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polarization since the 1970s, and scientists anticipated GEMS to break new ground. Understanding x-ray polarisation will improve scientists knowledge of black holes, in particular whether matter around a black hole is confined, to a flat-disk, a puffed disk, or a squirting jet. The GEMS project was cancelled in June 2012, projected to fail time and finance limits. The purpose of the GEMS mission continues to be relevant (as of 2019).
20:
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822:. The first crew failed entry into the space station. The second crew was able to spend twenty-three days in the space station, but this achievement was quickly overshadowed since the crew died on reentry to Earth. Salyut 1 was intentionally deorbited six months into orbit since it prematurely ran out of fuel.
774:
in 2002, and continuing to operate (as of March 2019). INTEGRAL provides insight into the most energetic cosmological formations in space including, black holes, neutron stars, and supernovas. INTEGRAL plays an important role researching gamma-rays, one of the most exotic and energetic phenomena in
787:
mission was scheduled to launch for
November 2014. The spacecraft would use an X-Ray telescope to measure the polarization of x-rays coming from black holes and neutron stars. It would research into remnants of supernovae, stars that have exploded. Few experiments have been conducted in X-Ray
453:
probe are expected to enter interstellar medium in the near future, but these three are expected to have depleted available power before then, so the point of exit cannot be confirmed precisely. Predicting probes speed is imprecise as they pass through the variable
922:. The ISS provides research in microgravity, and exposure to the local space environment. Crew members conduct tests relevant to biology, physics, astronomy, and others. Even studying the experience and health of the crew advances space research.
916:, in December 1998, an internationally co-operative mission of almost 20 participants. The station has been continuously occupied for 23 years and 330 days, exceeding the previous record, almost ten years by Russian station
758:
and give detailed accounts of events in our own solar system. Hubbles visible-light observations are combined with the other great observatories to give us some of the most detailed images of the visible universe.
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was the first
American space station. It was 4 times larger than Salyut 1. Skylab was launched on May 14, 1973. It rotated through three crews of three during its operational time. Skylab's experiments confirmed
385:
probe on 1 January 2019 after a week long manoeuvering phase. New
Horizons detected Ultima Thule from 107 million miles and performed a total 9 days of manoeuvres to pass within 3,500 miles of the 19 mile long
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telescope program. The Great
Observatories program pushes forward our understanding of the universe with detailed observation of the sky, based in gamma rays, ultraviolet, x-ray, infrared, and visible,
308:(COSPAR) in 1958, which achieved an exchange of scientific information between east and west during the cold war, despite the military origin of the rocket technology underlying the research field.
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launched on 20 August 1977 travelling slower than
Voyager 1 and reached interstellar medium by the end of 2018. Voyager 2 is the only Earth probe to have visited the
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until the latter half of the 20th century. Space-capable rocketry appeared simultaneously in the work of three scientists, in three separate countries. In Russia,
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mission on 15 September 1991. It was the first multi-instrumented satellite to study various aspects of the Earth's atmosphere and have a better understanding of
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854:, from 1986 to 2001, was the first long term inhabited space station. Occupied in low Earth orbit for twelve and a half years, Mir served a permanent
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669:-led mission launched on September 12, 1991. The 5,900 kg (13,000 lb) satellite was deployed from the Space Shuttle Discovery during the
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which gave us evidence of the Moons chemical composition, gravity, temperature, soil samples, the first photographs of the far side of the Moon by
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created their own missile programs. The space research field evolved as scientific investigation based on advancing rocket technology.
343:, the first space station of substantial duration, a successful 23 day mission, sadly ruined by transport disasters. On May 14, 1973,
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is the name of the farthest and most primitive object visited by human spacecraft. Originally designated "1110113Y" when detected by
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all apply to the space research environment. The term includes scientific payloads at any altitude from
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probe launched on 5 September 1977, and flew beyond the edge of our solar system in August 2012 to the
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Neither
Voyager is aimed at a particular visible object, but both continue to send research data to
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The early space researchers obtained an important international forum with the establishment of the
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is roughly at the outer edge of the heliosphere in 2019. New
Horizons should reach it by 2040, and
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1066:. (n.d.). The Aerospace Corporation | Assuring Space Mission Success. Retrieved May 7, 2013
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and spacecraft systems. Goals included developing technologies for permanent occupation of
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1156:. (n.d.). Solar Physics Branch Home Page, Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved May 7, 2013
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around 298 years, is 4.1 billion miles from Earth, and over 1 billion miles beyond
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were used in ceremony and as weaponry since the 13th century, but no rocket would
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was the first space station ever built. It was launched on April 19, 1971 by the
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677:. After 14 years of service, the UARS finished its scientific career in 2005.
414:. The farthest human object from the Earth, predictions include collision, an
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Scientific studies carried out using scientific equipment in outer space
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is one of the most powerful gamma-ray observatories, launched by the
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telescopes are combined for enhanced detail in this image of the
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was the first
American in space. And on July 20, 1969, astronaut
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A Brief
History of Space Exploration | The Aerospace Corporation
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1114:. (n.d.). ESA Science and Technology. Retrieved May 6, 2013
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347:, the first American space station launched, on a modified
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1144:. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved May 7, 2013
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Space research includes the following fields of science:
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Origins of the Hubble, named after
American astronomer
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Scientific research on the International Space Station
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emerged as a field of research with studies of Earths
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A Brief History of High-Energy Astronomy: 1900-1958
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366:is the farthest object visited by human spacecraft
1102:. (n.d.). UARS Science main page. Retrieved May 7
339:On April 19, 1971, the Soviet Union launched the
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838:and were able to photograph eight solar flares.
55:, and by studying outer space. From the use of
763:International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory
37:The first major scientific discovery made from
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1168:. (n.d.). NASA - Home. Retrieved May 7, 2013
779:Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer
295:was the first human being to travel in space
277:, and the first remotely controlled robots (
23:One extent of space research is seen in the
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316:On April 12, 1961, Russian Lieutenant
253:research was in 1958, when Explorer 1
133:, seen here launching, 1 February 1958
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269:, between 1959 and 1976, a series of
265:reached a new stage with the Russian
858:laboratory. Crews experimented with
351:. Skylab was occupied for 24 weeks.
213:. As higher altitudes were reached,
209:helped show us the structure of the
912:received its first crew as part of
731:), launched 1991 and retired 2000,
663:Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
658:Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite
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902:International Space Station
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1343:Space Liability Convention
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498:techniques to interpret
324:. In 1961, US astronaut
175:, in the United States,
1943:reusable launch systems
1560:Extravehicular activity
1471:Commercial use of space
1375:Militarisation of space
1348:Registration Convention
1264:Accidents and incidents
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963:Lists of space programs
741:Spitzer Space Telescope
440:NASA Deep Space Network
1991:Mission control center
1953:Non-rocket spacelaunch
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143:far side of the Moon
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1422:Imagery and mapping
1382:Private spaceflight
1090:, Elsevier web page
615:micro-g environment
475:interstellar medium
412:interstellar medium
381:was reached by the
141:First image of the
61:observable universe
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1730:Space and survival
1585:Space colonization
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1140:2008-05-09 at the
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1078:, COSPAR web page
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988:Space exploration
978:Space archaeology
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177:Robert H. Goddard
111:Space exploration
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1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:Health issues
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Space Shuttle
1646:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Space tourism
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1501:Space weather
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Space command
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:Space warfare
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:United States
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Astrodynamics
1237:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1020:
1019:Space science
1017:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
953:
950:
948:
945:
942:
939:
938:
932:
923:
921:
920:
915:
911:
903:
898:
893:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:human biology
861:
857:
853:
852:
844:
839:
837:
836:coronal holes
832:
823:
821:
817:
805:
804:
798:
789:
786:
783:The NASA-led
776:
773:
769:
760:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
701:
695:
691:
687:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
647:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
622:Life sciences
619:
616:
612:
611:
607:
604:
600:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
584:
580:
578:
577:space weather
574:
573:magnetosphere
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:
552:Space physics
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
526:
524:
521:of satellite
520:
516:
515:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
488:
487:
486:
478:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
443:
441:
436:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
399:
397:
393:
389:
384:
380:
379:planetessimal
377:in 2014, the
376:
372:
365:
361:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
309:
307:
294:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
230:
228:
227:magnetosphere
224:
220:
216:
215:space physics
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
188:United States
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
148:
144:
139:
132:
128:
123:
114:
112:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:Earth science
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
40:
35:
28:
27:
21:
1921:Space launch
1906:Interstellar
1872:Destinations
1641:Apollo–Soyuz
1590:Space diving
1575:Space toilet
1490:
1399:Applications
1316:Soviet Union
1276:Space policy
1271:Space launch
1161:
1149:
1130:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1046:
1034:
917:
907:
856:microgravity
849:
847:
842:
829:
820:Soviet Union
814:
801:
782:
766:
752:Edwin Hubble
749:
698:
661:
643:
629:, using the
625:, including
620:
608:
596:
588:space probes
581:
550:
527:
512:
489:
484:
468:
451:New Horizons
444:
442:as of 2019.
437:
420:
405:
402:Interstellar
383:New Horizons
369:
338:
326:Alan Shepard
318:Yuri Gagarin
315:
303:
293:Yuri Gagarin
271:lunar probes
236:
196:
192:Soviet Union
185:
157:
109:
48:
47:
25:
2047:Spaceflight
1879:Sub-orbital
1814:Space probe
1680:New Shepard
1658:Shuttle–Mir
1417:Archaeology
1370:Space force
1353:Moon Treaty
1225:Spaceflight
1008:Space probe
993:Spacefaring
968:Outer space
876:meteorology
756:exo-planets
721:ultraviolet
694:Crab Nebula
583:Planetology
456:heliosphere
263:Planetology
53:outer space
26:Opportunity
2036:Categories
1948:Launch pad
1939:Expendable
1889:Geocentric
1856:Solar sail
1799:Spaceplane
1759:Spacecraft
1553:Space suit
1531:commercial
1459:Television
1254:Space Race
1026:References
569:ionosphere
538:satellites
506:data from
464:Pioneer 11
460:Pioneer 10
426:ice giants
416:Oort cloud
312:Astronauts
247:Explorer 1
241:, Russian
223:ionosphere
199:V-2 rocket
131:Explorer 1
125:The first
89:deep space
1958:Spaceport
1809:Satellite
1526:Astronaut
1454:Telephone
1407:Astronomy
1328:Space law
1281:Australia
998:Space law
973:Space Age
943:(journal)
872:astronomy
598:Astronomy
466:by 2060.
422:Voyager 2
408:Voyager 1
251:satellite
243:Sputnik 1
239:satellite
2010:Category
1675:Tiangong
1670:Shenzhou
1599:Programs
1444:Internet
1249:Timeline
1138:Archived
1135:Salyut 1
954:(COSPAR)
926:See also
816:Salyut 1
811:Salyut 1
768:INTEGRAL
745:infrared
601:, using
586:, using
534:aeronomy
517:, using
494:, using
341:Salyut 1
322:Vostok 1
279:Lunokhod
255:detected
190:and the
166:overcome
81:medicine
1884:Orbital
1685:Artemis
1616:Voskhod
1611:Mercury
1519:General
1259:Records
1244:History
1232:General
868:physics
860:biology
775:space.
717:visible
645:Physics
565:aurorae
563:, e.g.
561:plasmas
557:in situ
514:Geodesy
500:optical
471:Voyager
447:Pioneer
430:Neptune
219:aurorae
162:rockets
159:Chinese
154:Rockets
149:mission
117:History
85:physics
77:biology
59:to the
29:mission
2021:Portal
2014:
2003:
1819:Lander
1772:Rocket
1636:Skylab
1631:Apollo
1621:Gemini
1606:Vostok
1311:Russia
914:STS-88
831:Skylab
826:Skylab
671:STS-48
665:was a
571:, the
567:, the
555:, the
536:using
523:orbits
434:Uranus
375:Hubble
355:Extent
345:Skylab
275:Luna 3
203:x-rays
147:Luna 3
103:, and
83:, and
1824:Rover
1626:Soyuz
1449:Radio
1306:Japan
1301:India
1286:China
880:space
737:x-ray
729:gamma
504:radar
396:Pluto
39:space
1986:Pass
1941:and
1124:GEMS
908:The
900:The
785:GEMS
704:NASA
667:NASA
575:and
544:and
502:and
469:Two
445:Two
406:The
334:Moon
257:the
225:and
186:The
1653:Mir
919:Mir
851:Mir
843:Mir
803:Mir
432:or
428:of
91:to
2038::
882:.
874:,
870:,
866:,
862:,
719:,
540:,
532:,
458:.
398:.
336:.
285:.
261:.
229:.
221:,
183:.
127:US
107:.
79:,
75:,
71:,
67:.
1217:e
1210:t
1203:v
743:(
735:(
727:(
715:(
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