premier
3533:Skylab'
3278:Luna 15
2967:Soyuz 5
2963:Soyuz 4
2953:Soyuz 3
2917:Soyuz 1
2904:Soyuz 2
2876:Soyuz 1
2870:Soyuz 1
2717:orbiter
2554:docking
2401:Voskhod
2146:Faith 7
2140:Sigma 7
1937:Mercury
1855:biconic
1628:-class
1404:Sputnik
1323:Sputnik
1303:Sputnik
1168:History
1150:Atlas-D
1146:Atlas-A
1132:rocket.
1118:Mercury
1099:Jupiter
1026:Voskhod
1018:Molniya
1010:Sputnik
930:Germany
735:Origins
710:APAS-75
702:détente
691:on Mars
593:to the
557:-based
427:Orbital
259:Tourism
167:History
128:mission
26670:Former
26661:UNOOSA
26563:COSPAR
26034:BELSPO
25815:Europe
25607:GISTDA
25583:PhilSA
25448:SaTReC
25350:PLAASF
25018:NESDIS
24948:NASRDA
24865:RASCOM
24849:Africa
24644:Russia
24573:
24528:France
24456:Turkey
24420:Russia
24348:Israel
24302:France
24266:Canada
24254:Brazil
24116:Russia
24000:(2020)
23994:(2012)
23988:(1999)
23977:(1998)
23971:(1988)
23965:(1981)
23959:(1979)
23953:(1976)
23947:(1975)
23941:(1974)
23935:(1972)
23929:(1972)
23923:(1968)
23917:(1967)
23911:(1963)
23509:(1975)
23436:(1957)
23398:Stalin
23386:Soviet
23311:NESDIS
22929:Reagan
22912:Carter
22877:Skylab
22684:Truman
22636:(2010)
22624:(1991)
22613:(1985)
22601:(1962)
22595:(1958)
22312:ATHENA
22302:CHEOPS
22287:Euclid
22220:Planck
22194:Newton
21676:Portal
21583:Hunger
21534:racism
21475:Issues
21349:Health
21251:Sports
21211:People
21056:Family
21027:wealth
20952:Cinema
20777:Mining
20762:Energy
20507:Cities
20475:County
20409:Tribal
19947:Senate
19791:powers
19687:rivers
19560:ranges
19528:states
19452:Postal
18977:Portal
18931:Cities
18914:Cities
18736:Oregon
18691:Nevada
18631:Kansas
18606:Hawaii
18561:Alaska
18549:States
18475:Places
18237:Groups
18207:Lumber
18145:Fourth
18135:Second
17945:Sports
17930:Cinema
17899:Topics
17814:Uvalde
17784:Aurora
17779:Tucson
16703:Events
16275:Madrid
16208:Future
16123:NuSTAR
16054:THEMIS
15976:RHESSI
15913:Spirit
15710:Viking
15700:Ranger
15551:Skylab
15546:Apollo
15541:Gemini
15399:Budget
15352:(2009)
15346:(2004)
15340:(2004)
15334:(2003)
15328:(2002)
15326:CFUSAI
15322:(1996)
15316:(1990)
15310:(1989)
15304:(1987)
15298:(1986)
15296:Rogers
15292:(1986)
15286:(1958)
15280:(1958)
15274:(1915)
15250:Policy
15200:Portal
15193:
15182:
14998:Lander
14951:Rocket
14815:Skylab
14810:Apollo
14800:Gemini
14785:Vostok
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