120:, who would launch the VS brand of gut fifty years later. Natural gut is usually offered in coated form, to reduce its tendency to unravel, particularly when humid or wet. Even though handles were used after gloves in “Jeu de Paume,” the first prototype of the modern racket used today was created in Italy in 1583. The first rackets were made of wood and had strings made of gut at this time. The rackets had a slightly different shape than are used today; however, they are the first semblance of a racket being used for tennis. The strings utilized in these rackets were similar to strings that had been used in instruments previously.
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guideline is to restring after every 40 hours of play; if the racquet is used three times per week and three hours per session, it should be restrung approximately every five weeks. If the player has access to a tennis string tension meter (or access to a pro shop equipped with one), he may restring his racquet after he measures a loss of 25% or more of stringbed stiffness. However, many players who hit the ball hard enough to break the strings simply restring rackets whenever the strings break.
31:
79:
those players who use it normally carry several different racquets with different tensions to compensate for this. Some players, particularly those who hit flat shots and hit the sweet spot consistently, find high-quality gut to be more durable than many other types of strings due to its outstanding tension retention. This may help to offset the high initial cost. The use of a dense string pattern also generally improves the longevity of natural gut.
235:. Kevlar is often strung with another string, such as nylon), in order to combine both strings' qualities, as Kevlar by itself feels too stiff for many tennis players, especially when combined with a stiff racquet. Some advocate using a very thin gauge Kevlar for increasing comfort, but even in the thinnest gauge it is a stiff string. Another strategy to increase comfort and improve rebound efficiency is to string Kevlar at a low tension.
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The frequency of restringing depends on the player and the racquet, but there are a few recommended intervals. One is to restring the racquet as many times in a year as the player uses it in a week; e.g., if the racquet is used three times per week, it should be restrung three times per year. Another
417:
Due to the tension present on the strings, elasticity and tension begins to decrease the moment they are installed in a racquet. "Dead strings", or strings which have lost their tension, cut down on the performance of a racquet. Dead strings may also hamper a tennis player's ability to generate power
315:
or multi-filament strings with the titanium applied with the coating of the string, to protect the material from UV and abrasion, or is integrated into the filaments to modify the play-ability of the string. Based on Nylon or multi-filament strings, the titanium is either applied with the coating of
267:
IQ Element Z string, for instance, has the lowest stiffness of any synthetic string yet tested. The drawback of Zyex is that the outer wrapping materials in Zyex tennis string tend to be much less durable than the Zyex filaments inside the string and do not bond with them. This can lead to the outer
210:
is a stiff and durable string material, originally intended for use by frequent string breakers. It took time for this string material to become popular, primarily due to its poor tension holding capability. However, players feel they are able to apply more topspin to balls while maintaining control
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The United States
Racquet Stringers Association (USRSA) offers two levels of certification for stringers: the Certified Stringer and the Master Racquet Technician, of which around 350 exist worldwide. The Master Racquet Technician certification process includes testing of the stringer's ability to
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Many professional stringers advise players to string racquets with the lowest tension possible while still being able to maintain control of the ball. Beginning players trying to find their tension should start in the middle of the recommended tension range and adjust the tension from there to meet
190:
Nylon is the most popular string material for amateur players due to its low cost and the improvement in elasticity offered by multi-filament strings. Wear-resistant coatings for nylon strings are common, especially with multi-filament strings, because the outer filaments tend to break first as the
78:
from off-center hits (typical of beginning players), variable quality control depending upon the brand, batch, age, storage conditions, and grade, difficulty of stringing due to its delicacy, and poor durability when wetted with water. Natural gut is very sensitive to different types of weather and
400:
An extremely tightly strung racquet cuts down on a tennis player's feel on the ball, but can give the player excellent control if swung hard enough, with a smooth stroke. Such tension may make delicate shots more difficult, but makes play from the baseline more constant. However, if a player often
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and most nylon multi-filaments. It offers mediocre durability and tension retention, so it is generally used as the cross string in a hybrid string setup. For those who do not break strings very quickly, however, 100% polyolefin stringing may be a good alternative to natural gut and multi-filament
218:
in 1997, who went on to win that year's French Open. Since then, polyester's support for heavy topspin in particular has made it the most popular string material in the professional tennis tour. The increased topspin due to polyester strings has been verified with controlled experiments today. The
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Synthetic gut, as it is used for mono-filament nylon strings, is now a misnomer, as the creation of multi-filament strings has provided players with a better approximation of natural gut's performance. Modern "synthetic gut" is actually a multi-filament string that holds its tension extremely well
131:
Small changes from pure nylon are usually found in strings sold as "synthetic gut". Textured coatings, colorants and the addition of a small amount of Kevlar are the most common changes. Some manufacturers, such as Gosen, label nylon strings with words like "sheep", as in sheep intestine, although
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Animal intestine is the most resilient material used to make tennis strings. It has better tension retention than any other material, and also is softer than any other material used for tennis strings. It provides the most energy return, meaning it is the most efficient string. It remains soft at
55:
The material used in tennis string can significantly affect a player's performance, and even health. Several materials are used to make tennis strings. They vary in terms of elasticity, durability, rebound efficiency, tension holding capability, and manufacturing cost, among other considerations.
46:
which make contact with the ball. The strings form a woven network inside the head (or "hoop") of the racquet. Strings have been made with a variety of materials and possess varying properties that have been measured, such as dynamic stiffness, tension retention, thickness (gauge), string texture
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high tensions while other materials tend to stiffen dramatically. This allows gut string to enable players to string rather tightly to improve ball control without losing much rebound efficiency (power) and without greatly increasing impact shock, which can hurt the elbow and other joints.
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string offers more rebound efficiency, i.e. gut-like dynamic stiffness, than other synthetic strings, particularly when strung at low tensions. This gives it playability that is more similar to natural gut than, arguably, other synthetic materials. It also has low overall stiffness. The
230:
is the stiffest, most durable synthetic string available, and is thus extremely hard to break. Although it is one of the best strings in terms of tension holding capability (next to natural gut), it is the most dangerous string when it comes to developing
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Racquets are strung either with two separate strings (and thus four knots), or with a single string (resulting in only two knots). Sometimes, a hybrid of two different string types may be used in the same racquet. Traditionally, a double
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The "gauge" number determines the thickness of the string. A string rated with a high gauge number is a thinner string, and vice versa. Thinner strings typically offer higher performance but break more frequently than thicker strings.
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A loosely strung racquet will usually have a larger sweet spot and will hit farther but, when swung hard enough, it will shoot balls unpredictably; a tighter string job will help make delicate shots with more finesse and control.
175:, and other materials. Multi-filament strings offer better elasticity than single filament strings, but usually inferior durability. No multi-filament string holds its tension as well as natural gut, and none of them is as soft.
386:, indicates the pressure under which the strings are secured to the frame. The string tension affects a racquet's playing characteristics, such as the "feel" of the ball, control over the ball, as well as maximizing power.
246:
is the second-most stiff and durable of string types. It is perhaps the least commonly used contemporary string material. It is usually added to nylon string to increase nylon's durability and stiffness, as with Kevlar.
356:. Recently, new kinds of knots have been used called the "pro-knot" and "Parnell knot". Along with the use of a starting clamp, this can make all the knots identical, and improve the aesthetics of a string job.
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their needs. The recommended tension is usually printed on the racquet. With a lower tension the racquet will have more power and less control; with a higher tension, it will have less power and more control.
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the string, protecting the material from UV radiation and abrasion, or the titanium is integrated into the filaments to modify the play-ability of the string. Titanium strings are no longer popular today.
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However, in comparison to mono-filament "synthetic gut", multi-filament strings can offer a much closer approximation of natural gut's performance. The softest multi-filament strings can be made with
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string a racquet, perform grip work, identify mistakes in an improperly strung racquet, and pass a written test that covers not only strings, but racquet technology as well.
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Synthetic gut is nylon, nearly always composed of a single filament. It is a very inexpensive string to manufacture and is generally the least expensive string to purchase.
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The process of installing strings in the racquet is called "stringing," and is done with a racquet string machine. These machines vary in complexity, accuracy and price.
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251:, for instance, offers two badminton strings, made primarily from nylon, which have Vectran strands. However, the Ashaway company offers a braided Vectran tennis string.
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Double strung tennis racquets were introduced in 1977 but the "spaghetti racquets" were later banned because they permitted excessive spin and were too successful.
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Virtually all modern racquets are strung in a criss-cross horizontal-vertical pattern. Various other patterns have been used in history with varying success.
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and which has a dynamic stiffness profile that is closest to natural gut, although the industry continues to apply the term to mono-filament nylon strings.
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Multi-filament strings, known commonly as "multis" are strings that have more than one filament. They are most commonly made of many filaments of
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designed to withstand the stretching and contraction of the intestine. It is this elasticity that makes the fibers useful for tennis string.
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exact cause for the increased spin is not known but there is strong evidence that the low friction between strings is a factor.
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Polyester revolutionized professional tennis when a then little known
Belgian string maker Luxilon supplied
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All racquets come with recommended string tensions, most of which lie between 50 and 70 pounds (220 to 310
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Its principal drawbacks are much higher cost to manufacture and purchase than other materials, weakness to
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McEnroe, Patrick; and Bodo, Peter. Tennis for dummies. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley
Publishing, 1998.
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intestines have also been used for racquet strings in the past. A general name for this material is
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Gustavo
Kuerten dawned the era of polyester string, which now dominates professional tennis
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and polyolefin, although some of the softest of these strings are no longer on the market.
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the USRSA's monthly magazine, has named a
Stringer of the Year. Past winners were:
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1041:"About.com:Tennis Q/A Q. What's the best string tension to protect my arm?"
876:"TENNIS; Cooper, Nastase and Vilas Are Named to International Hall of Fame"
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1015:"About.com:Tennis Q/A What's the best string tension for more control?"
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Metal wire, usually piano wire, was used in some historical racquets.
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989:"About.com:Tennis Q/A What's the best string tension for more power?"
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Tennis and the
Revenge of Technological Revolution by Edward Tenner
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is one of the softest synthetic string materials, rivaling some
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has been used to tie off tennis string, along with a starting
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588:"About.com:Tennis Q/A Q. Is natural gut worth the price?"
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wrapping wearing away, leaving the inner Zyex filaments.
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strings. This is especially true for those who have had
926:"QUESTION OF THE DAY: REVISITING THE SPAGHETTI RACQUET"
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674:"QUESTION OF THE DAY: SYNTHETIC GUT VS. MULTIFILAMENT"
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628:"Tennis Warehouse:Natural Gut The King of All Strings"
527:"Racquet Sports Industry magazine's String Lab tests"
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513:"String Selector 2016, Tennis Industry Magazine"
547:"Tennis Industry Magazine:String Selector 2016"
151:micrograph of a sectioned Multi-filament string
47:(shape of the string), and rebound efficiency.
567:"Tennis Warehouse:String Performance Database"
288:and find natural gut string to be too costly.
159:, but can incorporate other materials such as
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1076:"About.com:Tennis Q/A How often to restring"
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672:JUSTIN DIFELICIANTONIO (November 30, 2012).
418:and pace, and may even make their arm sore.
426:United States Racquet Stringers Association
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901:"Spaghetti-Racquet Ban Is Upheld by Court"
1144:"Stringer of the Year: Philip van Asselt"
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112:The first natural gut tennis string was
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765:"Which Strings Generate the Most Spin?"
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478:Philip van Asselt, Pennsylvania (2016)
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947:"Racquet Tech: Stringing 101 — Knots"
924:JUSTIN DIFELICIANTONIO (2013-02-05).
790:"Tennis String FAQ - Longest Lasting"
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116:to be manufactured in 1875 by Pierre
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1883:Association of Tennis Professionals
1753:International Premier Tennis League
899:The Associated Press (1981-12-08).
472:David Yamane, North Carolina (2014)
382:of a racquet, usually expressed in
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82:Natural gut is produced by drying
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1122:"Stringer of the year: Julian Li"
874:Thomas Jr., Robert (1991-03-27).
717:"All About Strings and Stringing"
608:"The Tennis Company:About Tennis"
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811:"Playtest: Ashaway Zyex MonoGut"
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763:Cross, Rod (January 30, 2011).
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648:"The History of Tennis Strings"
469:Chuck Hakansson, Georgia (2013)
771:. Tennis Warehouse. Conclusion
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448:Grant Napier, Tennessee (2006)
442:Randy Stephenson, Texas (2004)
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454:Nate Ferguson, Florida (2008)
445:Bob Patterson, Alabama (2005)
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132:such strings contain no gut.
86:extracted from a part of the
34:Tennis string in closeup view
1142:Bob Patterson (2017-01-01).
1120:Bob Patterson (2016-01-01).
475:Julian Li, California (2015)
460:Tom Parry, Minnesota (2010)
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97:, or serosa, which contains
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769:Tennis Warehouse University
463:Todd Mobley, Georgia (2011)
457:Ron Rochi, Illinois (2009)
451:Tim Strawn, Virginia (2007)
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10:
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1888:Women's Tennis Association
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1146:. Tennis Industry Magazine
1124:. Tennis Industry Magazine
813:. Tennis Industry Magazine
466:John Gugel, Florida (2012)
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847:October 4, 2009, at the
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337:A strung tennis racquet
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27:Part of a tennis racket
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307:is also used. Usually
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1322:electronic line judge
842:Metal racquets by Rod
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1707:Billie Jean King Cup
863:. December 13, 2020.
1671:ITF Women's Circuit
1613:ATP Challenger Tour
966:Keohi Web Design.
905:The New York Times
880:The New York Times
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329:Stringing pattern
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1738:Wightman Cup
1634:WTA rankings
1581:ATP rankings
1565:Professional
1465:double fault
1450:Passing shot
1435:Groundstroke
1347:Match fixing
1304:
1148:. Retrieved
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1933:WikiCommons
1831:Continental
1807:Universiade
1797:Paralympics
1776:Multi-sport
1688:tournaments
1685:Team tennis
1516:French Open
1496:Grand Slams
1440:Half volley
1213:Match types
413:Restringing
93:called the
60:Natural gut
51:Composition
1722:Hopman Cup
1712:United Cup
1535:Statistics
1317:Technology
1291:Equipment
1228:Statistics
1150:2018-01-21
1128:2018-01-21
1106:2018-01-21
1086:2008-02-20
1051:2008-02-20
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999:2008-02-20
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775:2018-01-21
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741:Tennis.com
722:2018-01-21
699:2018-01-21
679:2018-01-21
658:2022-07-29
633:2010-09-15
613:2008-02-20
593:2008-02-20
572:2018-01-21
552:2018-01-21
532:2010-05-17
483:References
350:half hitch
292:Metal wire
277:Polyolefin
272:Polyolefin
64:See also:
1717:Laver Cup
1702:Davis Cup
1542:Champions
1521:Wimbledon
1420:Drop shot
360:Stringing
265:ProKennex
208:Polyester
195:Polyester
91:intestine
1948:Category
1792:Olympics
1639:WTA Tour
1586:ATP Tour
1430:Forehand
1415:Backspin
1410:Backhand
1352:Grunting
1327:Hawk-Eye
1312:Official
1275:Strategy
1238:Stadiums
1223:Rankings
1208:Glossary
845:Archived
309:Titanium
305:Titanium
300:Titanium
99:collagen
1923:Outline
1853:Pacific
1838:African
1763:ATP Cup
1731:Defunct
1552:Records
1526:US Open
1477:Topspin
1305:strings
1256:General
1233:Umpires
1218:Players
1203:History
244:Vectran
239:Vectran
169:Vectran
118:Babolat
114:rumored
40:strings
1817:Island
1778:events
1695:Active
1659:Finals
1606:Finals
1504:Events
1482:Volley
1387:Carpet
1364:Courts
1342:Doping
1300:racket
1248:Basics
1192:Tennis
384:pounds
228:Kevlar
223:Kevlar
173:Kevlar
107:catgut
84:fibers
66:Catgut
1843:Asian
1627:Women
1567:tours
1472:Smash
1455:Serve
1402:Shots
1382:Grass
1280:grips
1268:point
320:Gauge
313:Nylon
249:Yonex
186:Nylon
157:nylon
103:Sheep
1644:1000
1591:1000
1425:Flat
1392:Wood
1377:Clay
1372:Hard
1295:ball
436:RSi,
378:The
354:knot
281:Zyex
260:Zyex
255:Zyex
180:Zyex
165:Zyex
1654:250
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1574:Men
1460:ace
1445:Lob
393:).
149:SEM
88:cow
1950::
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