4545:
conditions of belonging to a committee. These committees were made up of between three and nine members, they were made up of representatives of the two unions, in a proportional manner, and of all the services and industries that the company dealt with. These representatives were elected in an assembly of the center, an assembly in which it was decided whether a committee also had the right to sign for the movements of funds, the frequency of meetings between the committee and the patron, and the frequency of meetings between them. Committee membership was not remunerated, a term lasted two years, with eligibility for reelection. Members were responsible, for their management of a company, to the assembly of the company and to the
General Council of Industry. A committee approved the hours, salary increases and decreases, changes of categories or workplace, and notifications of absences to workers. A committee had to meet once a week to discuss the employer's proposals and to ensure compliance with the official provisions. The employer representation still had the power of the legal representation of the company, the power to contract, the custody of the box, and the signature and the fixing of their remuneration. If the company had a corporation or other commercial model as a legal entity, a member of the committee had to attend the council meetings with voice but without a vote.
4697:
agrarian communities acted as communes. The business role was joined to that of an institution that replaced the local powers of the municipalities in which they were created, in many cases abolishing money and private property (one of the principles of socialist anarchist society). Some of the most significant
Aragonese communities were those of Alcañiz, Alcorisa, Barbastro, Calanda, Fraga, MonzĂłn, and Valderrobres. In mid-February 1937, a congress was held in Caspe, the purpose of which was to create a federation of collectives attended by 500 delegates representing 80,000 Aragonese collectivists. Along the Aragon front, the Anarchist-influenced Council of Aragon, chaired by JoaquĂn Ascaso, had assumed control of the area. Both the Council of Aragon and these communities were not well regarded by the government of the republic; so, on August 4 the Minister of National Defense, Indalecio Prieto, issued orders to the 11th Division of Commander Enrique LĂster to be sent on "maneuvers" to Aragon, and dissolving the Council of Aragon on August 11.
3618:"I was impressed by the strength of the C.N.T. It was unnecessary to tell me that it was the largest and most vital of the working-class organisations in Spain. The large industries were clearly, in the main, in the hands of the C.N.T.--railways, road transport, shipping, engineering, textiles, electricity, building, agriculture. At Valencia the U.G.T. had a larger share of control than at Barcelona, but generally speaking the mass of manual workers belonged to the C.N.T. The U.G.T. membership was more of the type of the 'white-collar' worker...I was immensely impressed by the constructive revolutionary work which is being done by the C.N.T. Their achievement of workers' control in industry is an inspiration. One could take the example of the railways or engineering or textiles...There are still some Britishers and Americans who regard the Anarchists of Spain as impossible, undisciplined, uncontrollable. This is poles away from the truth. The Anarchists of Spain, through the
4458:
Landed properties were seized; some were collectivized, others were distributed among the peasants, and notarial archives as well as registers of property were burnt in countless towns and villages. Railways, tramcars and buses, taxicabs and shipping, electric light and power companies, gasworks and waterworks, engineering and automobile assembly plants, mines and cement works, textile mills and paper factories, electrical and chemical concerns, glass bottle factories and perfumeries, food-processing plants and breweries, as well as a host of other enterprises, were confiscated or controlled by workmen's committees, either term possessing for the owners almost equal significance in practice. Motion-picture theatres and legitimate theatres, newspapers and printing shops, department stores and bars, were likewise sequestered or controlled as were the headquarters of business and professional associations and thousands of dwellings owned by the upper class.
2064:
3545:, thus initiating the period during which most of the publications critical of the government began to suffer censorship. The next day it prohibited the police from belonging to political parties or unions, a measure adopted by the Catalan regional government on March 2. On March 12, the Generalitat approved an order demanding the seizure of all weapons and explosive materials from non-militarized groups. More confrontations began between the sectors of the FPA; and on March 27 the anarchist advisers of the Catalan autonomous government resigned. During the month of March, the "militarization" of the militias was completed, transforming them into a regular army subject to its disciplinary and hierarchal regimes, against which many anarchist voices rose up.
4789:
Libertarian paper, "and no one will take any notice. Rockefeller, if you were to come to Fraga with your entire bank account you would not be able to buy a cup of coffee. Money, your God and your servant, has been abolished here, and the people are happy." In those
Libertarian communities where money was suppressed, wages were paid in coupons, the scale being determined by the size of the family. Locally produced goods, if abundant, such as bread, wine, and olive oil, were distributed freely, while other articles could be obtained by means of coupons at the communal depot. Surplus goods were exchanged with other Anarchist towns and villages, money being used only for transactions with those communities that had not adopted the new system.
3315:
3053:
all living at the same level and mingling on terms of equality. In theory it was perfect equality, and even in practice it was not far from it. There is a sense in which it would be true to say that one was experiencing a foretaste of
Socialism, by which I mean that the prevailing mental atmosphere was that of Socialism. Many of the normal motives of civilized life – snobbishness, money-grubbing, fear of the boss, etc. – had simply ceased to exist. The ordinary class-division of society had disappeared to an extent that is almost unthinkable in the money-tainted air of England; there was no one there except the peasants and ourselves, and no one owned anyone else as his master.
3134:
5230:, advocated "forced labour". However, Garcia Oliver explained his idealistic vision of justice in Valencia on December 31, 1936; common criminals would find redemption in prison through libraries, sport, and theatre. Political prisoners would achieve rehabilitation by building fortifications and strategic roads, bridges, and railways, and would receive decent wages. Garcia Oliver believed it made more sense for fascist lives to be saved than for them to be sentenced to death. This is in contrast to the policy of mass annihilation of political opponents enacted in the rebel zone during the war.
3448:, which dissolved itself on October 1. On the other hand, on October 6 the Regional Defense Council of Aragon was legalized and regulated by decree. The proposed National Defense Council was regulated, aborting its development. Faced with this apparent tolerance, on October 9 a decree by the Generalitat outlawed all local committees in Catalonia, formally replacing them with the municipal councils of the FPA. All these concessions to the institutions were considered by some as a betrayal of the classical principles of anarchism, and received harsh criticism from colleagues.
3712:
was put into effect. Very quickly more than 60% of the land was collectively cultivated by the peasants themselves, without landlords, without bosses, and without instituting capitalist competition to spur production. In almost all the industries, factories, mills, workshops, transportation services, public services, and utilities, the rank and file workers, their revolutionary committees, and their syndicates reorganized and administered production, distribution, and public services without capitalists, high salaried managers, or the authority of the state.
4554:
These differences were motivated by the differing conceptions of the individual and by motivating the individual as a producer. In the first place, while anarchism understands the individual as a subject with needs that must be met, Marxism understands the individual as a producer. Secondly, anarchism holds to the concept that the worker will strive to produce and improve the process while controlling the productive activity. Marxism, on the other hand, understands that the worker will try harder in exchange for receiving a higher remuneration.
4784:". One of the most outstanding aspects of the communities was the approach with which they faced the problem of money and the distribution of products. In the villages and towns where money was abolished, different solutions were sought; these ideas varied according to locality and town: vouchers signed or stamped by committees, account books, local coins, ration tables, or individual or family checkbooks. In the cases where money was abolished, it was used to acquire products or tools that the community could not obtain by itself.
50:
3415:) disagreed with the PCE, understanding that the war and revolution were one and the same. They believed that the war was an extension of class struggle, and that the proletariat had defeated the military precisely because of this revolutionary impulse that they had been carrying for years and not because of defending a bourgeois republic. The nationalists represented precisely the class that these revolutionaries were fighting: the rich capitalists, the landowners, the Church, the Civil Guard, and the colonial army.
4333:
3237:, hitherto so despised, has revealed itself as a great constructive force ... I am not an Anarchist, but I regard it as my duty to express here my opinion of the Anarchists of Catalonia, who have all too often been represented to the world as a destructive, if not criminal, element. I was with them at the front, in the trenches, and I have learnt to admire them. The Catalan Anarchists belong to the advance guard of the coming revolution. A new world was born with them, and it is a joy to serve that world.
5164:
they were often denied all benefits enjoyed by members...Moreover, the tenant farmer, who had believed himself freed from the payment of rent by the execution or flight of the landowner or of his steward, was often compelled to continue such payment to the village committee. All these factors combined to exert a pressure almost as powerful as the butt of the rifle, and eventually forced the small owners and tenant farmers in many villages to relinquish their land and other possessions to the collective farms.
5286:
3675:, its president, was arrested. Likewise, the eleventh communist division attacked various committees of the Aragonese people and dissolved collective agricultural production, which soon after was reorganized. On September 7, the government reauthorized religious worship in private, one of its many measures to reestablish the power of the government in the republican zone, while in Barcelona there were demonstrations against the dissolution of the anarcho-syndicalist publication
3716:
new wealth, increased production (especially in agriculture), built more schools, and bettered public services. They instituted not bourgeois formal democracy but genuine grass roots functional libertarian democracy, where each individual participated directly in the revolutionary reorganization of social life. They replaced the war between men, 'survival of the fittest,' by the universal practice of mutual aid, and replaced rivalry by the principle of solidarity....
148:
5342:
4357:
2649:
2001:
3103:– where 685,000 hectares (76.3% of cultivated lands) were collectivized, leaving the rest of the republican provinces far behind. Many communes held out until the end of the war. Anarchist communes produced at a more efficient rate than before being collectivized, with productivity increasing by 20%. The newly liberated zones worked on entirely libertarian principles; decisions were made through councils of ordinary citizens without any bureaucracy.
9817:
5272:
4321:
4618:, when workers returned to their companies and workshops, woodworkers began to socialize. They began by seizing the companies, and through a general plan to rationalize efforts and resources, they closed the workshops that did not meet sufficient health and safety conditions, regrouping them to have large and clear premises. Although at the beginning there were still small workshops, later they were also added to the socialization.
1991:
3758:
4913:(UNSC), created in Catalonia on July 27, 1936, was entrusted with the task of restructuring the educational system in Catalonia. This organization could be understood as a model of public management of education: free, co-educational, secular, use of the vernacular, and unification of the different educational levels. However, the CENU created a Regional Federation of Rationalist Schools that was outside the UNSC system.
5356:
5328:
4345:
5314:
2853:
2789:
4481:
by the unions. Within the industrial sphere the revolution was carried out in different ways. These differences radiated from numerous factors: the disappearance of the owner, the strength and political orientation of the workers' organizations, the existence of foreign capital in the company itself, or even the destination of its products. Faced with this situation, there were three major orientations:
5300:
5009:
4414:"In the midst of the civil war the Anarchists have proved themselves to be political organizers of the first rank. They kindled in everyone the required sense of responsibility, and knew how, by eloquent appeals, to keep alive the spirit of sacrifice for the general welfare of the people. "As a Social Democrat I speak here with inner joy and sincere admiration of my experiences in
4505:
the places where industrial measures were carried out, it is necessary to look at certain factors, such as the type of industry or the implantation of the different workers' organizations and political parties, especially at the beginning of the revolution, when the actions were more broad, when workers had greater freedom of movement and the state had no capacity to oppose them.
4701:
committee was responsible for the day-to-day running of the community. This committee was in charge of obtaining materials, carrying out exchanges with other areas, organizing the distribution of production, and the public works that were necessary. Its members were elected in general assemblies in which all the people who made up the community participated.
5181:
unwilling collectivists within them. Forced collectivization ran contrary to libertarian ideals. Anything that was forced could not be libertarian. Obligatory collectivization was justified, in some libertarians' eyes, by a reasoning closer to war communism than to libertarian communism: the need to feed the columns at the front.
3419:
approved new programs that subordinated them to the government, which gave rise to the dissolution or beginning of absorption, appropriation, and intervention of the revolutionary structures by the republican state government. The situation in most
Republican-held areas slowly began to revert largely to its prewar conditions.
4523:
assembly to which they were responsible. The benefits were distributed among: workers, company, and for social purposes. Within each company was a reserve fund that the assembly could decide to use for social purposes, such as contributions to regional credit unions, the unemployed, or as investments in education and health.
3631:
workers in any part of the world." And in another place: "The great solidarity that existed amongst the
Anarchists was due to each individual relying on his own strength and not depending on leadership. The organisations must, to be successful, be combined with a free-thinking people; not a mass, but free individuals."
3340:, in which all the Popular Front parties were represented, in addition to the anarchists. The beginning of all this progressively greater agreement and rapprochement between the Popular Front parties and the unions was reflected in the formation of Largo Caballero's "first Government of Victory" on September 4.
4805:
an expression of power outside the state and also as ideological rivals of the communism that dominated the government. This is how they suffered discrimination in the financing of the IRA, the CLUEA's competition in the
Levante, forced unionization in Catalonia, or their forced dissolution in Aragon.
5163:
Even if the peasant proprietor and tenant farmer were not compelled to adhere to the collective system, there were several factors that made life difficult for recalcitrants; for not only were they prevented from employing hired labor and disposing freely as their crops, as has already been seen, but
4767:
The collectives were formed in the villages as a result of the abandonment, expropriation, or accumulation of land and work tools by the peasants. They were made up of people who wanted to belong and the work to be done was divided among the different members. In places where money was not abolished,
4727:
On a broader organizational level, the communities aspired to organize themselves into federations, following the example of Aragon. There were congresses in favor of the creation of federations of collectives, but in no case was a more elaborate body than in Aragon ever constituted. There were other
4577:
From August 6 to May 1937, revolutionary enthusiasm organized and energized all the cinematographic and theatrical activities in
Barcelona. The project began by standardizing wages for all job types in the film industry. Sickness, disability, old age, and forced unemployment benefits were established
4504:
At the beginning of the war, 70% of all the industry in Spain was in
Catalonia, which, as the nerve center of the CNT and Spanish anarchism, gave it a great importance within the revolutionary process, being one of the places where some of the most radical revolutionary experiments took place. In all
4422:
transformation took place here without their having to resort to a dictatorship. The members of the syndicates are their own masters and carry on the production and the distribution of the products of labor under their own management, with the advice of technical experts in whom they have confidence.
5225:
during the
Spanish Revolution. He points out that the CNT decided both that workers could be sacked for "laziness or immorality" and that all workers should "have a file where the details of their professional and social personalities will be registered". He also notes that the CNT Justice Minister,
5212:
Libertarian communism and agrarian collectivization were not economic terms or social principles enforced upon a hostile population by special teams of urban anarchosyndicalists, but a pattern of existence and a means of rural organization adopted from agricultural experience by rural anarchists and
5207:
Historian Graham Kelsey also maintains that the anarchist collectives were primarily maintained through libertarian principles of voluntary association and organization, and that the decision to join and participate was generally based on a rational and balanced choice made after the destabilization
5180:
illagers could find themselves under considerable pressure to collectivize – even if for different reasons. There was no need to dragoon them at pistol point: the coercive climate, in which 'fascists' were being shot, was sufficient. 'Spontaneous' and 'forced' collectives existed, as did willing and
4960:
In a sense similar to the previous point, one of the problems suffered at a general level, and in the rationalist school, in particular was the lack of trained teachers. This problem, which is inseparable from the structural lack of education, was aggravated in rural areas when it coincided with the
4938:
For informal education there were the libertarian athenaeums, or popular social centers in which different informative, cultural, or work tasks were developed. The athenaeums had a very strong tradition where anarchism was strong. However, in the war they even expanded into areas with few CNT roots.
4718:
Following libertarian practices, the collectives were governed by structures that can be described as "from the bottom up". That is, all decisions and appointments were made in assembly. In these assemblies all issues concerning the people were discussed. In these same assemblies the progress of the
4672:
Thus was formed a collective labor regime in which the lands of the aristocrats and landowners were expropriated and joined with the lands of other collectives. Animals, tools, and work were all held and done collectively. Periodic assemblies were held to direct what the community was doing, as well
4605:
Anarchist film production was a large part of the creative life in Catalonia at the time; and it spread to Aragon, Madrid, and Levante through different models, adapting to the circumstances of towns and cities and the working people who made them possible. Although productive activity in Madrid was
4553:
Remuneration for work was one of the points of friction between the anarchist and Marxist views during the revolutionary stage. While the anarchist organizations defended a single family salary, the Marxist organizations defended a staggered salary according to the type of work that was carried out.
4480:
After the coup d'Ă©tat and the beginning of the civil war, many owners in the republican zone were assassinated, imprisoned, or exiled, thus leaving a multitude of companies and factories without direction. This situation led to the takeover of such entities, sometimes amounting to entire industries,
4457:
The economic changes that followed the military insurrection were no less dramatic than the political. In those provinces where the revolt had failed the workers of the two trade union federations, the Socialist UGT and the Anarchosyndicalist CNT, took into their hands a vast portion of the economy.
3715:
The various agrarian and industrial collectives immediately instituted economic equality in accordance with the essential principle of communism, 'From each according to his ability and to each according to his needs.' They coordinated their efforts through free association in whole regions, created
3711:
In Spain during almost three years, despite a civil war that took a million lives, despite the opposition of the political parties (republicans, left and right Catalan separatists, socialists, Communists, Basque and Valencian regionalists, petty bourgeoisie, etc.), this idea of libertarian communism
3052:
I had dropped more or less by chance into the only community of any size in Western Europe where political consciousness and disbelief in capitalism were more normal than their opposites. Up here in Aragon one was among tens of thousands of people, mainly though not entirely of working-class origin,
5158:
He also emphasizes the generally coercive nature of the war climate and anarchist military organization and presence in many portions of the countryside as being an element in the establishment of collectivization, even if outright force or blatant coercion was not used to bind participants against
4900:
Within the educational field there were also important experiments, although, as will be seen, these experiences had great drawbacks preventing carrying out more intense work. One of the most significant changes was due to the fact that education went from being a defensive and destructive field of
4804:
The biggest problems that the communities faced were those consequential of the war itself: shortage of raw materials such as fertilizers, seeds, gear, and tools, or the lack of labor due to the mobilization. They also had great problems in their relationship with the state, as the collectives were
4656:
of the 19th century had failed to substantially modify the structure of land ownership and the republic's agrarian reform process had not fulfilled the expectations for change. Thus, as a result of the coup d'Ă©tat, a revolutionary process began in which the peasants expropriated from the landowners
4567:
The CNT's Entertainment Union was a model of organization and operation in the confederated media. It was significant that, between July 20 and 25, the cinemas and theaters of Barcelona were one of the first and most resoundingly successful occupations by the activists from Barcelona's CNT. On July
3422:
An exception was the consolidation of the collectivist process in Aragon, where thousands of libertarian militiamen from Valencia and Catalonia arrived, and where, before the start of the Civil War, there was the most important anarcho-syndicalist labor base affiliated with the CNT in all of Spain.
3232:
In three months Catalonia has been able to set up a new social order on the ruins of an ancient system. This is chiefly due to the Anarchists, who have revealed a quite remarkable sense of proportion, realistic understanding, and organising ability ... all the revolutionary forces of Catalonia
5185:
Anarchist sympathizers counter that the presence of a "coercive climate" was an unavoidable aspect of the war that the anarchists cannot be fairly blamed for, and that the presence of deliberate coercion or direct force was minimal, as evidenced by a generally peaceful mixture of collectivists and
4968:
And finally, the scarcity of economic and material resources must be pointed out due to the need to maintain a war economy and the economic downturn to which the collectivist movement was subjected. This lack of resources was a fundamental element in understanding the lack of reorganization of the
4857:
CNT agricultural collectives with 23,000 families, that is, a minimum of 67,992 people, approximately, to which must be added the UGT collectives, of at least as much, this is 176,000 in agriculture. There were many industrial collectives in the capitals and in the towns. It seems logical to me to
4813:
Once the state was restructured at any of its levels, it tried to stop, direct or at least channel any revolutionary organism. Regarding the collectives, the Minister of Agriculture Uribe drew up a decree of agrarian collectivizations that only sought to channel them. With this decree an excessive
4696:
In Barcelona the communities exercised a management role similar to collectives, without employers, as everything was controlled by their own workers. City services such as urban transport were managed by collective communities. In the countryside of Aragon, the Valencian Community and Murcia, the
4544:
Worker control involved the creation of workers' committees that would be in charge of controlling working conditions, the cash movements of the companies, and the control of production of companies that remained in private hands, excepting only those that did not have enough personnel to meet the
3490:
arrived in Madrid, after giving in to the pressure of the possibilists, who demanded collaboration with the state. On November 20, Buenaventura Durruti died under suspicious circumstances, fighting in the battle of Madrid, where he had arrived with more than a thousand militiamen from the Front of
6931:
5149:), which critics charge ran contrary to libertarian organizational principles. Bolloten claims that CNT–FAI reports overplayed the voluntary nature of collectivization, and ignored the more widespread realities of coercion or outright force as the primary characteristic of anarchist organization.
4916:
In rural areas, the collectivist movement was forced to intervene more directly than in the cities. Either because there were no educational structures before or because there was greater autonomy, in many rural municipalities the community faced local, professional, or municipal expenses. It was
4704:
In many villages and towns money was even abolished and replaced by vouchers signed or stamped by committees. Although some communities had problems with the republican authorities (e.g. the dissolution in Aragon), others, such as those of Castilla, Region of Murcia, and Andalusia, could function
4585:
At the political level, the collectivization of cinema was a new way of understanding art radically opposed to the bourgeois and capitalist system. There was no unity of criteria in the creative process, dogmatism was not allowed behind the scenes, and the "seventh art" incorporated a new form of
3630:
are inseparable. Those who have seen and understand what they are doing must honour them and be grateful to them. They are resisting Fascism. They are at the same time creating the New Workers' Order which is the only alternative to Fascism. That is surely the biggest things now being done by the
3148:
Alongside the economic revolution, there was a spirit of cultural and moral revolution: the libertarian athenaeums became meeting places and authentic cultural centers of theoretical education, in which were organized literacy classes, talks on health, excursions to the countryside, public access
3129:
In Catalan industry, the CNT workers' unions took over numerous textile factories, organized the trams and buses in Barcelona, established collective enterprises in fishing, in the footwear industry, and even in small retail stores and public shows. In a few days, 70% of industrial and commercial
2828:
from July 19 to 23, in response to both the military uprising and the apparent apathy of the state towards it. Despite the fact that there were specific records in previous days of the distribution of weapons among civilian sectors, it was during the General Strike when groups of trade unionists,
5153:
Although CNT-FAI publications cited numerous cases of peasant proprietors and tenant farmers who had adhered voluntarily to the collective system, there can be no doubt that an incomparably larger number doggedly opposed it or accepted it only under extreme duress...The fact is...that many small
4826:
says that there were 3 million people who participated. Vernon Richards talks about 1,500,000. Frank Mintz, in a 1970 study, says it was between 2,440,000 and 3,200,000; but by 1977 he had already revised these figures, placing it at a minimum of 1,838,000 collectivists. Its justification is the
4692:
The union or departure from the collective community was free. If a small owner wanted to continue working the land on their own, they could do so as long as they did not hire anyone. The UGT-organized National Federation of Land Workers (FNTT), which had more than half a million affiliates, was
4522:
of anarchism. In this case, management fell to a board of directors made up of less than fifteen people, in which all the productive and service levels of the company were involved, and in which the trade union centrals had to be proportionally represented. This council was elected in a workers'
3427:
by the Regional Committee of the CNT of Aragon, with delegations of the towns and confederated columns, following the directives proposed on September 15, 1936, in Madrid by the National Plenary of Regional members of the CNT, proposed to all political and union sectors the formation of Regional
3181:
However, the social effects of the revolution were less drastic than the economic ones; while there were some social changes in larger urban areas (Barcelona emphasised a "proletarian style" and Catalonia set up inexpensive abortion facilities), the attitudes of the lower classes remained fairly
3165:
were carried out. Similarly, in the social field, some traditions were considered as types of oppression, and bourgeois morality was also seen as dehumanizing and individualistic. Anarchist principles defended the conscious freedom of the individual and the natural duty of solidarity among human
5202:
was merely liberating the peasants. There had undoubtedly been pressure, and no doubt force was used on some occasions in the fervor after the rising. But the very fact that every village was a mixture of collectivists and individualists shows that the peasants had not been forced into communal
4788:
In many communities money for internal use was abolished, because, in the opinion of Anarchists, "money and power are diabolical philtres, which turn a man into a wolf, into a rabid enemy, instead of into a brother." "Here in Fraga , you can throw banknotes into the street," ran an article in a
4700:
In Aragon, agrarian collectives were formed that were structured by work groups of between five and ten members. To each work group, the community assigned a piece of land for which it was responsible. Each group elected a delegate who represented their views at community meetings. A management
4964:
One of the problems that was tried to solve was the lack of coordination between rationalist centers. In most cases, this coordination occurred informally, on the basis of affinity and proximity. The most interesting response in this regard was the Regional Federation of Rationalist Schools of
4925:
Within the field of vocational and technical training, various initiatives were developed. In the industrial field, these were largely the result of the unions, which, knowing that they were lacking in technicians and distrusting them, tried to train members of their organizations. Among these
3696:
On January 6, 1938, the government published a decree prohibiting all new issuances of banknotes and coins by committees, municipalities, corporations, etc.; and a period of one month was given for them to be withdrawn from circulation, in an attempt to end the last remnants of the revolution.
3418:
The militias of the parties and groups that were against the Popular Front government soon found government aid cut off, and their ability to act reduced. Consequently, republicans slowly began to reverse the recent changes made in most areas. During this period, some revolutionary structures
3067:." In some places, money was eliminated, replaced by vouchers. Under this system, the cost of goods was often little more than a quarter of the previous cost. During the revolution, 70% of rural areas were expropriated in Catalonia, about 70% in Eastern Aragon, 91% in the republican sector of
5217:
There is also focus placed by pro-anarchist analysts on the many decades of organization and shorter period of CNT–FAI agitation that was to serve as a foundation for high membership levels throughout anarchist Spain, which is often referred to as a basis for the popularity of the anarchist
3483:. During this month, the Iron Column decided to briefly take Valencia, in protest at the shortage of supplies provided by the Popular Executive Committee, subsequently leading to clashes in the streets of the city between libertarian militias and communist groups, leaving more than 30 dead.
3357:
Despite this apparent concession to the revolutionaries, the government did not actively intervene in the development of the revolution, as its main objective was to promote and strengthen the army as the foundation stone of the centralized state. In addition to the repeated attempts at the
2804:
began. On July 18, the ongoing military uprising led to a collapse of the republican state (four governments succeeded each other in a single day) and to the coercive structures of the state being dissolved or paralyzed in the places where the coup plotters did not seize power. By then, the
3650:
was excluded from the People's Courts. On June 8, the government issued a decree by which it temporarily outlawed rural communes that had not yet been dissolved. On June 14, a new government of the Generalitat was formed, also without the anarchists and revolutionaries. On June 15, the
4929:
In the agricultural field, federations of trade unions carried out this type of initiative, among which we can find the school of secretaries of Levante, the agricultural university of Moncada, the regional institute of agriculture and livestock, and the school of militants of MonzĂłn.
4531:
Nationalization denoted the management of the industry by the state. It resulted in the abolition of private property and management. The boards of directors were controlled by the state, and the benefits were adduced to the state and the company itself. It was the choice that the
4956:
In the first place, it is necessary to point out the poor school attendance in Spain. This problem was exacerbated in rural areas, where a large number of municipalities lacked schools or were in a very precarious situation, with many communities still trying to eradicate child
3670:
was prohibited by means of a government circular. In this month, the central government also ordered the dissolution of the AragĂłn Defense Council, practically the last remaining body of revolutionary power, which was militarily occupied by republican army troops on August 10.
3508:
has already begun in Catalonia; it has been carried out with the same energy as in the Soviet Union." The Stalinists had already begun the liquidation of any anti-fascists, collectivizations, and other revolutionary structures that did not submit to the directives of Moscow.
3372:
As the war dragged on, the spirit of the first days of the revolution lessened and friction between the diverse members of the Popular Front began, in part due to the policies of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), which were established by the foreign ministry of the
4951:
The problems that had to be faced had two different roots: on the one hand, there were the problems typical of a war, to which others that had been dragging down the educational sphere can be added, and on the other, those typical of the rationalist school movement.
3692:
On October 21, a demonstration by anarchist and socialist militants took place in front of the San Miguel de los Reyes prison in Valencia, threatening to break down the doors if the prisoners were not freed. On November 12, the CNT withdrew from the FPA committees.
4851:
The minimum data for agricultural communities is 297 and the maximum is 400. If we take 350 with 200 people on average, we have 70,000. Taking 80% of the 700,000 workers in the province, we have 560,000 people, that is, with their families, a minimum of 1,020,000.
4578:
permanently. This whole system employed about 6,000 people and supported 114 cinemas, 12 theaters, and 10 music halls during that period. An opera company was even created at the Tivoli theater, in an attempt to bring the genre closer to the general public.
5251:
and reformist left. He attributed the failures of the Spanish Republic to the oscillating position of the leadership, reformist programmes and organisational ineptitude in erecting mass revolutionary parties. He reserved his strongest condemnation for the
6955:
4589:
Between 1936 and 1937, more than a hundred films were produced, promoted by the production company and the distributor created by the CNT. The documentary genre was undoubtedly the most accomplished, as war news inevitably pushed out any other activity.
3706:
estimated that about eight million people participated directly or at least indirectly in the Spanish revolution, which he claimed "came closer to realizing the ideal of the free stateless society on a vast scale than any other revolution in history".
4581:
It can be said that it was one of the sectors that functioned the best economically, even building some cinemas such as the Ascaso (today's Vergara). Others were reformed or were finished building, such as the Durruti cinema (now the Arenas cinema).
4409:
economy based on coordination through decentralized and horizontal federations of participatory industrial collectives and agrarian communes. Andrea Oltmares, professor in the University of Geneva, in the course of an address of some length, said:
4586:
journalism by taking cameras out into the street, to film what was happening there. A popular mobilization emerged to tell what they saw, and the message emerged as counter-information. The information of the people thus replaced that of power.
2844:
group, made up of members of a more moderate sector of the CNT, which expressed the convenience of participating in a broader front, later called the Popular Antifascist Front (FPA), the result of adding the unions to the electoral coalition
97:
Elimination of all institutions of state power; worker control of industrial production; implementation of libertarian socialist economy; elimination of social influence from Catholic Church; international spread of revolution to neighboring
3391:
won the war. The PCE advocated not to antagonize the middle classes, the grassroots of the republican parties, which could be harmed by the revolution and side with the enemy. In the Popular Front government, there were parties such as the
3719:
This experience, in which about eight million people directly or indirectly participated, opened a new way of life to those who sought an alternative to anti-social capitalism on the one hand, and totalitarian state bogus socialism on the
3149:
libraries, theatrical performances, political gatherings, sewing workshops, etc. Numerous rationalist schools were founded, which expanded the existing offers of athenaeums and union centers and in which the educational postulates of
2957:, the latter also departing for Aragon. All this movement gave rise to an extraordinary concentration of anarchists in parts not taken by the rebel military. The arrival, on the one hand, of the thousands of anarchist militiamen from
5608:
4602:, for auxiliary services of sets and extras. However, the repression of May 1937 strangled the Social Revolution in the streets of Barcelona and, although films continued to be made, the previous production rate slowed considerably.
4640:, to manufacture different types of furniture and not to compete. Although some exchanges are carried out through barter (with other socialized branches, or with some agrarian communities), in most cases they had to use money.
3106:
In Aragon, where libertarian communism was proclaimed as the columns of libertarian militias passed, approximately 450 rural communes were formed, practically all of them in the hands of the CNT, with around 20 led by the UGT.
4513:
Socialization consisted of the management of the industry by the workers themselves. On the practical level, it resulted in the abolition of private property by collective management and property, based on the principles of
3435:
Despite this, on September 26 the most radical and anarchist sectors of Catalonia, dominated by the possibilists, began a policy of collaboration with the state, integrating themselves into the autonomous government of the
4942:
Various communities also carried out other initiatives, such as the creation of libraries, artistic activities, a cinema forum, theater groups, athenaeums, the foundation of its own academies, or nursery schools.
3213:
that were intended to resolve problems that arose. The doors of many prisons were opened, freeing the prisoners, among whom there were many politicians but also common criminals, some prisons being demolished.
4568:
26 a Technical Commission was put in charge of preparing a project that defined the new framework of work in cinemas and theaters. That same day, the Catalan Generalitat, overwhelmed by events, created the
5101:, landing on the island of Mallorca in the area of Punta Amer and Porto Cristo. On September 5, Bayo's column began the withdrawal from Mallorca, which lasted until September 12, returning to Barcelona.
4868:
Our estimate is at least 503 groups in agriculture, which would affect 130,000 people. In the industry, the minimum and hypothetical figure is 30,000, which as in the case of the Center is reasonable.
8790:
8780:
4472:
territory. In some towns and cities, the transformations were spontaneous and took different paths. However, in a large number of cases the first steps were in imitation of those taken in Barcelona.
1013:
1003:
4673:
as negotiate with other communities and encourage exchange. Most of these collectives were born in response to the lands that were left empty or were seized by committees after the coup d'Ă©tat. The
3332:
of the revolution. However, due to the need for military measures against the rebellious military, from October–November 1936 the unions began to cede control of the columns to the state for the
4961:
summer vacation period. The lack of trained teachers was especially incidental in the libertarian sphere, since most of the people who were in charge of the rationalist schools were militants.
2864:
At the same time, administrative structures were formed outside the state, most of a local or regional character, but exceeding such limits in specific cases; some of the most important were:
5612:
3064:
3042:(POUM; Workers' Party of Marxist Unification). Orwell meticulously documented his first-hand observations of the civil war, and expressed admiration for the social revolution in his book
2829:
linked to the convening unions and smaller groups, assaulted many of the weapons depots of the state forces, independently of whether they were in revolt against the government or not.
4768:
the salary became in most cases a family salary. Accordingly, it was set according to the number of family members, increasing according to whether they were a couple or had children.
4994:
meant that in the military field various initiatives avre developed coordinated by the new administrations established by the revolutionary wave, most of which would be unsuccessful.
4781:
4689:. Throughout the war they were present in the political and economic approaches of each faction, being in a way another of the ideological battlefields within the republican side.
3599:) be punished, bringing into practice repression against the latter party. On May 16, Largo Caballero resigned, which was followed by the formation of a socialist government under
6930:(2007). "Las colectividades del Cinca Medio durante la guerra civil (1936-1938)" [The communities of Cinca Medio during the civil war (1936-1938)]. In Sanz Ledesma (ed.).
5237:, for example, uses the Spanish experience to argue that to transcend capitalism, workers must completely abolish both wage labour and capital rather than just self-manage them.
2813:
had 1,447,000 members. On July 19, the uprising reached Catalonia, where the workers took up arms, stormed the barracks, erected barricades, and eventually defeated the military.
5126:, allowed Madrid to resist the attack of the rebels. In the subsequent defense of the city, numerous anarcho-syndicalists intervened, such as the column led by the Madrilenian
4625:, standardization of wages, improvement of working conditions, and the increase of production were achieved. Socialization was implemented throughout all phases of production:
3700:
During that year many of the large landowners returned and demanded the return of their property. Collectivization was progressively annulled despite its popular support.
4674:
4636:
A professional school and libraries were created, there was even a Socialized Furniture Fair in 1937. Coordination was achieved with the socialized wood industry of the
6883:
5198:
The justification for this operation (whose "very harsh measures" shocked even some Party members) was that since all the collectives had been established by force,
4500:
occurred in those industries that did not have a large volume of foreign capital and the political affiliation approached or defended the postulates of the CNT-FAI.
7466:
7012:
6905:
5104:
The so-called "Mallorca landings" could be considered to have been definitively concluded when on September 20 Francoist troops from Mallorca occupied Formentera.
3110:
In the Valencian area, 353 communes were established, 264 led by the CNT, 69 by the UGT and 20 with mixed CNT-UGT leadership. One of its main developments was the
7231:
4387:
7516:
3445:
2868:
7470:
5097:
was the only island in the Balearic archipelago that remained in republican hands. The republicans managed to take back the islands of Ibiza, Formentera, and
6557:
5122:, one of the main protagonists of the Revolution, died on November 20, 1936. The resistance of the popular militias, together with the reinforcements of the
3233:
have united in a program of Syndicalist-Socialist character: socialisation of large industry; recognition of the small proprietor, workers' control ...
7553:
3516:, which was regulated by the republican government and was more moderate in its policies, at the same time as it officially recognized the formation of the
3428:
Defense Councils confederated with a National Defense Council that would perform the functions of the central government, and agreed to the creation of the
5438:
Federica Montseny, a well-known speaker and member of the CNT, entered the government and ended up being booed by her own colleagues at one of her rallies.
5145:
Criticism of the Spanish Revolution has primarily centered around allegations of coercion by anarchist participants (primarily in the rural collectives of
4926:
initiatives were numerous schools of particular trades: railways, optics, transporters, metallurgists, and departments dedicated to professional training.
3523:
During this stage, the government definitely controlled the anarchist popular militias, dissolving them so that they were compulsorily integrated into the
3251:
decomposition of state power, on August 2 the government took one of its first measures to regain control against the revolution, with the creation of the
7445:
6719:
4834:. The minimum number of agricultural communities is 120 and the maximum of 300, taking an average of 210 with 300 people in each, would be 63,000 people.
4841:
The figure of 450 communities with 300,000 inhabitants is acceptable. In addition, the UGT had a certain strength, for example 31 communities in Huesca.
7490:
6583:
7181:
7155:
7129:
7103:
7077:
8401:
6927:
5213:
adopted by local committees as the single most sensible alternative to the part-feudal, part-capitalist mode of organization that had just collapsed.
3111:
2063:
5233:
Some radical commentators have incorporated their views on limitations of the Spanish Revolution into their theories of anti-capitalist revolution.
5240:
4594:(Syndicate of the Entertainment Industry) and Spartacus Films were created for the production of films. The Union had two large studios with three
7779:
3626:. Behind the front they are actually constructing the new Workers' Society. They see that the war against Fascism and the carrying through of the
7854:
7531:
3583:
During May 1937, confrontations between the supporters of the revolution and those opposed to it intensified. On May 13, after the events of the
4759:, and start tree nurseries. Once there was a link discovered between air pollution and tuberculosis, the CNT shut down several metal factories.
3513:
7508:
6980:
9901:
3404:, supported by the votes and interests of the middle class (civil servants, liberal professionals, small merchants, and landowning peasants).
8805:
7929:
7045:
4875:
758,000 collectivists in agriculture and 1,080,000 in industry. We therefore have 1,838,000, a minimum figure as explained at the beginning.
3130:
companies in Catalonia – in which, by itself, two-thirds of the industry of Spain was concentrated – had become the property of the workers.
1028:
8252:
7599:
2677:
931:
4965:
Catalonia, which planned the creation of an editorial and a Rationalist Norm. However, the federation did not have a remarkable evolution.
8900:
4969:
educational structure, with problems such as the lack of endowments, which was sometimes made up with the repurposing of other buildings.
4863:
The figure of 30 groups with an average of 220 people, that is, 6,000 people, should be considered as a maximum for the CNT and the UGT.
4433:
The key developments of the revolution were those related to the ownership and development of the economy in all its phases: management,
4380:
4216:
3595:
and Vicente Uribe, proposed to the government that the National Labor Confederation (CNT) and the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (
2030:
1125:
9750:
1926:
4739:
Among the collectivities there was also exchange, either in the form of barter, with their own paper money or with official currency.
4677:
counted between 1,500 and 2,500 communities throughout Spain. These collectives came to be territorially organized as was the case in
7621:
5186:
individualist dissenters who had opted not to participate in collective organization. The latter sentiment is expressed by historian
4199:
3576:, to remove control of the workers' organizations from the police, dissolving the autonomous Council of Cerdanya. Simultaneously, in
2385:
5419:
5218:
collectives, rather than any presence of force or coercion that allegedly compelled unwilling persons to involuntarily participate.
4939:
In some cases, such as Madrid, these athenaeums came to create schools, have health insurance, and promote other types of services.
3682:
9891:
7923:
4665:. This phenomenon has been called "collectivization". The collectivities were created through different means. In regions that the
6988:
5389:
4666:
3460:
2873:
5256:-allied Communist party for their repressive actions of other left-wing factions which ensured the ascendancy of Franco and the
5154:
owners and tenant farmers were forced to join the collective farms before they had an opportunity to make up their minds freely.
4423:
The enthusiasm of the workers is so great that they scorn any personal advantage and are concerned only for the welfare of all."
2972:
During this first phase most of the Spanish economy was brought under the control of workers organized by the unions; mainly in
8755:
4469:
4373:
3681:. On September 16, political rallies were prohibited in Barcelona. On September 26, the Asturian Council proclaimed itself the
3388:
2840:(FAI) and through it to the CNT, which understood the phenomenon in which it participated as a traditional revolution; and the
978:
2738:. Many small businesses, such as hotels, barber shops, and restaurants, were also collectivized and managed by their workers.
8837:
8278:
7480:
7435:
7416:
7394:
7251:
7093:
6949:
6757:
6700:
6533:
2336:
1381:
1060:
179:
3619:
2744:
9230:
8649:
7917:
6523:
4468:
Numerous experiments with management and control of workers and agrarian collectivizations were carried out throughout the
3387:
The PCE defended the idea that the ongoing Civil War made it necessary to postpone the ongoing social revolution until the
2893:
2576:
1844:
1199:
9856:
9390:
9330:
7974:
7197:
2949:
in the municipalities through which they passed. In addition, other popular military structures were formed, such as the
2793:
1514:
1454:
20:
4747:
The Spanish Revolution undertook several environmental reforms that were possibly the largest in the world at the time.
8827:
6895:
5394:
4678:
3835:
3429:
3319:
3303:; and on August 6 members of the PSUC left the Catalan autonomous government because of anarcho-syndicalist pressures.
2984:
influence, the rate wasn't so high. The factories were organized by workers' committees, the agricultural areas became
2878:
2752:
2477:
1050:
9906:
9866:
7740:
7718:
7635:
7543:
7450:
Del amor, la guerra y la revolución. Recuerdos de la guerra de España del 19 de julio de 1936 al 9 de febrero de 1939
7366:
7265:
7221:
7171:
7145:
7119:
7028:
6873:
6783:
6733:
6669:
6647:
6625:
6599:
6573:
4574:
which was not successful; the production of workers organized through the CNT union completely took over production.
3166:
beings as an innate tool for the progress of societies. Thus, for example, during the revolution, women achieved the
2425:
8116:
7769:
3797:
2810:
2670:
518:
2760:
9665:
9380:
7947:
2857:
2023:
1789:
1504:
5067:
some of the columns gave up their independence, subordinating themselves to the requirements of the government.
3622:, are doing one of the biggest constructive jobs ever done by the working class. At the front they are fighting
3326:
Both in this stage and in the previous one, the state was usually limited to legislating in accordance with the
9876:
9670:
7802:
7663:
7581:
7289:
7002:
6917:
6837:
6807:
5627:
3741:
3397:
2969:
popular base allowed for the progressive development of the largest collectivist experiment of the revolution.
2883:
2395:
1794:
4497:
3560:
demanded the CNT workers' patrols hand over control of customs on the border with France. Simultaneously, the
9881:
9245:
9220:
8686:
8546:
7655:
5226:
GarcĂa Oliver, initiated the setting up of "labour camps", and that even the most principled anarchists, the
4901:
capitalism to being understood as a fundamental pillar of the construction of the new revolutionary society.
3792:
3451:
1859:
1834:
1317:
1236:
147:
6662:
La revoluciĂłn española. Sus orĂgenes, la izquierda y la lucha por el poder durante la guerra civil 1936-1937
3757:
3592:
3314:
9580:
9540:
9256:
9225:
8516:
8423:
8228:
8136:
7257:
6993:
4204:
3647:
3549:
3536:
3401:
2837:
2806:
2549:
2504:
2467:
2455:
2400:
1839:
1704:
1664:
1289:
908:
538:
320:
7304:
The Spanish Cockpit: an Eye-Witness Account of the Political and Social Conflicts of the Spanish Civil War
5020:
This was the first military initiative, developed on July 24, 1936, when the first voluntary militia, the
3365:
September 28: Decree for the voluntary transfer of heads and officers of the popular militias to the Army.
9886:
9720:
9240:
8596:
8323:
8237:
5611:[Spain betrayed Stalin and the Civil War] (in Spanish). FundaciĂłn Federico Engels. Archived from
5222:
5176:, who commented that direct force was not necessary in the context of an otherwise coercive war climate.
4682:
4658:
4092:
3870:
2663:
2611:
1896:
1854:
1367:
916:
245:
24:
8541:
8411:
7858:), Juan Gamero, 1997, documentary about Anarchism in Spain and the collectives in the Spanish Revolution
6747:
3306:
3100:
1312:
9871:
9790:
9430:
9215:
8720:
8608:
7755:
7627:
4910:
4891:
4136:
3517:
3137:
2484:
2016:
1966:
1829:
1554:
1270:
1159:
9145:
6859:
4494:
occurred in companies with management sympathetic to Soviet communism, and later in all war industries
3266:
July 25: Decree declaring government employees who sympathize with the coup plotters to be unemployed.
844:
9896:
9620:
9235:
8915:
8910:
8391:
8379:
8257:
8201:
8176:
8126:
8061:
7991:
7381:
5414:
5169:
5098:
3802:
3182:
conservative and there was comparatively little emulation of Russian-style "revolutionary morality".
3167:
3150:
2898:
2801:
2596:
2390:
2348:
1849:
1744:
1140:
1135:
936:
603:
578:
528:
463:
391:
346:
206:
9635:
9595:
9545:
9410:
9000:
8905:
8832:
8821:
8715:
8664:
8356:
8242:
8041:
7926:, an essay on Anarchism in the Spanish Civil War, hosted on the Pierre J. Proudhon memorial server.
7536:
Anarchosyndicalism, Libertarian Communism, and the State: The CNT in Zaragoza and Aragon, 1930–1937
6679:
4533:
4438:
4167:
4157:
3607:
3439:
3296:
3185:
Public order also varied substantially, getting by without the classic forces of public order (the
3133:
1759:
1719:
1669:
1534:
1265:
1214:
1130:
1055:
1044:
921:
699:
443:
9035:
7472:
Barricades in Barcelona: The CNT from the victory of July 1936 to the necessary defeat of May 1937
5630:[Stalinism and anti-Stalinism in Spain] (in Spanish). FundaciĂłn Andreu Nin. Archived from
4846:
The data cited, although minimal, can be noted: a hundred agricultural groups with 13,000 people.
4776:
The economic policies of the anarchist collectives were primarily operated according to the basic
734:
9705:
9395:
9365:
9310:
9305:
8536:
8316:
8294:
8247:
7967:
7862:
7796:
5447:
The enrollment rate was around 50%, of which only 70% of those enrolled attended class regularly.
5404:
5399:
5333:
5134:
5063:
This operation lasted until the end of September, when faced with the imperative of the imminent
5003:
4895:
4488:
occurred where the existence of foreign capital limited the revolutionary capacity of the workers
4080:
3850:
3686:
3524:
3472:
3285:
3256:
3210:
3091:. 54% of the expropriated area of republican Spain was collectivized, according to IRA data. The
2841:
2769:
2711:
2539:
2194:
1881:
1519:
1489:
1434:
1429:
1307:
926:
238:
218:
9080:
7810:
7236:
La CGT-SR et la révolution espagnole - De l'espoir à la désillusion (Juillet 1936-décembre 1937)
4614:
Between 7,000 and 10,000 people worked in this industry during the Civil War. Shortly after the
779:
9861:
9680:
9615:
9550:
9475:
9455:
9450:
9295:
9285:
9130:
8634:
8451:
8433:
8386:
8333:
8267:
8262:
8141:
8131:
8121:
8066:
7280:
5384:
5123:
4434:
4121:
4073:
4018:
3978:
3830:
3337:
2903:
2199:
2098:
1804:
1739:
1674:
1599:
1579:
1574:
1419:
1409:
1184:
946:
941:
829:
543:
533:
523:
468:
294:
272:
250:
7602:(2012). "I.8 Does revolutionary Spain show that libertarian socialism can work in practice?".
7356:
7211:
7082:
JosĂ© Pellicer, el anarquista Ăntegro. Vida y obra del fundador de la heroica Columna de Hierro
6797:
2888:
9780:
9590:
9570:
9530:
9515:
9360:
9340:
9120:
8895:
8870:
8815:
8765:
8211:
8156:
8021:
8011:
8006:
7893:
7573:
7086:
José Pellicer, the complete anarchist. Life and work of the founder of the heroic Iron Column
5029:
4519:
4406:
4337:
3918:
3893:
3787:
3772:
3749:
3656:
3393:
3186:
2992:
2846:
2816:
2765:(UGT; General Union of Workers) also participated in the implementation of collectivization.
2735:
2707:
2571:
2519:
2499:
2437:
2417:
2412:
2246:
2126:
2121:
2093:
2088:
1956:
1714:
1694:
1654:
1639:
1484:
1464:
1120:
1095:
1038:
988:
819:
613:
558:
423:
413:
408:
157:
7404:
3468:
9835:
9696:
9685:
9675:
9660:
9650:
9600:
9555:
9535:
9485:
9465:
9460:
9440:
9435:
9420:
9415:
9400:
9385:
9370:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9300:
9290:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9206:
9020:
8990:
8980:
8736:
8710:
6910:
RevoluciĂłn y guerra civil. Las colectividades obreras en la provincia de Alicante 1936-1939
5119:
5057:
4669:
had not seized, the municipalities and the peasants themselves initiated collectivization.
4293:
4231:
3973:
3845:
3505:
3295:
The first tensions also arose between the strategy of the anarchists and the policy of the
3026:
2954:
2942:
2529:
2524:
2306:
2283:
2184:
2136:
2083:
2078:
2047:
1873:
1809:
1799:
1784:
1774:
1724:
1679:
1659:
1609:
1589:
1584:
1564:
1559:
1544:
1539:
1524:
1509:
1494:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1260:
960:
719:
689:
679:
361:
167:
162:
7240:
The CGT-SR and the Spanish Revolution - From Hope to Disillusion (July 1936-December 1937)
3259:. Overwhelmed by the revolutionary phenomenon, it also promulgated some symbolic decrees:
2925:
were established, one of the main fronts, in the context of the revolution, being that of
8:
9770:
9655:
9645:
9630:
9610:
9605:
9585:
9565:
9560:
9525:
9520:
9510:
9490:
9445:
9425:
9345:
9335:
9265:
9160:
9050:
8931:
8847:
8810:
8785:
8750:
8725:
8692:
8681:
8501:
8491:
8406:
8374:
8287:
8216:
5374:
5053:
5052:, repeatedly besieging the three provincial capitals. At the beginning of September, the
4985:
4662:
4485:
4097:
4068:
3860:
3807:
3234:
3225:
3206:
3190:
3088:
3044:
2962:
2833:
2780:
suppressed the revolution in their respective territories after its third phase in 1937.
2719:
2633:
2606:
2559:
2544:
2460:
2380:
2358:
2353:
2311:
2241:
1946:
1779:
1769:
1754:
1734:
1729:
1709:
1689:
1684:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1614:
1569:
1549:
1469:
1459:
1389:
1275:
1242:
1231:
1070:
1033:
1008:
973:
859:
749:
631:
618:
371:
366:
277:
201:
7704:
7382:
The Anarchist Collectives: Workers' Self-management in the Spanish Revolution, 1936–1939
7332:
Ugetistas and libertarians. Civil War and Revolution in the Valencian Country, 1936–1939
5260:
for abandoning the revolution in favour of maintaining diplomatic parity with the West.
4685:
with the unification of the peasant federations, or in Levante with the creation of the
4606:
less important than in Barcelona, 24 films were shot, both documentaries and fictional.
3368:
September 29: Decree of application of the Code of Military Justice to popular militias.
3099:– where 1,002,615 hectares (98.9% of cultivated lands) were collectivized in 1938 – and
2741:
The collectivization effort was primarily organized by the rank-and-file members of the
2321:
9828:
9640:
9625:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9470:
9405:
9355:
9350:
9135:
9060:
8875:
8865:
8770:
8704:
8670:
8624:
7960:
7932:
by Augustin Souchy, a classic study of libertarian collectivisation in the countryside.
7502:
6974:
5369:
5227:
5076:
5041:
4630:
4236:
3865:
3840:
3611:
3584:
3194:
3092:
3072:
3015:
2985:
2703:
2628:
2564:
2514:
2472:
2442:
2430:
2368:
2343:
2331:
2316:
2301:
2256:
2146:
2131:
1764:
1749:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1594:
1529:
1479:
1474:
1254:
1220:
1174:
1100:
1090:
993:
834:
759:
131:
9005:
7538:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, International Institute of Social History. p. 161.
6635:
3998:
3933:
704:
9800:
9730:
9575:
9480:
9375:
9090:
8960:
8745:
8698:
8461:
8338:
8191:
8051:
7765:
7736:
7714:
7669:
7659:
7631:
7587:
7577:
7539:
7476:
7431:
7412:
7390:
7362:
7311:
7285:
7261:
7217:
7193:
7167:
7141:
7115:
7089:
7024:
6998:
6945:
6913:
6891:
6869:
6843:
6833:
6813:
6803:
6779:
6753:
6729:
6706:
6696:
6665:
6643:
6621:
6595:
6569:
6529:
6048:
5409:
4991:
4979:
4248:
4172:
4131:
4013:
3903:
3627:
3476:
3333:
3263:
July 18: Decree declaring the military who participated in the coup to be unemployed.
2977:
2946:
2922:
2699:
2695:
2616:
2586:
2554:
2494:
2326:
2221:
2211:
2141:
2116:
1976:
1906:
1699:
1604:
1499:
1248:
968:
789:
659:
593:
453:
336:
306:
255:
41:
19:
This article is about the 20th century anarchist revolution. For disambiguation, see
7897:, José Luis Cuerda, 1999, coming-of-age film about children in libertarian education
5199:
3672:
3580:, the Assault Guard proceeded to disarm the workers in public view, in the streets.
2189:
49:
9821:
9710:
9150:
9095:
9010:
8880:
8857:
8800:
8775:
8676:
8618:
8586:
8571:
8506:
8446:
8416:
8396:
8364:
8328:
8311:
8299:
8206:
8166:
8076:
8071:
7645:
7617:
7565:
7386:
7328:
Ugetistas y libertarios. Guerra civil y RevoluciĂłn en el PaĂs Valenciano, 1936–1939
7307:
7247:
6825:
6721:
Guerra civil en Murcia. Un análisis sobre el poder y los comportamientos colectivos
6657:
6501:
5361:
5291:
5277:
5247:
delivered a series of deprecatory criticisms of the various factions including the
5146:
5064:
4705:
with more or less success until 1939, when they were dissolved by Franco's troops.
4450:
4446:
4349:
4325:
4283:
4085:
4063:
4028:
4008:
3943:
3855:
3782:
3343:
Among the measures aimed at legitimizing the activity of the revolutionaries were:
3162:
3122:, CLUEA) and the total socialization of the industries and services of the city of
3115:
2966:
2777:
2730:, the figure was as high as 75%. Factories were run through worker committees, and
2723:
2715:
2591:
2509:
2407:
2375:
2251:
1994:
1886:
1357:
1342:
1226:
1168:
1105:
1080:
1023:
998:
849:
794:
709:
608:
568:
478:
473:
351:
289:
282:
233:
228:
223:
211:
191:
7825:
7108:
La revoluciĂłn traicionada. La verdadera historia de Balius y Los Amigos de Durruti
5085:
had been present since July 19, when it was taken by the nationalists, along with
4917:
also important obey the statutes of some communities that prohibited child labor.
4748:
4536:
defended, since in this way it could weaken the economic power that the CNT held.
3953:
3362:
September 16: Decree taking government control of the Rearguard Vigilance Militia.
9760:
9170:
9070:
9065:
9045:
9015:
8970:
8965:
8955:
8920:
8795:
8644:
8466:
8441:
8369:
8146:
8026:
7847:
7603:
7275:
6609:
5347:
5118:
The last major operation of the confederal militias took place in November 1936.
5113:
4491:
4419:
4361:
4162:
4141:
3988:
3958:
3948:
3908:
3898:
3825:
3520:. On January 8, 1937, the Popular Executive Committee of Valencia was dissolved.
3464:
3412:
3202:
2773:
2653:
2581:
2534:
2450:
2363:
2004:
1936:
1194:
1145:
1018:
869:
769:
764:
744:
714:
669:
664:
654:
548:
428:
267:
260:
196:
9125:
8945:
6855:
5234:
2710:
organizational principles throughout various portions of the country, primarily
2702:
in 1936 and for two to three years resulted in the widespread implementation of
824:
644:
9775:
9765:
9025:
8940:
8852:
8566:
8561:
8551:
8486:
8456:
8171:
8101:
8056:
8036:
8031:
7733:
The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth Century Spain
7299:
5379:
5305:
5021:
4733:
4637:
4615:
4278:
4209:
3983:
3888:
3777:
3660:
3487:
3221:
3031:
2938:
2825:
2278:
2179:
2169:
1951:
1941:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1075:
724:
639:
573:
503:
458:
438:
433:
85:
7061:
6817:
6618:
The nationalization process in the Catalan collectivist experience (1936-1939)
3600:
3224:, who before Mussolini's accession to power was professor of economics in the
9850:
9185:
9140:
9105:
9085:
9040:
8995:
8890:
8842:
8760:
8581:
8526:
8111:
8106:
8086:
7750:
7339:
7207:
6793:
6710:
5187:
5127:
4756:
4652:
in the Spanish countryside led to widespread unrest among the peasantry. The
4515:
4442:
4298:
4126:
4023:
3993:
3968:
3963:
3928:
3565:
3154:
3011:
2273:
2206:
1352:
1297:
1115:
1065:
983:
884:
839:
804:
784:
739:
694:
513:
508:
488:
7935:
7798:
Workers against Work: Labor in Paris and Barcelona during the Popular Fronts
7591:
7112:
The revolution betrayed. The true story of Balius and the Friends of Durruti
4405:
The most notable aspect of the social revolution was the establishment of a
4033:
3480:
3347:
September 17: Decree of seizure of convicts' estates by the People's Courts.
9725:
9715:
9190:
9115:
9055:
9030:
8975:
8629:
8591:
8556:
8081:
8016:
7920:, a huge collection on the Spanish Civil War from an anarchist perspective.
7910:, a large collection of articles on the civil war and social revolution at
7907:
7728:
7323:
7315:
6743:
5319:
5244:
5013:
4823:
4653:
4177:
4003:
3938:
3923:
3913:
3725:
3512:
On December 23, the GijĂłn War Committee was transformed by decree into the
3377:
3218:
3198:
3141:
3000:
2926:
1901:
1891:
1362:
1327:
1179:
889:
814:
754:
729:
674:
483:
418:
7673:
7649:
6847:
6614:
El proceso estatizador en la experiencia colectivista catalana (1936-1939)
5048:
headed mainly towards Huesca and Zaragoza, and the Valencian ones towards
3655:
was outlawed and its executive committee was arrested. On the June 16 the
3557:
9195:
9165:
9155:
9110:
8985:
8576:
8531:
8496:
8186:
8096:
7941:
7878:
7831:
7570:
Agrarian reform and peasant revolution in Spain: origins of the Civil War
7376:
6767:
4649:
4305:
3703:
3561:
3553:
3501:
3381:
3353:
October 22 (Catalonia): Decree on collectivisations and workers' control.
3275:
August 3: Decree of intervention in the sale prices of food and clothing.
3158:
3096:
3068:
3020:
3004:
2989:
2950:
2731:
2601:
1347:
1302:
894:
864:
854:
809:
684:
588:
498:
356:
5341:
5208:
and effective absence of capitalism as a powerful factor in the region.
4880:
Frank Mintz. "Self-management in revolutionary Spain". La Piqueta, 1977.
4599:
4449:
of privately owned resources, in adherence to the anarchist belief that
4356:
2648:
2000:
9755:
9740:
9735:
9180:
8654:
8304:
8181:
8151:
8046:
7911:
5090:
4752:
4622:
4598:
for filming, and the "Palace of Belgium" was set up on the premises of
4116:
2623:
2216:
2055:
1931:
1916:
1911:
1204:
879:
583:
553:
448:
341:
4621:
After a few months of spontaneity, efforts were coordinated until the
3530:
3432:, which celebrated its first assembly on October 15 of the same year.
2976:
areas such as Catalonia. This phenomenon extended to 75% of the total
2836:
revolutionary sectors: the radical group, fundamentally linked to the
9795:
9745:
9075:
8639:
8196:
8091:
7983:
7867:
5257:
5253:
5033:
4777:
4591:
4415:
4288:
4273:
4053:
3588:
3577:
3424:
3374:
3358:
dissolution of the popular war and defense committees, they decreed:
3171:
3076:
3065:
From each according to their ability, to each according to their need
2973:
2958:
2930:
2832:
Already in these first weeks, two groups were established within the
2788:
2727:
2236:
2174:
1971:
1921:
1189:
774:
598:
493:
139:
81:
77:
5631:
5008:
3463:
approved a new action program that subordinated it to the policy of
9100:
8659:
8343:
8161:
7761:
7710:
7700:
7688:
7609:
7428:
La economĂa colectivizada de la zona republicana en la Guerra civil
6865:
6775:
6726:
Civil war in Murcia. An analysis of power and collective behaviors.
6640:
De la calle al frente. El anarcosindicalismo en España. (1936-1939)
5221:
Michael Seidman has suggested there were other contradictions with
5082:
5025:
4226:
3569:
3248:
3175:
2909:
2268:
1209:
799:
563:
311:
117:
7160:"Los historiadores contra la Historia", en Las armas de la crĂtica
1990:
9785:
8001:
5094:
4973:
4822:
The figures are often fuzzy. Various numbers have been proposed.
4782:
from each according to his ability, to each according to his need
4626:
4106:
3623:
2231:
2164:
1961:
403:
299:
6912:(in Spanish). Alicante: Instituto de Cultura «Juan Gil-Albert».
6193:
6166:
5561:
5559:
5133:
Nevertheless, the confederal militias were militarized into the
3063:
The communes were operated according to the basic principle of "
8950:
8885:
7334:] (in Spanish). Valencia: Institución Alfonso el Magnánimo.
7021:
Libertarian education and social revolution. (Spain, 1936-1939)
6361:
6349:
6337:
6313:
6253:
6229:
6217:
6205:
6154:
5049:
5045:
5037:
4751:
notes that anarchist territories would diversify crops, extend
3573:
3496:
3084:
3080:
2996:
2934:
2226:
1110:
649:
73:
6183:
6181:
5980:
5571:
5496:
5355:
5327:
4344:
3452:
Third phase of the Revolution (November 1936 – January 1937):
9175:
7017:
Educación libertaria y revolución social. (España, 1936-1939)
6772:
Anarchism and Workers' Self-Management in Revolutionary Spain
5556:
5086:
4729:
4686:
4253:
4241:
3423:
In the final weeks of September 1936, the assembly called in
3123:
2915:
2852:
874:
7952:
5917:
5905:
5893:
5845:
5833:
5785:
5773:
5761:
5520:
2734:
areas became collectivized and run as libertarian socialist
2726:
was put under worker control; in anarchist strongholds like
6592:
From Radical-Socialism to Radical and Libertarian Socialism
6481:
6325:
6301:
6289:
6277:
6265:
6241:
6178:
6142:
5881:
5797:
5722:
5248:
3667:
3652:
3596:
3408:
3300:
3288:): Decree of socialization and unionization of the economy.
3037:
2981:
2263:
54:
Women training for a militia outside Barcelona, August 1936
7164:"Historians against History", in The weapons of criticism.
7066:
La Revolución española en la práctica, documentos del POUM
5992:
5946:
5944:
5590:
5588:
5586:
3614:(1937), expressed his impressions in the following words:
3603:, but without support from anarchists or revolutionaries.
3307:
Second phase of the Revolution (September–November 1936):
7819:
Revolution and counterrevolution in Catalonia (1936–1937)
6588:
Del Radical-Socialismo al Socialismo Radical y Libertario
6072:
6070:
3467:'s republican government, which included the CNT members
3291:
August 23: Decree of the creation of the People's Courts.
3095:
where rural communes became most important were those of
7358:
Blood of Spain: An Oral History of the Spanish Civil War
6684:
El corto verano de la anarquĂa. Vida y muerte de Durruti
6469:
6457:
6445:
6130:
6082:
5968:
5869:
5809:
5739:
5737:
5698:
5662:
5174:
Blood of Spain: An Oral History of the Spanish Civil War
3527:, which was under the command of professional officers.
2941:, of around 3,000 people, mostly workers coordinated by
7253:
The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution
6106:
5941:
5857:
5583:
5508:
4557:
3281:
August 13: Decree of closure of religious institutions.
7815:
Revolución y contrarrevolución en Cataluña (1936–1937)
7190:
Maroto, el hĂ©roe, una biografĂa del anarquismo andaluz
7186:
Maroto, el hĂ©roe, una biografĂa del anarquismo andaluz
6594:] (in Spanish). Madrid: FundaciĂłn Salvador SeguĂ.
6397:
6385:
6373:
6067:
5929:
5710:
5650:
5638:
5460:
3446:
Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia
3336:, which was directed by a semi-independent body – the
2869:
Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia
6433:
6421:
6409:
6028:
5956:
5734:
3007:
were collectivized and managed by their own workers.
2929:. On July 24, 1936, the first voluntary militia left
2817:
First phase of the revolution (July–September 1936):
6118:
6055:
6016:
6004:
5821:
5749:
5686:
5674:
5532:
5472:
5267:
4933:
4920:
4719:
community and the actions to be taken were debated.
2965:, and the existence, on the other, of a large rural
106:
Work place collectivization; political assassination
72:
Various regions of Spain – primarily
7281:
The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years, 1868–1936
7166:] (in Spanish). Bilbao: Muturreko Burutazioak.
7140:] (in Spanish). Bilbao: Muturreko Burutazioak.
6728:] (in Spanish). Murcia: Universidad de Murcia.
6693:
La crisis del antifascismo: Barcelona, mayo de 1937
6517:
6515:
6513:
6094:
5484:
3531:
The end of the revolution (January 1937 – May 1937)
2757:(FAI; Iberian Anarchist Federation). The socialist
7070:The Spanish Revolution in practice, POUM documents
5192:Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
5168:This charge had previously been made by historian
4904:
7883:, Vicente Aranda, 1996, fictional film about the
7826:An "Uncontrollable" from the Iron Column (1979).
7213:Battle for Spain the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
6717:
5544:
5502:
4661:communities based on collective ownership of the
3278:August 8: Decree of seizure of rustic properties.
3112:Unified Levantine Council for Agricultural Export
9848:
7425:
6510:
5526:
3548:On April 17, the day after the ministers of the
3535:On February 27, 1937, the government banned the
3500:published an editorial that read: "The purge of
6049:"Objectivity and Right-Libertarian Scholarship"
4814:importance was given to the individual farmer.
3120:Consell LlevantĂ Unificat d'ExportaciĂł AgrĂcola
2749:(CNT; National Confederation of Labor) and the
7461:. New York: Monthly Review Press. p. 134.
7430:(in Spanish). Universidad de Jaén. p. 6.
6608:
5923:
5911:
5899:
5851:
5791:
5779:
5767:
5024:, departed from Barcelona in the direction of
4974:The revolution, the Civil War and the militias
4885:
4858:consider a minimum of 30,000 people affected.
4817:
4732:, the managing body for citrus exports in the
7968:
7884:
7876:
7870:, 1995, fictionalized adaptation of Orwell's
7845:
7809:
7735:. London: Harper Collins. pp. 388, xiv.
7403:
6904:
5986:
5839:
5609:"España traicionada Stalin y la Guerra Civil"
5565:
4569:
4381:
3676:
3572:, and other towns throughout the province of
3540:
3437:
3350:October 10: Decree creating Emergency Juries.
3035:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2671:
2024:
23:. For the 19th century liberal uprising, see
7011:
6678:
6367:
6355:
6343:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6259:
6247:
6235:
6223:
6211:
6199:
6187:
6172:
6160:
6148:
5668:
3641:
3514:Interprovincial Council of Asturias and LeĂłn
3327:
3272:August 3: Decree of seizure of the railways.
3269:July 25: Decree of intervention in industry.
2809:had approximately 1,577,000 members and the
7452:(in Spanish). Logroño: Pepitas de Calabaza.
5625:
4643:
4441:. This was accomplished through widespread
3610:in England who traveled to Spain after the
3228:, put his judgment in the following words:
9751:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
7975:
7961:
7924:The Spanish Civil War: Anarchism in Action
7507:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6979:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6882:
6620:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Nossa y Jara.
5887:
5875:
5815:
5803:
5728:
4990:The coincidence of the revolution and the
4388:
4374:
2678:
2664:
2031:
2017:
1927:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
7693:Journey into the Past (Memoirs 1936-1939)
7564:
7465:
7350:] (in Spanish). ParĂs: Ruedo IbĂ©rico.
6888:Treinta meses de colectivismo en Cataluña
6556:
5628:"Estalinismo y antiestalinismo en España"
5466:
5241:In his writings on the Spanish Revolution
7821:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Tusquets.
7515:
7489:
7298:
7274:
7246:
6656:
6634:
6562:Libertad también se escribe en minúscula
6403:
6391:
6076:
5950:
5863:
5704:
5107:
5070:
5007:
4217:Korean People's Association in Manchuria
3552:returned to the Generalitat, a force of
3313:
3174:became popular, and there was a rise in
3132:
2851:
2787:
7794:
7727:
7552:
7444:
7375:
6854:
6690:
6521:
6487:
6475:
6463:
6451:
6379:
5998:
5935:
5716:
5692:
5680:
5656:
5644:
5626:Manuel Vera, Juan (November 25, 1999).
5390:Popular Executive Committee of Valencia
4609:
3461:Popular Executive Committee of Valencia
2874:Popular Executive Committee of Valencia
9849:
8756:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
7749:
7530:
7495:Experiencias de la revolución española
7456:
7354:
7338:
7206:
7180:
7154:
7128:
7114:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Virus.
7102:
7088:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Virus.
7076:
6987:
6926:
6792:
6582:
6439:
6427:
6415:
6112:
6034:
5962:
5743:
5594:
5550:
5538:
5490:
5478:
5420:Sovereign Council of Asturias and LeĂłn
4475:
4200:International Workingmen's Association
3683:Sovereign Council of Asturias and LeĂłn
979:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
7956:
7644:
7616:
7598:
7475:. Ediciones Espartaco Internacional.
7322:
7056:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Virus.
7038:
7023:] (in Spanish). Madrid: U.N.E.D.
6832:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
6824:
6766:
6749:Collectives in the Spanish Revolution
6742:
6695:(in Spanish). Barcelona: DeBolsillo.
6568:] (in Spanish). Hacer Editorial.
6499:
6136:
6124:
6100:
6088:
6061:
6046:
6022:
6010:
5974:
5827:
5755:
5577:
5514:
4693:largely in favor of the collectives.
3170:in Catalonia, the idea of consensual
7948:Spanish Revolution 2011 in Barcelona
7778:
7558:Los anarquistas españoles y el poder
7230:
7060:
7044:
6566:Freedom is also written in lowercase
6550:
6528:. Pathfinder Press. pp. 17–52.
5606:
4571:ComisarĂa d'Espectacles de Catalunya
4558:Examples of collectivized industries
3732:
3299:and its extension in Catalonia, the
2894:Popular Committee of Sama de Langreo
7699:
6997:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
6664:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Grijalbo.
4997:
4742:
3444:, which was reborn in place of the
3038:Partido Obrero UnificaciĂłn Marxista
21:Spanish Revolution (disambiguation)
13:
9902:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
7459:Anarchism: From Theory to Practice
7411:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Planeta.
6718:González MartĂnez, Carmen (1999).
6642:(in Spanish). Barcelona: CrĂtica.
5395:Regional Defense Council of Aragon
5028:. One of the last columns was the
4713:
4526:
3606:Fenner Brockway, Secretary of the
3430:Regional Defense Council of Aragon
3320:Regional Defense Council of Aragon
2879:Regional Defense Council of Aragon
2745:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
2698:that began at the outbreak of the
114:Suppressed after ten-month period
14:
9918:
7901:
7706:Durruti in the Spanish revolution
7526:(in Spanish). Parsifal ediciones.
6861:The CNT in the Spanish revolution
5056:arrived and was installed around
5036:on August 28 in the direction of
4946:
4934:Non-Formal and Cultural Education
4921:Vocational and technical training
4808:
4539:
3666:In August 1937, criticism of the
3494:On December 17, the Moscow daily
2921:In a few days, the fronts of the
9815:
8791:International Conference of Rome
8781:International Conference of Rome
6890:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Ariel.
6047:McKay, Iain (January 20, 2009).
5354:
5340:
5326:
5312:
5298:
5284:
5270:
4562:
4508:
4355:
4343:
4331:
4319:
3756:
3201:), which were supplanted by the
2824:The CNT and UGT unions called a
2647:
2062:
1999:
1989:
1014:International Conference of Rome
1004:International Conference of Rome
146:
48:
9892:1936 labor disputes and strikes
7938:from the Kate Sharpley Library.
7687:
7651:A History of Spain and Portugal
7426:Garrido González, Luis (2006).
6545:
6525:The Spanish Revolution, 1931-39
6493:
6040:
5619:
5600:
5441:
5432:
4905:Primary and secondary education
8901:Australian Anarchist Centenary
8828:German Revolution of 1918–1919
7839:
7803:University of California Press
7623:Civil War in Europe, 1905–1949
6802:. London: Secker and Warburg.
5203:farming at the point of a gun.
2884:Malaga Public Health Committee
2796:during the revolution in 1936.
2718:, Andalusia, and parts of the
1126:Australian Anarchist Centenary
1051:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
8542:Decentralized planned economy
7982:
7918:The Spanish Revolution (1936)
7828:A day Mournful and Overcast..
7656:University of Wisconsin Press
5454:
5140:
5081:The idea of an expedition to
4728:cases of federalism, such as
4722:
2761:UniĂłn General de Trabajadores
2753:Federación Anarquista Ibérica
1313:Decentralized planned economy
8137:Proletarian internationalism
7790:] (in Spanish). Laetoli.
7560:(in Spanish). Ruedo Ibérico.
7361:. New York: Pantheon Books.
7258:University of North Carolina
4799:
4453:is authoritarian in nature.
3454:Second Government of Victory
3402:Republican Left of Catalonia
2838:Iberian Anarchist Federation
539:Proletarian internationalism
7:
8838:1919 United States bombings
7936:Spanish Revolution articles
7930:With the Peasants of Aragon
7216:. New York: Penguin Books.
7192:] (in Spanish). Virus.
5263:
4886:The revolution in education
4818:The scope of the revolution
4400:
4046:Philosophies and tendencies
3309:First Government of Victory
3205:made up of volunteers, the
1061:1919 United States bombings
25:Glorious Revolution (Spain)
10:
9923:
9857:Spanish Revolution of 1936
9791:Situationist International
8862:Spanish Revolution of 1936
8721:Self-managed social center
7942:Michael Seidman's writings
7788:The libertarian revolution
7628:Cambridge University Press
7523:, prefacio de José Peirats
7242:] (in French). CNT-RP.
5111:
5074:
5001:
4983:
4977:
4911:New Unified School Council
4892:New Unified School Council
4889:
4762:
4222:Spanish Revolution of 1936
3518:National Defense Committee
3003:, means of transport, and
2783:
1967:Situationist International
1271:Self-managed social center
1086:Spanish Revolution of 1936
18:
16:Workers' social revolution
9810:
9695:
9255:
9205:
8930:
8916:Really Really Free Market
8911:1999 Seattle WTO protests
8735:
8607:
8515:
8479:
8432:
8355:
8286:
8277:
8227:
8202:Temporary autonomous zone
8127:Permanent autonomous zone
8062:Consensus decision-making
7990:
7795:Seidman, Michael (1991).
7050:Una historia de Barcelona
6944:(in Spanish). Tarragona.
6752:. London: Freedom Press.
6680:Enzensberger, Hans Magnus
5415:Spanish Coup of July 1936
4708:
4548:
4338:Libertarianism portal
3803:Revolutionary spontaneity
3642:Related subsequent events
3151:Francesc Ferrer i Guardia
2914:Antifascist Committee of
2899:Santander Defense Council
2802:Spanish Coup of July 1936
1141:Really Really Free Market
1136:1999 Seattle WTO protests
604:Temporary autonomous zone
529:Permanent autonomous zone
464:Consensus decision-making
110:
102:
93:
67:
59:
47:
39:
34:
9907:General strikes in Spain
9867:20th-century revolutions
8906:Carnival Against Capital
8833:Bavarian Soviet Republic
8822:Manifesto of the Sixteen
8716:Radical environmentalism
8665:Independent Media Center
8597:Workers' self-management
8042:Autonomous social center
7784:La revoluciĂłn libertaria
7138:Durruti in the Labyrinth
6691:Gallego, Ferran (2008).
5425:
5223:workers' self-management
4771:
4644:The agrarian communities
4205:Revolutions of 1917–1923
4168:Libertarian municipalism
4158:Democratic confederalism
4122:Chaulieu–Montal tendency
3871:Workers' self-management
3440:Generalitat de Catalunya
3380:, the largest source of
3297:Communist Party of Spain
2945:, who first implemented
1368:Workers' self-management
1266:Radical environmentalism
1215:Independent Media Center
1131:Carnival Against Capital
1056:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1045:Manifesto of the Sixteen
444:Autonomous social center
8537:Cost the limit of price
7457:Guerin, Daniel (1970).
7355:Fraser, Ronald (1979).
7134:Durruti en el Laberinto
7013:Tiana Ferrer, Alejandro
6933:Comarca del Cinca Medio
6906:Quilis Tauriz, Fernando
5405:Second Spanish Republic
5400:Revolutionary Catalonia
5334:Organized Labour portal
5135:Spanish Republican Army
5004:Revolutionary Catalonia
4896:Anarchism and education
4081:Individualist anarchism
3851:Participatory economics
3687:Second Spanish Republic
3685:, independent from the
3612:May events in Catalonia
3525:Spanish Republican Army
3407:The anarchists and the
3257:Spanish Republican Army
3211:neighborhood assemblies
3030:, was a soldier in the
2770:Second Spanish Republic
2111:By other characteristic
1308:Cost the limit of price
9331:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8142:Propaganda of the deed
8132:Prefigurative politics
8122:Participatory politics
8067:Conscientious objector
7885:
7877:
7846:
7760:. Oakland, Edinburgh:
7654:. Madison, Wisconsin:
7497:(in Spanish). Laertes.
7054:A history of Barcelona
6830:The Spanish Revolution
6610:Castells Duran, Antoni
6522:Trotsky, Leon (1973).
6503:When Insurrections Die
6500:Dauvé, Gilles (2000).
5634:on September 29, 2011.
5503:González MartĂnez 1999
5385:Madrid Defense Council
5215:
5205:
5183:
5166:
5156:
5124:International Brigades
5017:
4883:
4797:
4570:
4466:
4431:
3836:Decentralized planning
3831:Co-operative economics
3730:
3677:
3639:
3541:
3438:
3338:Madrid Defense Council
3328:
3323:
3245:
3145:
3119:
3061:
3036:
2995:. Even places such as
2980:, but in the areas of
2904:Madrid Defense Council
2861:
2800:On July 17, 1936, the
2797:
2759:
2751:
2743:
1455:Bosnia and Herzegovina
544:Propaganda of the deed
534:Prefigurative politics
524:Participatory politics
469:Conscientious objector
9877:Communist revolutions
9781:Libertarian socialism
8896:Kate Sharpley Library
8871:Red inverted triangle
8816:High Treason Incident
8806:Congress of Amsterdam
8212:Voluntary association
8022:Anti-authoritarianism
8012:Anarchist criminology
8007:Anarchist Black Cross
7811:SemprĂşn Maura, Carlos
7608:. Oakland/Edinburgh:
7574:Yale University Press
7517:Kaminski, Hanns-Erich
7348:The Spanish Labyrinth
6994:The Spanish Civil War
5527:Garrido González 2006
5210:
5196:
5178:
5161:
5151:
5108:The defense of Madrid
5071:The Mallorca landings
5030:Los Aguiluchos Column
5011:
4829:
4786:
4520:anti-authoritarianism
4455:
4412:
4407:libertarian socialist
3788:Egalitarian community
3773:Anti-authoritarianism
3750:Libertarian socialism
3709:
3659:(formerly the POUM's
3646:On May 25, 1937, the
3616:
3593:Jesús Hernández Tomás
3317:
3230:
3138:LucĂa Sánchez Saornil
3136:
3050:
3014:, best known for his
2947:libertarian communism
2855:
2819:The summer of anarchy
2791:
2708:libertarian socialist
2413:Bulgarian unification
2089:Counter-revolutionary
1957:Libertarian socialism
1121:Kate Sharpley Library
1096:Red inverted triangle
1039:High Treason Incident
1029:Congress of Amsterdam
614:Voluntary association
424:Anti-authoritarianism
414:Anarchist criminology
409:Anarchist Black Cross
9882:Revolutions in Spain
9822:Anarchism portal
9226:Fictional characters
8711:Radical cheerleading
7612:. pp. 974–1005.
7344:El Laberinto español
6961:on November 21, 2011
6558:Andreassi, Alejandro
6202:, pp. 195, 204.
6175:, pp. 191, 202.
5120:Buenaventura Durruti
5058:Villanueva de Huerva
4610:Woodworking industry
4350:Socialism portal
4326:Anarchism portal
4294:Democratic socialism
4232:New social movements
3846:Industrial democracy
3506:anarcho-syndicalists
3486:On November 14, the
3318:Coat of Arms of the
3255:, the embryo of the
3253:Volunteer Battalions
3075:, 53% in republican
3027:Nineteen Eighty-Four
2955:Red and Black Column
2943:Buenaventura Durruti
2933:in the direction of
2185:Contentious politics
2056:Political revolution
1840:Fictional characters
1261:Radical cheerleading
9771:Left-libertarianism
8848:Kronstadt rebellion
8786:Trial of the Thirty
8751:Revolutions of 1848
8693:No gods, no masters
8502:Synthesis anarchism
8492:Anarcho-syndicalism
8480:Types of federation
7889:on the Aragon front
7872:Homage to Catalonia
7758:Theory and Practice
7756:Anarcho-Syndicalism
7409:El eco de los pasos
7405:GarcĂa Oliver, Juan
7284:. Free Life Press.
7072:] (in Spanish).
6938:Middle Cinca region
6799:Homage to Catalonia
6490:, p. 388, xiv.
6370:, pp. 168–171.
6358:, pp. 166–167.
6346:, pp. 163–165.
6322:, pp. 160–161.
6262:, pp. 200–201.
6238:, pp. 267–271.
6226:, pp. 242–256.
6214:, pp. 234–240.
6163:, pp. 183–184.
6139:, pp. 198–199.
6091:, pp. 237–246.
6001:, pp. 271–345.
5977:, pp. 231–232.
5924:Castells Duran 1996
5912:Castells Duran 1996
5900:Castells Duran 1996
5852:Castells Duran 1996
5792:Castells Duran 1996
5780:Castells Duran 1996
5768:Castells Duran 1996
5517:, pp. 241–267.
5375:Confederal militias
5054:Carod-Ferrer Column
4986:Confederal militias
4663:means of production
4476:Socialized industry
4362:Politics portal
4098:Anarcho-syndicalism
3861:Socialist economics
3459:On November 2, the
3235:Anarcho-Syndicalism
3226:University of Genoa
3089:Valencian Community
3045:Homage to Catalonia
3010:The British author
2889:GijĂłn War Committee
2834:anarcho-syndicalist
2720:Valencian Community
2706:and, more broadly,
2654:Politics portal
1947:Left-libertarianism
1243:No gods, no masters
1071:Kronstadt rebellion
1009:Trial of the Thirty
974:Revolutions of 1848
9887:Anarchism in Spain
9721:Anti-globalization
9391:Dominican Republic
9216:Anarcho-punk bands
8876:Labadie Collection
8866:Barcelona May Days
8771:Cantonal rebellion
8705:Property is theft!
8671:The Internationale
8625:Anarchist bookfair
8424:Without adjectives
8279:Schools of thought
7894:Butterfly's Tongue
7467:GuillamĂłn, AgustĂn
7039:Additional sources
6884:PĂ©rez BarĂł, Albert
5987:Quilis Tauriz 1992
5840:Quilis Tauriz 1992
5615:on March 10, 2016.
5566:Quilis Tauriz 1992
5370:Anarchism in Spain
5228:Friends of Durruti
5077:Battle of Mallorca
5018:
4237:Zapatista uprising
3866:Worker cooperative
3841:Economic democracy
3767:Political concepts
3678:Solidaridad Obrera
3585:Barcelona May Days
3473:Juan López Sánchez
3469:Juan GarcĂa Oliver
3324:
3146:
3073:Castilla-La Mancha
3034:of the CNT-allied
3016:anti-authoritarian
2988:and functioned as
2862:
2798:
2692:Spanish Revolution
2629:Second Arab Spring
1897:Anti-globalization
1830:Anarcho-punk bands
1515:Dominican Republic
1255:Property is theft!
1221:The Internationale
1175:Anarchist bookfair
1101:Labadie Collection
1091:Barcelona May Days
994:Cantonal rebellion
321:Without adjectives
180:Schools of thought
35:Spanish Revolution
9872:Conflicts in 1936
9844:
9843:
9801:Spontaneous order
9731:Anti-war movement
9236:Jewish anarchists
8746:French Revolution
8699:Popular education
8475:
8474:
8192:Spontaneous order
8052:Classless society
7908:Spanish Civil War
7646:Payne, Stanley G.
7618:Payne, Stanley G.
7566:Malefakis, Edward
7554:Lorenzo, CĂ©sar M.
7491:Iglesias, Ignacio
7482:978-84-611-5747-1
7437:978-84-9641-162-3
7418:978-84-08-08253-8
7396:978-0-919618-20-6
7308:Faber & Faber
7248:Bolloten, Burnett
7232:Berthuin, Jérémie
7095:978-84-92559-02-2
6951:978-84-8380-060-7
6826:Payne, Stanley G.
6759:978-1-62963-447-0
6702:978-84-8346-598-1
6658:Bolloten, Burnett
6551:Principle sources
6535:978-0-87348-273-8
6368:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6356:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6344:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6332:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6320:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6308:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6296:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6284:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6272:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6260:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6248:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6236:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6224:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6212:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6200:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6188:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6173:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6161:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6149:Tiana Ferrer 1987
6115:, pp. 71–73.
5989:, pp. 81–85.
5890:, pp. 85–86.
5806:, pp. 90–91.
5731:, pp. 45–46.
5669:Enzensberger 1972
5607:Perarnau, LluĂs.
5597:, pp. 66–67.
5568:, pp. 83–85.
5410:Spanish Civil War
5044:of Barcelona and
4992:Spanish Civil War
4980:Spanish Civil War
4633:, and carpentry.
4398:
4397:
4249:Rojava Revolution
4185:
4184:
4173:Utopian socialism
4132:Council communism
3733:Social revolution
3663:) was dissolved.
3628:Social Revolution
3477:Federica Montseny
3384:to the republic.
3334:Defense of Madrid
3168:right to abortion
3087:, and 13% in the
2978:industrial sector
2923:Spanish Civil War
2700:Spanish Civil War
2696:social revolution
2688:
2687:
2222:Mass mobilization
2212:Guerrilla warfare
2041:
2040:
1977:Spontaneous order
1907:Anti-war movement
1850:Jewish anarchists
1249:Popular education
969:French Revolution
594:Spontaneous order
454:Classless society
379:
378:
337:Counter-economics
125:
124:
42:Spanish Civil War
9914:
9897:1936 in politics
9820:
9819:
9818:
9711:Anti-consumerism
9706:Anti-corporatism
8858:Amakasu Incident
8801:Strandza Commune
8776:Haymarket affair
8677:Jewish anarchism
8619:A las Barricadas
8587:Social ownership
8572:Market socialism
8547:Free association
8507:Union of egoists
8284:
8283:
8217:Workers' council
8207:Union of egoists
8167:Security culture
8077:Decentralization
8072:Critique of work
7977:
7970:
7963:
7954:
7953:
7888:
7882:
7863:Land and Freedom
7851:
7835:
7822:
7806:
7791:
7775:
7746:
7724:
7696:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7641:
7613:
7605:An Anarchist FAQ
7595:
7561:
7549:
7527:
7521:Los de Barcelona
7512:
7506:
7498:
7486:
7462:
7453:
7446:Giménez, Antoine
7441:
7422:
7400:
7387:Black Rose Books
7372:
7351:
7335:
7319:
7295:
7276:Bookchin, Murray
7271:
7243:
7227:
7203:
7177:
7151:
7125:
7099:
7073:
7057:
7034:
7008:
6984:
6978:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6960:
6954:. Archived from
6943:
6928:Sewell, Amber J.
6923:
6901:
6879:
6851:
6821:
6789:
6763:
6739:
6714:
6687:
6675:
6653:
6636:Casanova, Julián
6631:
6605:
6579:
6540:
6539:
6519:
6508:
6507:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6176:
6170:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5939:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5789:
5783:
5777:
5771:
5765:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5666:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5581:
5580:, Vol. 2 Ch. 26.
5575:
5569:
5563:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5448:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5364:
5362:Socialism portal
5359:
5358:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5336:
5331:
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4998:The Aragon front
4881:
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4794:Burnett Bolloten
4743:Environmentalism
4573:
4486:Workers' control
4464:
4463:Burnett Bolloten
4451:private property
4447:collectivization
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4150:Other tendencies
4064:Social anarchism
4050:
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3808:Workers' control
3793:Free association
3783:Decentralization
3760:
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3728:
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3398:Republican Union
3331:
3247:But despite the
3243:
3207:popular militias
3163:Maria Montessori
3059:
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2778:Francisco Franco
2764:
2756:
2748:
2724:economy of Spain
2680:
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2337:Spanish American
2066:
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2019:
2003:
1995:Anarchism portal
1993:
1887:Anti-consumerism
1882:Anti-corporatism
1358:Social ownership
1343:Market socialism
1318:Free association
1227:Jewish anarchism
1169:A las Barricadas
1081:Amakasu Incident
1024:Strandza Commune
999:Haymarket affair
619:Workers' council
609:Union of egoists
569:Security culture
479:Decentralization
474:Critique of work
212:Total liberation
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8392:Insurrectionary
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8032:Anti-militarism
8027:Anti-capitalism
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7848:Vivir la utopia
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4527:Nationalization
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4492:Nationalization
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4428:Andrea Oltmares
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3826:Anti-capitalism
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3636:Fenner Brockway
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3413:left communists
3394:Republican Left
3329:faits accomplis
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2005:Politics portal
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1981:
1937:Labour movement
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434:Anti-militarism
429:Anti-capitalism
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8766:Hague Congress
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8457:Post-anarchist
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8380:Social ecology
8377:
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8357:Post-classical
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8177:Social ecology
8174:
8172:Self-ownership
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8159:
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8149:
8144:
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8119:
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8109:
8104:
8102:Horizontalidad
8099:
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8069:
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8057:Class struggle
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8037:Affinity group
8034:
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8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7998:
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7972:
7965:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7945:
7944:at libcom.org.
7939:
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7903:
7902:External links
7900:
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7751:Rocker, Rudolf
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7208:Beevor, Antony
7204:
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7182:AmorĂłs, Miquel
7178:
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7156:AmorĂłs, Miquel
7152:
7146:
7130:AmorĂłs, Miquel
7126:
7120:
7104:AmorĂłs, Miquel
7100:
7094:
7078:AmorĂłs, Miquel
7074:
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6897:84-344-24-76-2
6896:
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6852:
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6808:
6794:Orwell, George
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6468:
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6432:
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6420:
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6408:
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6382:, p. 161.
6372:
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6324:
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6264:
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6177:
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6117:
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6054:
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6027:
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6015:
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6003:
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5955:
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5928:
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5856:
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5832:
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5820:
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5772:
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5748:
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5733:
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5709:
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5649:
5647:, p. 211.
5637:
5618:
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5582:
5570:
5555:
5543:
5541:, p. 141.
5531:
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5483:
5471:
5467:Andreassi 1996
5458:
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5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5380:Horizontalidad
5377:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5351:
5337:
5323:
5309:
5306:History portal
5295:
5281:
5265:
5262:
5142:
5139:
5112:Main article:
5109:
5106:
5075:Main article:
5072:
5069:
5022:Durruti Column
5002:Main article:
4999:
4996:
4978:Main article:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4947:Problems faced
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4906:
4903:
4887:
4884:
4877:
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4809:State response
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4798:
4791:
4780:principle of "
4773:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4744:
4741:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4657:and organized
4645:
4642:
4616:general strike
4611:
4608:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4541:
4540:Worker control
4538:
4528:
4525:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4477:
4474:
4460:
4425:
4402:
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4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4286:
4281:
4279:Libertarianism
4276:
4270:
4268:Related topics
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
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4210:Makhnovshchina
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4196:
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4189:
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4103:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4058:
4057:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Class conflict
3775:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3734:
3731:
3722:
3673:JoaquĂn Ascaso
3661:Lenin Division
3643:
3640:
3633:
3532:
3529:
3488:Durruti Column
3456:
3450:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3311:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3242:Carlo Rosselli
3239:
3222:Carlo Rosselli
3055:
3032:Lenin Division
2939:Durruti Column
2919:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2856:Emblem of the
2826:general strike
2821:
2815:
2785:
2782:
2722:. Much of the
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:Italian states
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2279:Tax resistance
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:Class conflict
2177:
2172:
2170:Civil disorder
2167:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Libertarianism
1949:
1944:
1942:Left communism
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1874:Related topics
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1790:United Kingdom
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:Czech Republic
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1338:Labour voucher
1335:
1333:Give-away shop
1330:
1325:
1323:General strike
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:Makhnovshchina
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
989:Hague Congress
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
959:
958:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
913:
907:
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
735:González Prada
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
630:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
579:Social ecology
576:
574:Self-ownership
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
504:Horizontalidad
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Class struggle
456:
451:
446:
441:
439:Affinity group
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
398:
397:
394:
388:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
376:
375:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
331:
330:
326:
325:
324:
323:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
304:
303:
302:
287:
286:
285:
280:
270:
265:
264:
263:
258:
248:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
216:
215:
214:
209:
207:Social ecology
204:
194:
184:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
160:
152:
151:
143:
142:
136:
135:
123:
122:
121:
120:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
95:
91:
90:
86:Levante, Spain
71:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9919:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9862:1936 in Spain
9860:
9858:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9838:
9837:
9833:
9831:
9830:
9826:
9824:
9823:
9812:
9809:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9700:
9698:
9694:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9671:United States
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9431:French Guiana
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9258:
9254:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9210:
9208:
9204:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8935:
8933:
8929:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8843:Biennio Rosso
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8761:Paris Commune
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8740:
8738:
8734:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8694:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8610:
8606:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8582:Mutual credit
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8527:Communization
8525:
8524:
8520:
8518:
8514:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8478:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8431:
8425:
8422:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8358:
8354:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8318:
8317:Philosophical
8315:
8313:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8295:Individualist
8293:
8291:
8289:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8238:Animal rights
8236:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8107:Individualism
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8087:Direct action
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7978:
7973:
7971:
7966:
7964:
7959:
7958:
7955:
7949:
7946:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7934:
7931:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7896:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7864:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7855:Living Utopia
7850:
7849:
7844:
7843:
7833:
7829:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7742:9780002556347
7738:
7734:
7730:
7729:Preston, Paul
7726:
7722:
7720:1-904859-50-X
7716:
7712:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7637:9780511820465
7633:
7629:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7579:
7575:
7572:. New Haven:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7545:0-7923-0275-3
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7478:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7429:
7424:
7420:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7368:0-394-48982-9
7364:
7360:
7359:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7324:Bosch, Aurora
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7267:0-8078-1906-9
7263:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7223:0-14-303765-X
7219:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7173:84-96044-45-9
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7147:84-96044-73-4
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7121:84-96044-15-7
7117:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7042:
7032:
7030:84-362-2151-6
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6976:
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6947:
6939:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6875:9781604862072
6871:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6856:Peirats, José
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6785:9781849350785
6781:
6777:
6774:. Edinburgh:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6744:Leval, Gaston
6741:
6737:
6735:84-8371-096-X
6731:
6727:
6723:
6722:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6686:(in Spanish).
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6671:84-253-1193-4
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6649:84-7423-836-6
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6627:84-87169-83-X
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6601:84-87218-17-2
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6575:84-88711-23-9
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6554:
6537:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6505:
6504:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6465:
6460:
6453:
6448:
6441:
6436:
6429:
6424:
6417:
6412:
6406:, p. 75.
6405:
6404:Bolloten 1991
6400:
6394:, p. 74.
6393:
6392:Bolloten 1991
6388:
6381:
6376:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6352:
6345:
6340:
6333:
6328:
6321:
6316:
6309:
6304:
6297:
6292:
6285:
6280:
6273:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6249:
6244:
6237:
6232:
6225:
6220:
6213:
6208:
6201:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6182:
6174:
6169:
6162:
6157:
6150:
6145:
6138:
6133:
6126:
6121:
6114:
6109:
6103:, p. 90.
6102:
6097:
6090:
6085:
6079:, p. 66.
6078:
6077:Bolloten 1991
6073:
6071:
6063:
6058:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6031:
6024:
6019:
6012:
6007:
6000:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5976:
5971:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5951:Casanova 1997
5947:
5945:
5937:
5932:
5926:, p. 23.
5925:
5920:
5914:, p. 22.
5913:
5908:
5902:, p. 19.
5901:
5896:
5889:
5884:
5878:, p. 81.
5877:
5872:
5865:
5864:Bolloten 1980
5860:
5854:, p. 30.
5853:
5848:
5841:
5836:
5829:
5824:
5818:, p. 93.
5817:
5812:
5805:
5800:
5794:, p. 28.
5793:
5788:
5782:, p. 14.
5781:
5776:
5770:, p. 11.
5769:
5764:
5757:
5752:
5745:
5740:
5738:
5730:
5725:
5718:
5713:
5706:
5705:Bolloten 1991
5701:
5694:
5689:
5682:
5677:
5670:
5665:
5658:
5653:
5646:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5552:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5516:
5511:
5505:, p. 93.
5504:
5499:
5493:, p. 51.
5492:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5469:, p. 86.
5468:
5463:
5459:
5444:
5435:
5431:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5352:
5349:
5343:
5338:
5335:
5329:
5324:
5321:
5310:
5307:
5296:
5293:
5282:
5279:
5268:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5188:Antony Beevor
5182:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5170:Ronald Fraser
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5128:Cipriano Mera
5125:
5121:
5115:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5032:, which left
5031:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4944:
4940:
4931:
4927:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4876:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4828:
4825:
4815:
4806:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4760:
4758:
4757:reforestation
4754:
4750:
4749:Daniel Guérin
4740:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4720:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4654:confiscations
4651:
4648:The trend of
4641:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4563:Film industry
4555:
4546:
4537:
4535:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4516:direct action
4509:Socialization
4506:
4499:
4498:Socialization
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4473:
4471:
4459:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4443:expropriation
4440:
4436:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4299:Eco-socialism
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:Communization
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Socialization
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:29th Division
3654:
3649:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:were sent to
3567:
3566:Assault Guard
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3539:'s newspaper
3538:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3238:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:Ricardo Mella
3152:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3058:George Orwell
3054:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3012:George Orwell
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:collectivized
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2937:. It was the
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:Popular Front
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Strike action
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Direct action
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:Demonstration
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:United States
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
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1648:
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1608:
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1601:
1598:
1596:
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1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:French Guiana
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
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1518:
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1513:
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1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1478:
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1471:
1468:
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1458:
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1413:
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1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1353:Mutual credit
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Communization
1296:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
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1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
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1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1155:
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1147:
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1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
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1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:Biennio Rosso
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:Paris Commune
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
956:
955:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:Animal rights
915:
914:
910:
904:
903:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
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693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
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668:
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663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
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633:
627:
626:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
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592:
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582:
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572:
570:
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565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:Individualism
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:Direct action
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
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402:
395:
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390:
389:
385:
384:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
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355:
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338:
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334:
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332:
328:
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322:
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313:
310:
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288:
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275:
274:
271:
269:
266:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
249:
247:
244:
240:
239:Philosophical
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:Individualist
217:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:
181:
175:
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169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
154:
153:
149:
145:
144:
141:
138:
137:
133:
129:
128:
119:
116:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
92:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
66:
63:July 19, 1936
62:
58:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
9834:
9827:
9813:
9726:Anti-statism
9716:Anti-fascism
9621:South Africa
9121:Pi i Margall
8820:
8669:
8630:Anarcho-punk
8617:
8592:Wage slavery
8557:Gift economy
8452:Postcolonial
8434:Contemporary
8387:Independence
8334:Collectivist
8253:Love and sex
8082:Deep ecology
8017:Anationalism
7892:
7871:
7861:
7853:
7827:
7818:
7814:
7801:. Berkeley:
7797:
7787:
7783:
7780:Saña, Heleno
7771:1-902593-928
7754:
7732:
7705:
7692:
7677:. Retrieved
7650:
7622:
7604:
7569:
7557:
7535:
7524:
7520:
7494:
7471:
7458:
7449:
7427:
7408:
7380:
7377:Dolgoff, Sam
7357:
7347:
7343:
7331:
7327:
7303:
7279:
7252:
7239:
7235:
7212:
7189:
7185:
7163:
7159:
7137:
7133:
7111:
7107:
7085:
7081:
7069:
7065:
7062:Alba, VĂctor
7053:
7049:
7046:Aisa, Ferran
7020:
7016:
6992:
6989:Thomas, Hugh
6963:. Retrieved
6956:the original
6937:
6932:
6909:
6887:
6860:
6829:
6798:
6771:
6768:Mintz, Frank
6748:
6725:
6720:
6692:
6683:
6661:
6639:
6617:
6613:
6591:
6587:
6584:Borrás, José
6565:
6561:
6546:Bibliography
6524:
6502:
6495:
6488:Preston 2012
6483:
6476:Seidman 1991
6471:
6464:Seidman 1991
6459:
6452:Seidman 1991
6447:
6435:
6423:
6411:
6399:
6387:
6380:Peirats 2011
6375:
6363:
6351:
6339:
6327:
6315:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6267:
6255:
6243:
6231:
6219:
6207:
6195:
6168:
6156:
6144:
6132:
6120:
6108:
6096:
6084:
6057:
6042:
6030:
6018:
6006:
5999:Peirats 2011
5994:
5982:
5970:
5958:
5936:Peirats 2011
5931:
5919:
5907:
5895:
5883:
5871:
5859:
5847:
5835:
5823:
5811:
5799:
5787:
5775:
5763:
5751:
5724:
5717:Peirats 2011
5712:
5700:
5695:, p. 6.
5693:Dolgoff 1974
5688:
5683:, p. 5.
5681:Dolgoff 1974
5676:
5664:
5657:Gallego 2008
5652:
5645:Peirats 2011
5640:
5632:the original
5621:
5613:the original
5602:
5573:
5546:
5534:
5529:, p. 6.
5522:
5510:
5498:
5486:
5474:
5462:
5443:
5434:
5320:Spain portal
5245:Leon Trotsky
5239:
5235:Gilles Dauvé
5232:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5197:
5191:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5162:
5159:their will.
5157:
5152:
5144:
5132:
5117:
5103:
5080:
5062:
5019:
5014:Aragon front
4989:
4950:
4941:
4937:
4928:
4924:
4915:
4908:
4899:
4872:
4870:
4865:
4861:Extremadura.
4860:
4854:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4824:Gaston Leval
4821:
4812:
4803:
4787:
4775:
4766:
4746:
4738:
4726:
4717:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4671:
4667:nationalists
4659:self-managed
4650:latifundismo
4647:
4635:
4620:
4613:
4604:
4595:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4552:
4543:
4530:
4512:
4503:
4479:
4467:
4456:
4439:distribution
4432:
4413:
4404:
4221:
4178:Neozapatismo
4137:Situationism
4074:Collectivist
3726:Gaston Leval
3718:
3714:
3710:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3665:
3645:
3617:
3605:
3582:
3547:
3534:
3522:
3511:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3458:
3453:
3434:
3421:
3417:
3406:
3386:
3378:Soviet Union
3371:
3356:
3342:
3325:
3308:
3294:
3252:
3246:
3231:
3219:anti-fascist
3216:
3184:
3180:
3147:
3142:Emma Goldman
3128:
3109:
3105:
3062:
3051:
3043:
3025:
3019:
3009:
3001:hairdressers
2971:
2920:
2863:
2831:
2823:
2818:
2799:
2774:Nationalists
2767:
2740:
2691:
2689:
2540:People Power
2489:
2257:Disobedience
1902:Anti-statism
1892:Anti-fascism
1745:South Africa
1363:Wage slavery
1328:Gift economy
1219:
1180:Anarcho-punk
1167:
1085:
1043:
932:Love and sex
820:Pi i Margall
484:Deep ecology
419:Anationalism
362:Relationship
295:Collectivist
251:Postcolonial
40:Part of the
29:
9636:Switzerland
9596:Puerto Rico
9581:Philippines
9546:New Zealand
9541:Netherlands
9411:El Salvador
9246:Periodicals
8811:Tragic Week
8682:Lifestylism
8577:Mutual bank
8532:Cooperative
8497:Platformism
8447:Free-market
8375:Primitivist
8258:Nationalism
8187:Somatherapy
8097:Freethought
7879:Libertarias
7840:Filmography
7832:Champ libre
7600:McKay, Iain
6864:. Oakland:
6440:Kelsey 1991
6428:Beevor 2006
6416:Fraser 1979
6113:Borrás 1998
6035:Guerin 1970
5963:Thomas 1961
5744:Thomas 1961
5595:Rocker 2004
5551:Kelsey 1991
5539:Sewell 2007
5491:Orwell 1938
5479:Orwell 1938
5012:Map of the
4827:following:
4755:, initiate
4306:Syndicalism
3919:Castoriadis
3704:Sam Dolgoff
3601:Juan NegrĂn
3591:ministers,
3562:Civil Guard
3554:Carabineros
3502:Trotskyists
3389:republicans
3382:foreign aid
3284:August 19 (
3191:Civil Guard
3159:Leo Tolstoy
3097:Ciudad Real
3069:Extremadura
3021:Animal Farm
3005:restaurants
2990:libertarian
2951:Iron Column
2842:possibilist
2602:Arab Spring
2200:Human chain
2190:Coup d'Ă©tat
2099:Proletarian
1860:Periodicals
1760:Switzerland
1720:Puerto Rico
1705:Philippines
1670:New Zealand
1665:Netherlands
1535:El Salvador
1348:Mutual bank
1303:Cooperative
1232:Lifestylism
1034:Tragic Week
937:Nationalism
589:Somatherapy
499:Freethought
367:Syndicalist
357:Platformism
329:Methodology
202:Primitivist
111:Resulted in
9851:Categories
9756:Dual Power
9741:Autonomism
9736:Autarchism
9396:East Timor
9366:Costa Rica
9311:Bangladesh
9306:Azerbaijan
9016:Feyerabend
8655:Freeganism
8305:Illegalist
8243:Capitalism
8182:Sociocracy
8152:Revolution
8117:Mutual aid
8047:Black bloc
7912:libcom.org
7886:milicianas
7709:. Madrid:
7665:0299062708
7583:0300012101
7306:. London:
7291:187317604X
7004:0060142782
6919:8479080213
6839:0297001248
6818:1154105803
6809:0141183055
6137:Mintz 2013
6125:Mintz 2013
6101:Mintz 2013
6089:Leval 1975
6062:Mintz 2013
6023:Leval 1975
6011:Leval 1975
5975:Leval 1975
5828:Leval 1975
5756:Leval 1975
5578:Payne 1973
5515:Payne 1970
5455:References
5141:Criticisms
5091:Formentera
4984:See also:
4890:See also:
4849:Catalonia.
4844:Cantabria.
4753:irrigation
4723:Federalism
4623:8-hour day
4470:republican
4435:production
4117:Autonomism
4109:tendencies
4056:tendencies
3944:Fotopoulos
3798:Mutual aid
3587:, the two
3481:Juan PeirĂł
3400:, and the
3209:, and the
3197:, and the
2794:milicianas
2792:Anarchist
2624:Euromaidan
2572:Bolivarian
2520:Nicaraguan
2500:Guatemalan
2438:Young Turk
2418:Philippine
2247:Nonviolent
2242:Resistance
2217:Insurgency
2127:Nonviolent
2122:From above
2094:Democratic
1932:Dual Power
1917:Autonomism
1912:Autarchism
1520:East Timor
1490:Costa Rica
1435:Bangladesh
1430:Azerbaijan
1205:Freeganism
922:Capitalism
715:Feyerabend
584:Sociocracy
554:Revolution
519:Mutual aid
449:Black bloc
342:Illegalism
80:, Aragon,
9796:Socialism
9746:Communism
9681:Venezuela
9616:Singapore
9551:Nicaragua
9476:Indonesia
9456:Hong Kong
9451:Guatemala
9296:Australia
9286:Argentina
9257:By region
9241:Musicians
9146:Santillán
9096:Malatesta
9066:Kropotkin
9046:Guillaume
8726:Symbolism
8640:DIY ethic
8517:Economics
8462:Post-left
8407:Christian
8402:Religious
8339:Communist
8324:Mutualist
8288:Classical
8248:Education
8197:Squatting
8157:Rewilding
8092:Free love
7984:Anarchism
7868:Ken Loach
7830:. ParĂs:
7701:Paz, Abel
7689:Paz, Abel
7503:cite book
6975:cite book
6711:433855847
5258:Comintern
5254:Stalinist
5137:in 1937.
5034:Barcelona
4832:Andalusia
4800:Obstacles
4778:communist
4592:SIE Films
4416:Catalonia
4289:Socialism
4274:Communism
4093:Mutualism
4069:Communist
4054:Anarchist
4014:Pannekoek
4009:Pankhurst
3959:Kropotkin
3820:Economics
3589:Communist
3578:Barcelona
3558:Puigcerdá
3425:Bujaraloz
3409:POUMistas
3375:Stalinist
3286:Catalonia
3172:free love
3093:provinces
3083:, 24% in
3079:, 25% in
3077:Andalusia
3071:, 58% in
2982:socialist
2974:anarchist
2967:Aragonese
2959:Catalonia
2931:Barcelona
2768:The late
2728:Catalonia
2712:Catalonia
2704:anarchist
2577:Bulldozer
2530:Carnation
2525:Argentine
2468:1917–1923
2456:Communist
2401:Hungarian
2237:Rebellion
2175:Civil war
2137:Permanent
2084:Communist
2079:Bourgeois
1972:Socialism
1922:Communism
1855:Musicians
1805:Venezuela
1740:Singapore
1675:Nicaragua
1600:Indonesia
1580:Hong Kong
1575:Guatemala
1420:Australia
1410:Argentina
1382:By region
1290:Economics
1276:Symbolism
1190:DIY ethic
927:Education
845:Santillán
795:Malatesta
765:Kropotkin
745:Guillaume
599:Squatting
559:Rewilding
494:Free love
372:Synthesis
307:Communist
278:Christian
273:Religious
246:Mutualism
140:Anarchism
82:Andalusia
78:Catalonia
9829:Category
9591:Portugal
9571:Paraguay
9531:Mongolia
9516:Malaysia
9361:Colombia
9341:Bulgaria
9131:Proudhon
9091:Maksimov
9071:Landauer
9021:Giovanni
8971:Bookchin
8886:May 1968
8660:Infoshop
8412:Buddhist
8397:Pacifist
8365:Feminist
8344:Magonist
8312:Naturist
8268:Violence
8263:Religion
8162:Sabotage
7992:Concepts
7813:(1978).
7782:(2010).
7762:AK Press
7753:(2004).
7731:(2012).
7711:AK Press
7703:(2006).
7648:(1973).
7620:(2011).
7610:AK Press
7592:70781309
7568:(1970).
7556:(1972).
7534:(1991).
7519:(2002).
7493:(2003).
7469:(2007).
7448:(2004).
7407:(2008).
7379:(1974).
7342:(1962).
7326:(1983).
7302:(1937).
7278:(1976).
7250:(1991).
7210:(2006).
7184:(2011).
7158:(2004).
7132:(2006).
7106:(2003).
7080:(2009).
7064:(1978).
7048:(2000).
7015:(1987).
6991:(1961).
6965:July 16,
6908:(1992).
6886:(1974).
6866:PM Press
6858:(2011).
6828:(1970).
6796:(1938).
6776:AK Press
6770:(2013).
6746:(1975).
6682:(1972).
6660:(1980).
6638:(1997).
6612:(1996).
6586:(1998).
6560:(1996).
6478:, Ch. 7.
6466:, Ch. 4.
6454:, Ch. 6.
5264:See also
5083:Mallorca
5026:Zaragoza
4878:—
4792:—
4600:MontjuĂŻc
4596:plateaux
4518:and the
4461:—
4426:—
4401:Economic
4227:New Left
4019:Proudhon
3934:DĂ©jacque
3909:Bookchin
3742:a series
3740:Part of
3723:—
3634:—
3570:Figueras
3542:Nosotros
3491:Aragon.
3249:de facto
3240:—
3176:naturism
3056:—
2993:communes
2963:Valencia
2953:and the
2910:Cerdanya
2772:and the
2736:communes
2732:agrarian
2634:Sudanese
2612:Egyptian
2607:Tunisian
2560:Romanian
2461:Cultural
2447:Chinese
2422:Iranian
2391:February
2312:American
2307:Atlantic
2296:Examples
2269:Samizdat
2073:By class
2048:a series
2046:Part of
1715:Portugal
1695:Paraguay
1655:Mongolia
1640:Malaysia
1485:Colombia
1465:Bulgaria
1210:Infoshop
1111:May 1968
947:Violence
942:Religion
830:Proudhon
790:Maksimov
770:Landauer
720:Giovanni
670:Bookchin
564:Sabotage
396:Practice
352:Pacifist
312:Magonism
234:Naturist
192:Feminist
158:Glossary
132:a series
130:Part of
118:May Days
68:Location
9836:Outline
9786:Marxism
9686:Vietnam
9676:Uruguay
9661:Ukraine
9651:Tunisia
9601:Romania
9556:Nigeria
9536:Morocco
9486:Ireland
9466:Iceland
9461:Hungary
9441:Germany
9436:Georgia
9421:Finland
9416:Estonia
9401:Ecuador
9386:Denmark
9371:Croatia
9326:Bolivia
9321:Belgium
9316:Belarus
9301:Austria
9291:Armenia
9281:Andorra
9276:Algeria
9271:Albania
9191:Yarchuk
9166:Tolstoy
9161:Thoreau
9156:Stirner
9151:Spooner
9116:Parsons
9041:Graeber
9031:Goldman
8991:Durruti
8976:Chomsky
8966:Bonanno
8961:Berkman
8956:Bakunin
8737:History
8687:May Day
8609:Culture
8002:Anarchy
7316:3191955
5190:in his
5172:in his
5099:Cabrera
5095:Menorca
5042:columns
4855:Center.
4839:Aragon.
4763:Economy
4734:Levante
4683:Castile
4638:Levante
4631:joinery
4627:sawmill
4194:History
4107:Marxist
4029:Russell
3989:Marcuse
3979:Margall
3949:Fourier
3924:Chomsky
3904:Berkman
3899:Bakunin
3894:Andrews
3624:Fascism
3116:Catalan
2784:History
2565:Singing
2515:Rwandan
2490:Spanish
2485:Siamese
2473:Russian
2443:Mexican
2369:Belgian
2344:Serbian
2332:Haitian
2317:Brabant
2302:English
2232:Protest
2165:Boycott
2159:Methods
2132:Passive
1962:Marxism
1810:Vietnam
1800:Uruguay
1785:Ukraine
1775:Tunisia
1725:Romania
1680:Nigeria
1660:Morocco
1610:Ireland
1590:Iceland
1585:Hungary
1565:Germany
1560:Georgia
1545:Finland
1540:Estonia
1525:Ecuador
1510:Denmark
1495:Croatia
1450:Bolivia
1445:Belgium
1440:Belarus
1425:Austria
1415:Armenia
1405:Andorra
1400:Algeria
1395:Albania
1237:May Day
1160:Culture
961:History
890:Yarchuk
865:Tolstoy
860:Thoreau
855:Stirner
850:Spooner
815:Parsons
740:Graeber
730:Goldman
690:Durruti
675:Chomsky
665:Bonanno
660:Berkman
655:Bakunin
404:Anarchy
300:Parecon
256:African
168:Outline
163:History
103:Methods
98:regions
9656:Turkey
9646:Taiwan
9631:Sweden
9611:Serbia
9606:Russia
9586:Poland
9566:Panama
9561:Norway
9526:Monaco
9521:Mexico
9511:Latvia
9491:Israel
9446:Greece
9426:France
9346:Canada
9336:Brazil
9266:Africa
9196:Zerzan
9186:Warren
9171:Tucker
9141:Rocker
9136:Reclus
9126:Pouget
9106:Michel
9086:Makhno
9061:KĹŤtoku
9051:He-Yin
9026:Godwin
9011:Ferrer
8981:Cleyre
8946:Armand
8941:Alston
8932:People
8417:Jewish
8329:Social
8300:Egoist
8229:Issues
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4957:labor.
4873:Total.
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4709:Policy
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4549:Salary
4437:, and
4418:. The
4086:Market
4024:Rocker
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3984:Morris
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3889:Albert
3883:People
3720:other.
3620:C.N.T.
3574:Girona
3497:Pravda
3479:, and
3195:courts
3187:police
3161:, and
3085:Murcia
3081:Madrid
3018:works
2997:hotels
2935:Aragon
2927:Aragon
2776:under
2716:Aragon
2617:Yemeni
2597:Kyrgyz
2587:Orange
2555:Velvet
2550:Yogurt
2495:August
2478:German
2451:Xinhai
2431:Second
2408:Eureka
2396:German
2327:French
2284:Terror
2227:Mutiny
2142:Social
2117:Colour
1780:Turkey
1770:Taiwan
1755:Sweden
1735:Serbia
1730:Russia
1710:Poland
1690:Panama
1685:Norway
1650:Monaco
1645:Mexico
1635:Latvia
1615:Israel
1570:Greece
1550:France
1470:Canada
1460:Brazil
1390:Africa
909:Issues
895:Zerzan
885:Warren
870:Tucker
840:Rocker
835:Reclus
825:Pouget
805:Michel
785:Makhno
760:KĹŤtoku
750:He-Yin
725:Godwin
710:Ferrer
680:Cleyre
645:Armand
640:Alston
632:People
392:Theory
290:Social
283:Jewish
229:Market
224:Egoist
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9626:Spain
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7681:2015
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