835:
1038:
691:, published in 1599. This work established the canon of the genre. It achieved a formidable success in Spain and Europe, and was well known as "the rascal of Alemán". In 1604 the second part of the Guzmán de Alfarache was published in Lisbon. The European success of this work was formidable: it was translated almost immediately into Italian in the Venetian presses of Barezzi in 1606; published in German in Munich in 1615; J. Chapelain translated the two parts of the novel to the French and published them in Paris in 1620; two years later the English version was printed in London by James Mabbe who, in an extraordinary prologue, says of the rascal Guzmán that he was "similar to a ship, that sails on the brink of the shore, and never finishes taking port".
890:: the corrals of comedies. They began around two in the afternoon and lasted until dusk. In general they did not have seats, and spectators remained standing throughout the performance. The nobility occupied balconies and windows of houses that surrounded the square or led to the corral, and ladies attended the spectacle with their faces covered with masks or obscured behind lattice windows. The function began with a performance on guitar of a popular piece; immediately, songs accompanied with diverse instruments were sung. The praise came soon, species of explanation of the merits of the work and synthesis of its argument. The main comedy or work then started, and in the intervals dances were executed or
311:
1051:(1635), a philosophical drama in which Segismundo, son of the king of Poland, is chained in a tower because of the fateful predictions of the royal astrologers that he will kill his father. Meanwhile, Rosaura proclaims in the Court that her honor has been violated by Duke Astolfo. Duke Astolfo courts Estrella in order to become king. The aggressiveness of Segismundo explodes when he is released from his tower, where he returns, chained, believing he has dreamed his experience of freedom. When a riot rescues him again, his will overcomes the predictions: he overcomes his violent nature, marries Rosaura to Astolfo, and accepts the hand of Estrella.
171:
488:
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473:. It relates, in four books, how Periandro and Auristela travel from northern territories of Norway or Finland to Rome to receive Christian marriage. As is typical of this subgenre, throughout the trip they experience a variety of trials, mishaps, and delays: captivity by Barbarians, the jealousy and machinations of rivals. The work takes advantage of resources of the Exemplary Novels - especially the italianizing ones - puzzles, confusions, disguises, etc.
306:: The Renaissance had been not in its purpose of imposing the harmony and the perfection over the world, as the humanists tried, and neither had made man happier; war and social inequalities continued; misery and calamity were common throughout Europe. An intellectual pessimism became more and more marked, together with a carefree character (of which the period's comedies and rogue narrations - on which the picaresque novels are based) give testimony.
540:, unpublished until 1650. In it, Jupiter requests Fortune to give for one hour what each individual truly deserves. This makes plain the falsity of appearances, and the hidden truth under the veils of the hypocrisy. Operating by antithesis Quevedo shows doctors who are in fact executioners, the rich as poor but thieving, and a whole gallery of social types, offices and states is presented, all implacably satirized.
565:
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1065:. It presents the story of the rape of Isabel, daughter of Pedro Crespo, by the captain Alvaro de Ataide. Pedro Crespo being named mayor, he kills de Ataide. The king listens to his defense and Crespo presents his reasons. He is then pardoned by the King. This customary drama of honor deals with Lope's similar theme of the honor of a peasant.
961:, written in 1609, is a humorous defense of his theater. He shows scorn about the rigid interpretation that the theorists of the Renaissance—mostly Italian—had done of the Aristotelian ideas on the theatre, and he proposes as values, naturalness as opposed to artifice, variety as opposed to unity, and considering popular taste.
368:: The avoidance of reality, through singing past feats and glories, or through presenting an ideal world in which problems are resolved and order prevails; this is the case of the theater of Lope de Vega and his followers. Others, meanwhile, took refuge in the world of art and mythology, as in the case of Luis de Góngora.
623:
Gracián's attitude to life is one of disillusionment, based on the decay of
Spanish society. The world is seen as a hostile space full of deceit and illusion triumphing over virtue and truth, where Man is a self-interested and malicious being. Many of his books are manuals of behavior that allow the
608:
He also wrote a rhetoric of
Baroque literature, that starts from the texts to redefine the figures of speech of the time, because they did not relate to the classical models. It is a treaty on the concept, which he defines as "an act of the understanding which expresses the correspondence that is
510:
Quevedo also wrote satirical, political and moral prose works where a stoic morality predominates, where subjects like the criticism of archetypes of the society of the
Baroque, the constant presence of death in the life of man, and Christian fervor whereupon the politics has to conduct itself.
675:
can be singled out. They are a collection of miscellaneous novels, brief works, of amorous thematic and intricate technique, in which verse and prose are mixed. Charged with erudition, and subject to frequent and tedious digressions, they are set in exotic atmospheres and peopled with colorful
907:, in the second half of the 16th century, introduced two elements of great importance for the boom of this artistic production: popular ethics, that gave origin to the comedies of national historical character, and the freedom to compose plays considering popular taste. Lope de Vega and
861:
Góngora alternates popular poetry with a more cultured one. That way he tries to emulate the style of
Ancient Romans and Greeks poets using moreover their mythology. The usage of words that come directly from Latin and its complex syntax make him a difficult author to understand.
604:
is a set of three hundred aphorisms composed to help the reader prevail in the complex world-in-crisis of the 17th century. (An
English version of this dense treatise has been sold as a manual of self-help for executives and has obtained a recent publishing success.)
275:
that makes virtue of difficulty, with romances and burlesque satirical works, of wide popular diffusion and the two currents are hybridized in the Fábula de Príamo y Tisbe; Quevedo wrote metaphysical and moral poems, while writing about vulgar and popular matters.
1022:
is about the dignity of the farmer: Don Tello, haughty nobleman, abuses Elvira, engaged to the farmer Sancho. Alfonso VII allows her to recover her reputation, making her marry Don Tello, and then executes Don Tello, to make the—now noble—widow marry Sancho.
900:
The poet wrote the comedy, paid by the director, to whom he yielded all the rights on the work, represented or printed, to modify the text. The works lasted three or four days in the billboard, or (with exceptions) fifteen days for a successful comedy.
582:) (1651–1657) by the Aragonese Jesuit Baltasar Gracián (1601–1658). With it, the Spanish novel is solved in concepts or abstractions. The idea prevails over the concrete figure. It is a philosophical novel written in form of allegory of the human life.
624:
reader to succeed gracefully in spite of the maliciousness of his fellow men. For this, he must be prudent and wise, have knowledge of life and the motivations of others, until the point to behave "to the occasion" and "to play of the" dissimulation.
798:(Antwerp, 1646). It narrates his life (1608–1646) as servant of many masters, and soldier in several causes. It displays many characteristic themes of the picaresque genre: swindles, fights, deceits, drunkenness, robberies and prostitution.
345:. According to Quevedo, life is formed by "successions of deceased": the new born ones become them, from the diaper to the shroud. In conclusion, nothing temporal has importance, it is necessary only to obtain eternal salvation.
1255:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
529:, a political treatise which expounds a doctrine of good government, or 'mirror of princes', for a righteous king, who should have Jesus Christ for model of conduct. It is a treatise in conformity with Spanish anti-
390:: Criticizing the defects and vices, and proposing models of conduct in line with the political and religious ideology of their time, typified by the narrative and doctrinal prose of Gracián and of Saavedra Fajardo.
333:: As Renaissance ideals failed and, in the case of Spain, political power continued to ebb, disappointment grew and was manifest in literature which in many cases recalled that of two centuries before, as in the
239:
The fundamental characteristics of
Spanish Baroque literature are the progressive complexity in formal resources and a theme centered on the concern for the passage of time and the loss of confidence in the
996:, it shows the abuses by the Commander Fernán Gómez de Guzmán of the neighbors of Fuenteovejuna and of Laurencia, newly married with Frondoso. The murder of the Commander by the town and pardon by the
1000:
in the light of the evidence finishes off the action. A popular revolt triggered by abuse of power is presented, but only concerning a particular injustice, and submission to the king is emphasized.
972:(1604–12) is a tragicomedy set in 1406 in Toledo: Peribáñez understands that the Commander of Ocaña has overwhelmed him with honors to harass his woman. After killing him he wins the royal pardon.
784:(1581 - 4 August 1639) was a New Spain-born Spanish writer of the Golden Age who cultivated different variants of dramaturgy. Noted for his literary feuds with both Gongora and Lope de Vega.
248:. Likewise, it is worth noting the variety and diversity in the subjects dealt with, the attention to detail and the desire to attract a wide audience, of which the rise of the
1265:
522:
narrates the resurrection of the dead, who must answer for the manner of their life. It is a social satire against professions or trades: jurists, doctors, butchers...
1203:
Cultura
Andaluza, Francisco Alejo Fernández, Juan Diego Caballero Oliver, José Luis González Rapela,Esteban Moreno Hernández, Jose Luis Moreno Navarro/ Página 258
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found between the objects". That is to say, a concept is every association between ideas or objects. To their classification and dissection Gracián dedicated his
252:
comedies are an example. From the dominant sensual concern in the 16th century, there was an emphasis on moral values and didactics, where two currents converge:
150:
986:
935:
At the end of the 16th century Lope de Vega created the new comedy: to a theme of romantic character is added another theme, historical or legendary, of
264:
is a point of arrival in the baroque reflection on man and the world, the awareness of disappointment, a vital pessimism and a general crisis of values.
620:
The style of Gracián is dense and polysemous. It is constructed of brief sentences, abundant plays on words, and the ingenious association of concepts.
597:(1646). In them he creates a full series that exemplifies the exemplary, prudent and sagacious man, and the qualities and virtues that must adorn him.
287:
is an outstanding example, represent a zenith in
Spanish dramatic production and is part of a period of splendor that receives the generic name of the
834:
1275:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
380:: Complaints on the vanity of the world, the fleetingness of beauty, life, and fame. The greatest exponent of this was Calderón de la Barca in the
435:; although it breaks with the tradition when introducing realistic elements, like the murder of a shepherd, or the agility of certain dialogues.
279:
The
Spanish Baroque theater configures a popular scene that has endured as a classic production for future theater. The philosophical dramas of
772:(1684) is considered one of the last great works of Golden Age prose and it remained a standard European source on the Americas up through
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420:
The narrative of the 17th century opens with the figure of Miguel de
Cervantes, who returned to Spain in 1580 after ten years absence.
137:
1037:
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Góngora's lyric collection consists of numerous sonnets, odes, ballads, songs for guitar, and of certain larger poems, such as the
676:
characters. But Lope de Vega is primarily known as one of the greatest of Spanish playwrights, and his plays are written in verse.
636:
374:: Another group of writers chose to make fun of the reality, like Quevedo, Góngora on some occasions, and in the picaresque novel.
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were the two most important poets. They were enemies and composed many bitter (and funny) satirical pieces attacking each other.
760:. His plays brought him fame which led to his post as secretary to the Count of Oropesa and later service at the royal courts of
1227:
1260:
228:
reached their zenith. Spanish Baroque literature is a period of writing which begins approximately with the first works of
897:
The stage was a simple platform and the decoration a curtain. The changes of scene were announced by one of the actors.
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1296:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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The other great dramatist of the 17th century was Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600–1681). His most famous work is
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appeared. They are a collection of twelve short novels that look for an ideal, although this is not always clear.
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939:, of captives, or religious. It concludes with a happy ending. Constructed on three days, the redondilla or the
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appear, a collection of ten stories in which the erotic thematic creates conflicting and surprising situations.
546:(1644) arises from glosses or commentaries to the biography that Plutarch wrote on this Latin statesman in his
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may have been first staged in 1636 or 37. It was printed in 1651. First translated into English as
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807:(1628–1696), originally from Teruel but settled in Rome. His quietist doctrine can be read in
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Gracián cultivated didactic prose in treatises of moral intention and practical purpose, like
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The Life Story of the Sharper called Don Pablos, example of wanderers and mirror of rogues
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Francisco de Quevedo wrote towards 1604 his first work of prose fiction : the
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Traditions populaires et diffusion de la culture en Espagne (XVIe-XVIIe siècles)
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Theatrical performances of this time took place in open sites, squares or fixed
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In view of the crisis of the Baroque, Spanish writers reacted in several ways:
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257:
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1115:"El Barroco español" (1943-44), Estilo y estructura en la literatura española
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533:, proposing a politics free of intrigue and unconnected with bad influences.
1014:: Don Alonso dies at the hands of Don Rodrigo, jealous at losing Doña Ines.
728:(1590–1661) is considered an important novelist of the century. In 1637 her
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1077:, E. Orozco, ed. José Larra Garrido, Universidad de Granada, 2 vols, 1988.
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740:(1579–1644), Sevillian, a follower of Francisco de Quevedo and author of
530:
440:
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891:
716:
196:, which occurred during the 17th century in which prose writers such as
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
964:
Among his prolific dramatic production, some works can be singled out:
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185:
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Quevedo's poetry first appeared in an anthology by Pedro de Espinosa,
847:
564:
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851:
811:(1675), a manual of contemplative mysticism which despises action.
768:. Eventually appointed official chronicler of the Indies, his work
715:(1642). They are picaresque works in which novels, poems and some
1157:
887:
431:) in six books of verse and prose, according to the model of the
193:
1252:
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appeared. It draws on the Byzantine and Greek novelists such as
128:
1105:, E. Tierno Galván, Escritos (1950–1960), Tecnos, Madrid, 1971.
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Towards 1636 Quevedo concluded his last great satirical prose:
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The most important work of the second half of the century is
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Around 1614 Lope composed one of his better tragicomedies:
744:(1641), a social satire accompanied by allegorical figures.
1192:, is frequently considered to mark the end of this period.
527:
Politics of God, government of Christ and tyranny of Satan
236:, in the 1580s, and continues into the late 17th century.
1061:, from 1683 on the title was more accurately rendered as
1264:
to this template: there are already 953 articles in the
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The Baroque is characterized by the following features:
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La teoría poética en el Manierismo y Barroco españoles
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El Pinciano y las teorías literarias del Siglo de Oro
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took these characteristics to their furthest extent.
684:(Seville, 1547 - Mexico, 1615) was the author of the
1248:
1129:, A. Pérez Lasheras, Universidad de Zaragoza, 1995.
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are mixed, as we have already seen in Lope de Vega.
538:
The hour of everybody and the Fortune with prudence
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Loss of confidence in the ideals of the Renaissance
1302:{{Translated|es|Literatura española del Barroco}}
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216:, or the poetic production of the aforementioned
1327:
454:In 1615, Cervantes published the second part of
441:The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha
15:
1133:El prólogo en el Manierismo y Barroco españoles
1127:Hacia el concepto de la sátira en el siglo XVII
117:• Literature subsequent to the Civil War
1290:accompanying your translation by providing an
1239:Click for important translation instructions.
1226:expand this article with text translated from
639:, and, in the 19th century, the philosophy of
471:The Ethiopian Story of Theagenes and Chariclea
200:and Francisco de Quevedo, playwrights such as
1141:, A. Porqueras Mayo, Puvill, Barcelona, 1989.
878:, a movement in opposition to culteranismo.
756:, was a dramatist and student of law at the
175:Works from don Francisco de Quevedo Villegas
613:(1642), extended and reviewed in the later
713:The marten of Seville and hook of the bags
703:), was a very popular novelist, author of
1083:, Pilar Palomo, ed. Taurus, Madrid, 1987.
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788:This half of the century closes with the
705:The girl of the lies Teresa de Manzanares
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1135:, A. Porqueras Mayo, CSIC, Madrid, 1968.
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611:Art of talent, treatise on the witticism
591:The Politician don Fernando the Catholic
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153:of all important aspects of the article.
1147:, Asunción Rallo, Taurus, Madrid, 1988.
1117:, L. Spitzer, Crítica, Barcelona, 1980.
1099:, E. Orozco, ed. Cátedra, Madrid, 1981.
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1006:(about 1620-25), tragedy rooted in the
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349:Preoccupation about the passage of time
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689:Life of the rascal Guzmán de Alfarache
627:Gracián is recognized as precursor of
461:In 1617, a year after Cervantes died,
399:
149:Please consider expanding the lead to
1208:
1081:La poesía en la Edad de Oro. Barroco
969:Peribáñez and the Commander of Ocaña
699:(1584–1648), native of Tordesillas (
463:The works of Persiles and Sigismunda
427:(1585). It is a pastoral novel (see
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1145:La prosa didáctica en el siglo XVII
1123:, S. Shepard, Gredos, Madrid, 1970.
722:Not without reason the Madrilenian
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13:
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770:Historia de la Conquista de Mexico
709:Adventures of the Trapaza Bachelor
14:
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1093:, ed. Oro Viejo, Barcelona, 1994.
602:Manual oracle and art of prudence
1213:
1166:: history of Spanish literature.
874:(1605). Quevedo was a master of
127:
1188:1681, the date of the death of
1087:El teatro en España (1490-1700)
1068:
914:
492:Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas
339:Poems on the Death of my Father
141:may be too short to adequately
1300:You may also add the template
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943:is used in the dialogues, the
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749:Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra
429:Spanish Renaissance literature
295:Characteristics of the Baroque
151:provide an accessible overview
1:
1176:
983:Chronicle of the three orders
671:stands out, whose well-known
959:The new art to make comedies
872:Flowers of Illustrious Poets
801:Religious prose shines with
696:Alonso de Castillo Solórzano
273:Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea
271:wrote lyrical poetry of the
7:
1272:will aid in categorization.
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730:Loving and exemplary novels
615:Witticism and art of talent
423:His first printed work was
10:
1367:
1247:Machine translation, like
1160:: the movement in general.
1042:Pedro Calderón de la Barca
1033:Pedro Calderón de la Barca
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951:in the monologues and the
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725:María de Zayas y Sotomayor
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480:
444:, with immediate success.
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182:Spanish Baroque literature
1228:the corresponding article
1059:The Garrotte Better Given
930:Félix Lope de Vega Carpio
814:
673:Novels to Marcia Leonarda
469:(3rd century CE) and his
1019:The Best Mayor, The King
1010:, is based on a popular
394:
1311:For more guidance, see
1111:, PUB, Bourdeaux, 1981.
1075:Introducción al Barroco
955:in serious situations.
947:in the narrations, the
854:, the two landmarks of
758:University of Salamanca
1103:Notas sobre el Barroco
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647:Other writers of prose
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267:The genres are mixed,
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1313:Knowledge:Translation
1284:copyright attribution
1055:El alcalde de Zalamea
1040:
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752:(1610–1686), born in
737:Luis Vélez de Guevara
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631:, he also influenced
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525:In 1619 he wrote the
520:Dream of the Judgment
518:dates from 1605: The
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438:In 1605 he published
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1190:Calderón de la Barca
1097:Manierismo y Barroco
1063:The Mayor of Zalamea
1027:Calderón de la Barca
1004:The Knight of Olmedo
866:Francisco de Quevedo
824:Francisco de Quevedo
793:Estebanillo González
781:Juan Ruiz de Alarcón
483:Francisco de Quevedo
477:Francisco de Quevedo
281:Calderón de la Barca
218:Francisco de Quevedo
214:Juan Ruiz de Alarcón
210:Calderón de la Barca
1164:Literature of Spain
1091:Melveena McKendrick
838:Luis de Góngora by
796:, man of good humor
742:"The devil cojuelo"
433:Diana of Montemayor
415:Miguel de Cervantes
406:Miguel de Cervantes
400:Miguel de Cervantes
382:autos sacramentales
256:and Neoepicureism.
45:Miguel de Cervantes
29:Medieval literature
20:Literature of Spain
1351:Spanish Golden Age
1341:Baroque literature
1336:Spanish literature
1292:interlanguage link
1170:Spanish Golden Age
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987:Francisco de Rades
985:(Toledo, 1572) of
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315:The Dance of Death
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998:Catholic Monarchs
804:Miguel de Molinos
774:the Enlightenment
754:Alcala de Henares
514:The first of his
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981:. Following the
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686:picaresque novel
637:La Rochefoucauld
633:French moralists
595:The Discreet one
569:Baltasar Gracián
560:Baltasar Gracián
554:Baltasar Gracián
499:picaresque novel
449:Exemplary novels
262:Baltasar Gracián
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103:Novecentismo
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1172:: in Spain.
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711:(1637) and
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425:The Galatea
283:, of which
258:El Criticón
254:Neostoicism
246:Renaissance
242:Neoplatonic
192:during the
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37:Renaissance
1330:Categories
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1177:References
892:entremeses
766:Charles II
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593:(1640) or
467:Heliodorus
388:Moralizing
186:literature
159:April 2021
86:Modernismo
1306:talk page
1258:Consider
1008:Celestina
848:Soledades
762:Philip IV
304:Pessimism
143:summarize
1282:provide
1152:See also
937:moriscos
852:Polifemo
850:and the
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707:(1632),
617:(1648).
589:(1637),
587:The Hero
378:Stoicism
366:Escapism
343:Manrique
319:Calderón
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1158:Baroque
945:romance
888:corrals
501:titled
337:or the
194:Baroque
184:is the
77:Realism
53:Baroque
1012:cantar
953:tercet
949:sonnet
941:décima
815:Poetry
516:Dreams
372:Satire
323:Madrid
177:, 1699
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635:like
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260:from
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