Spanish conquest of El Salvador

2097:(approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)) beyond the settlement. Alvarado's army initially approached close to the waiting warriors, before feigning a retreat towards a nearby hill. The native forces pursued for a quarter of a league, arriving within bow-shot of the invaders, at which point Alvarado ordered both cavalry and infantry to charge. In the battle that followed, the defending natives were killed to a man. Alvarado described how the natives were so encumbered by their thick cotton armour and their weapons, that when they fell they were unable to stand back up to defend themselves. Many Spaniards were wounded in the battle, and Alvarado was seriously injured by an arrow that passed through his leg, he needed much time to recover and was left with a permanent limp. The Spanish rested in Acajutla for five days after the battle, in order to rest and recover from their wounds. 41: 1525: 1930: 2072: 1649: 1062: 108: 2306: 2689: 1131: 5164: 1233:. The Spanish expeditions to Central America were launched from three different Spanish jurisdictions, resulting in rival conquests by mutually hostile Spanish captains. Spanish weaponry included swords, firearms, crossbows and light artillery. Metal armour was impractical in the hot, humid climate of Central America and the Spanish were quick to adopt the quilted cotton armour of the natives. The conquistadors were supported by a large number of 2165:, capital of the province of the same name). Messengers from the lords of Cuzcatlan brought promises of submission to the King of Spain, but when Pedro de Alvarado's army arrived at the city, he found that the majority of the inhabitants had fled. Alvarado sent messengers to them, ordering them to return and submit, but they refused. Alvarado tried them in their absence, and condemned them to death; he branded all the Pipil prisoners as slaves. 2329:, since the initial invasion had already taken place, and San Salvador founded as a Spanish town. A Spanish column was despatched from San Salvador, led by Diego de Alvarado and supported by indigenous auxiliaries. They found three or four allied native groups had set up a defensive position upon the strongly fortified Peñol de Cinacantan ("Rock of Cinacantan", now known as Cerro Redondo); at least one of the groups was 2197: 2333:, and possibly all of them. The sides of the fortress were shear, except for a single approach that was strongly defended. As the Spanish party attempted to storm the fortress, the natives threw rocks down upon them, and showered them with arrows and spears. On the first day, Spanish assaults were twice beaten back. Seeing that the fortress could not easily be taken, the Spanish built a wooden 2262:. The campaign that followed lasted two years, during which the Spanish battled continually against indigenous resistance. During this time, the natives defended themselves from fortified mountain strongholds. Pedro de Alvarado undertook further expeditions to El Salvador in 1526 and 1528. In 1528, the conquest of Cuzcatlan was completed, with the aid of a significant body of 2544:, then governor of Honduras, urgently appealed to San Salvador for reinforcements and supplies. Montejo sent twenty Spaniards supported by native auxiliaries south towards the Valley of Xocorro, within the jurisdictional claim of San Miguel, but a scouting party was captured by the Spaniards resident there, and Montejo's column withdrew back to Honduras; en route to 2012:, this left El Salvador in an intermediate region temporarily beyond Spanish control. Spanish colonial towns were founded according to the whim of individual conquistadors, with no formal planning of their location or of communication routes between them, often leaving them isolated. In 1548, El Salvador was formally placed within the jurisdiction of the 2512:. A native army laid siege to San Miguel over the course of three days from 27 March. Their surprise attack caught many of the inhabitants defenceless, and 50–60 Spanish colonists were killed, more than half of the Spaniards then resident in the town. After three days the attackers were repulsed by reinforcements that were passing through from 1892:. By the time the Spanish arrived in the area in 1524, it is estimated that up to 50% of the native population of El Salvador had already been eliminated by the new diseases, against which they had no immunity. It is likely that disease had significantly weakened the Pipil by the time they fielded large armies against the Spanish at 2127:

led a group of mounted scouts that managed to capture two native lookouts, from whom they learned that a large native army had gathered near the city, with forces gathered from the surrounding area. The Spanish scouts advanced until they found the enemy, then waited for the vanguard of forty cavalry

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with his men, bringing an urgently needed influx of new colonists. San Miguel was refounded as San Miguel de la Frontera by Cristóbal de la Cueva on 15 April 1535. De la Cueva brought the area back within the jurisdiction of Guatemala, although the governor of Honduras vigorously protested. Eastern

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were also employed. As well as the one-handed broadsword, a 1.7-metre (5.5 ft) long two-handed version was also used. Crossbows had 0.61-metre (2 ft) arms stiffened with hardwoods, horn, bone and cane, and supplied with a stirrup to facilitate drawing the string with a crank and pulley.

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After the first two large-scale battles between the Spanish and Pipil armies resulted in decisive victories for the European invaders, the natives preferred to flee their settlements at their approach rather than face the conquistadors on an open battlefield. A common tactic of the natives was to

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with the rest of his men against a mass of warriors that was still distant but they stood off for a time, believing that the two forces were separated by a swamp. As soon as the Spanish discovered that the apparent swamp was in fact solid ground, they charged the enemy and routed them, killing a

1454:. The extreme east of El Salvador was occupied by the Mangue, with the Matagalpa in the southeast. The population of the entire territory of El Salvador is variously estimated between 130,000 and 1,000,000 at the time of the conquest; the low-mid estimates within this range are more likely. 1512:). These weapons proved inferior to elements of Spanish warfare such as steel, the horse and firearms. The Spanish described how the natives of El Salvador wore thick cotton armour, described as three fingers thick, that extended down to their feet and significantly encumbered them. 1761:

A key strategy was the establishment of colonial towns across the territories that underwent the process of conquest and colonisation; they were used to project Spanish power over the surrounding countryside. The Spanish were particularly horrified by the

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in 1545–1548, and again in 1576–1581, reducing indigenous populations to just 10% of their pre-contact levels, making successful resistance against the European colonisers extremely difficult. The deadliest of the newly introduced diseases were smallpox,

2425:. Estete and his second-in-command fled for Nicaragua, and his soldiers surrendered to López. Diego de Rojas was freed, and the slaves recovered. This intervention put an end to Pedrarias Dávila's hopes of securing El Salvador as part of Nicaragua. 1818:

was the ability to rapidly move bodies of troops across a battlefield to outmaneuver their opponents, who were exclusively on foot. Repeated mounted charges could have a devastating impact on massed native infantry. The Spanish also employed fierce

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to the north. For the first few years, San Salvador was a frontier town under the constant threat of indigenous attack. Soon after the town was re-founded, a Spaniard and some indigenous auxiliaries were killed when visiting a nearby settlement.

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was considered fully pacified. In the immediate aftermath of the Spanish conquest, the conquistadors sought wealth through slaving and mining, but both of these industries soon faltered, and the colonists instead turned to agriculture. In 1545,

1200:. El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America, and is dominated by two mountain ranges running east–west. Its climate is tropical, and the year is divided into wet and dry seasons. Before the conquest the country formed a part of the 2676:

and El Salvador, of which two survive. One of these relates his expedition into El Salvador, with an eye to military detail. It is of particular use in its description of tactics and weaponry, although it is disdainful of the native culture.

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in the rain season of 1524, leading an army of 250 Spaniards, 100 of which were mounted, and 5,000 Guatemalan allies. The invaders overcame the natives in pitched battles and fought off guerrilla attacks on their forces. Alvarado crossed the

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often went without metal armour, or only donned it immediately prior to battle. They were quick to adopt quilted cotton armour based upon that used by their native opponents, and commonly combined this with the use of a simple metal

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the following year, but it was eradicated by a native attack in 1526, during a general uprising that spread across the region. Pedro de Alvarado returned to campaign in El Salvador in 1526 and 1528, and in the latter year,

1318:, in the east of the country, to protect against further incursions from Nicaragua and to assist in the conquest of the surrounding area. Indigenous uprisings against the invaders continued, spreading from neighbouring 1438:(c. 250–950 AD). The Lenca occupied territory to the east of the Lempa River, where their principal kingdom was Chaparrastique. Chaparrastique extended across territory now incorporated into the departments of 3959:

15 (June 1988): 79–116. Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala and South Woodstock, Vermont, US: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica (CIRMA) in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies.

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padded with cotton armour, which would act to shield attackers from enemy missiles, and allow them to climb over any fortifications. Mounted conquistadors were armed with a 3.7-metre (12 ft)

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21 (June 1991): 41–70. Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala and South Woodstock, Vermont: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica (CIRMA) in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies.

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in March 1530 with thirty cavalry, and an unspecified body of infantry. The residents of San Salvador rose up in arms to join the relief force; Estete abandoned his camp and retreated towards

2341:, and promised that the rebellious Indians would arrive to swear loyalty to the King of Spain. The attackers believed this to be a trick, and launched a new attack using their newly built 1847:

Metal armour was of limited use in the hot, wet tropical climate. It was heavy and had to be constantly cleaned to prevent rusting; in direct sunlight, metal armour became unbearably hot.

1860:

were considered essential by both infantry and cavalry; generally this was a circular target shield, convex in form and fashioned from iron or wood. Rings secured it to the arm and hand.

1921:. Their introduction was catastrophic in the Americas; it is estimated that 90% of the indigenous population had been eliminated by disease within the first century of European contact. 4483:

Defensa territorial y maritima de Nicaragua en el mar Caribe: efectos de la resolución de la Corte Centroamericana de Justicia en el marco del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana

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The three principal kingdoms of Cuscatlan, Izalco, and Chaparrastique engaged in regular warfare, and smaller groups occasionally rebelled against their larger neighbours. There was

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was in command of the Spanish forces attempting to pacify indigenous resistance centred on Popocatepet. In January or February 1530, Martín de Estete captured Rojas, and marched on

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in the east. Izalco lay to the southwest of Cuscatlan and was subservient to it on the eve of the Spanish conquest; its territory is now incorporated into the modern departments of

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discovered that there was little gold or silver to be found in El Salvador, and it became a colonial backwater with a small Spanish population, within the jurisdiction of the

2184:. Alvarado was informed that extensive lands lay ahead, with difficult terrain, many cities, and large populations. Frustrated by the lack of progress, Alvarado withdrew to 7625: 2136:

was travelling in the rearguard, slowed by his wounds. Alvarado watched the battle unfold from a nearby viewpoint, and left command in the hands of his brothers. He sent

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was moved to its current location, and on 27 September 1546, it was elevated in status to a city. El Salvador originally formed three administrative divisions, those of

2402: 2571:'s stronghold had been taken by the Spanish, and Montejo crossed from Honduras to San Miguel to assist in putting down continued indigenous resistance in the district. 287: 1559:

in the 1490s. In the first decades after the discovery of the new lands, the Spanish colonised the Caribbean and established a centre of operations on the island of

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at the head of an expedition to annex the territory to Nicaragua. Estete captured the leader of a rival Spanish expedition in eastern El Salvador, and marched on

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El Salvador, centred on the town of San Miguel, became the Province of San Miguel, which included the territory of the pre-Columbian province of Chaparrastique.

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to regroup, with the intention of returning in the dry season; He had been in the province of Cuzcatlan for seventeen days, and left it at the end of June 1524.

2489: 5062: 2640:. The native inhabitants of the Izalco region of El Salvador, famed for its prodigious production of cacao, were among the most heavily exploited in the whole 6755: 2374: 1299: 482: 367: 209: 1659:

The conquistadors were all volunteers, the majority of whom did not receive a fixed salary but instead a portion of the spoils of victory, in the form of

5764: 2637: 2223: 1274: 6775: 5690: 5022: 312: 7693: 1159: 2345:. They breached the fortifications and killed many of the defenders, while many others fled in terror. Once the fortress had fallen, the defeated 908: 7240: 2157:

Alvarado rested two days at Tazuzcalco, before proceeding to Miahuaclan, which had been abandoned by its inhabitants, then on to Atehuan (modern

1683:, over half were from these two regions. From 1520 to 1539, this fell to just under half of all conquistadors leaving Spain. The conquest of the 202: 139: 6735: 487: 1458: 2325:. The hostile natives had retreated to their stronghold after their earlier attack. The uprising was considered the first native rebellion in 7698: 6785: 5015: 4238:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Guatemala City, Guatemala: CENALTEX Centro Nacional de Libros de Texto y Material Didáctico "José de Pineda Ibarra". 3995: 7807: 6390: 5748: 5057: 4511: 2555:, alarmed by the uprising engulfing the region, responded by sending a great quantity of weapons, armour, gunpowder, and other supplies to 2318: 2259: 2112: 1897: 1229:

were largely volunteers, receiving the spoils of victory instead of a salary; many were experienced soldiers who had already campaigned in

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Los Angeles, US: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies (FAMSI), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA). Archived from

4593: 4898: 1322:. The general uprising across the two provinces was put down by the end of 1538, and by 1539 the province was considered pacified. The 796: 744: 2563:. They also sent 100 Indian auxiliaries, with 1,000 native porters. Further supplies were forthcoming from the embattled residents of 7737: 4982: 4655: 4524: 7782: 7777: 7605: 6709: 5387: 5089: 4736: 1220:. Native weaponry consisted of spears, bows and arrows, and wooden swords with inset stone blades; they wore padded cotton armour. 801: 692: 4469: 6689: 2623: 2414: 2235: 377: 776: 2488:

with about 40 men to establish a new port and road to Guatemala, and to put down a native uprising there. He was challenged by

5827: 2063:, to find it abandoned. They continued to Acatepeque, where the inhabitants had also fled the approaching Spanish expedition. 7463: 5574: 4716: 4640: 4444: 4409: 4386: 4318: 4258: 4190: 4087: 4062: 848: 811: 687: 6425: 6294: 5921: 5917: 4015:

Aportes Para Una Historia Socio-economica De El Salvador: Desde La Colonia Hasta La Crisis Del Mercado Comun Centroamericano

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with twenty cavalry to attack the left flank, and Gonzalo de Alvarado with thirty cavalry against the right flank. He sent

2124: 1873: 1152: 1114: 935: 918: 843: 402: 332: 32: 7797: 7620: 6740: 5072: 4772: 4726: 4721: 4583: 4578: 4485:" (in Spanish) pp. 8, 28. Doctoral dissertation. León, Nicaragua: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua – León. 2601: 1447: 1107: 1100: 759: 697: 387: 5609: 477: 7387: 6704: 6640: 6362: 6342: 5817: 5549: 5512: 4630: 4573: 1095: 925: 7752: 6856: 5318: 277: 7812: 7453: 7362: 6760: 6304: 5857: 5487: 5084: 4807: 4792: 4340: 4295: 4273: 4213: 4168: 4144: 4127: 4112: 3902: 3843: 3820: 3788: 3765: 1671:. A sizeable portion of the Spanish conquistadors were from the southwestern regions of Spain, with their origins in 1548: 903: 831: 628: 497: 122: 2421:, taking with him 2,000 enslaved Cuzcatlecos. López pursued Estete and caught up with his forces after crossing the 282: 260: 7653: 6337: 5821: 5599: 5354: 4868: 4777: 4701: 4650: 4504: 2337:, which greatly impressed the defenders. One of the native lords called a truce and asked the Spanish to return to 1877: 633: 502: 342: 307: 7029: 6964: 5218: 1061: 7802: 7787: 7382: 7169: 6969: 6518: 6453: 6039: 5941: 5203: 4831: 1719: 1387: 1145: 1041: 739: 462: 437: 422: 292: 7508: 7024: 6468: 6352: 250: 7610: 7548: 7347: 6765: 6478: 6458: 6430: 6347: 6322: 6182: 5990: 5897: 5837: 5804: 5094: 5067: 4946: 4916: 4888: 4635: 4555: 2633: 2405:), just to the south, which he called Ciudad de los Caballeros ("City of the Knights"). The acting governor of 2230:'s cousin, was sent to reconquer Cuzcatlan in the same year; he was accompanied by 300 Indian auxiliaries from 2214:

in early 1525, before May of that year, but it was attacked and destroyed by natives in 1526, during a general

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In the first two decades of the 16th century, the Spanish established their domination over the islands of the

1327: 913: 893: 412: 245: 7573: 7402: 7159: 5136: 4482: 1814:, who had never seen horses until European contact. As important as the physical advantage given to a mounted 806: 584: 372: 7792: 7725: 7703: 7658: 7600: 7578: 7392: 7164: 6846: 6635: 6620: 5705: 5569: 5522: 5153: 5126: 4883: 4645: 4625: 4620: 2717: 2707: 1619: 1570:, and used these as a staging point to launch their campaigns of conquest on the continental mainland of the 1283:

to his supporters. In 1528, the uprising finally ended when the Spanish stormed the native stronghold at the

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to conquer the newly discovered lands in return for tax revenues and the power to rule. The Spanish founded

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by the conquistadors had a great impact upon indigenous populations. As the Spanish were occupied with the

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and founded San Miguel on 21 November 1530. In addition to the Spanish colonists, the settlement included

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and Pipil cities were relatively small by Mesoamerican standards, especially when compared with the great

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The Heritage of the Conquistadors: Ruling Classes in Central America from the Conquest to the Sandinistas

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The Living Pay for the Dead: Trade, Exploitation, and Social Change in Early Colonial Izalco, El Salvador

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Johnson 2009, p. 76. Pohl and Robinson 2005, pp 95–96. Restall and Fernández Armesto 2012, location 1585.

2628: 2413:, sent his captain Francisco López at the head of an expedition to drive out the interlopers. López left 2234:, 160 of whom died in the campaign. He was joined by Pedro de Alvarado after the latter returned from an 2013: 1715: 1540: 1500: 898: 873: 557: 347: 302: 7019: 6926: 5198: 7503: 6866: 6513: 6400: 6312: 6284: 5911: 5881: 5686: 5517: 5313: 4710: 4681: 4568: 4563: 4079:

An Islandwide Struggle for Freedom: Revolution, Emancipation, and Reenslavement in Hispaniola 1789–1809

2056: 1090: 1085: 883: 826: 791: 724: 604: 6886: 6841: 40: 7422: 7372: 7230: 7129: 6625: 6498: 6463: 6415: 6317: 5929: 5813: 5502: 5472: 5467: 4848: 4802: 2653: 2284:. The location may have been chosen because it occupied a no-man's-land between the territory of the 2277: 2201: 970: 940: 764: 574: 552: 537: 532: 527: 522: 492: 417: 337: 317: 6047: 5233: 2761: 2644:. By the end of the 16th century, this had led to the collapse of cacao production in the province. 1782:

The steel sword was the greatest Spanish advantage in terms of weaponry. The conquistadors employed

7367: 7250: 7210: 7149: 7144: 7084: 6503: 6493: 6279: 5982: 5893: 5594: 5228: 4873: 4863: 4817: 4741: 4696: 4608: 4550: 4078: 2737: 2446: 2020: 1937: 1684: 997: 863: 786: 734: 623: 512: 507: 442: 407: 392: 7747: 6826: 6059: 5579: 4268:(in Spanish). Tegucigalpha, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. Colección CÓDICES (Ciencias Sociales). 2401:, but was unable to gain the support of the residents there, and set up camp at Perulapan (modern 2060: 1524: 7417: 7275: 7119: 7059: 7009: 6911: 6508: 6473: 6420: 6055: 5925: 5889: 5619: 5492: 5477: 5373: 5253: 4893: 4843: 4669: 2597: 2564: 2501: 2493: 2438: 2094: 1427: 1315: 1186: 965: 781: 707: 447: 6610: 4425: 4404:. Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. 4369: 4360: 4057:(hardback). First Peoples. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, US: University of North Carolina Press. 4007: 3988: 3929: 1929: 7708: 7280: 7215: 6719: 6605: 6488: 6448: 6092: 5885: 5544: 5534: 4975: 4908: 4812: 4767: 4755: 4532: 2465:

allies, among other Indian auxiliaries. Most of the Spanish population of San Miguel abandoned

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Juicio a un conquistador: Pedro de Alvarado: su proceso de residencia en Guatemala (1536–1538)

4021:, no. 108: 5–71. Mexico City: Pan American Institute of Geography and History. (Full text via 1439: 7154: 6564: 6385: 6274: 6213: 6141: 6051: 5752: 5432: 5303: 5263: 4936: 4797: 2748: 2568: 2537: 2533: 1771: 1623: 1395: 1379: 975: 729: 129: 7688: 7089: 6876: 6836: 6795: 5769: 5243: 4355: 3952: 3744: 2370: 2149:

refused to confront the Spanish upon an open battlefield, and resorted to guerilla tactics.

1996:

contact. As with neighbouring regions, this hindered the progress of incorporation into the

1699:. Relations between rival conquistadors were dominated by mutual distrust, greed, and envy. 1443: 1295: 7663: 7332: 7295: 7285: 7225: 7124: 7104: 6999: 6811: 6630: 5507: 5497: 5248: 5178: 4991: 4951: 4941: 4853: 4782: 4598: 2657: 2611: 2593: 2556: 2545: 2541: 2293: 2120: 2106: 1844:

Crossbows were easier to maintain than matchlocks, especially in a humid tropical climate.

1532: 1450:. The Ch'orti' and Poqomam occupied territories in the west near the present day border of 1391: 1383: 1257: 1119: 980: 930: 457: 7189: 6979: 6901: 4160:

Martyrdom and the Politics of Religion: Progressive Catholicism in El Salvador's Civil War

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Linderos y geografía económica de Cuscatlán, provinica pipil del territorio de El Salvador

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allies from central and southern Mexico. On 1 April 1528, Diego de Alvarado reestablished

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was put down about a month later, when the Spanish stormed the mountaintop stronghold at

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cultural region. The central and western portions of the territory were inhabited by the

1265: 945: 719: 682: 677: 672: 542: 327: 265: 179: 7478: 7179: 4787: 2071: 1977: 1964:. El Salvador fell in a frontier region between rival conquests launched southward from 1362:. The Pipil were divided into three main provinces in El Salvador; the two largest were 7493: 7483: 7458: 7412: 7377: 7235: 6944: 6821: 6694: 6192: 6172: 5832: 5720: 5447: 5349: 5288: 5223: 5007: 4996: 4926: 4475: 4206:

Aztecs & Conquistadors: The Spanish invasion & the collapse of the Aztec Empire

4030:"You Should Give them Blacks to Eat": Waging Inter-American Wars of Torture and Terror. 3933: 3883: 2694: 2669: 2450: 2158: 2080: 1969: 1823:

in battle. When laying siege to native fortresses, they would on occasion build wooden

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El patrimonio arquitectónico histórico-artístico de Santa Ana y Sonsonate, El Salvador

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under the command of Antonio de Quintanilla. This uprising enveloped the territory of

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did not join the general uprising, having been militarily exhausted by the battles of

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coast. On 8 June 1524, they met with a massed native force, arrayed for battle half a

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El origen de la identidad salvadoreña. Etnicidad en la antigua Villa de San Salvador

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Lost Shores, Forgotten Peoples: Spanish Explorations of the South East Maya Lowlands

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In 1529, El Salvador became embroiled in a jurisdictional dispute with neighbouring

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cultural region, and was inhabited by a number of indigenous peoples, including the

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Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil-Nicarao of Central America: A Critical Analysis

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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

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In order to defend against further rival Spanish incursions from the southeast,

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Six days after the battle, Alvarado marched northeast searching for the city of

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on the mainland to the west of their Caribbean island settlements and, in 1519,

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1: 101–116. San Salvador, El Salvador: Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador.

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Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Postcontact Change in the Americas

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that followed was effectively an extension of the campaign that overthrew the

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5: 61–85. San Salvador, El Salvador: Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador.

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where a large empire had been rapidly overcome with the fall of its capital,

1949: 1840: 1832: 1824: 1567: 1351: 1002: 754: 702: 517: 194: 4381:(in Spanish). Volume 1. Madrid, Spain: Marcial Pons, Ediciones de Historia. 3996:

El sitio arqueológico Cinacantan: Primer levantamiento indígena en Cuscatlán

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from Guatemala on 6 June 1524, and arrived at Mopicalco, in what is now the

1370:, while Nonualco was the smallest of the three. Cuscatlan extended from the 1244:

The first campaign against the native inhabitants was undertaken in 1524 by

7678: 7668: 7397: 6936: 6790: 6615: 6131: 5907: 5589: 5437: 4045: 2589: 2552: 2540:, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of San Salvador, within Honduras. 2521: 2398: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2314: 2309:

Map of the principal settlements and battles of the conquest of El Salvador

2305: 2285: 2267: 2215: 2211: 2146: 2005: 1918: 1885: 1643: 1631: 1603: 1602:

set sail to explore the Mexican coast. By August 1521 the Aztec capital of

1489:

used wooden weapons with stone blades. Their weapons included long spears,

1486: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1347: 1303: 1269: 1249: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1181: 159: 149: 134: 6989: 4417: 4394: 4348: 4243: 4152: 4095: 4070: 3945: 3910: 3805: 6579: 6405: 5974: 5852: 4540: 4520: 4452: 4326: 4303: 4281: 4228: 4198: 4176: 3868: 3851: 3828: 3773: 2665: 2622:

of San Salvador. From 1524, all of these fell within the jurisdiction of

2580: 2525: 2466: 2454: 2422: 2378: 2342: 2239: 2043: 2000:, as each small kingdom had to be overcome in turn; this contrasted with 1989: 1945: 1901: 1889: 1763: 1751: 1727: 1676: 1579: 1375: 1343: 1339: 1238: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1022: 6569: 4014: 3887: 3875: 2702: 1543:

in 1492. Private adventurers thereafter entered into contracts with the

186: 7443: 6177: 5457: 5344: 4489: 4082:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, US: University of North Carolina Press. 2462: 2449:, consisting of about 120 Spanish cavalry, accompanied by infantry and 2354: 2272: 2028: 1783: 1707: 1696: 1578:, the Spanish launched expeditions and campaigns of conquest, reaching 1575: 1556: 1462: 1279: 432: 397: 4470:

The End of Pre-Columbian Pipil Civilization, Ciudad Vieja, El Salvador

4041: 4029: 3953:

La población nativa de El Salvador al momento de la conquista española

3937: 3917: 2052: 6410: 6167: 6067: 5842: 5744: 5678: 2673: 2584: 2513: 2481: 2441:, which he also used as a base of operations for attacks against the 2418: 2406: 2382: 2358: 2326: 2322: 2281: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2185: 2177: 2169: 2162: 2047: 1993: 1881: 1807: 1799: 1747: 1672: 1664: 1615: 1552: 1536: 1508: 1451: 1431: 1371: 1363: 1307: 1291: 1261: 1253: 1071: 3863:(in Spanish). 9th edition. San Salvador, El Salvador: UCA Editores. 1516:

concentrate themselves in strongly defended mountaintop fortresses.

6584: 5462: 4313:(2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 3230:

White 2009, p. 32. Barahona 1991, p. 70. Newson 1986, 2007, p. 144.

2615: 2560: 2509: 2485: 2255: 2247: 2173: 2116: 2086: 1893: 1869: 1811: 1795: 1791: 1667:

were already experienced soldiers who had previously campaigned in

1571: 1394:. Other indigenous groups with territories in El Salvador were the 1319: 1192:

polities in the territory that is now incorporated into the modern

1012: 5163: 4139:. Lanham, Maryland and Plymouth, Devon: Rowman & Littlefield. 2353:

to the inhabitants of San Salvador; the inhabitants were probably

1933:

Principal expedition routes of the Spanish conquest of El Salvador

45:

Indigenous ethnic groups of El Salvador, prior to Spanish conquest

7742: 7713: 6223: 6208: 5365: 2548:

they were attacked by a Lenca force, and killed almost to a man.

2024: 1910: 1906: 1853: 1836: 1810:; their deployment often terrified the native inhabitants of the 1606:

had fallen to the Spanish. The Spanish conquered a large part of

1591: 1583: 1528:

Map of Spanish expansion in the Caribbean during the 16th century

1007: 6679: 6233: 6228: 6005: 2458: 2385:, going so far as to distribute the unconquered natives of the 2263: 2251: 2196: 2181: 2009: 2001: 1965: 1957: 1914: 1884:

in 1520–1521, and is also likely to have spread throughout the

1857: 1787: 1743: 1735: 1711: 1692: 1688: 1668: 1607: 1504: 1495: 1490: 1474: 1470: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1230: 3876:

The Archaeology of the Spanish Contact Period in the Caribbean

3573: 3571: 3569: 3380: 3378: 7720: 5994: 5658: 4266:

Pueblos Indígenas y Garífuna de Honduras: Una caracterización

4054:

Memories of Conquest: Becoming Mexicano in Colonial Guatemala

4022: 2529: 2505: 2442: 2289: 1828: 1680: 1595: 1594:

in 1513. The Spanish heard rumours of the rich empire of the

1466: 107: 2469:

with Pedro de Alvarado when he set out on his expedition to

2250:

was racked by indigenous wars against the Spanish invaders.

2008:. As Spanish authority gradually spread out from Mexico and 6063: 5978: 3610: 3566: 3375: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2517: 2470: 1587: 1560: 5956: 4107:(in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. 3624: 3622: 3585: 3583: 1663:, land grants and provision of native labour. Many of the 4364:

47: 203–214. Barcelona, Spain: Universitat de Barcelona.

4253:. Kindle edition. New York, US: Oxford University Press. 3760:(in Spanish). Tegucialpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. 2909: 2907: 2321:, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the modern town of 5037: 4163:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2853: 2492:, governor of Honduras, and eventually marched south to 1876:, these diseases ran ahead of them from 1519 onwards. A 4249:

Restall, Matthew; and Felipe Fernández Armesto (2012).

4185:. Warrior. 40. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing. 3619: 3580: 3115: 3113: 2636:. Ecclesiastically, all of El Salvador fell within the 2276:

rights among his supporters. This site is now known as

3347: 3345: 3343: 2921: 2919: 2904: 2280:, and is situated 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of 5711:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

4236:

Pedro de Alvarado: Conquistador de México y Guatemala

3897:. Durham, North Carolina, US: Duke University Press. 3838:(5th ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 3690: 3688: 3655:

Gallardo 2013, p. 110. Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 87.

3523: 3521: 3265: 3263: 3075:

Pohl and Hook 2008, pp. 26, 62. Gallardo 2014, p. 77.

2960: 2958: 2085:

From Acatepeque, the Spanish expedition proceeded to

4013:

Giusto, Vicente Jorge; and Rolando Iuliano (1989). "

3797:

The Conquest and Colonization of Honduras: 1502–1550

3110: 2684: 2626:. In 1542, this jurisdiction was reorganised as the 2176:, they failed to take the fortified Pipil cities of 1306:, before being repulsed by a relief force sent from 4335:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 4223:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: CENALTEX. 3783:Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. 3477: 3475: 3473: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3410: 3408: 3340: 3322: 3281: 3272: 3035: 3033: 2916: 2364: 2168:Although the Spanish had won decisive victories at 2075:

Acajutla is located on El Salvador's coastal plain.

1924: 1900:. Further waves of epidemic diseases spread across 1702:The conquistadors were accompanied by a great many 1655:

led the initial Spanish incursion into El Salvador.

4208:. Oxford, UK and New York, US: Osprey Publishing. 3685: 3518: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3260: 3248:Recinos 1952, 1986, pp. 88–89. Boland 2001, p. 14. 3103: 3101: 3099: 3066:Restall and Fernández Armesto 2012, location 1576. 2955: 2738:"Crónicas de Cuzcatlán-Nequepio y del Mar del Sur" 1610:within three years, extending as far south as the 1333: 3431: 3429: 3368: 3366: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3021: 2901:White 2009, p. 31. Recinos 1952, 1986, pp. 89–90. 2796: 2794: 2792: 2428: 1976:, and northward from Panama under the command of 1314:ordered the establishment of a new settlement at 16:Campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores 7769: 4204:Pohl, John; and Charles M. Robinson III (2005). 3966:". In J. Daniel Rogers, Samual M. Wilson (eds.) 3470: 3447: 3405: 3030: 1806:. An important Spanish advantage was the use of 6255: 3493: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3096: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2034: 1863: 1248:. Alvarado launched his expedition against the 1109:Greater Republic of Central America (1895–1898) 1102:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841) 3426: 3363: 3299: 3174: 2892:Boland 2001, p. 13. Fowler 1988, pp. 113, 115. 2789: 1679:. Up to 1519, according to licenses issued in 1480: 765:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 224: 5900:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 5381: 5023: 4505: 4221:Los Cakchiqueles en la Conquista de Guatemala 4120:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism 2835: 2782: 2780: 2300: 2152: 2100: 1777: 1770:, prompting them to attempt to eradicate the 1519: 1153: 755:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63) 210: 5575:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 4251:The Conquistadors: A Very Short Introduction 3757:Evolución histórica de la identidad nacional 3197: 3158: 2883:Boland 2001, p. 13. Rivas 1993, 2000, p. 42. 2821: 1746:that joined him as he marched south towards 1260:, but by July 1524 he had retreated back to 4118:Olson, James S.; and Robert Shadle (1991). 3994:Gallardo Mejía, Francisco Roberto (2014). " 2191: 2066: 1992:was not politically unified at the time of 1948:in 1522 as they sailed northwest along the 5388: 5374: 5030: 5016: 4512: 4498: 4439:. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing. 4431:Wise, Terence; and Angus McBride (2008) . 4286:Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). 4122:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 2777: 2668:. Pedro de Alvarado wrote four letters to 1622:who answered to the Spanish Crown via the 1160: 1146: 217: 203: 39: 7694:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 3834:Coe, Michael D.; with Rex Koontz (2002). 2476:Cristóbal de la Cueva, under orders from 7699:Colonial universities in the Philippines 4519: 3920:". Ethnohistory. Duke University Press. 3607:Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, pp. 161, 380. 3563:Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, pp. 207, 380. 2574: 2304: 2195: 2070: 1928: 1647: 1523: 1386:. The Nonualco area is in the region of 6690:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 4481:Salgado Zelaya, Róger Antonio (2008). " 3916:Fowler, William R. Jr. (Winter 1985). " 3545:Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, pp. 204–206. 2624:Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala 2415:Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala 2218:uprising that engulfed the province of 2115:, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from 1614:. The newly conquered territory became 7770: 7643: 4599:Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992) 3084:Wise and McBride 1980, 2008, pp. 9–10. 2610:, while San Salvador, San Miguel, and 1277:reestablished San Salvador and issued 1086:Intendancy of San Salvador (1785–1821) 88:Incorporation of El Salvador into the 7642: 7538: 7537: 6661: 6539: 6254: 6113: 6081: 6018: 5955: 5870: 5793: 5733: 5647: 5636: 5408: 5407: 5369: 5011: 4493: 3836:Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs 2647: 2520:, with the help of a detachment from 1465:as the principal commodity, although 750:Caribbean and North America (1739–48) 198: 5971:Captaincy General of the Philippines 5463:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 5039:Spanish colonization of the Americas 4136:Historical Dictionary of El Salvador 2735: 1988:The territory now incorporated into 1687:was launched from three directions; 33:Spanish colonization of the Americas 7808:Spanish conquest of Central America 7674:Indochristian painting in New Spain 5794: 4584:Greater Republic of Central America 4579:Federal Republic of Central America 4181:Pohl, John; and Adam Hook (2008) . 3794:Chamberlain, Robert Stoner (1966) 2638:Roman Catholic diocese of Guatemala 2145:great many. After this battle, the 1256:, also known as Nequepio, from the 1176:was the campaign undertaken by the 251:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478) 13: 6641:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 6114: 5395: 4460: 3882:Vol. 2, No. 2: 187–233. Springer. 3781:Culture and Customs of El Salvador 3673:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 89–90. 3664:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 87–88. 3646:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 84–85. 3616:Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, p. 381. 3577:Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, p. 380. 3554:Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, p. 207. 3384:Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, p. 206. 2656:, an indigenous document from the 1493:(spear-throwers), arrows, and the 1237:drawn from previously encountered 14: 7824: 5871: 5734: 5615:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 4036:, vol. 61 no. 1, pp. 65–92. 2579:By 1539, the Spanish advances in 1115:Military dictatorship (1931–1979) 123:Indigenous peoples of El Salvador 7726:Criollos in the colonial society 7654:Spanish missions in the Americas 6776:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 5355:Spanish missions in the Americas 5162: 4354:Tous i Mata, Meritxell (1997). " 3951:Fowler, William R. Jr. (1988). " 2774:Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 766. 2687: 2508:uprising that spread south from 2437:established the Spanish town of 2365:Inter-Spanish rivalry, 1529–1530 1925:Spanish discovery of El Salvador 1637: 1129: 1120:Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992) 1060: 106: 7783:16th century in Central America 7778:Military history of El Salvador 7753:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 5637: 4219:Polo Sifontes, Francis (1986). 3874:Deagan, Kathleen (June 1988). " 3800:. New York, US: Octagon Books. 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3601: 3592: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3509: 3484: 3461: 3438: 3417: 3396: 3387: 3354: 3331: 3313: 3290: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3188: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2445:. A Spanish force commanded by 2393:to his followers. At the time, 2381:to his domains in neighbouring 1334:El Salvador before the conquest 1174:Spanish conquest of El Salvador 473:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667) 26:Spanish conquest of El Salvador 6082: 5805:Captaincy General of Guatemala 5513:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 4400:White, Christopher M. (2009). 4019:Revista de Historia de América 3682:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 95. 3637:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 84. 3628:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 83. 3598:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 34. 3589:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 33. 3296:Recinos 1952, 1986, pp. 90–91. 3257:Recinos 1952, 1986, pp. 88–89. 3155:Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 16, 26. 3128:Pohl and Hook 2008, pp. 26–27. 3018:Polo Sifontes 1986, pp. 57–58. 2913:Recinos 1952, 1986, pp. 89–90. 2874:Olson and Shadle 1991, p. 199. 2844: 2812: 2803: 2768: 2729: 2634:Captaincy General of Guatemala 2429:Eastern El Salvador, 1530–1538 2119:, in the modern department of 1835:for infantrymen. A variety of 1758:that joined him in Guatemala. 1695:, and the Caribbean island of 1328:Captaincy General of Guatemala 1: 7704:General Archive of the Indies 6965:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 6636:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 6621:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 5570:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 5523:War of the Spanish Succession 5488:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 5219:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 4375:Vallejo García-Hevia (2008). 3893:Feldman, Lawrence H. (2000). 3736: 3337:Recinos 1952,1986, pp. 92–93. 3239:Giusto and Iuliano 1989 p. 9. 2718:Spanish conquest of Nicaragua 2708:Spanish conquest of Guatemala 2027:, now in southern Mexico, to 1073: 6662: 5776:Captaincy General of Yucatan 5706:Union with Holy Roman Empire 5685:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 5600:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 4000:Revista de Museología "Kóot" 3981:Revista de Museología "Kóot" 3962:Fowler, William R. (1993). " 3057:Gallardo 2013, pp. 105, 109. 3000:Coe and Koontz 2002, p. 229. 2713:Spanish conquest of Honduras 2238:. By 1526, the territory of 2035:First expeditions, 1524–1528 1960:, and briefly landed in the 1944:first explored the coast of 1864:Impact of Old World diseases 1390:centered around the city of 1081:Spanish conquest (1524–1539) 941:Dominican Republic (1863–65) 7: 6540: 6256:Administrative subdivisions 5453:War of the League of Cognac 4899:Water supply and sanitation 4467:Fowler, William R. (2007). 4309:Smith, Michael E. (2003) . 4076:Nessler, Graham T. (2016). 3975:Gallardo, Roberto (2013). " 3880:Journal of World Prehistory 3467:Gallardo 2013, pp. 109–110. 2743:: 112 – via REDICCES. 2680: 2672:describing his conquest of 2629:Real Audiencia de Guatemala 2202:San Salvador (Ciudad Vieja) 2019:, which extended along the 1983: 1972:and his trusted lieutenant 1868:Diseases introduced to the 1541:Kingdom of Castile and Leon 1499:(a wooden sword with inset 1481:Native weaponry and tactics 10: 7829: 7798:Wars involving El Salvador 6970:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 6955:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 6857:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 6019: 5755:), Western United States ( 5648: 5518:Portuguese Restoration War 5319:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 5309:Tristán de Luna y Arellano 5209:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 5204:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 4788:pre-dollarization currency 4569:1811 Independence Movement 4402:The History of El Salvador 4183:The Conquistador 1492–1550 4051:Matthew, Laura E. (2012). 3360:Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 97. 3328:Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 91. 3287:Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 90. 3278:Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 89. 3146:Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 23. 3137:Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 27. 3119:Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 26. 3027:Polo Sifontes 1986, p. 62. 2925:Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 92. 2664:'s initial incursion into 2504:was isolated by a general 2377:to annex the territory of 2373:sent an expedition led by 2301:Battle of Cinacantan, 1528 2210:founded the settlement of 2153:Retreat to Guatemala, 1524 2104: 2101:Battle of Tacuzcalco, 1524 2078: 1790:, firearms (including the 1778:Spanish weapons and armour 1641: 1520:Background to the conquest 1354:culturally related to the 1091:1811 Independence Movement 797:Banda Oriental (1776–1777) 228:Spanish colonial campaigns 7738:Slavery in Spanish Empire 7649: 7638: 7544: 7533: 7431: 7325: 7318: 7203: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7025:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 6935: 6804: 6766:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 6728: 6672: 6668: 6657: 6626:Barcelona Trading Company 6593: 6550: 6546: 6535: 6439: 6391:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 6361: 6303: 6265: 6261: 6250: 6201: 6160: 6124: 6120: 6109: 6088: 6025: 5966: 5898:Venezuela, part of Guyana 5877: 5800: 5751:, Central United States ( 5740: 5654: 5643: 5632: 5483:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 5468:Expulsion of the Moriscos 5414: 5403: 5337: 5171: 5160: 5045: 4969: 4907: 4839: 4830: 4763: 4754: 4677: 4668: 4616: 4607: 4531: 4331:Stone, Samuel Z. (1990). 4264:Rivas, Ramón D. (2000) . 4234:Recinos, Adrian (1986) . 4157:Peterson, Anna L. (1997) 4133:Pérez, Orlando J. (2016) 3694:Dalton 1989, 1997, p. 26. 3536:Gallardo 2014, pp. 79–80. 3527:Gallardo 2014, pp. 76–77. 3351:Recinos 1952,1986, p. 93. 3319:Tous i Mata 1997, p. 205. 3009:Barahona 1991, pp. 69–70. 2991:Smith 1996, 2003, p. 276. 2964:Smith 1996, 2003, p. 272. 2934:Gallardo 2014, pp. 74–75. 2660:, contains an account of 2654:Annals of the Cakchiquels 2161:, near the Pipil city of 849:Spanish America (1808–33) 844:Río de la Plata (1806–07) 236: 167: 99: 49: 38: 30: 25: 7813:Native American genocide 7679:Quito painting tradition 7669:Cusco painting tradition 7030:García López de Cárdenas 7020:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 6927:Felipe González de Ahedo 6847:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 5424:Conquest of the Americas 5229:Luis de Carvajal y Cueva 5199:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 4682:Administrative divisions 4104:El Costo de la Conquista 3860:El Salvador (monografía) 3811:Coe, Michael D. (1999). 3754:Barahona, Marvin (1991) 3423:Amaroli 1991, pp. 61–62. 3402:Matthew 2012, pp. 84–85. 2736:Arce, Escalante (2012). 2723: 2447:Luis de Moscoso Alvarado 2349:defenders were given in 2192:Founding of San Salvador 2067:Battle of Acajutla, 1524 2021:Central American isthmus 1831:, that also served as a 1685:Central American Isthmus 1096:Mexican rule (1822–1823) 1018:Western Sahara (1973–76) 946:Peru and Chile (1864–66) 745:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 246:Canary Islands (1402–96) 7464:Comuneros (New Granada) 7241:Balearic Islands (1558) 6960:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 6887:Ruy López de Villalobos 6842:Miguel López de Legazpi 6756:García de Toledo Osorio 5620:Western Sahara conflict 5610:Independence of Morocco 5550:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 5493:Piracy in the Caribbean 5478:French Wars of Religion 5239:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 5214:Sebastián de Belalcázar 4101:Newson, Linda (2007) . 4028:Johnson, S. E. (2009) " 3948:. Retrieved 2017-06-27. 3857:Dalton, Roque (1997) . 3743:Amaroli, Paul (1991). " 3730:Fowler 1985, pp. 42-43. 2818:Boland 2001, pp. 12–13. 2536:, and focused upon the 1880:epidemic swept through 802:North America (1779–83) 720:North America (1702–13) 558:Philippines (1599-1600) 493:Philippines (1565–1898) 7803:History of Mesoamerica 7788:16th-century conflicts 7709:Colonial Spanish Horse 7383:Colonia del Sacramento 6606:Spanish treasure fleet 6183:Royal Decree of Graces 5234:Bartolomé de las Casas 4717:International rankings 3779:Boland, Roy C. (2001) 3481:Gallardo 2013, p. 110. 3458:Gallardo 2013, p. 106. 3414:Gallardo 2013, p. 109. 3194:White 2009, pp. 32–33. 3039:Gallardo 2013, p. 107. 2756:Cite journal requires 2567:. By the end of 1538, 2310: 2204: 2076: 1934: 1766:religious practice of 1656: 1612:Isthmus of Tehuantepec 1529: 1503:blades similar to the 1136:El Salvador portal 1072:Kingdom of Cuzcatlan ( 168:Commanders and leaders 6867:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 6827:Juan Sebastián Elcano 6142:Council of the Indies 5503:Spanish–Moro conflict 5473:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 5433:Treaty of Tordesillas 5314:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 5269:Pedro de Portocarrero 5264:Francisco de Orellana 4589:Military dictatorship 4541:Pre-Columbian history 3515:Gallardo 2014, p. 75. 3506:Gallardo 2014, p. 76. 3107:Gallardo 2014, p. 77. 2973:Barahona 1991, p. 69. 2943:Feldman 2000, p. xix. 2800:Peterson 1997, p. 25. 2583:were sufficient that 2575:Colonial organisation 2308: 2292:to the east, and the 2236:expedition to Chiapas 2212:Villa de San Salvador 2199: 2125:Pedro de Portocarrero 2074: 1968:under the command of 1932: 1651: 1624:Council of the Indies 1527: 1342:formed a part of the 1338:Before the conquest, 1023:Western Sahara (1975) 976:Philippines (1896–98) 931:Cochinchina (1858–62) 832:Caribbean (1796–1802) 693:Lake Maracaibo (1669) 629:Philippines (1638-46) 503:Philippines (1567–72) 358:El Salvador (1524–39) 353:Guatemala (1524–1697) 313:Puerto Rico (1511–29) 7793:Wars involving Spain 7664:Mesoamerican Codices 7388:Comuneros (Paraguay) 7226:Siege of Castelnuovo 6812:Christopher Columbus 6631:Consulate of the Sea 6611:Casa de Contratación 6202:Titles and positions 5595:Spanish–American War 5585:Liberal constitution 5428:Asia and the Pacific 5249:Francisco de Montejo 5179:Christopher Columbus 4727:Legislative Assembly 4361:Boletín americanista 3712:Fowler 1993, p. 197. 3703:Fowler 1993, p. 181. 3490:Gallardo 2014 p. 62. 3444:Matthew 2012, p. 87. 3435:Amaroli 1991, p. 62. 3393:Amaroli 1991, p. 61. 3372:Matthew 2012, p. 84. 3310:Fowler 1993, p. 184. 3185:Fowler 1993, p. 185. 2982:Deagan 1988, p. 199. 2841:Fowler 1993, p. 182. 2658:Guatemalan Highlands 2557:Francisco de Montejo 2542:Francisco de Montejo 2403:San Martín Perulapán 2313:The uprising around 2107:Battle of Tacuzcalco 1533:Christopher Columbus 1402:(both of these were 1258:Guatemalan Highlands 703:New Mexico (1680–92) 130:Ch'orti' Maya people 7393:Cartagena de Indias 7015:Diego de Mazariegos 6985:Pere Fages i Beleta 6852:Sebastián de Ocampo 6333:Provincias Internas 6305:Captaincies General 6219:Municipal president 6188:School of Salamanca 5959:Spanish East Indies 5938:Misiones Orientales 5810:Spanish West Indies 5774:, Central America ( 5721:Pyrénées-Orientales 5674:Union with Portugal 5565:Napoleonic invasion 5545:War of Jenkins' Ear 3721:Fowler 1985, p. 41. 3269:Boland 2001, p. 14. 2952:Nessler 2016, p. 4. 2832:Boland 2001, p. 13. 2604:. Sonsonate was an 2551:The inhabitants of 2411:Francisco de Orduña 2208:Gonzalo de Alvarado 2130:Gonzalo de Alvarado 1938:Gil González Dávila 1374:in the west to the 1285:Peñol de Cinacantan 1266:Gonzalo de Alvarado 936:Morocco (1859–1860) 926:Balanguingui (1848) 894:Venezuela (1811–23) 859:Argentina (1810–18) 373:Yucatán (1527–1697) 348:Chiapas (1523–1695) 180:Gonzalo de Alvarado 155:Poqomam Maya people 7689:Academia Antártica 7644:Other civil topics 7010:Pánfilo de Narváez 6912:Sebastián Vizcaíno 6877:Andrés de Urdaneta 6837:Juan Ponce de León 6822:Ferdinand Magellan 6796:Bernardo de Gálvez 6695:Indian auxiliaries 6193:Trial of residence 6173:Laws of the Indies 5957:Asia and Oceania ( 5818:Dominican Republic 5350:Indian auxiliaries 5289:Nikolaus Federmann 5254:Pánfilo de Narváez 5244:Juan Ponce de León 5063:Strait of Magellan 4808:Telecommunications 4556:Captaincy General 4433:The Conquistadores 4034:American Quarterly 3212:White 2009, p. 33. 3171:White 2009, p. 32. 3048:Stone 1990, p. 51. 2850:White 2009, p. 28. 2809:White 2009, p. 27. 2695:El Salvador portal 2648:Historical sources 2490:Andrés de Cerezeda 2451:Indian auxiliaries 2311: 2270:, and distributed 2205: 2081:Battle of Acajutla 2077: 1935: 1874:conquest of Mexico 1657: 1626:. The conquest of 1530: 1477:were also traded. 1235:Indian auxiliaries 981:Puerto Rico (1898) 951:Puerto Rico (1868) 909:Colombia (1819–20) 904:Colombia (1815–16) 884:El Salvador (1811) 869:Paraguay (1810–11) 812:New Granada (1781) 782:Philippines (1762) 688:Porto Bello (1668) 658:Philippines (1646) 614:Philippines (1630) 570:Philippines (1602) 553:Puerto Rico (1598) 543:Philippines (1596) 538:Puerto Rico (1595) 533:Cambodia (1593–97) 413:Colombia (1537–40) 363:Honduras (1524–39) 328:Mexico (1519–1821) 117:Indian auxiliaries 7765: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7634: 7633: 7539:Spanish conquests 7529: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7314: 7313: 6995:Pedro de Alvarado 6980:Gaspar de Portolà 6975:Pedro de Valdivia 6950:Francisco Pizarro 6902:Nicolás de Ovando 6897:Alonso de Ercilla 6872:Alonso de Salazar 6705:Ships of the line 6653: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6077: 6076: 6034:Northern Africa ( 6030:Equatorial Guinea 6014: 6013: 5951: 5950: 5866: 5865: 5789: 5788: 5780:Spanish Caribbean 5753:Spanish Louisiana 5729: 5728: 5664:Crown of Castille 5628: 5627: 5605:Spanish Civil War 5580:Adams–Onís Treaty 5560:Nootka Convention 5508:Thirty Years' War 5498:Eighty Years' War 5419:Catholic Monarchs 5409:Timeline–immersed 5363: 5362: 5284:Pedro de Valdivia 5274:Francisco Pizarro 5194:Pedro de Alvarado 5058:Pacific Northwest 5005: 5004: 4965: 4964: 4869:Gender inequality 4826: 4825: 4778:Coffee production 4750: 4749: 4737:Political parties 4702:Foreign relations 4664: 4663: 4445:978-0-85045-357-7 4410:978-0-313-34928-7 4387:978-84-96467-68-2 4319:978-0-631-23016-8 4259:978-0-19-539229-6 4191:978-1-84176-175-6 4088:978-1-4696-2687-1 4063:978-0-8078-3537-1 4044:. (Full text via 4042:10.1353/aq.0.0068 3221:Coe 1999, p. 231. 2786:Pérez 2016, p. 5. 2662:Pedro de Alvarado 2600:(Cuzcatlan), and 2478:Jorge de Alvarado 2435:Pedro de Alvarado 2288:to the west, the 2228:Pedro de Alvarado 2224:Diego de Alvarado 2142:Jorge de Alvarado 2138:Gómez de Alvarado 2134:Pedro de Alvarado 2040:Pedro de Alvarado 1974:Pedro de Alvarado 1732:Pedro de Alvarado 1730:that accompanied 1706:. These included 1704:indigenous allies 1653:Pedro de Alvarado 1459:flourishing trade 1312:Pedro de Alvarado 1275:Diego de Alvarado 1246:Pedro de Alvarado 1170: 1169: 1031: 1030: 1013:Morocco (1957–58) 1008:Morocco (1920–26) 1003:Morocco (1911–12) 966:Morocco (1893–94) 914:Ecuador (1820–22) 854:Bolivia (1809–25) 787:Chile (1766–1767) 735:Chile (1723–1726) 668:Hispaniola (1655) 575:Insulindia (1603) 528:Insulindia (1585) 523:Insulindia (1582) 433:Chile (1546–1662) 323:Algeria (1517–18) 193: 192: 175:Pedro de Alvarado 95: 94: 7820: 7640: 7639: 7606:Chibchan Nations 7535: 7534: 7504:Santiago de Cuba 7363:Guadalupe Island 7323: 7322: 7050: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7005:Diego de Almagro 6882:Antonio de Ulloa 6786:Ambrosio Spinola 6781:Pedro de Zubiaur 6751:Alfonso d'Avalos 6741:Antonio de Leyva 6685:Army of Flanders 6670: 6669: 6659: 6658: 6548: 6547: 6537: 6536: 6263: 6262: 6252: 6251: 6122: 6121: 6111: 6110: 6079: 6078: 6052:Peñón of Algiers 6016: 6015: 5953: 5952: 5868: 5867: 5791: 5790: 5773: 5731: 5730: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5633: 5555:Seven Years' War 5528:Queen Anne's War 5405: 5404: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5324:Amerigo Vespucci 5279:Hernando de Soto 5189:Diego de Almagro 5166: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5009: 5008: 4985: 4978: 4837: 4836: 4768:Bitcoin adoption 4761: 4760: 4675: 4674: 4614: 4613: 4559: 4546:Spanish conquest 4514: 4507: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4358:" (in Spanish). 4288:The Ancient Maya 4017:" (in Spanish). 3998:" (in Spanish). 3979:" (in Spanish). 3955:" (in Spanish). 3747:" (in Spanish). 3731: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3578: 3575: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3373: 3370: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3172: 3169: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3108: 3105: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2914: 2911: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2787: 2784: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2744: 2742: 2733: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2632:, and later the 2538:Peñol de Cerquín 2375:Martín de Estete 2371:Pedrarias Dávila 1978:Pedrarias Dávila 1428:Postclassic Maya 1300:Martín de Estete 1296:Pedrarias Dávila 1194:Central American 1187:Late Postclassic 1162: 1155: 1148: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1110: 1103: 1075: 1064: 1054: 1036: 1035: 919:Mexico (1821–29) 874:Mexico (1810–21) 777:Nicaragua (1762) 428:Halmahera (1545) 398:Brazil (1534-36) 333:Mexico (1519–21) 231: 229: 219: 212: 205: 196: 195: 145:Matagalpa people 111: 110: 51: 50: 43: 23: 22: 7828: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7757: 7733:Old inquisition 7645: 7630: 7540: 7513: 7469:Trinidad (1797) 7439:La Noche Triste 7427: 7423:San Juan (1797) 7373:San Juan (1595) 7310: 7199: 7039:Notable battles 7034: 7000:Martín de Ursúa 6931: 6862:Alonso de Ojeda 6832:Juan de la Cosa 6817:Pinzón brothers 6800: 6771:John of Austria 6746:Martín de Goiti 6724: 6664: 6645: 6589: 6542: 6523: 6435: 6431:Terra Australis 6426:Río de la Plata 6371:Castilla de Oro 6357: 6299: 6295:Río de la Plata 6257: 6238: 6197: 6156: 6152:Santa Hermandad 6116: 6097: 6093:Terra Australis 6084: 6073: 6040:Spanish Morocco 6021: 6010: 6001:Northern Taiwan 5962: 5947: 5918:Río de la Plata 5873: 5862: 5796: 5795:Central America 5785: 5767: 5736: 5725: 5669:Crown of Aragon 5650: 5639: 5624: 5540:Bourbon Reforms 5410: 5399: 5394: 5364: 5359: 5333: 5329:Juan de la Cosa 5299:Pedro de Candia 5184:Alonso de Ojeda 5167: 5158: 5041: 5036: 5006: 5001: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4961: 4947:Public holidays 4903: 4889:Sex trafficking 4822: 4746: 4722:Law enforcement 4660: 4656:Water resources 4603: 4557: 4527: 4518: 4488: 4463: 4461:Further reading 4458: 4435:. Men-at-Arms. 3739: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3581: 3576: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3175: 3170: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2757: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2650: 2577: 2500:In early 1537, 2431: 2387:Gulf of Fonseca 2367: 2303: 2194: 2155: 2109: 2103: 2083: 2069: 2037: 1986: 1954:Central America 1927: 1866: 1780: 1772:native religion 1768:human sacrifice 1661:precious metals 1646: 1640: 1628:Central America 1535:discovered the 1522: 1483: 1434:of the earlier 1336: 1166: 1130: 1128: 1108: 1101: 1052: 1045: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1027: 899:Chile (1812–27) 760:Portugal (1762) 653:Valdivia (1643) 590:Petén (1618–97) 232: 227: 225: 223: 105: 84: 78:Spanish victory 70: 68:Central America 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7826: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7549:Canary Islands 7545: 7542: 7541: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7403:Túpac Amaru II 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7348:Bogotá savanna 7345: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7327: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7256:Spanish Armada 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7150:White Mountain 7147: 7145:Cape Celidonia 7142: 7140:English Armada 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6941: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6917:Juan Fernández 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6892:Diego Columbus 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6720:Army of Africa 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6700:Spanish Armada 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6674: 6666: 6665: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6601:Manila galleon 6597: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6544: 6543: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6367: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6259: 6258: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6118: 6117: 6115:Administration 6107: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6036:Western Sahara 6032: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5934:Banda Oriental 5915: 5901: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5749:Coastal Alaska 5741: 5738: 5737: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5641: 5640: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5400: 5397:Spanish Empire 5393: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5294:Inés de Suárez 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5035: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4884:Regions by HDI 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4803:Stock exchange 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4641:National parks 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4494: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4478:on 2015-05-31. 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4429: 4398: 4373: 4352: 4329: 4307: 4284: 4262: 4247: 4232: 4217: 4202: 4179: 4155: 4131: 4116: 4099: 4074: 4049: 4026: 4011: 3992: 3973: 3960: 3949: 3914: 3891: 3872: 3855: 3832: 3809: 3792: 3777: 3752: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3579: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3517: 3508: 3492: 3483: 3469: 3460: 3446: 3437: 3425: 3416: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3353: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3196: 3187: 3173: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3109: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2788: 2776: 2767: 2758:|journal= 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2682: 2679: 2649: 2646: 2642:Spanish Empire 2620:alcaldía mayor 2607:alcaldía mayor 2576: 2573: 2484:, had entered 2453:, crossed the 2430: 2427: 2395:Diego de Rojas 2366: 2363: 2302: 2299: 2193: 2190: 2154: 2151: 2105:Main article: 2102: 2099: 2079:Main article: 2068: 2065: 2036: 2033: 2015:Audiencia Real 1998:Spanish Empire 1985: 1982: 1962:Bay of Fonseca 1926: 1923: 1865: 1862: 1849:Conquistadores 1779: 1776: 1642:Main article: 1639: 1636: 1618:, headed by a 1521: 1518: 1482: 1479: 1436:Classic period 1335: 1332: 1324:conquistadores 1226:conquistadores 1182:conquistadores 1168: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1105: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1047: 1046: 1039: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 998:Morocco (1909) 994: 993: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 971:Cuba (1895–98) 968: 963: 961:Cuba (1879–80) 958: 956:Cuba (1868–78) 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 922: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 889:Uruguay (1811) 886: 881: 879:Peru (1811–24) 876: 871: 866: 864:Florida (1810) 861: 856: 846: 840: 839: 835: 834: 829: 824: 822:Algiers (1784) 819: 817:Algiers (1783) 814: 809: 807:Peru (1780–82) 804: 799: 794: 792:Algiers (1775) 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 768: 767: 762: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 730:Bahamas (1720) 727: 722: 716: 715: 711: 710: 708:Morocco (1689) 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 683:Jamaica (1658) 680: 678:Jamaica (1657) 675: 673:Jamaica (1655) 670: 665: 663:Tortuga (1654) 660: 655: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 602: 597: 592: 587: 585:Morocco (1614) 582: 580:Tunisia (1605) 577: 572: 566: 565: 561: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 513:Tunisia (1574) 510: 508:Tunisia (1573) 505: 500: 498:Florida (1565) 495: 490: 488:Morocco (1564) 485: 483:Morocco (1563) 480: 478:Algeria (1563) 475: 470: 468:Tunisia (1560) 465: 463:Algeria (1558) 460: 458:Algeria (1556) 455: 453:Algeria (1555) 450: 445: 443:Tunisia (1550) 440: 438:Algeria (1547) 435: 430: 425: 423:Algeria (1543) 420: 418:Algeria (1541) 415: 410: 408:Tunisia (1535) 405: 403:Algeria (1535) 400: 395: 393:Tunisia (1534) 390: 388:Peru (1532–72) 385: 383:Algeria (1531) 380: 378:Algeria (1529) 375: 370: 368:Morocco (1525) 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 343:Tunisia (1520) 340: 338:Algeria (1519) 335: 330: 325: 320: 318:Algeria (1516) 315: 310: 308:Tunisia (1510) 305: 303:Tripoli (1510) 300: 298:Algeria (1510) 295: 293:Algeria (1509) 290: 288:Morocco (1508) 285: 283:Algeria (1507) 280: 278:Algeria (1505) 274: 273: 269: 268: 266:Melilla (1497) 263: 261:Algeria (1497) 258: 253: 248: 242: 241: 237: 234: 233: 222: 221: 214: 207: 199: 191: 190: 189: 183: 182: 177: 170: 169: 165: 164: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 119: 113:Spanish Empire 102: 101: 97: 96: 93: 92: 90:Spanish Empire 86: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 65: 63: 59: 58: 57:1524 – c. 1539 55: 47: 46: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7825: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7684:Tapada limeña 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7648: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7536: 7532: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7276:Montes Claros 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7216:Vienna (1529) 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6945:Hernán Cortés 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6937:Conquistadors 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6907:Juan de Ayala 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6761:Duke of Savoy 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6656: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6560:Dollar (Peso) 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6534: 6520: 6519:Santo Domingo 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6396:New Andalusia 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6343:Santo Domingo 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6267:Viceroyalties 6264: 6260: 6253: 6249: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6112: 6108: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6080: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6017: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5960: 5954: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5872:South America 5869: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5792: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5757:Spanish Texas 5754: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5735:North America 5732: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5716:Franche-Comté 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5259:Juan de Oñate 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224:Hernán Cortés 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5053:Inter caetera 5051: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5010: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4466: 4465: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4341:0-8032-4207-7 4338: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4296:0-8047-4817-9 4293: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4274:99926-15-53-2 4271: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4214:1-84176-934-7 4211: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4169:0-7914-3182-7 4166: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145:9780810880191 4142: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4129: 4128:0-415-08836-4 4125: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4113:99926-15-57-5 4110: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3903:0-8223-2624-8 3900: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844:0-500-28346-X 3841: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3821:0-500-28066-5 3818: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3789:0-313-30620-6 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3766:99926-28-11-1 3763: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3689: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3623: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3522: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3441: 3432: 3430: 3420: 3411: 3409: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3264: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3191: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2959: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2771: 2763: 2750: 2739: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2685: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670:Hernán Cortés 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2618:) formed the 2617: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2528:, led by the 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2198: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 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1511: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 991: 990: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 920: 917: 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506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 271: 270: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 256:Guinea (1478) 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 239: 238: 235: 230: 220: 215: 213: 208: 206: 201: 200: 197: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 166: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 140:Mangue people 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 126: 125:, including: 124: 120: 118: 114: 109: 104: 103: 98: 91: 87: 82: 81: 77: 74: 73: 69: 66:El Salvador, 64: 61: 60: 56: 53: 52: 48: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 7659:Architecture 7590: 7554:The Americas 7418:Newfoundland 7408:Túpac Katari 7398:Cuerno Verde 7333:Tenochtitlan 7165:Valenciennes 6922:Luis Fajardo 6791:Blas de Lezo 6736:Duke of Alba 6616:Spanish Road 6454:Buenos Aires 6363:Governorates 6132:Ayuntamiento 6125:Organization 5590:Carlist Wars 5438:Italian Wars 5143: 5112:Aztec Empire 4922:Coat of arms 4879:Prostitution 4859:Demographics 4773:Central bank 4707:Human rights 4692:Court system 4687:Constitution 4594:World War II 4574:Mexican rule 4558:(Guatemalan) 4545: 4476:the original 4468: 4436: 4432: 4401: 4376: 4359: 4332: 4310: 4287: 4265: 4250: 4235: 4220: 4205: 4182: 4158: 4134: 4119: 4102: 4077: 4052: 4046:Project MUSE 4033: 4018: 3999: 3980: 3967: 3956: 3924:(1): 37–62. 3921: 3894: 3879: 3858: 3835: 3812: 3795: 3780: 3755: 3748: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3511: 3486: 3463: 3440: 3419: 3398: 3389: 3356: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3190: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2846: 2837: 2814: 2805: 2770: 2749:cite journal 2731: 2651: 2627: 2619: 2605: 2598:San Salvador 2590:San Salvador 2578: 2553:San Salvador 2550: 2522:San Salvador 2516:en route to 2499: 2475: 2432: 2399:San Salvador 2390: 2368: 2350: 2339:San Salvador 2335:siege engine 2315:San Salvador 2312: 2278:Ciudad Vieja 2271: 2268:San Salvador 2206: 2167: 2156: 2110: 2084: 2038: 2017:of Guatemala 2014: 2006:Tenochtitlan 1987: 1936: 1919:yellow fever 1867: 1848: 1846: 1816:conquistador 1815: 1802:such as the 1781: 1764:Mesoamerican 1760: 1728:Huejotzincas 1701: 1658: 1644:Conquistador 1632:Aztec Empire 1604:Tenochtitlan 1565: 1531: 1514: 1507: 1494: 1484: 1456: 1404:Maya peoples 1392:Zacatecoluca 1352:Nahua people 1344:Mesoamerican 1337: 1323: 1304:San Salvador 1289: 1278: 1270:San Salvador 1252:province of 1243: 1239:Mesoamerican 1224: 1223:The Spanish 1222: 1202:Mesoamerican 1190:Mesoamerican 1185:against the 1180: 1173: 1171: 1080: 992:20th century 838:19th century 827:Chile (1792) 714:18th century 650: 609:Nevis (1629) 606: 564:17th century 448:Libya (1551) 357: 272:16th century 240:15th century 160:Xinca people 150:Pipil people 135:Lenca people 121: 115:, including 100:Belligerents 31:Part of the 18: 7626:Philippines 7591:El Salvador 7211:Capo d'Orso 7095:St. Quentin 7070:Rome (1527) 6729:Strategists 6479:Guadalajara 6406:New Navarre 6401:New Castile 6386:La Luisiana 6338:Puerto Rico 6328:Philippines 6285:New Granada 5975:Philippines 5936:(Uruguay), 5932:(Bolivia), 5882:New Granada 5822:Puerto Rico 5768: [ 5638:Territories 5458:Encomiendas 5144:El Salvador 5073:Inca Empire 4711:LGBT rights 4631:Earthquakes 4521:El Salvador 3957:Mesoamérica 3749:Mesoamérica 2666:El Salvador 2596:(Izalcos), 2581:El Salvador 2526:El Salvador 2467:El Salvador 2455:Lempa River 2423:Lempa River 2379:El Salvador 2343:siege tower 2240:El Salvador 2044:El Salvador 1990:El Salvador 1946:El Salvador 1942:Andrés Niño 1902:Mesoamerica 1890:El Salvador 1784:broadswords 1752:El Salvador 1720:Xochimilcos 1708:Tlaxcaltecs 1677:Extremadura 1580:Puerto Rico 1432:Maya cities 1376:Lempa River 1340:El Salvador 1310:. In 1530, 1280:encomiendas 1198:El Salvador 1196:country of 1053:El Salvador 1051:History of 986:Guam (1898) 772:Cuba (1762) 740:Oran (1732) 548:Cuba (1596) 83:Territorial 7772:Categories 7296:Somosierra 7286:Manila Bay 7160:Nördlingen 7100:Gravelines 6580:Columnario 6552:Currencies 6469:Concepción 6441:Audiencias 6416:New Toledo 6381:La Florida 6214:Corregidor 6178:Papal bull 6083:Antarctica 5991:Micronesia 5448:Golden Age 5345:Encomienda 5304:Juan Pardo 5068:California 4957:Television 4937:Literature 4849:Corruption 4742:Presidents 4564:Intendancy 4311:The Aztecs 3737:References 2602:San Miguel 2565:San Miguel 2502:San Miguel 2494:San Miguel 2439:San Miguel 2391:encomienda 2351:encomienda 2319:Cinacantan 2273:encomienda 2260:Tacuzcalco 2226:, who was 2113:Tacuzcalco 2061:Ahuachapán 2057:department 2029:Costa Rica 1898:Tacuzcalco 1888:region of 1808:war horses 1798:and light 1756:Kaqchikels 1724:Texcocanos 1697:Hispaniola 1576:Hispaniola 1557:Hispaniola 1555:island of 1448:San Miguel 1422:, and the 1380:Ahuachapan 1316:San Miguel 1076:1200–1528) 605:St. Kitts 7601:Nicaragua 7579:Guatemala 7489:Pichincha 7474:Chacabuco 7413:Pensacola 7358:Mataquito 7338:Cajamarca 7319:New World 7291:Trafalgar 7195:Alhucemas 7075:Landriano 7060:Comuneros 7046:Old World 6990:Joan Orpí 6710:Royalists 6484:Guatemala 6411:New Spain 6348:Venezuela 6323:Guatemala 6280:New Spain 6275:Columbian 6168:Exequatur 6068:Cape Juby 5922:Argentina 5745:New Spain 5679:Gibraltar 5443:Habsburgs 5154:Nicaragua 5127:Guatemala 4874:Languages 4864:Education 4818:Transport 4697:Elections 4651:Volcanism 4609:Geography 4551:New Spain 4426:1096-2905 4418:428700291 4395:745512698 4370:0520-4100 4349:844182512 4244:243309954 4153:942611084 4096:945632920 4071:752286995 4008:2307-3942 3989:2307-3942 3946:478130795 3930:0014-1801 3911:254438823 3806:640057454 2674:Guatemala 2612:Choluteca 2594:Sonsonate 2585:Cuzcatlan 2546:Comayagua 2514:Guatemala 2482:Guatemala 2463:Tlaxcalan 2419:Nicaragua 2407:Guatemala 2383:Nicaragua 2369:In 1529, 2359:Tamanique 2327:Cuzcatlan 2323:Tamanique 2282:Suchitoto 2244:Guatemala 2232:Soconusco 2220:Cuzcatlan 2200:Ruins of 2186:Guatemala 2178:Cuzcatlan 2170:Sonsonate 2163:Cuzcatlan 2121:Sonsonate 2089:, on the 2048:Guatemala 1882:Guatemala 1800:artillery 1796:crossbows 1748:Guatemala 1716:Cholutecs 1673:Andalusia 1616:New Spain 1586:in 1509, 1582:in 1508, 1553:Caribbean 1537:New World 1509:macahuitl 1452:Guatemala 1424:Matagalpa 1384:Sonsonate 1372:Paz River 1364:Cuscatlan 1308:Guatemala 1292:Nicaragua 1262:Guatemala 1254:Cuzcatlan 7611:Colombia 7596:Honduras 7509:Asomante 7494:Ayacucho 7484:Carabobo 7459:Curalaba 7236:Ceresole 7130:Gembloux 7090:Mühlberg 6805:Mariners 6663:Military 6585:Doubloon 6570:Maravedí 6514:Santiago 6421:Paraguay 6147:Germania 5987:Caroline 5942:Malvinas 5926:Paraguay 5886:Colombia 5828:Trinidad 5695:Sardinia 5535:Bourbons 5149:Honduras 5085:Colombia 4992:Category 4894:Religion 4844:Abortion 4783:Currency 4732:Military 4670:Politics 4525:articles 4453:12782941 4327:59452395 4304:57577446 4282:30659634 4229:82712257 4199:47726663 4177:34150172 3888:25800541 3869:53932968 3852:50131575 3829:59432778 3813:The Maya 3774:24399780 2703:Atlácatl 2681:See also 2616:Honduras 2614:(now in 2561:Honduras 2510:Honduras 2486:Honduras 2294:Ch'orti' 2256:Acajutla 2248:Honduras 2174:Acajutla 2117:Acajutla 2087:Acajutla 2042:entered 1984:Conquest 1894:Acajutla 1878:smallpox 1870:Americas 1837:halberds 1821:war dogs 1812:Americas 1804:falconet 1792:arquebus 1740:Zapotecs 1572:Americas 1539:for the 1501:obsidian 1440:La Unión 1416:Kakawira 1398:and the 1396:Ch'orti' 1320:Honduras 1268:founded 1241:groups. 1042:a series 1040:Part of 187:Atlácatl 62:Location 7743:Asiento 7714:Mustang 7574:Yucatán 7569:Chiapas 7449:Tucapel 7281:Passaro 7231:Algiers 7221:Preveza 7190:Tetouan 7185:Vitoria 7175:Bitonto 7115:Antwerp 7110:Lepanto 7065:Bicocca 6541:Economy 6464:Charcas 6459:Caracas 6353:Yucatán 6224:Regidor 6209:Alcalde 6137:Cabildo 6044:Tripoli 5983:Mariana 5930:Charcas 5906:(Peru, 5890:Ecuador 5853:Bonaire 5848:Curazao 5833:Jamaica 5761:Florida 5338:Related 5137:Yucatán 5122:Chiapas 5102:Florida 5090:Chibcha 5046:History 4976:Outline 4927:Cuisine 4909:Culture 4832:Society 4813:Tourism 4756:Economy 4636:Islands 4533:History 2569:Lempira 2534:Lempira 2355:reduced 2128:led by 2091:Pacific 2053:Río Paz 2025:Chiapas 1994:Spanish 1911:measles 1907:malaria 1858:Shields 1854:war hat 1788:rapiers 1744:Mixtecs 1712:Mexicas 1665:Spanish 1620:viceroy 1592:Florida 1584:Jamaica 1574:. From 1551:on the 1491:atlatls 1461:, with 1444:Morazán 1406:), the 1400:Poqomam 1178:Spanish 649:Chiloé 85:changes 7721:Castas 7479:Boyacá 7454:Guiana 7444:Iguape 7368:Recife 7306:Mactan 7301:Annual 7266:Rocroi 7261:Leiden 7246:Djerba 7180:Bailén 7135:Ostend 7120:Azores 6715:Legión 6680:Tercio 6673:Armies 6575:Escudo 6504:Panamá 6499:Mexico 6494:Manila 6449:Bogotá 6234:Vecino 6229:Syndic 6060:Béjaïa 6020:Africa 6006:Tidore 5894:Panama 5858:Belize 5765:Mexico 5691:Sicily 5687:Naples 5649:Europe 5172:People 5095:Muisca 4997:Portal 4917:Anthem 4798:Mining 4793:Energy 4646:Rivers 4626:Cities 4523: 4451: 4443: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4393: 4385: 4368: 4347: 4339: 4325: 4317: 4302: 4294: 4280: 4272: 4257: 4242: 4227: 4212: 4197: 4189: 4175: 4167: 4151: 4143: 4126: 4111: 4094: 4086: 4069: 4061: 4006: 3987: 3944: 3938:482092 3936: 3928: 3909: 3901: 3886: 3867: 3850: 3842: 3827: 3819: 3804: 3787: 3772: 3764: 2532:ruler 2459:Mexica 2252:Izalco 2246:, and 2182:Izalco 2095:league 2010:Panama 2002:Mexico 1966:Mexico 1958:Panama 1917:, and 1915:typhus 1754:, and 1736:Mexico 1726:, and 1693:Panama 1689:Mexico 1669:Europe 1608:Mexico 1596:Aztecs 1496:macana 1475:balsam 1473:, and 1471:cotton 1446:, and 1426:. The 1420:Mangue 1418:, the 1414:, the 1410:, the 1388:La Paz 1368:Izalco 1360:Mexico 1356:Aztecs 1231:Europe 1216:, and 1212:, the 1208:, the 1044:on the 75:Result 7616:Chile 7584:Petén 7559:Aztec 7378:Bahia 7353:Penco 7343:Cusco 7271:Downs 7251:Tunis 7170:Ceuta 7155:Breda 7105:Malta 7085:Tunis 7080:Pavia 6594:Trade 6509:Quito 6474:Cusco 6313:Chile 6048:Tunis 5995:Palau 5912:Chile 5843:Aruba 5838:Haiti 5772:] 5701:Milan 5659:Spain 5132:Petén 5107:Texas 5078:Chile 4983:Index 4952:Sport 4942:Music 4854:Crime 4621:Biota 4023:JSTOR 3934:JSTOR 3884:JSTOR 2741:(PDF) 2724:Notes 2530:Lenca 2506:Lenca 2443:Lenca 2347:Pipil 2331:Pipil 2290:Lenca 2286:Pipil 2264:Nahua 2216:Pipil 2159:Ateos 2147:Pipil 2046:from 2023:from 1956:from 1886:Pipil 1841:bills 1829:lance 1681:Spain 1505:Aztec 1487:Pipil 1467:maize 1463:cacao 1412:Xinca 1408:Lenca 1348:Pipil 1298:sent 1250:Pipil 1214:Xinca 1210:Lenca 1206:Pipil 7621:Inca 7564:Maya 7499:Guam 7432:Lost 7204:Lost 7125:Mons 6565:Real 6489:Lima 6376:Cuba 6318:Cuba 6290:Perú 6066:and 6064:Ifni 6056:Oran 5979:Guam 5908:Acre 5904:Peru 5814:Cuba 5693:and 5117:Maya 4932:Flag 4449:OCLC 4441:ISBN 4422:ISSN 4414:OCLC 4406:ISBN 4391:OCLC 4383:ISBN 4366:ISSN 4345:OCLC 4337:ISBN 4323:OCLC 4315:ISBN 4300:OCLC 4292:ISBN 4278:OCLC 4270:ISBN 4255:ISBN 4240:OCLC 4225:OCLC 4210:ISBN 4195:OCLC 4187:ISBN 4173:OCLC 4165:ISBN 4149:OCLC 4141:ISBN 4124:ISBN 4109:ISBN 4092:OCLC 4084:ISBN 4067:OCLC 4059:ISBN 4004:ISSN 3985:ISSN 3942:OCLC 3926:ISSN 3907:OCLC 3899:ISBN 3865:OCLC 3848:OCLC 3840:ISBN 3825:OCLC 3817:ISBN 3802:OCLC 3785:ISBN 3770:OCLC 3762:ISBN 2762:help 2652:The 2518:Peru 2471:Peru 2461:and 2258:and 2180:and 2172:and 1940:and 1896:and 1839:and 1833:pike 1750:and 1742:and 1675:and 1588:Cuba 1561:Cuba 1485:The 1382:and 1366:and 1350:, a 1218:Maya 1172:The 54:Date 7326:Won 7053:Won 6161:Law 6058:, 5778:), 5759:), 4437:101 4038:doi 3878:". 2559:in 2480:in 2389:in 2357:to 2059:of 1952:of 1794:), 1358:of 7774:: 6062:, 6054:, 6050:, 6046:, 6042:, 6038:, 5993:, 5989:, 5985:, 5981:, 5977:, 5940:, 5928:, 5924:, 5910:, 5896:, 5892:, 5888:, 5820:, 5816:, 5770:es 5763:, 5689:, 5426:, 4447:. 4420:. 4412:. 4389:. 4343:. 4321:. 4298:. 4276:. 4193:. 4171:. 4147:. 4090:. 4065:. 4048:.) 4032:" 4025:.) 3940:. 3932:. 3922:32 3905:. 3846:. 3823:. 3768:. 3687:^ 3621:^ 3582:^ 3568:^ 3520:^ 3495:^ 3472:^ 3449:^ 3428:^ 3407:^ 3377:^ 3365:^ 3342:^ 3301:^ 3262:^ 3199:^ 3176:^ 3160:^ 3112:^ 3098:^ 3032:^ 2957:^ 2918:^ 2906:^ 2855:^ 2823:^ 2791:^ 2779:^ 2753:: 2751:}} 2747:{{ 2473:. 2409:, 2361:. 2242:, 2222:. 2132:. 2123:. 2031:. 1980:. 1913:, 1909:, 1856:. 1786:, 1774:. 1738:, 1722:, 1718:, 1714:, 1710:, 1691:, 1634:. 1563:. 1469:, 1442:, 1330:. 1294:. 1287:. 1264:. 1074:c. 6070:) 5997:) 5973:( 5961:) 5944:) 5920:( 5914:) 5884:( 5824:) 5812:( 5782:) 5747:( 5697:) 5389:e 5382:t 5375:v 5031:e 5024:t 5017:v 4713:) 4709:( 4513:e 4506:t 4499:v 4472:. 4455:. 4428:. 4397:. 4372:. 4351:. 4306:. 4261:. 4246:. 4231:. 4216:. 4201:. 4130:. 4115:. 4098:. 4073:. 4040:: 4010:. 3991:. 3972:. 3913:. 3890:. 3871:. 3854:. 3831:. 3808:. 3791:. 3776:. 2764:) 2760:( 1161:e 1154:t 1147:v 651:· 607:· 218:e 211:t 204:v

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