1333:
52:
737:
620:
1193:
152:
685:
567:
1889:
1899:
5692:
577:
1026:
1066:) located at the foothills of the Pyrenees and, especially, on the Mediterranean beaches closest to the border. Around 270,000 men, most of them former combatants of the Republican Army, would be interned there. These consisted of a sandy area enclosed by barbed-wire fences, without even a roof to take shelter under, and surrounded by
1884:
Some exiles, mainly men of military age, found themselves integrated as combatants in the imminent Second World War, primarily in the territory of metropolitan France itself, but also in the USSR, North Africa, and a large part of that war's theaters, either as regular combatants or participating in
917:
A few weeks before the end of the war, the Valière report, carried out at the request of the French government, estimated that by 9 March 1939 there were about 440,000 refugees in France, of whom 170,000 were women, children, and elderly persons, 220,000 soldiers and militiamen, 40,000 invalids, and
724:
As the conflict developed, the provisional nature became more permanent in the case of those displaced persons who were close to the
Republican faction, to the point that, although there were still people fleeing en masse, actions were being taken by the Republican government to put some order into
696:
The first displacements of refugees and exiles took place during the first months of the war—especially in the period from August to
December 1936—marked by episodes of systematic violence against the civilian population, both because of ideologically motivated repression by the rebel forces and by
1143:
When mentioning the numbers of
Spanish exiles, records often overlook those who disembarked in North Africa, who totaled around 10,000. Historian Anne Charaudeau (1992) explains in detail how these exiles were treated after their arrival. At first held in the various camps because of the potential
671:
and the establishment of democracy, slowly allowed for the return of the exiles. However, there were also many who, due to their degree of integration, decided to remain in the countries that had granted them asylum and where they later met other
Spaniards who had arrived either as emigrants for
4715:
660:. Also among them were thousands of relatives and civilians, along with a significant number of children, intellectuals, artists, scientists, teachers, and skilled professionals, which was a further determining factor in the process of rebuilding the country as a consequence of the conflict.
663:
The main destination countries were, in particular, France, Mexico, Argentina, and the Soviet Union, but large groups were also granted asylum in other countries such as
Uruguay, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Peru, the Dominican Republic, the United States, and the United Kingdom.
647:
established in Spain. Thus, they remained abroad until circumstances had changed in the country, which allowed them to return gradually. However, many became integrated into the societies that had given them refuge and thus they contributed to their development in some cases.
1161:
Ideological clashes arising from the
Spanish Civil War were reproduced in the camps among the prisoners and exploited by the French authorities. For instance, authorities took advantage of tensions between anarchists and communists to control the latter, as in the case of
1323:
compound, where more than 7,200 Spaniards were registered: 4,676 were killed out of a total of 7,288. In total, 12,000 Republican
Spaniards were sent to concentration or labor camps between 6 August 1940, which marked the first departure to Mauthausen, and May 1945.
1666:. According to historian Bárbara Ortuño Martínez, the fact that most of the exiles found work in the numerous university institutions scattered throughout the vast U.S. territory led in many cases to isolation and cultural marginalization among the exile community.
1403:
1917:
4725:
1156:
Dans les camps du «Transsaharien», les travailleurs forcés sont exposés à un régime brutal, et de nombreux travailleurs succombent à la faim, aux maladies et à la torture, pour être libérés en mai 1943, après le débarquement des Alliés en
Afrique du
976:. According to an official report dated March 1939, the number of Spanish refugees in France was estimated at 440,000. Moreover, historians have estimated the number of exiles after the fall of Catalonia at 465,000, of whom 170,000 were civilians.
1979:
Many were unable to return to their homeland or did so at a very old age after the restoration of democracy, although there were numerous cases of exiles who returned to Spain during the
Francoist era, including, among others, the case of General
1512:
Around 50,000 refugees, with a higher cultural level than the average of the other exiles, headed for Mexico. They were mostly intellectuals, scientists and artists. This contributed to revitalize Mexico. According to historian and philosopher
4635:"Hommage aujourd'hui aux républicains espagnols qui ont fui le régime franquiste lors de la Retirada. Il y a 80 ans, près de 500 000 Espagnols franchissaient la frontière des Pyrénées pour échapper au fascisme et à une mort plus que probable"
1291:). The Republican exiles hoped that, after the fall of Nazism, the liberation of France would help in taking back their country. During the liberation of Paris, the first detachment of Leclerc's army to enter the city was a Spanish platoon.
816:, and on foot through the Pyrenees, trying to avoid being seen by militiamen and border guards. Overall, it is estimated that between 30,000 and 35,000 refugees from Catalonia arrived in France and Italy between July 1936 and late 1938.
1827:
over the summer. In total, the number of
Spaniards who passed through the North African camps has been estimated at 30,000. Among the fifty camps used to intern Spaniards, in addition to those already mentioned, the main ones are:
1259:
Between 1939 and 1940, many Republicans asked to enlist in the Companies of Foreign Workers and in the battalions of foreigners in the French Army, despite the distrust the French officers had towards the communists bound by the
3266:
2683:: Today we pay tribute to the Spanish Republicans who fled the Franco regime during La Retirada. Eighty years ago, almost 500,000 Spaniards crossed the border through the Pyrénées to escape fascism and a more than likely death.
5246:(in French). Accueil et formation des enfants étrangers en France de la fin du XIXe siècle au début de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale (46). Société internationale pour l'Histoire du Français Langue Etrangère ou Seconde: 105–122.
656:. Although many of them managed to return in the 1940s, the "permanent" Republican exile consisted of around 220,000 people, many of whom were former combatants, politicians, or civil servants directly committed to the
899:, who took refuge directly on the other side of the border. In late 1938, it is estimated that 40,000 emigrants remained on French soil, although they were considered to be in a situation of temporary displacement.
791:
701:, as well as the advance of military operations. These displacements were mainly to France and were characterized by their still provisional nature. Thus the groups were made up of people from the border regions of
651:
A large proportion of the first wave of refugees—up to 440,000 in France according to an official report dated March 1939 —initially faced harsh living conditions, which worsened because of the outbreak of
4684:
2901:
2611:: In the camps of the Trans-Saharan , forced laborers are exposed to a brutal regime, and many succumb to hunger, disease, and torture, only to be liberated in May 1943 after the Allies landed in North Africa.
1344:
Facing the problem of Spanish refugees, the French government began negotiations with Latin American countries to take them in, but received only three positive responses at first: Mexico, Uruguay, and Chile.
2390:
especially in Paris, in the Pyrénées-Orientales, and throughout the south of the country, in memory of the 500,000 Republican Spaniards who crossed the border into France in early 1939. For the first time, a
1421:
on 5 November. On board were 384 people of various nationalities who were fleeing the war in Europe. More than half were Spanish artists and intellectuals of various professions and trades who opposed
1743:
was the last ship to sail from Alicante on 28 March 1939, with 2,638 refugees. But more than 20,000 were unable to board it and were transferred by the Francoist troops to concentration camps such as
4400:
881:
5631:
3848:
1359:. Mexico was the only country that received the refugees with open arms. In the end, the country accounted for 15 percent of all exiles, thus becoming the second largest recipient after France.
906:(February 1939). At that time, more than half a million people fled to France. Especially in the early stages, a large number of them were interned in camps set up by the French government under
4032:
1922:
2004:
1011:
The exiles were received differently from one place to another. Some were welcomed and shown solidarity, while others were viewed with distrust and even hostility with hints of xenophobia.
2435:
37:
3276:
1744:
1363:
1932:
1593:
2115:
1993:
876:, demonstrated the pro-Franco attitude of the English Catholic hierarchy when he publicly supported the deportation of Basque refugee children back to Spain. In 1938, after the
1090:
643:, were forced to leave their homeland and move to other countries. This was either for political and ideological reasons or for fear of retaliation by the winning side and the
1604:
1408:
1075:
599:
1954:
1755:
886:
1215:
4830:
Dreyfus-Armand, Geneviève (2020). "9. Spanish Republicans Exiled in France during the Second World War: War and Resistance". In Brenneis, Sara J.; Herrmann, Gina (eds.).
3238:
2450:
1656:
2472:
1626:
3495:
2177:
1964:, among others. This brain drain impoverished the cultural life in post-war Spain, but enriched that of the host countries: Mexico (thanks to the support of President
1226:
5810:
4685:"2019 DEVE 63 Dénomination « Jardin Federica Montseny » attribuée au jardin situé 2, place Louis Armstrong (13e). Projet de deliberation expose des motifs"
2158:
2064:
2045:
2461:
2127:
796:
1813:
5495:
1908:
Part of the Republican exiles went to Latin America, where they benefited from an intellectual and artistic group made up mostly of the institutions derived from
1615:
4312:
984:
The southwestern French departments, close to Spain, were the ones that received the largest number of refugees, with heavy Spanish immigration in the cities of
5032:
4428:
914:. In those first few months, about half of those who had initially taken refuge in France returned to Spain (now entirely under the control of the Francoists).
1582:
5193:
3271:
5500:
4602:
780:
1525:
1382:
4532:
2873:
1546: to refer to this emigration that transformed into an advanced integration in Latin American cultures, as a reaction to the more commonly used term
765:
725:
the evacuations, especially those involving minors. The Central Office for Evacuation and Refugee Assistance was set up in October 1936, on the eve of the
4343:
3090:
1281:
831:
in the spring of 1937, brought about a new wave of thousands of exiles, a significant number of whom were children, this time exclusively republicans, to
4656:
2353:
1943:
1770:
1251:. It had a heavy impact on the Republican imaginary, leaving the memory of a country that was not very open to the fight against fascist forces.
1152:
starting in 1939. According to historian Peter Gaida (2014), the living conditions of forced laborers in the railway works after 1940 were as follows:
4782:(2008). "The Devil in France. The Tragedy of Spanish Republicans and French Policy after the Civil War (1936–1945)". In Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur (ed.).
852:
1678:(USSR) have been the subject of discussion. Most historians agree on their estimates of several thousand people, which were exclusively cadres of the
1392:
publishing house, with a focus on Spanish culture. Other countries that welcomed refugees—around 2,000—were Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, and Cuba.
2139:
2096:
2015:
3578:
5640:
5218:
5041:
753:
4084:
1180:
4863:
Fau, Jean-Claude (1994). "Le camp de réfugiés espagnols de Septfonds (Tarn-et-Garonne), 1939–1940". In Cohen, Monique-Lise; Malo, Éric (eds.).
1937:
760:, when 100 minors were sent to the USSR in February 1937, and from the Basque Country, where 450 people were evacuated to the French island of
5556:
5321:
López Sánchez, José María; Murga Castro, Idoia (June 2018). "Post-war scenarios. Culture in times of war, exile and repression, 1936-1951".
1749:
5059:
Pouységur, Lilian (1994). "Les réfugiés républicains espagnols dans le sud-ouest de la France". In Cohen, Monique-Lise; Malo, Éric (eds.).
1220:
667:
Over the years, the internal political evolution in Spain and the gradual process of reconciliation, which culminated in the period of the
3524:
4153:
5680:
3886:
1885:
the actions of the Resistance. Almost 9,000 Republican Spaniards were also among those who were deported to Nazi concentration camps.
1231:
5835:
5722:
4910:
2844:
2486:, where the monument to the "Spaniards who died for freedom" is located, in honor of the Spanish Republic; in front of the graves of
1976:, and the various historical avant-garde movements emigrated to other lands. Some referred to this as being transplanted or exiled.
3350:
6005:
5717:
5658:
730:
606:
5589:
1760:
5124:
3703:
3147:
1304:
779:, Belgium. A total of 456 minors arrived in Mexico in June 1937. From that moment on, they would be known by the collective name
714:
166:
5580:
847:, the United Kingdom reluctantly agreed to take in Republican children. Thus, on 21 May 1937, nearly 4,000 Basque children left
4456:
2518:
657:
632:
20:
1683:
1332:
5289:
5087:
5049:
5021:
4372:
4266:
3028:
3009:
2818:
2709:
2540:
2440:
710:
51:
5790:
1637:
1299:
Spanish workers or Republican resistance fighters who were arrested on French territory and who did not have the status of
391:
61:
2506:
1968:), Argentina, and the United States, among others. More than 500 physicians settled in Mexico. Most of the members of the
1686:
between March 1937 and October 1938. Forgotten after the defeat of the Republic, they met various fates. Many remained in
5164:
1913:
1368:
1311:, for example) and later to German ones. For instance, Republican women arrested for acts of resistance were sent to the
1236:(GTE) (1940). Between 1942 and 1943, a total of 26,000 Spanish workers from the GTE and others were sent, as part of the
721:, in the latter case, or they were simply "neutral" people who felt threatened by the climate of hostility and violence.
461:
2376:
In Spain, three exhibitions marked the beginning of the commemorations of the 80th anniversary of the Republican exile.
736:
381:
5840:
1558:
Many intellectual and political figures found refuge in the United States. Such was the case of Republican politician
717:, in the case of the first two, or because they were supporters of the government who were fleeing the advance of the
5330:
5110:
5068:
4974:
4951:
4918:
4895:
4872:
4853:
4797:
4769:
1598:
418:
407:
4928:
Herrmann, Gina (2020). "12. Spanish and Catalan Women in Ravensbrück". In Brenneis, Sara J.; Herrmann, Gina (eds.).
2471:(all officially declared by the French government as having "died for France"); in front of the plaque in memory of
1312:
5959:
5593:
5475:
3849:"El vapor Massilia, el barco de los intelectuales republicanos que arribó a Buenos Aires el 5 de noviembre de 1939"
2120:
1998:
1352:
agreed to receive a part of the Spanish exiles, following the example of Chile, which had previously chartered the
1197:
438:
5097:
Ruiz, Julius (2005). "5. The Decontamination of Madrid: The Purges of Civil Servants, Professionals, and Others".
3937:
3525:"El espía español tan importante como Alan Turing que todo el mundo ha olvidado: fue clave para derrotar a Hitler"
5944:
5774:
5397:"«En busca de un submarino». Crónica a bordo del buque insignia del exilio republicano en Argentina: el Massilia"
1609:
1204:
on the Champs-Élysées in Paris (26 August 1944). The vanguard of the soldiers who liberated Paris was made up by
1185:
Historians who studied the camps in the southwest of France noted a hardening of the internment policy under the
668:
423:
5372:(in Spanish). 3. «Spagna Anno Zero»: la guerra come soluzione (7). Bologna: Associazione culturale "Diacronie".
3796:
3659:
1959:
5979:
5673:
5138:
5000:
4820:
4607:
1237:
376:
341:
331:
4033:"Los niños de Morelia: el grupo de casi 500 menores que llegaron a México huyendo de la Guerra Civil Española"
5911:
5820:
4313:"Así fue el trágico destino de los más de 20.000 republicanos que no pudieron subir al Stanbrook en Alicante"
4283:
3728:
3465:
2535:
1775:
1316:
1201:
1030:
808:(2004), around 10,000 Basque citizens fled by road to France. Many refugees left Catalonia by sea, headed to
371:
5130:
3599:
2455:
1661:
68:, Chile (June–July 2007). When the civil war ended, thousands of Spaniards—who were being persecuted by the
5825:
5467:
4429:"El exilio republicano en el norte de África. 5. El destino de los refugiados: los campos de internamiento"
2477:
4573:
3942:
2754:
1868:, things were not yet settled in Spain. Spaniards had been left alienated after the Second World War. The
1631:
1058:
and thus regrouped the refugees in "control" or "sorting" camps at the border. Later, they placed them in
5949:
5805:
5764:
5612:
What were the British motivations for and against receiving Basque refugees during the Spanish Civil War?
5120:
4935:
4837:
2182:
1570:, which published news from Spain for republican exiles in the United States. Their archives are kept at
1086:
619:
396:
361:
306:
3979:
2874:"The Children of Morelia: how Mexico gave shelter to the most innocent victims of the Spanish Civil War"
2302:
992:, where there were Spaniards already living. Other departments in the Atlantic coast region, especially
5635:
5240:"L'accueil des enfants espagnols en France pendant la guerre d'Espagne et après la victoire franquiste"
4348:
2906:
2878:
2163:
2069:
2050:
1709:'s son) during the Second World War. This episode in history has given rise to an abundant literature.
1140:
province, to make up for the growth of the coastal structures and the deteriorated health conditions.
1020:
698:
2466:
2341:
2231:
2132:
1876: period—from 1938 to the early sixties, during which exiles continued to flee from the regime.
1095:
5666:
4183:
4092:
3733:
3625:
1928:
1739:, which set course for North Africa carrying women, men, and children in inhumane conditions. The SS
1514:
1434:
1080:
873:
775:
vacation colony. Later, around 300 of them were taken to Paris while the rest were granted asylum in
5688:
5610:
2483:
2199:
1620:
1192:
5562:
2957:
2314:
1872:
persecuted the opposition and purged villages, causing a situation that historians refer to as the
1869:
1679:
1481:
1320:
1071:
4812:
2446:
1718:
1578:
1493:
5442:
5181:
5102:
4716:"Conseil de Paris. Extrait du registre des délibérations. Séance des 8, 9, 10 et 11 juillet 2019"
3698:
2400:
2392:
1587:
892:
877:
592:
570:
553:
5869:
5558:
Repensar el transtierro: Una historia conceptual y sus implicaciones para la teoría hermenéutica
5292:[When the CGT did humanitarian work: Spanish children evacuated to France (1936–1939)].
4779:
1766:
1641:
1489:
1457:
1374:
1337:
741:
5903:
4433:
4405:
4377:
3355:
1691:
1105:
69:
32:
4757:
2726:
1538:
The period of adaptation was also different from what prevailed in France at the time. Writer
1530:
1387:
805:
785:
5428:"Before the Convention: The Spanish Civil War and Challenges for Research on Refugee History"
5259:
Kateb, Kamel (January 2007). "Les immigrés espagnols dans les camps en Algérie (1939–1941)".
4252:
3630:
2091:
1844:, and Tandara. Disciplinary or punishment camps were set up in Hadjerat M'Guil, Aïn El Orak,
1269:
1149:
1129:
548:
516:
506:
276:
1286:
5759:
5616:
5540:
5496:"To Russia with 'Spain': Spanish Exiles in the USSR and the Longue Durée of Soviet History"
4638:
4114:
3438:
2952:
2358:
2285:
1973:
1965:
1948:
1501:
1349:
1166:, which would become a disciplinary camp for political prisoners under the Vichy regime.
1109:
911:
673:
5290:"Quand la CGT faisait de l'humanitaire : l'accueil des enfants d'Espagne (1936-1939)"
151:
8:
5898:
5830:
5800:
5754:
3891:
3142:
3116:
1985:
1652:
1497:
1059:
844:
543:
413:
386:
191:
5427:
4634:
2500:
1706:
1581:, assassinated by Franco's regime in 1936, also found refuge in the country. His mother
1070:
soldiers armed with machine guns and rifles. At the beginning, they were located in the
1001:
949:
907:
5954:
5934:
5929:
5880:
5865:
5855:
5815:
5509:
4158:
3496:"El olvidado matemático de Valladolid cuyo trabajo fue decisivo para derrotar a Hitler"
2144:
2101:
2026:
2020:
2009:
1989:
1981:
1705:—and yet others scattered or died fighting for their new homeland (such as the case of
1687:
1648:
1469:
1315:. Scattered in numerous camps, they represented a significant group, especially in the
1261:
1148:, exiles who were recaptured were employed in the quarries for the construction of the
1121:
941:
770:
491:
449:
433:
346:
336:
5364:
Ortuño Martínez, Bárbara (2011). Faber, Sebastiaan; Martínez-Carazo, Cristina (eds.).
4907:
Los viajes de las ideas en las migraciones transatlánticas. Individuos, grupos y redes
4457:"Speaking in Oran, Dolores Delgado calls the exile "an indelible mark in our history""
4288:
2979:
2221:
1485:
1308:
944:
and the following months. The exodus of citizens from Catalonia was massive after the
5875:
5850:
5795:
5769:
5597:
5521:
5479:
5454:
5414:
5383:
5352:
5309:
5276:
5226:
5205:
5168:
5134:
5106:
5083:
5064:
5061:
Les camps du sud-ouest de la France. Exclusion, internement et déportation, 1939–1944
5045:
5017:
5016:(in French). Perpignan, France: Presses universitaires de Perpignan. pp. 11–18.
4996:
4970:
4947:
4914:
4891:
4868:
4865:
Les camps du sud-ouest de la France. Exclusion, internement et déportation, 1939–1944
4849:
4816:
4793:
4765:
4461:
4262:
2427:
2329:
1865:
1823:
and Camp Suzzoni. Around 15,000 Spanish refugees in mainland France were deported to
1265:
1241:
1144:
danger they represented, they quickly became an essential labor force in wartime. In
945:
903:
636:
480:
428:
356:
223:
5011:
4905:
Herrerín López, Ángel; Balado Insunza, Francisco M.; García Prieto, Beatriz (2023).
4809:
L'exil des républicains espagnols en France. De la Guerre civile à la mort de Franco
1477:
718:
5860:
5738:
5696:
5513:
5446:
5404:
5373:
5342:
5334:
5301:
5268:
5247:
5197:
4939:
4841:
4720:
4692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2559:
2530:
2423:
1864:
Although the winning side had been recognized by international observers after the
1833:
1726:
1300:
1063:
993:
828:
531:
475:
456:
401:
366:
351:
322:
260:
228:
209:
180:
121:
4248:
2495:
2396:
1785:
1682:
accompanied by their families. It has been estimated that between 2,900 and 3,200
501:
5939:
4258:
4119:
3725:
3500:
2416:
1571:
1449:
1247:
According to historian Lilian Pouységur (1994), the matter of the camps acted as
859:
820:
729:, in anticipation of mass evacuations to the Mediterranean coast, while France's
726:
672:
economic reasons since the 1950s or who were part of a new wave of exiles: those
644:
640:
536:
470:
250:
199:
117:
3753:
3751:
3091:"Españoles tras la alambrada: los campos de concentración del exilio en Francia"
2404:
2211:
1430:
1037:. Almost 9,000 Republican Spaniards ended up in Nazi concentration camps.
952:
decided to open the France–Spain border on 27 January. Refugees fled across the
5239:
4992:
3239:""Resistir es vencer": así fueron los días finales de la Guerra Civil Española"
2491:
2280:
2236:
1902:
1824:
1818:
1445:
1438:
1277:
1145:
1051:
997:
869:
526:
301:
255:
239:
233:
133:
5571:
5034:
Los indeseables españoles: La gestión de los refugiados en Francia (1936-1945)
4943:
4845:
3660:"What was Franco's role in the deportation of 10,000 Spaniards to Nazi camps?"
3351:"El exilio republicano en el norte de África. 8. El ferrocarril Transahariano"
2487:
2431:
2268:
1892:
790:. The arrangements for their transfer were made possible thanks to the
5999:
5845:
5601:
5525:
5491:
5483:
5458:
5418:
5387:
5356:
5313:
5280:
5230:
5209:
5172:
5157:"El «instante congelado» del exilio de los niños de la guerra civil española"
3985:
3906:
3748:
3579:"The forgotten Spanish soldiers behind France's liberation from Nazi Germany"
2290:
2256:
2251:
2241:
1801:
1647:
Most of these personalities pursued academic careers at institutions such as
1559:
1535:, also known as the Children of War, who embarked from the port of Bordeaux.
1461:
1210:, a company of the Division Leclerc comprised mostly of Republican Spaniards.
776:
745:
521:
496:
245:
157:
28:
5338:
5201:
4929:
4831:
4533:"Madrid exhibition tells story of Spaniards sent to Nazi concentration camp"
4317:
1426:
80:
5378:
5365:
4984:
4630:
4537:
2246:
2226:
2076:
2040:
1733:
1675:
1563:
1473:
1453:
1418:
1186:
973:
653:
581:
511:
5651:
5517:
5450:
5401:
Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine. De 1808 au temps présent.
5300:(3). Translated by Hamilton, Emily. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po: 15–39.
5219:"Les enfants de la guerre d'Espagne ou les parcours sinueux de la mémoire"
4931:
Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust. History and Representation
4833:
Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust. History and Representation
1539:
1181:
Internment camps in France § During World War II and the Vichy regime
1046:
These camps evolved over time. French authorities were overwhelmed by the
684:
16:
Spanish citizens in exile due to persecution by the Francoist dictatorship
5305:
5272:
4966:
4904:
2524:
2386:
1969:
1853:
1805:
1414:
1396:
1353:
1273:
1163:
1133:
1113:
957:
927:
865:
836:
733:
created the Comité d'accueil aux enfants d'Espagne in Paris in November.
689:
175:
73:
5347:
5251:
5182:"Les réfugiés espagnols dans les camps d'internement en Afrique du Nord"
3466:"El 'hacker' republicano que ayudó a desentrañar la máquina nazi Enigma"
2366:
1856:. Many of these refugees met their deaths in the camps in North Africa.
1254:
5403:(in Spanish) (9). Centre de recherches ibériques et ibéro-américaines.
4373:"El exilio republicano en el norte de África. 3. Los barcos del exilio"
1702:
1137:
1125:
1067:
965:
864:(which had capacity for 400 passengers), bound for the English port of
809:
5409:
5396:
4579:
4552:
4189:
3802:
3664:
3471:
2776:
2760:
1992:. There were others who chose to stay and suffered reprisals, such as
1845:
1841:
969:
910:. Conditions in such camps were appalling, such as in the case of the
5644:
5641:
The painful past of Spanish Civil War refugees in France, 80 years on
5550:. Leeds, United Kingdom: Basque Children of '37 Association UK. 2001.
4134:
2426:
voted unanimously to dedicate a garden and a street to the memory of
2412:
2408:
1695:
1422:
1174:
1100:
on the beaches. These specialized internment camps—which mainly held
848:
819:
The military operations carried out on the Northern front, which saw
706:
291:
286:
185:
142:
5984:
4344:"EXPO - L'exil oublié des républicains espagnols en Afrique du Nord"
3887:"Mexican Perspectives on the Spanish Republican Refugees, 1938-1941"
940:
Emigration to France sped up significantly during the course of the
761:
215:
4887:
4789:
4783:
4661:
3583:
1909:
1888:
1829:
1722:
1206:
989:
985:
953:
832:
757:
296:
65:
5156:
5099:
Franco's Justice: Repression in Madrid after the Spanish Civil War
4065:
4007:
2808:
2806:
1898:
1136:)—were created in February 1939 in the neighboring departments of
5244:
Documents pour l'Histoire du Français Langue Étrangère ou Seconde
5163:(in Spanish). La deportazione dei bambini. Memorie. (3). Venice:
4657:"En France, hommage inédit de Pedro Sanchez aux Espagnols exilés"
4642:
4037:
3243:
3016:
2997:
2697:
2449:; in front of the plaques in the memory of Domingo Tejero Pérez,
2216:
1465:
1395:
One of the best-known episodes was the voyage of the ocean liner
1101:
961:
840:
281:
271:
204:
5587:
5082:(in Catalan). Maçanet de la Selva, Catalonia: Editorial Gregal.
3912:
3757:
1025:
5468:"Gloria Giner de los Ríos: noticia biográfica de una madrileña"
4989:
Exils et migration: Italiens et Espagnols en France (1938–1946)
4053:
3052:
3050:
2803:
1918:
Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas
1849:
1837:
1809:
1362:
Mexico allocated state funds to establish cultural institution
1327:
896:
824:
702:
4217:
3543:
2921:
1562:, who rebuilt her life there with her partner, philanthropist
5691:
3555:
3419:
3383:
3174:
2933:
1725:
had to escape by sea on board more than forty ships, such as
1699:
1524:
There were also children among the refugees, such as the 500
1035:
Los españoles antifascistas saludan a las fuerzas liberadoras
1005:
813:
310:
4229:
3817:
3047:
60:, designed by architectural firm Mizien Arquitectura at the
5588:
Sánchez-Alonso, Blanca; Santiago-Caballero, Carlos (2021).
4205:
3829:
3330:
3306:
3267:"La Retirada ou l'exil républicain espagnol d'après guerre"
3215:
3213:
3162:
3067:
3065:
2434:, respectively. There were ceremonies held in front of the
1789:
1636:
were welcomed into the family of New York-based professors
1169:
1117:
3407:
3296:
3294:
2793:
2791:
1879:
1214:
Republicans were incorporated into the war effort via the
679:
5320:
4558:
4512:
3395:
3121:
Association Philatélique de Rouen et Agglomération (APRA)
5632:
Guide to the Spanish Exile of 1939 in the State Archives
5063:(in French). Toulouse: Éditions Privat. pp. 25–34.
4867:(in French). Toulouse: Éditions Privat. pp. 35–41.
4488:
3918:
3867:
3775:
3763:
3210:
3198:
3062:
1303:
were deported to various French concentration camps (in
688:
Children waiting to be evacuated from Spain, with their
5366:"Contra el olvido: el exilio español en Estados Unidos"
4500:
4401:"Stanbrook, 1939. The republican exile to north Africa"
3679:
3291:
2817:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFHerrerínBaladoGarcía2023 (
2788:
2384:
France officially commemorated the 80th anniversary of
1504:
was thus scattered throughout Europe and the Americas.
921:
5643:, interview with historian Geneviève Dreyfus-Armand, (
4785:
Discrimination and Tolerance in Historical Perspective
3027:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFUniversity_of_Leeds2001 (
3008:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFUniversity_of_Leeds2001 (
932:
5590:
The loss of human capital after the Spanish Civil War
5501:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
4882:
Gaida, Peter (2014). "Les camps en Afrique du Nord".
4284:"El Stanbrook, los últimos exiliados de la República"
4184:"Laura de los Ríos, un duelo de labores y esperanzas"
3186:
2367:
Official commemoration of the 80th anniversary (2019)
1255:
Compromise between the French army and the resistance
5425:
4608:
Ministry of Territorial Policy and Democratic Memory
4476:
3958:
2812:
2782:
2587:: Antifascist Spaniards greet the liberating forces.
1225:(CTE), which the Vichy regime later turned into the
72:—arrived in Chile. Many of them did so on board the
5426:Rodrigo, Javier; Alegre Lorenz, David (June 2022).
3938:"El exilio español fue una fortuna / Juan Marichal"
3022:
3003:
5561:(M.A. in Philosophy thesis) (in Spanish). Bogotá:
5465:
5010:Parello, Vincent (2010). "Introduction générale".
4572:
4182:
4140:
3978:
3795:
3623:
3464:
2825:
2753:
2708:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPérez_Rodríguez2022 (
2509:inaugurated by Charles de Gaulle on 18 June 1960.
1717:As Franco's troops advanced, the Republicans from
1249:un catalyseur de l'identité républicaine espagnole
1175:Internment and forced labor under the Vichy regime
4154:"Middlebury Celebrates Spanish School Centennial"
3657:
3371:
3318:
1276:, and even contributed in deciphering the German
5997:
5655:, photo story on the Children of Morelia, Mexico
4247:
3797:"Spanish exiles in Mexico: a story of gratitude"
2399:, visited the tomb of the last president of the
1674:The numbers of Republicans who emigrated to the
1553:
792:Committee for the Assistance to Spanish Children
5548:Zine by the Students of the University of Leeds
5394:
5363:
5119:
5042:Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies
5030:
4983:
4211:
4071:
3835:
3549:
3425:
3035:
2703:
2623:: A catalyst of the Spanish Republican identity
1542:, who settled in Mexico, created the neologism
5592:(Working Papers in Economic History). Madrid:
5554:
5237:
5077:
4829:
4806:
4059:
3823:
3561:
3522:
3180:
3168:
2939:
2755:"Una geografía del exilio republicano español"
1859:
1062:(the official term at the time, later renamed
1033:under a banner written in Spanish that reads:
19:For the Republican institutions in exile, see
5674:
5194:Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration
5080:L'éxode català de 1936 a través dels pirineus
3523:Pascual Estapé, Juan Antonio (29 July 2023).
3348:
3272:Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration
1425:. These included: painter and stage designer
1014:
600:
5579:(PhD in history thesis) (in French). Paris:
5573:Les camps français d'internement (1938-1946)
4629:
3913:Sánchez-Alonso & Santiago-Caballero 2021
3758:Sánchez-Alonso & Santiago-Caballero 2021
3572:
3570:
3084:
3082:
3080:
1669:
1328:Exile to Latin America and the United States
895:, there was a new displacement of people in
5154:
4963:La Nueve: los españoles que liberaron París
4223:
2927:
2868:
2866:
713:, either because of their proximity to the
5681:
5667:
5569:
5179:
5126:A tiempo y destiempo: Antología de ensayos
5013:Des réfugiés espagnols de la guerre civile
3781:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3401:
3389:
3336:
3312:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3219:
3117:"Camp de Rivesaltes (Pyrénées-Orientales)"
3071:
2635:: Spanish exiles represented good fortune
1800:These refugees were interned in so-called
1795:
1712:
1050: —in the words of Interior Minister
607:
593:
50:
5408:
5377:
5346:
5058:
4911:National University of Distance Education
4756:
4426:
4370:
4235:
3924:
3873:
3769:
3658:Fonseca Rodríguez, Diego (6 April 2019).
3624:Fernandez Recatala, Denis (August 2004).
3567:
3413:
3300:
3077:
3056:
2797:
2721:
2719:
2419:, who died and was buried there in 1939.
996:, also received refugees, as well as the
5216:
5123:(2003). "Del destierro al transtierro".
4960:
4927:
4482:
4338:
4336:
3964:
3729:"Ravensbruck Women's Concentration Camp"
3685:
2863:
1897:
1887:
1452:went into exile in Argentina. Physicist
1331:
1191:
1170:Refugees during World War II (1940–1945)
1041:
1024:
979:
735:
683:
618:
5370:Diacronie studi di storia contemporanea
5009:
4603:"80 aniversario del Exilio Republicano"
4574:"La España peregrina vuelve del olvido"
4570:
4310:
4115:"Louise Crane and Victoria Kent papers"
4012:Virtual Museum of the Spanish Civil War
3646:
3225:
3204:
3148:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2902:"Children's Exile: Children of the War"
1880:Later evolution of the Republican exile
1029:Liberation by the United States of the
680:Population displacements during the war
5998:
5615:(MRes in Historical Research thesis).
4778:
4282:Torrús, Alejandro (8 September 2012).
4281:
4180:
3976:
3793:
3192:
3088:
2751:
2716:
2519:Spanish Republican government in exile
2411:. He also paid tribute in the town of
948:on 26 January 1939. The government of
902:The biggest wave took place after the
21:Spanish Republican government in exile
5662:
5541:"The Basque Child Refugees in the UK"
5533:
5490:
5323:Culture & History Digital Journal
5287:
5267:(1). Paris: Éditions Belin: 155–175.
5261:Les Annales de Démographie Historique
5258:
4881:
4764:(in French). Paris: Éditions Perrin.
4762:La Guerre d'Espagne et ses lendemains
4559:López Sánchez & Murga Castro 2018
4530:
4518:
4494:
4333:
3576:
3493:
3462:
3377:
3237:López Mato, Omar (14 February 2019).
2984:Basque Children of '37 Association UK
2831:
2541:Women in exile during Francoist Spain
2032:Some of these intellectuals included:
1765:, or temporary locations such as the
1507:
5581:Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University
5555:Córdoba Guzmán, Paulo Tirso (2018).
5466:Ruiz-Manjón Cabeza, Octavio (2007).
5096:
4506:
4181:Seseña, Natacha (25 December 1981).
4008:"Mexican support for Spanish exiles"
3626:"Ces Espagnols qui ont libéré Paris"
3597:
3089:Monzón, Agustín (17 February 2019).
1348:In February 1939, Mexican President
922:The 1939 Republican exodus to France
62:Palacio de La Moneda Cultural Center
5472:Cuadernos de historia contemporánea
4862:
4571:Aguilar, Andrea (4 December 2019).
3324:
1456:went to Mexico, as well as writers
623:Flag of Spain between 1931 and 1939
13:
5608:
5238:Dreyfus-Armand, Geneviève (2011).
5217:Corderot, Didier (December 2017).
4807:Dreyfus-Armand, Geneviève (1999).
3724:
3494:Viana, Isabel (18 November 2019).
3041:
2813:Herrerín, Balado & García 2023
2436:Jardin des Combattants-de-la-Nueve
1519:el exilio español fue una fortuna
1496:went to the United States. Writer
1074:department, as in the case of the
631:refers to all the citizens of the
116:Persecution and repression by the
14:
6017:
5625:
5395:Ortuño Martínez, Bárbara (2012).
5331:Spanish National Research Council
5180:Charaudeau, Anne (October 1992).
2727:"Ley de Memoria Democrática 2022"
2507:Mémorial de la France combattante
874:archbishop-prelate of Westminster
5690:
5594:Charles III University of Madrid
5476:Complutense University of Madrid
5165:Ca' Foscari University of Venice
5161:DEP. Deportate, Esuli, Profughe.
4708:
4677:
4649:
4623:
4595:
4564:
4524:
4311:Maurice, Laurine (4 July 2024).
3794:Kadner, Marién (28 March 2017).
3600:"The Allied Liberation of Paris"
3577:Conde, Arturo (25 August 2019).
3463:Limón, Raúl (14 November 2019).
2845:"Los niños y niñas de la guerra"
2783:Rodrigo & Alegre Lorenz 2022
2674:
1694:, after having been interned in
1280:cryptographic code (the team of
1264:. In late 1942, many joined the
575:
566:
565:
150:
6006:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War
5031:Pérez Rodríguez, Jonay (2002).
4744:
4449:
4420:
4393:
4364:
4304:
4275:
4241:
4174:
4146:
4107:
4077:
4025:
4000:
3970:
3930:
3879:
3841:
3787:
3718:
3691:
3617:
3591:
3516:
3487:
3456:
3431:
3342:
3259:
3135:
3109:
2972:
2945:
2894:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2565:
1638:Gloria Giner de los Ríos García
1373:(1938–1940)—which later became
1340:in exile in Buenos Aires, 1942.
843:. Following the indiscriminate
740:Republican militiawomen in the
731:General Confederation of Labour
5980:Conquest of the Canary Islands
5078:Rubió Coromina, Jordi (2015).
4531:Jones, Sam (26 January 2023).
2837:
2752:Aunión, J.A. (31 March 2019).
2745:
2553:
1914:Institución Libre de Enseñanza
1690:, others managed to flee—like
1684:children were sent to the USSR
1313:Ravensbrück concentration camp
1294:
1240:(STO), to the projects of the
1238:Service du travail obligatoire
674:persecuted by the dictatorship
645:authoritarian political regime
1:
4665:(in French). 25 February 2019
4249:González Gallego, Rubén David
3977:Knight, Alan (4 April 2024).
3853:Casa de la Memoria La Sauceda
2690:
2536:Spanish immigration to France
1933:Centro de Estudios Históricos
1554:The case of the United States
1031:Mauthausen concentration camp
5155:Alted Vigil, Alicia (2005).
4987:; Peschanski, Denis (1994).
2980:"Passengers on the 'Habana'"
1566:. They founded the magazine
1189:and a "logic of exclusion."
1076:Saint-Cyprien interment camp
692:, a symbol used by the left.
7:
5148:
5129:(in Spanish). Mexico City:
4936:University of Toronto Press
4884:Camps de travail sous Vichy
4838:University of Toronto Press
4724:(in French). Archived from
4352:(in French). 5 October 2014
3550:Milza & Peschanski 1994
3426:Milza & Peschanski 1994
3349:Ródenas Calatayud, Carmen.
3275:(in French). Archived from
2851:(in Spanish). 21 March 2023
2512:
2422:In the French capital, the
1860:Post-war exiles (1945–1975)
1488:, professor and politician
1472:. Physician and biochemist
1433:, politician and economist
1364:La Casa de España en México
1087:Argelers concentration camp
756:took place from Madrid and
10:
6022:
5636:National Archives of Spain
5570:Peschanski, Denis (2000).
5474:(in Spanish) (1). Madrid:
5225:(in French) (5): 106–113.
5131:Fondo de Cultura Económica
3980:"How Mexico Fought Franco"
2907:National Archives of Spain
1577:The entire family of poet
1216:Company of Foreign Workers
1178:
1091:Le Barcarès interment camp
1021:Internment camps in France
1018:
1015:French concentration camps
925:
880:and the withdrawal of the
639:from 1936 to 1939 and the
18:
5972:
5922:
5891:
5783:
5747:
5731:
5710:
5703:
4961:Mesquida, Evelyn (2016).
4944:10.3138/9781487532505-013
4846:10.3138/9781487532505-013
4041:(in Spanish). 7 June 2022
3855:(in Spanish). 8 July 2019
2473:Manuel Pinto Queiroz Ruiz
2379:
1955:Museo Pedagógico Nacional
1929:Residencia de Estudiantes
1670:Exile to the Soviet Union
1594:Federico García Rodríguez
1435:Pere Coromines i Montanya
641:immediate post-war period
629:Spanish Republican exiles
161:(historical Spanish flag)
112:
104:
96:
88:
49:
45:Spanish Republican exiles
5563:University of the Rosary
5435:Refugee Survey Quarterly
4750:
3943:Centro Virtual Cervantes
3023:University of Leeds 2001
3004:University of Leeds 2001
2958:Southampton City Council
2546:
2371:
2303:Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz
2178:Pedro Carrasco Garrorena
2116:Enrique Jiménez González
2003:, or lived in a kind of
1994:Antonio Rodríguez-Moñino
1680:Communist Party of Spain
1413:on 19 October 1939 from
1227:Group of Foreign Workers
1104:, former members of the
5443:Oxford University Press
5339:10.3989/chdj.2018.v7.i1
5202:10.3406/homig.1992.1894
5186:Hommes & Migrations
5121:Sánchez Vázquez, Adolfo
4141:Ruiz-Manjón Cabeza 2007
3604:Warfare History Network
2849:Sabino Arana Foundation
2575:or the Children of War.
2401:Second Spanish Republic
2342:Juan David García Bacca
2159:Francisco Rived Revilla
2065:Arturo Duperier Vallesa
2046:Enrique Rioja Lo Bianco
1796:Camps in French Algeria
1784:arrived at the port of
1713:Exile to French Algeria
1657:Laura de los Ríos Giner
1244:on the Atlantic front.
936:(January–February 1939)
878:battle of Bielsa pocket
851:on board the steamship
754:evacuations of children
633:Second Spanish Republic
25:
5379:10.4000/diacronie.3158
5040:(in Spanish). Madrid:
4965:(in Spanish). Madrid:
4909:(in Spanish). Madrid:
4434:University of Alicante
4406:University of Valencia
4378:University of Alicante
3734:Jewish Women's Archive
3356:University of Alicante
2573:Los Niños de la Guerra
2562:: Literatures of Exile
2484:Père Lachaise Cemetery
2393:Spanish Prime Minister
2200:Odón de Buen y del Cos
1905:
1895:
1814:Morand internment camp
1804:, which were actually
1341:
1211:
1159:
1106:International Brigades
1038:
749:
697:the supporters of the
693:
624:
70:Francoist dictatorship
58:Literaturas del Exilio
38:considered for merging
5518:10.1353/kri.2014.0031
5288:Keren, Célia (2018).
4813:Éditions Albin Michel
4780:Berdah, Jean-François
4633:(February 9, 2019).
4427:Martínez Leal, Juan.
4371:Martínez Leal, Juan.
4085:"Victoria Kent Siano"
3631:Le Monde diplomatique
2659:: Exile or banishment
2092:Enrique Moles Ormella
1901:
1891:
1579:Federico García Lorca
1494:Federico García Lorca
1441:, among many others.
1427:Gregorio (Gori) Muñoz
1377:—as well as magazine
1335:
1195:
1154:
1150:Trans-Saharan Railway
1042:Main internment camps
1028:
980:Reception of refugees
748:during the Civil War.
739:
687:
622:
5908:US areas of Oceania
5652:Los Niños de Morelia
5617:University of London
5306:10.3917/lms.264.0015
5273:10.3917/adh.113.0155
5133:. pp. 549–563.
5105:. pp. 165–191.
4991:(in French). Paris:
4938:. pp. 237–257.
4890:. pp. 367–405.
4840:. pp. 185–198.
4811:(in French). Paris:
4792:. pp. 301–318.
4758:Bennassar, Bartolomé
4212:Ortuño Martínez 2011
4072:Sánchez Vázquez 2003
3836:Ortuño Martínez 2012
3704:The Holocaust Museum
3442:Amical de Neuengamme
2704:Pérez Rodríguez 2022
2462:Conrad Miret i Musté
2128:Ricardo Vinós Santos
1767:Santa Bárbara Castle
1642:Fernando de los Ríos
1583:Vicenta Lorca Romero
1492:, and the family of
1490:Fernando de los Ríos
1375:El Colegio de México
1338:Niceto Alcalá Zamora
1202:2nd Armored Division
912:Gurs internment camp
742:Siege of the Alcázar
5846:Trinidad and Tobago
5451:10.1093/rsq/hdac005
5294:Le Mouvement Social
5252:10.4000/dhfles.2095
4521:, pp. 395–420.
4509:, pp. 165–191.
4497:, pp. 155–175.
4238:, pp. 396–399.
4226:, pp. 275–276.
4143:, pp. 268–269.
4074:, pp. 549–563.
4060:Córdoba Guzmán 2018
3892:Columbia University
3824:Dreyfus-Armand 1999
3726:Saidel, Rochelle G.
3562:Dreyfus-Armand 2020
3392:, pp. 519–520.
3279:on 24 November 2012
3181:Dreyfus-Armand 2011
3169:Dreyfus-Armand 2011
3059:, pp. 362–363.
2940:Rubió Coromina 2015
2930:, pp. 267–269.
2785:, pp. 200–201.
2706:, pp. 116–118.
2315:Tomás Navarro Tomás
1986:Manuel Altolaguirre
1653:Columbia University
1498:Manuel Altolaguirre
1482:Tomás Navarro Tomás
1124:), elderly people (
1072:Pyrénées-Orientales
1060:concentration camps
845:bombing of Guernica
823:units advance from
806:Bartolomé Bennassar
781:Children of Morelia
192:Vaqueiros de Alzada
46:
5811:Dominican Republic
5534:Other publications
5510:Slavica Publishers
4261:. Wild Leaf, Inc.
4159:Middlebury College
3598:Spindler, John E.
2953:"Refugee children"
2451:José Barón Carreño
2081:Onofre Rojo Asenjo
2027:Vicente Aleixandre
1982:Vicente Rojo Lluch
1970:Generation of 1914
1906:
1896:
1806:forced labor camps
1688:post-Soviet Russia
1649:Middlebury College
1625:, and his brother
1508:The case of Mexico
1500:went to Cuba. The
1429:, feminist writer
1342:
1274:Free French Forces
1262:German-Soviet Pact
1212:
1122:Camp de Rivesaltes
1064:"internment" camps
1039:
942:Battle of the Ebro
766:La Maison Heureuse
750:
694:
669:Spanish Transition
625:
573: •
367:Dominican Republic
79:, which landed in
44:
5993:
5992:
5968:
5967:
5718:Equatorial Guinea
5410:10.4000/ccec.4242
5089:978-84-943898-5-6
5051:978-84-259-1935-0
5023:978-2-35412-057-3
4462:Palace of Moncloa
4268:978-965-92787-2-5
4089:Unlearned Lessons
4062:, pp. 23–28.
3439:"C.T.E. y G.T.E."
3416:, pp. 26–27.
3339:, pp. 23–28.
3315:, pp. 48–49.
3207:, pp. 11–18.
2731:Stratego Abogados
2428:Federica Montseny
2354:Anselmo Carretero
2330:Lorenzo Luzuriaga
1974:Generation of '27
1944:Instituto-Escuela
1866:fall of Barcelona
1771:Alicante Bullring
1692:Valentín González
1502:Generation of '27
1336:Former President
1242:Organisation Todt
946:fall of Barcelona
904:fall of Barcelona
699:social revolution
637:Spanish Civil War
617:
616:
127:
126:
6013:
5708:
5707:
5697:Spanish diaspora
5695:
5694:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5620:
5605:
5584:
5578:
5566:
5551:
5545:
5529:
5487:
5462:
5432:
5422:
5412:
5391:
5381:
5360:
5350:
5317:
5284:
5255:
5234:
5213:
5176:
5144:
5116:
5093:
5074:
5055:
5039:
5027:
5006:
4980:
4957:
4924:
4901:
4878:
4859:
4826:
4803:
4775:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4721:Council of Paris
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4693:Council of Paris
4689:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4576:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4349:Le Petit Journal
4340:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4259:Schwartz, Marian
4257:. Translated by
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4224:Alted Vigil 2005
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4186:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4091:. Archived from
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3982:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3799:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3655:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3574:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3468:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3234:
3223:
3217:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3095:El Independiente
3086:
3075:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2928:Alted Vigil 2005
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2801:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2701:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2531:Spanish diaspora
2504:
2481:
2470:
2459:
2444:
2424:Council of Paris
2362:
2186:
2167:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2105:
2073:
2054:
2024:
2013:
2002:
1963:
1952:
1941:
1926:
1870:Francoist police
1840:, Oued-Akrouch,
1822:
1779:
1764:
1753:
1707:Dolores Ibárruri
1665:
1635:
1624:
1613:
1602:
1591:
1534:
1526:Niños de Morelia
1412:
1391:
1383:Editorial Séneca
1379:España Peregrina
1372:
1301:prisoners of war
1290:
1235:
1224:
1130:Durruti Division
1099:
1084:
1002:Bouches-du-Rhône
994:Loire-Atlantique
950:Édouard Daladier
918:10,000 wounded.
890:
868:. Months later,
863:
800:
789:
774:
658:Republican cause
635:who, during the
609:
602:
595:
582:Spain portal
580:
579:
578:
569:
568:
540:
465:
410:
323:Spanish diaspora
314:
220:
210:Canary Islanders
196:
154:
145:
129:
128:
122:Francisco Franco
54:
47:
43:
41:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6010:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5964:
5918:
5887:
5779:
5743:
5727:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5628:
5623:
5576:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5430:
5223:Mémoires en jeu
5192:(1158). Paris:
5151:
5141:
5113:
5103:Clarendon Press
5090:
5071:
5052:
5037:
5024:
5003:
4977:
4954:
4921:
4898:
4875:
4856:
4823:
4800:
4772:
4753:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4728:on 28 July 2022
4714:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4324:
4322:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4120:Yale University
4113:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4070:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3989:
3975:
3971:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3947:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3792:
3788:
3782:Peschanski 2000
3780:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3656:
3647:
3637:
3635:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3596:
3592:
3575:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3529:ComputerHoy.com
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3402:Peschanski 2000
3400:
3396:
3390:Peschanski 2000
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3347:
3343:
3337:Charaudeau 1992
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3313:Peschanski 2000
3311:
3307:
3299:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3248:
3235:
3226:
3220:Peschanski 2000
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3183:, pp. 5–6.
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3087:
3078:
3072:Peschanski 2000
3070:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2515:
2498:
2475:
2464:
2453:
2447:Paris City Hall
2438:
2417:Antonio Machado
2382:
2374:
2369:
2356:
2326:José Castillejo
2286:Óscar Domínguez
2222:Ramón J. Sender
2189:Marcelo Santaló
2180:
2161:
2142:
2140:Lorenzo Alcaraz
2130:
2118:
2099:
2097:Francisco Giral
2067:
2048:
2033:
2018:
2016:Juan Gil-Albert
2007:
1996:
1966:Lázaro Cárdenas
1957:
1946:
1935:
1920:
1882:
1862:
1816:
1798:
1773:
1758:
1747:
1715:
1672:
1659:
1629:
1618:
1607:
1596:
1585:
1572:Yale University
1556:
1528:
1510:
1486:Ramón J. Sender
1476:, philologists
1450:Manuel de Falla
1417:and arrived in
1406:
1385:
1366:
1350:Lázaro Cárdenas
1330:
1309:Argelès-sur-Mer
1297:
1284:
1282:Antonio Camazón
1257:
1229:
1218:
1198:General Leclerc
1183:
1177:
1172:
1093:
1078:
1048:mascaret humain
1044:
1023:
1017:
982:
938:
930:
924:
884:
872:, cardinal and
857:
794:
783:
768:
727:siege of Madrid
682:
613:
576:
574:
559:
558:
534:
487:Other languages
485:
459:
452:
406:
304:
265:
212:
188:
167:Regional groups
155:
141:
84:
42:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6019:
6009:
6008:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5858:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5775:United Kingdom
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5686:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5648:
5638:
5627:
5626:External links
5624:
5622:
5621:
5609:Willis, Gary.
5606:
5585:
5567:
5552:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5508:(2). Indiana:
5492:Young, Glennys
5488:
5463:
5423:
5392:
5361:
5318:
5285:
5256:
5235:
5214:
5177:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5139:
5117:
5111:
5094:
5088:
5075:
5069:
5056:
5050:
5028:
5022:
5007:
5001:
4981:
4975:
4958:
4952:
4925:
4919:
4902:
4896:
4879:
4873:
4860:
4854:
4827:
4821:
4804:
4798:
4776:
4770:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4707:
4676:
4648:
4641:) – via
4622:
4594:
4563:
4551:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4487:
4475:
4448:
4419:
4392:
4363:
4332:
4303:
4274:
4267:
4254:White on Black
4240:
4236:Bennassar 2004
4228:
4216:
4204:
4173:
4145:
4133:
4106:
4095:on 3 June 2016
4076:
4064:
4052:
4024:
3999:
3969:
3957:
3929:
3927:, p. 422.
3925:Bennassar 2004
3917:
3905:
3878:
3876:, p. 421.
3874:Bennassar 2004
3866:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3786:
3774:
3772:, p. 417.
3770:Bennassar 2004
3762:
3747:
3717:
3690:
3688:, p. 237.
3678:
3645:
3616:
3590:
3566:
3564:, p. 185.
3554:
3552:, p. 619.
3542:
3515:
3486:
3455:
3430:
3418:
3414:Pouységur 1994
3406:
3404:, p. 696.
3394:
3382:
3370:
3341:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3301:Pouységur 1994
3290:
3258:
3224:
3209:
3197:
3195:, p. 305.
3185:
3173:
3161:
3134:
3108:
3076:
3061:
3057:Bennassar 2004
3046:
3034:
3015:
2996:
2971:
2944:
2942:, p. 388.
2932:
2920:
2893:
2862:
2836:
2824:
2802:
2800:, p. 353.
2798:Bennassar 2004
2787:
2775:
2744:
2715:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2571:Also known as
2564:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2492:Francisco Boix
2381:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2306:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:Josep Gausachs
2272:
2271:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Rafael Alberti
2234:
2232:Manuel Andújar
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2194:Oceanographers
2191:
2190:
2187:
2169:
2168:
2150:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2110:Mathematicians
2107:
2106:
2094:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2005:internal exile
1984:, and writers
1912:, such as the
1903:Rafael Alberti
1881:
1878:
1861:
1858:
1825:French Algeria
1812:, such as the
1797:
1794:
1714:
1711:
1671:
1668:
1603:, his sisters
1555:
1552:
1509:
1506:
1478:Américo Castro
1446:Rafael Alberti
1439:Amparo Alvajar
1329:
1326:
1296:
1293:
1256:
1253:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1146:French Algeria
1052:Albert Sarraut
1043:
1040:
1019:Main article:
1016:
1013:
998:Massif Central
981:
978:
937:
931:
926:Main article:
923:
920:
870:Arthur Hinsley
711:Basque Country
681:
678:
615:
614:
612:
611:
604:
597:
589:
586:
585:
561:
560:
557:
556:
554:Valencian Sign
551:
546:
541:
529:
527:Judaeo-Spanish
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
484:
483:
478:
473:
467:
466:
453:
448:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
424:United Kingdom
421:
416:
411:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
326:
325:
318:
317:
316:
315:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
236:
231:
226:
221:
207:
202:
197:
183:
178:
170:
169:
163:
162:
147:
146:
143:Spanish people
138:
137:
125:
124:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6018:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:South America
5921:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5851:United States
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5784:North America
5782:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5684:
5679:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5574:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5441:(2). Oxford:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5329:(1). Madrid:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5296:(in French).
5295:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5263:(in French).
5262:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5188:(in French).
5187:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5112:0-19-928183-1
5108:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5070:2-7089-5375-3
5066:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5035:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4985:Milza, Pierre
4982:
4978:
4976:9788466659352
4972:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4953:9781487532505
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4920:9788436280067
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4897:9781291842739
4893:
4889:
4886:(in French).
4885:
4880:
4876:
4874:2-7089-5375-3
4870:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4855:9781487532505
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4799:9788884925589
4795:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4771:2-262-02001-9
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4695:
4694:
4686:
4680:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4631:@Anne_Hidalgo
4626:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4582:
4581:
4575:
4567:
4560:
4555:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4483:Mesquida 2016
4479:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4367:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4177:
4162:. 6 July 2017
4161:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3988:
3987:
3986:History Today
3981:
3973:
3966:
3965:Corderot 2017
3961:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3826:, p. 80.
3825:
3820:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3790:
3784:, p. 44.
3783:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3752:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3699:"Ravensbrück"
3694:
3687:
3686:Herrmann 2020
3682:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3459:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3428:, p. 96.
3427:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3327:, p. 35.
3326:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3303:, p. 28.
3302:
3297:
3295:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3222:, p. 48.
3221:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3074:, p. 40.
3073:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3025:, p. 31.
3024:
3019:
3011:
3006:, p. 11.
3005:
3000:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2882:. 6 June 2020
2881:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2834:, p. 17.
2833:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2496:Mont Valérien
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:Pedro Sánchez
2394:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2291:Pablo Picasso
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:Paulino Masip
2255:
2253:
2252:Emilio Prados
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2242:Pedro Salinas
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1990:José Bergamín
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:refugee camps
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:Mers El Kébir
1783:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1745:Los Almendros
1742:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1592:, his father
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Victoria Kent
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:Juan Marichal
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:José Bergamín
1467:
1463:
1462:Emilio Prados
1459:
1458:Tomás Segovia
1455:
1451:
1448:and composer
1447:
1442:
1440:
1437:, journalist
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:Saint-Cyprien
1302:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
935:
929:
919:
915:
913:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
893:People's Army
888:
883:
882:43rd Division
879:
875:
871:
867:
861:
856:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
804:According to
802:
798:
793:
787:
782:
778:
777:Oostduinkerke
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
747:
743:
738:
734:
732:
728:
722:
720:
716:
715:rebel faction
712:
708:
704:
700:
691:
686:
677:
675:
670:
665:
661:
659:
655:
649:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
621:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
591:
590:
588:
587:
584:
583:
572:
563:
562:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
538:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
497:Astur-Leonese
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
463:
458:
455:
454:
451:
446:
445:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:United States
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
409:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
324:
320:
319:
312:
308:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
268:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Extremadurans
244:
242:
241:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
218:
217:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
194:
193:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
165:
164:
160:
159:
153:
149:
148:
144:
140:
139:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
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2879:El Universal
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2764:(in Spanish)
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2733:(in Spanish)
2730:
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2647:: Transplant
2640:
2628:
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2599:: Human tide
2592:
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2572:
2567:
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2405:Manuel Azaña
2385:
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2336:Philosophers
2335:
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2319:
2309:Philologists
2308:
2307:
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2247:Luis Cernuda
2227:Arturo Barea
2212:Manuel Azaña
2205:
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2193:
2192:
2171:
2170:
2152:
2151:
2109:
2108:
2085:
2084:
2077:Blas Cabrera
2058:
2057:
2041:Severo Ochoa
2034:
2031:
1978:
1907:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1799:
1781:
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1728:
1716:
1676:Soviet Union
1673:
1646:
1576:
1567:
1564:Louise Crane
1557:
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1537:
1523:
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1474:Severo Ochoa
1454:Blas Cabrera
1443:
1431:Elena Fortún
1419:Buenos Aires
1398:
1394:
1378:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1298:
1258:
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1187:Vichy regime
1184:
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974:Bourg-Madame
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751:
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690:fists raised
676:until 1975.
666:
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654:World War II
650:
628:
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549:Spanish Sign
517:Extremaduran
512:Erromintxela
507:Catalan Sign
486:
321:Significant
307:Iberian Jews
277:Erromintxela
267:Other groups
266:
238:
214:
190:
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118:dictatorship
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5904:New Zealand
5841:Puerto Rico
5765:Netherlands
5739:Philippines
5512:: 395–420.
5478:: 265–272.
5445:: 196–217.
5167:: 264–281.
4993:L'Harmattan
4967:Ediciones B
4934:. Toronto:
4836:. Toronto:
4696:(in French)
3634:(in French)
3193:Berdah 2008
3123:(in French)
2525:La Retirada
2499: [
2488:Juan Negrín
2476: [
2465: [
2454: [
2439: [
2432:Neus Català
2387:La Retirada
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2269:Luis Buñuel
2181: [
2172:Astronomers
2162: [
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2100: [
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1893:Luis Buñuel
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1128:), and the
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934:La Retirada
928:La Retirada
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627:The phrase
419:Switzerland
408:Puerto Rico
402:Philippines
392:Netherlands
305:(including
224:Cantabrians
189:(including
176:Andalusians
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27:‹ The
5801:Costa Rica
5704:By country
5140:9681670000
5101:. Oxford:
5002:2738430538
4822:2226107215
4519:Young 2014
4495:Kateb 2007
4318:El Español
3378:Gaida 2014
2832:Keren 2018
2691:References
2671:: Post-war
2321:Pedagogues
2297:Historians
2263:Filmmakers
2059:Physicists
2035:Biologists
2014:, such as
1953:, and the
1703:labor camp
1605:Concepción
1317:Mauthausen
1272:, and the
1266:Resistance
1196:Parade by
1179:See also:
1138:Roussillon
1068:Senegalese
966:Le Perthus
810:Marseilles
752:The first
719:Irún front
709:, and the
544:Portuguese
261:Valencians
229:Castilians
158:Rojigualda
81:Valparaíso
5960:Venezuela
5930:Argentina
5899:Australia
5836:Nicaragua
5816:Guatemala
5634:, at the
5602:2341-2542
5526:1538-5000
5484:0214-400X
5459:1020-4067
5419:1957-7761
5388:2038-0925
5357:2253-797X
5314:1961-8646
5281:1776-2774
5231:2497-2711
5210:2262-3353
5196:: 23–28.
5173:1824-4483
4732:13 August
4700:13 August
4669:13 August
4615:13 August
4587:13 August
4544:13 August
4507:Ruiz 2005
4468:12 August
4441:12 August
4412:12 August
4385:12 August
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4325:12 August
4296:12 August
4197:12 August
4166:12 August
4126:11 August
4099:11 August
4045:11 August
4017:11 August
3992:11 August
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3898:10 August
3859:10 August
3809:10 August
2505:, in the
2494:, and in
2482:, and at
2445:; at the
2413:Collioure
2409:Montauban
2348:Essayists
2153:Engineers
1874:posguerra
1782:Stanbrook
1780:. The SS
1741:Stanbrook
1736:Stanbrook
1727:HMS
1719:Castellón
1696:Vorkutlag
1627:Francisco
1550:.
1548:destierro
1540:José Gaos
1521:.
1484:, writer
1423:Francoism
1110:Gurs camp
1089:, or the
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829:Santander
821:Francoist
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462:Castilian
450:Languages
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337:Argentina
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287:Mercheros
251:Galicians
200:Balearics
186:Asturians
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5881:Galician
5866:Canarian
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4790:CLIOHRES
4760:(2004).
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4289:Público
4251:(2020).
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3710:9 August
3671:9 August
3638:9 August
3609:9 August
3584:NBC News
3535:9 August
3508:9 August
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4643:Twitter
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4190:El País
4038:Infobae
3803:El País
3665:El País
3472:El País
3244:Infobae
2761:El País
2681:English
2669:English
2657:English
2645:English
2633:English
2621:English
2609:English
2597:English
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332:Andorra
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5598:ISSN
5522:ISSN
5480:ISSN
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