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186:
663:
715:
1961:
constituted of the estates of the clergy, the nobility and the people. Except with regard to the budget, its ability to make laws was influenced by the power of the monarch. In fact, the King was only forced to call
Parliament every three years. It contained no explicit references to legal equality of citizens, although it was implicit in the equality in taxation, the abolition of privileges and equal rights between Spanish and American citizens. The Constitution also recognized the freedom of industry and trade, the abolition of trade privileges and the elimination of internal customs.
278:
1901:
638:
2615:
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1732:. Napoleon was fully aware of the disastrous state of Spain's economy and administration, and its political fragility. He came to believe that it had little value as an ally in the current circumstances. He insisted on positioning French troops in Spain to prepare for a French invasion of Portugal, but once this was done, he continued to move additional French troops into Spain without any sign of an advance into Portugal. The presence of French troops on Spanish soil was extremely unpopular in Spain, resulting in the
1752:, France, and Ferdinand went, fully expecting Bonaparte to approve his position as monarch. Napoleon had also summoned Charles IV, who arrived separately. Napoleon pressed Ferdinand to abdicate in favor of his father, who had abdicated under duress. Charles IV then abdicated in favor of Napoleon, since he did not want his despised son to be heir to the throne. Napoleon placed his brother Joseph on the throne. The formal abdications were designed to preserve the legitimacy of the new sitting monarch.
25:
1890:
2093:
1968:, an advisory body composed of the Senate which was formed by the male members of the royal family and 24 members appointed by the king from the nobles and the clergy, and a legislative assembly, with representatives from the estates of the nobility and the clergy. The Constitution established an authoritarian regime that included some enlightened projects, such as the abolition of torture, but preserving the Inquisition.
1548:
1562:
1918:
ratified the transfer of the Crown to Joseph
Bonaparte and adopted with little change apart from a constitutional text drafted by Napoleon. Most of those assembled did not perceive any contradiction between patriotism and collaboration with the new king. Moreover, it was not the first time a foreign dynasty had assumed the Spanish Crown: at the start of the eighteenth century, the
1775:, meanwhile pressed for the former Prime Minister of Spain, Manuel de Godoy, whose role in inviting the French forces into Spain had led to the mutiny of Aranjuez, to be set free. The failure of the remaining Spanish government to stand up to Murat caused popular anger. On 2 May 1808, the younger son of Charles IV, the
1790:, the main organ of central government in Spain under Charles IV, was now in Napoleon's control. However, due to the popular anger at French rule, it quickly lost authority outside the population centers which were directly French-occupied. To oppose this occupation, former regional governing institutions, such as the
1770:
Charles IV hoped that
Napoleon, who by this time had 100,000 troops stationed in Spain, would help him regain the throne. However, Napoleon refused to help Charles, and also refused to recognize his son, Ferdinand VII, as the new king. Instead, he succeeded in pressuring both Charles and Ferdinand to
2034:
believed that the only way to maintain national independence was to collaborate with the new dynasty, as the greater the resistance to the French, the greater would be the subordination of Spain to the French imperial army and its war requirements. In fact, the opposite was the case: although in the
1978:
During his stay in
Vitoria, Joseph Bonaparte had taken important steps to organise the state institutions, including creating an advisory Council of State. The king appointed a government, whose leaders formed an enlightened group which adopted a reform program. The Inquisition was abolished, as was
1960:
religion as the official religion and forbade the exercise of other religions. It did not contain an explicit statement about the separation of powers, but asserted the independence of the judiciary. Executive power lay in the King and his ministers. The courts, in the manner of the old regime, were
2123:
from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812, and the port city never surrendered.). Its members disbanded and transferred its powers to a
Council of Regency. The five regents convened the meeting of the Cortes in Cadiz. Cortes were representatives of the estates, but were unable to hold elections either
1956:, because it was not the result of a sovereign act of the nation assembled in Parliament, but a royal edict. The text was imbued with a spirit of reform, in line with the Bonaparte ideals, but adapted to the Spanish culture so as to win the support of the elites of the old regime. It recognized the
1858:
on 22 July 1808. This victory encouraged the resistance against the French in several countries elsewhere in Europe. After the battle, King Joseph left Madrid to take refuge in
Vitoria. In the fall of 1808, Napoleon himself entered Spain, entering Madrid on 2 December and returning Joseph I to the
2038:
The military defeats suffered by the French army forced Joseph to leave Madrid on three occasions, the first in July 1808, following the Battle of Bailén, until it was recaptured by the French in
November. The second time was from 12 August until 2 November 1812 whilst the Anglo-Portuguese army
1917:
When
Ferdinand VII left Bayonne, in May 1808, he asked that all institutions co-operate with the French authorities. On 15 June 1808 Joseph, the elder brother of Napoleon was made King. The Council of Castile assembled in Bayonne, though only 65 of the total 150 members attended. The Assembly
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1800:(councils) were created to fill the power vacuum and lead the struggle against French imperial forces. Provincial juntas began to coordinate their actions; regional juntas were formed to oversee the provincial ones. Finally, on 25 September 1808, a single
2142:. They consisted of 97 deputies, 47 of whom were alternates from Cádiz residents, who approved a decree expressing represent the Spanish nation and declared legally constituted in general and special courts in which lay the national sovereignty.
2043:, ending the failed stage of enlightened absolutism. Most of Joseph's supporters (about 10,000 and 12,000) fled to France into exile, along with the retreating French troops after the war, and their property was confiscated. Joseph abdicated.
2035:
territory controlled by King Joseph I modern rational administration and institutions replaced the Old Regime, the permanent state of war reinforced the power of the French marshals, barely allowing the civil authorities to act.
250:
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1979:
the
Council of Castile which was accused of anti-French policy. He decreed the end of feudal rights, the reduction of religious communities and the abolition of internal customs charges.
2030:
Throughout the war, Joseph
Bonaparte tried to exercise full authority as the King of Spain, preserving some autonomy against the designs of his brother Napoleon. In this regard, many
2145:
The constitution they wrote did not last long. On 24 March 1814, six weeks after returning to Spain, Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution and had all monuments to it torn down.
1985:
As the popular revolt against Joseph Bonaparte spread, many who had initially co-operated with the Bonaparte dynasty left their ranks. But there remained numerous Spanish, known as
251:
1982:
This period saw measures to liberalize trade and agriculture and the creation of a stock exchange in Madrid. The State Council undertook the division of land into 38 provinces.
304: Territory never controlled by Joseph Bonaparte's government, besides Spanish America: Canary Islands, Cadiz, Ceuta, Melilla, Cartagena, Alicante and Balearic Islands.
1748:
was also ousted. Ferdinand was declared the legitimate monarch, and returned to Madrid expecting to take up his duties as king. Napoleon Bonaparte summoned Ferdinand to
1093:
2051:
Joseph spent time in France before travelling to the United States (where he sold the jewels he had taken from Spain). He lived there from 1817 to 1832, initially in
1109:
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1299:
499:
1818:
Murat established a plan of conquest, sending two large armies to attack pockets of pro-Ferdinand resistance. One army secured the route between Madrid and
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2003:
and saw the arrival of Bonaparte as an opportunity to modernize the country. Many had been a part of government in the reign of Charles IV, for example,
1315:
2924:
1851:
1765:
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caused Spain to back down. However, Spain continued to resent the loss of its fleet at Trafalgar and the fact that it was forced to join the
42:
2170:
In March 1813, threatened by the Anglo-Spanish army, Joseph had left the capital and the Allied offensive intensified and culminated in the
1975:
on 16–19 July 1808, which resulted in a French defeat and Joseph with the French high command fleeing Madrid and abandoning much of Spain.
89:
1728:. Nevertheless, the two allies agreed to partition Portugal, a long-standing British trading partner and ally, which refused to join the
1654:
61:
1933:
Napoleon and Joseph both underestimated the level of opposition that the appointment would create. Having successfully appointed Joseph
1051:
2316:
2205:
1594:
2600:
2153:
68:
2884:
1355:
1650:
779:
1712:
in 1805, cracks began to appear in the alliance, with Spain preparing to invade France from the south after the outbreak of the
1462:
1386:
1170:
1449:
298: Military government of Catalonia, dependent on Paris (since 1810) / Territory annexed to the French Empire (since 1812).
75:
2879:
2246:
1225:
2360:
885:
2914:
924:
744:
1776:
1661:. Fighting across the Peninsula would be largely inconclusive until a series of Coalition victories from 1812 to 1813 at
1472:
1426:
57:
813:
2758:
2544:
2039:
occupied his capital. The king left Madrid in May 1813 for the last time, and later Spain in June 1813, following the
1273:
2158:
2012:
1896:
conferred the title "Prince of Spain" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren in the male and female line.
456:
108:
2929:
2838:
956:
656:
643:
2124:
in Spain or in the American colonies. The assembly thus lost its estates in favor of territorial representation.
1433:
1265:
2788:
2768:
1705:
1587:
46:
1847:
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2645:
2524:
2499:
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1331:
1086:
964:
2391:
2133:
1506:
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859:
82:
1713:
1533:
1145:
171:
714:
2796:
2773:
2763:
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2650:
2290:
1480:
1454:
908:
487:
2730:
901:
2939:
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1580:
1516:
1501:
1394:
1339:
694:
2725:
2175:
2919:
2675:
2011:, Secretary of State from November 1808 to April 1811. But there were also writers like playwright
1721:
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1241:
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852:
795:
396:
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2008:
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cede the crown to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte. The head of the French forces in Spain, Marshal
1292:
475:
426:
35:
2801:
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2670:
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2000:
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1868:
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2715:
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2016:
1942:
1801:
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capital. Meanwhile, a British army entered Spain from Portugal but was forced to retreat to
1674:
1027:
579:
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2655:
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1804:
was established in Aranjuez to serve as the acting resistance government for all of Spain.
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972:
820:
277:
2004:
1900:
1708:
in 1796. After the defeat of the combined Spanish and French fleets by the British at the
8:
2665:
2479:
2469:
1927:
1741:
1709:
1662:
1658:
1631:
1210:
1043:
800:
756:
318:
286: Spanish territory controlled at some point during the war by King Joseph Bonaparte.
1972:
1945:
in 1807, it came as a surprise to have created a political and later military disaster.
1855:
1794:
and the Board of the Principality of Asturias, resurfaced in parts of Spain; elsewhere,
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2660:
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2489:
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in June. French troops were finally evicted from Spain following the conclusion of the
1938:
1787:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1691:
1323:
1136:
1127:
940:
828:
731:
2585:
2104:
2097:
2087:
1118:
1011:
292: Military governments dependent on Paris (since 1810): Biscay, Navarre and Aragon
2710:
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2534:
2509:
2504:
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2427:
2242:
2171:
2040:
1934:
1923:
1666:
1347:
1186:
1101:
566:
389:
384:
2120:
1839:
2459:
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2108:
1965:
1919:
1893:
1884:
1791:
1615:
703:
515:
415:
349:
239:
152:
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in September 1813, so removing any possibility of a return. In December 1813, the
2833:
2595:
2408:
2399:
2236:
2210:
1957:
1949:
1911:
1860:
1819:
1745:
1410:
1371:
1061:
553:
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359:
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138:
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1992:
1813:
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1619:
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1070:
988:
932:
363:
214:
1680:
2873:
2700:
2075:
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2020:
1953:
1779:, left Spain for France, leading to a widespread rebellion in the streets of
1772:
1642:
1638:
1402:
948:
609:
445:
177:
1637:
The Napoleonic government was opposed by various regions remaining loyal to
2614:
2215:
2064:
2056:
2024:
1987:
1623:
1552:
597:
314:
2811:
2572:
2554:
2320:
2060:
916:
875:
231:
2346:
867:
206:
1835:
376:
24:
2626:
2071:
1889:
1831:
1823:
1670:
787:
772:
604:
2116:
2092:
1863:. In early 1810, the Napoleonic offensive reached the vicinity of
1843:
1685:
2720:
2637:
2437:
2419:
2112:
1850:
was ordered to march back to Madrid, but was defeated by General
1749:
1257:
371:
1669:
meant the defeat of the Bonapartist régime and the expulsion of
2825:
2081:
1864:
1827:
1780:
836:
328:
2848:
2740:
2451:
1611:
681:
1704:
Spain had been allied with France against Britain since the
2059:, where his house became the centre of activity for French
1681:
Background: From alliance with France to the Peninsular War
2138:
The Cortes opened their sessions in September 1810 on the
1677:
recognized Ferdinand VII as the legitimate King of Spain.
1630:
after the country was partially occupied by forces of the
1720:
victory, but Napoleon's rout of the Prussian army at the
2107:
was created, it operated as a government in exile. The
1755:
2119:
to escape the French advance (The French enforced the
2070:
Joseph Bonaparte returned to Europe, where he died in
1716:. In 1806, Spain readied for an invasion in case of a
2277:"King Joseph Iís Government in Spain and its Empire"
2347:"Spain - THE LIBERAL ASCENDANCY - The Cadiz Cortes"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2234:
1952:on 7 July 1808. As a constitutional text, it is a
1766:Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom
2871:
1922:came to Spain from France after the last of the
1744:abdicated in March 1808 and his prime minister,
1991:, who nurtured his administration and made the
1910:The Josephine State had its legal basis in the
1686:The abdications of Ferdinand VII and Charles IV
2895:States and territories disestablished in 1813
2376:
1867:, but were unable to penetrate the fortified
1588:
513:
229:
144:
2127:
2082:Second government of Spain – Cortes of Cádiz
130:
2228:
204:
2890:States and territories established in 1808
2383:
2369:
2206:Chronology of events of the Peninsular War
1595:
1581:
276:
2925:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula
2619:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2152:
2091:
1899:
1888:
1807:
2283:
2872:
1324:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike
2364:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2148:
1971:The Spanish uprising resulted in the
2910:Client states of the Napoleonic Wars
2314:
2063:, he married American Ann Savage in
1874:
1756:The installation of Joseph Bonaparte
1740:, the heir apparent to the throne.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1937:in 1806 and other family rulers in
1622:(1808–1813), forming a Bonapartist
1473:Catalan declaration of independence
16:Napoleonic client state (1808–1813)
13:
2291:"Joseph Bonaparte at Point Breeze"
2262:
2046:
14:
2951:
1964:The Constitution established the
1948:Joseph Bonaparte promulgated the
2613:
2238:Historia de España Contemporánea
2182:provided for the restoration of
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1546:
713:
661:
636:
247:
184:
170:
23:
2885:1813 disestablishments in Spain
2317:"Yes, a Bonaparte feasted here"
2074:, Italy, and was buried in the
1266:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
34:needs additional citations for
2339:
2308:
1706:Second Treaty of San Ildefonso
58:"Spain under Joseph Bonaparte"
1:
2315:Kwoh, Leslie (10 June 2007).
2221:
2007:, former head of finance and
965:War of the Spanish Succession
2880:1808 establishments in Spain
2134:Spanish Constitution of 1812
2013:Leandro Fernández de Moratín
925:Colonisation of the Americas
7:
2915:Former monarchies of Europe
2235:José Luis Comellas (1988).
2189:
2078:building complex in Paris.
1999:saw themselves as heirs of
1995:partially a civil war. The
1993:Spanish war of independence
1842:. Instead of proceeding to
1834:. The other, sent south to
1714:War of the Fourth Coalition
1645:, which formed a series of
10:
2956:
2651:Confederation of the Rhine
2131:
2085:
1930:, died without offspring.
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1777:Infante Francisco de Paula
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1463:2008–2014 financial crisis
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2128:The Constitution of Cádiz
1395:Spain during World War II
1226:Regency of María Cristina
1094:Regency of María Cristina
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2023:, and musicians such as
1722:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
1626:officially known as the
1450:1981 coup d'état attempt
1250:Spain during World War I
829:Kingdom of the Visigoths
457:First Secretary of State
2930:Modern history of Spain
2706:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
2009:Mariano Luis de Urquijo
1434:Transition to democracy
476:Mariano Luis de Urquijo
335:Official languages
2279:. napoleon-series.org.
2176:Siege of San Sebastián
2167:
2159:The Battle of Vittoria
2100:
2001:enlightened absolutism
1907:
1905:Ferdinand VII of Spain
1897:
1869:Lines of Torres Vedras
1762:Junta (Peninsular War)
1696:Abdications of Bayonne
1468:2017 Barcelona attacks
1300:Provisional Government
1171:Provisional Government
1044:Absolutist restoration
996:Abdications of Bayonne
541:Abdications of Bayonne
514:
230:
205:
145:
131:
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2095:
2017:Juan Antonio Llorente
1903:
1892:
1808:The French occupation
1802:Supreme Central Junta
1455:Madrid train bombings
1332:1936 general election
1234:Reign of Alfonso XIII
1020:Constitution of Cádiz
346:Common languages
2396:French Revolutionary
2019:, the mathematician
1881:Bayonne Constitution
1846:as planned, General
1481:Coronavirus pandemic
1442:Current constitution
1427:Contemporary history
1242:Spanish–American War
1218:Reign of Alfonso XII
1110:Regency of Espartero
1087:Reign of Isabella II
973:Nueva Planta Decrees
821:Kingdom of the Suebi
488:Juan O'Donoju O'Ryan
43:improve this article
2601:Swiss Confederation
2241:. Ediciones Rialp.
1742:Charles IV of Spain
1710:Battle of Trafalgar
1632:First French Empire
1356:Nationalist victory
1277:of Dámaso Berenguer
1163:Sexenio Democrático
1146:Glorious Revolution
1052:Sexenio Absolutista
902:Early modern period
801:Diocese of Hispania
500:Fernando de Laserna
2759:Lucca and Piombino
2327:on 8 December 2008
2180:Treaty of Valençay
2168:
2149:The Allied victory
2101:
1908:
1898:
1788:Council of Castile
1734:Tumult of Aranjuez
1730:Continental System
1726:Continental System
1692:Tumult of Aranjuez
1675:Treaty of Valençay
1567:History portal
1137:Bienio progresista
1128:Second Carlist War
1028:Treaty of Valençay
886:Christian kingdoms
757:Carthaginian Spain
732:Prehistoric Iberia
580:Treaty of Valençay
192:Royal Coat of arms
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2764:Massa and Carrara
2609:
2608:
2351:countrystudies.us
2248:978-84-321-2441-9
2172:Battle of Vitoria
2111:had to move from
2041:Battle of Vitoria
2005:François Cabarrus
1924:Spanish Habsburgs
1894:Joseph I of Spain
1875:Reign of Joseph I
1736:by supporters of
1605:
1604:
1522:Religious history
1211:Restoration Spain
1187:Third Carlist War
1179:Reign of Amadeo I
1102:First Carlist War
909:Catholic Monarchs
814:Early Middle Ages
752:Pre-Roman peoples
687:
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567:Battle of Vitoria
471:• 1808–1813
411:• 1808–1813
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2196:History of Spain
2109:Cortes Generales
2015:, scholars like
1973:Battle of Bailén
1966:Cortes Generales
1920:House of Bourbon
1885:Joseph Bonaparte
1856:Battle of Bailén
1792:Cortes of Aragon
1651:Coalition forces
1649:allied with the
1628:Kingdom of Spain
1610:was the part of
1608:Napoleonic Spain
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1590:
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1553:Spain portal
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1502:Economic history
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1340:1936 coup d'état
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1004:Napoleonic Spain
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791:(218 BCE–472 CE)
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585:11 December 1813
519:
516:Cortes Generales
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27:
19:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2920:Former kingdoms
2870:
2869:
2866:
2857:
2843:
2820:
2806:
2783:
2735:
2629:
2621:
2618:
2605:
2567:
2549:
2446:
2432:
2410:
2403:
2400:Napoleonic Wars
2389:
2359:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2211:Napoleonic Wars
2192:
2151:
2136:
2130:
2105:Cortes of Cádiz
2098:Cortes of Cádiz
2090:
2088:Cortes of Cádiz
2084:
2049:
2047:Post-abdication
1950:Bayonne Statute
1912:Bayonne Statute
1887:
1879:Main articles:
1877:
1816:
1810:
1768:
1760:Main articles:
1758:
1746:Manuel de Godoy
1702:
1690:Main articles:
1688:
1683:
1673:'s troops. The
1643:Bourbon kingdom
1601:
1572:
1561:
1559:
1547:
1545:
1527:
1526:
1507:Law enforcement
1497:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1457:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1411:Basque conflict
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1374:
1372:Francoist Spain
1364:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1316:Second Biennium
1310:
1302:
1295:
1293:Second Republic
1285:
1284:
1279:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1130:
1122:
1119:Década moderada
1112:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1062:Trienio Liberal
1055:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1012:Cortes of Cádiz
1006:
998:
991:
981:
980:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
919:
911:
904:
894:
893:
888:
880:
870:
862:
860:Muslim conquest
855:
845:
844:
839:
831:
823:
816:
806:
805:
790:
782:
775:
765:
764:
759:
747:
737:
736:
727:
705:
698:
662:
637:
582:
569:
556:
554:Statute adopted
543:
528:Napoleonic Wars
496:
484:
472:
442:
412:
306:
305:
301:
299:
295:
293:
289:
287:
283:
271:
248:
244:
237:
219:
212:
196:
195:
194:
189:
181:
180:
175:
157:
150:
146:Reino de España
143:
136:
128:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2935:Peninsular War
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2905:1810s in Spain
2902:
2900:1800s in Spain
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2338:
2307:
2282:
2261:
2247:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2201:Peninsular War
2198:
2191:
2188:
2150:
2147:
2132:Main article:
2129:
2126:
2121:Siege of Cádiz
2086:Main article:
2083:
2080:
2048:
2045:
1935:King of Naples
1876:
1873:
1814:Peninsular War
1812:Main article:
1809:
1806:
1757:
1754:
1700:Peninsular War
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1620:Peninsular War
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1556:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:(2020–present)
1478:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1379:Spanish Maquis
1375:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1308:First Biennium
1305:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1195:First Republic
1192:
1184:
1176:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1133:
1125:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1071:Ominous Decade
1068:
1058:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
992:
989:Peninsular War
987:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
970:
962:
954:
946:
938:
930:
922:
914:
905:
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
883:
873:
865:
856:
851:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
834:
826:
817:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
798:
793:
785:
780:Roman Conquest
776:
773:Roman Hispania
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
754:
748:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
728:
723:
722:
719:
718:
710:
709:
700:
699:
692:
685:
684:
679:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
659:
650:
647:
646:
641:
629:
628:
623:
613:
612:
607:
601:
600:
595:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:
577:
574:
573:
570:
564:
561:
560:
557:
551:
548:
547:
544:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
525:
524:Historical era
521:
520:
511:
507:
506:
503:
502:
497:
494:
491:
490:
485:
482:
479:
478:
473:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
448:
443:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
419:
418:
413:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
387:
381:
380:
374:
368:
367:
364:State Religion
357:
353:
352:
347:
343:
342:
336:
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:
312:
308:
307:
300:
294:
288:
282:
281:
273:
272:
246:
222:
221:
198:
197:
190:
183:
182:
176:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
129:
126:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2952:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2789:Mediterranean
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Salm-Horstmar
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Aschaffenburg
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:Client states
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2184:Ferdinand VII
2181:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:In 1810, the
2099:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2076:Les Invalides
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:New York City
2044:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:Alberto Lista
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:royal charter
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:and besieged
1821:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:Joachim Murat
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:Ferdinand VII
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1403:Blue Division
1401:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
993:
990:
985:
984:
974:
971:
966:
963:
958:
955:
950:
949:Iberian Union
947:
942:
939:
934:
931:
926:
923:
918:
915:
910:
907:
906:
903:
898:
897:
887:
884:
879:
878:
874:
869:
866:
861:
858:
857:
854:
849:
848:
838:
835:
830:
827:
822:
819:
818:
815:
810:
809:
802:
799:
797:
794:
789:
786:
781:
778:
777:
774:
769:
768:
760:(575–206 BCE)
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:Early history
741:
740:
733:
730:
729:
726:
721:
720:
716:
712:
711:
708:
702:
701:
696:
691:
690:
683:
680:
678:Today part of
676:
660:
658:
655:
654:
651:
645:
642:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
608:
606:
605:ISO 3166 code
602:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:
575:
571:
568:
562:
558:
555:
549:
545:
542:
536:
532:
529:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
504:
501:
498:
492:
489:
486:
480:
477:
474:
468:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
447:
446:Joachim Murat
444:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
417:
414:
408:
404:
400:
398:
394:
391:
388:
386:
382:
378:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
358:
354:
351:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
330:
327:
323:
320:
319:French Empire
316:
313:
309:
279:
274:
245:"Royal March"
241:
234:
233:
227:
223:
216:
209:
208:
203:
199:
193:
187:
179:
173:
165:
160:
154:
147:
140:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2867:
2854:
2540:Transpadania
2350:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2325:the original
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2294:
2285:
2252:. Retrieved
2237:
2230:
2216:Afrancesados
2169:
2164:George Jones
2157:
2144:
2140:Isla de León
2137:
2102:
2069:
2065:Society Hill
2057:Philadelphia
2050:
2037:
2032:afrancesados
2031:
2029:
2025:Fernando Sor
1997:afrancesados
1996:
1988:afrancesados
1986:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1941:in 1806 and
1932:
1916:
1909:
1817:
1796:
1785:
1769:
1703:
1636:
1627:
1624:client state
1607:
1606:
1558:
1544:
1532:
1512:LGBT history
1274:
1161:
1135:
1117:
1060:
1050:
1003:
876:
796:Romanization
783:(206–27 BCE)
626:Succeeded by
625:
620:
598:Spanish real
572:21 June 1813
495:• 1813
483:• 1813
441:• 1808
315:Client state
225:
202:Motto:
201:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2812:Netherlands
2726:Württemberg
2573:Switzerland
2555:Netherlands
2515:Parthenopea
2402:(1792–1815)
2331:19 February
2321:Star Ledger
2061:expatriates
1641:of the old
1618:during the
1437:(1975–1978)
1414:(1959–2011)
1406:(1941–1944)
1398:(1939–1945)
1390:(1939–1977)
1382:(1939–1965)
1351:(1936–1939)
1319:(1933–1936)
1311:(1931–1933)
1280:(1930–1931)
1275:Dictablanda
1269:(1923–1930)
1253:(1914–1918)
1237:(1886–1931)
1229:(1885–1902)
1221:(1874–1885)
1198:(1873–1874)
1190:(1872–1876)
1182:(1870–1873)
1174:(1868–1871)
1141:(1854–1856)
1131:(1846–1849)
1123:(1844–1854)
1113:(1840–1843)
1105:(1833–1840)
1097:(1833–1840)
1074:(1823–1833)
1066:(1820–1823)
1056:(1814–1820)
1015:(1810–1814)
1007:(1808–1813)
976:(1707–1716)
968:(1701–1714)
960:(1700–1808)
952:(1580–1640)
944:(1556–1659)
936:(1516–1700)
928:(1492–1898)
920:(1482–1492)
917:Granada War
912:(1479–1516)
877:Reconquista
853:Middle Ages
704:History of
621:Preceded by
559:8 July 1808
510:Legislature
360:Catholicism
232:Marcha Real
2874:Categories
2774:Pontecorvo
2716:Westphalia
2691:Regensburg
2627:Napoleonic
2530:Subalpinia
2490:Cispadania
2485:Cisalpinia
2222:References
1943:Westphalia
1928:Charles II
941:Golden Age
889:(718–1479)
881:(711–1492)
871:(711–1492)
868:Al-Andalus
725:Prehistory
546:6 May 1808
385:Government
372:Demonym(s)
341:(dynastic)
207:Plus Ultra
69:newspapers
2676:Frankfurt
2630:creations
2535:Tiberinia
2411:republics
2295:Flat Rock
1838:, sacked
1836:Andalusia
1738:Ferdinand
1663:Salamanca
1614:loyal to
1348:Civil War
933:Habsburgs
863:(711–716)
840:(552–624)
832:(418–721)
824:(409–585)
379:, Spanish
356:Religion
162:1808–1813
99:June 2023
2731:Würzburg
2591:Rauracia
2581:Helvetia
2520:Piedmont
2444:Connacht
2254:3 August
2190:See also
2072:Florence
1958:Catholic
1852:Castaños
1832:Valencia
1824:Zaragoza
1718:Prussian
1671:Napoleon
1659:Portugal
1616:Joseph I
1534:Timeline
957:Bourbons
788:Hispania
695:a series
693:Part of
594:Currency
416:Joseph I
377:Spaniard
2818:Holland
2779:Tuscany
2749:Etruria
2721:Wetzlar
2661:Bavaria
2638:Germany
2586:Lemania
2563:Batavia
2505:Liguria
2480:Brescia
2475:Bologna
2470:Bergamo
2438:Ireland
2420:Germany
2394:of the
2166:, 1822.
2113:Seville
1939:Holland
1861:Galicia
1854:at the
1840:Córdoba
1820:Vitoria
1750:Bayonne
1667:Vitoria
1655:Britain
1261:(–1927)
1258:Rif War
578:•
565:•
552:•
539:•
350:Spanish
325:Capital
317:of the
240:Spanish
226:Anthem:
153:Spanish
83:scholar
2839:Danzig
2834:Warsaw
2826:Poland
2769:Naples
2711:Saxony
2671:Erfurt
2596:Valais
2545:Venice
2465:Ancona
2409:Sister
2300:8 July
2245:
1865:Lisbon
1848:Dupont
1830:, and
1828:Girona
1797:juntas
1781:Madrid
1698:, and
1647:Juntas
1476:(2017)
1458:(2004)
1445:(1978)
1359:(1939)
1343:(1936)
1335:(1936)
1327:(1934)
1303:(1931)
1245:(1898)
1149:(1868)
1031:(1813)
1023:(1812)
999:(1808)
697:on the
461:
431:
427:Regent
401:
339:French
329:Madrid
311:Status
302:
296:
290:
284:
236:
228:
211:
149:
139:French
135:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2855:Spain
2849:Spain
2802:Egypt
2797:Malta
2754:Italy
2741:Italy
2686:Leyen
2681:Hesse
2656:Baden
2510:Lucca
2500:Italy
2495:Crema
2452:Italy
2428:Mainz
2117:Cádiz
1844:Cádiz
1612:Spain
1496:Topic
706:Spain
682:Spain
657:Spain
215:Latin
90:JSTOR
76:books
2696:Salm
2666:Berg
2525:Rome
2460:Alba
2398:and
2333:2008
2302:2011
2256:2012
2243:ISBN
2096:The
2055:and
1883:and
1786:The
1764:and
1665:and
1657:and
397:King
178:Flag
62:news
2162:by
2115:to
1653:of
45:by
2876::
2349:.
2319:.
2293:.
2264:^
2186:.
2067:.
2027:.
1926:,
1914:.
1871:.
1826:,
1783:.
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1634:.
610:ES
2384:e
2377:t
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1596:e
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