1013:, "they went as far as the present Rancho del Chino, where they tied and whipped every man, woman and child in the lodge, and drove part of them back.... On the road they did the same with those of the lodge at San Jose. On arriving home the men were instructed to throw their bows and arrows at the feet of the priest, and make due submission. The infants were then baptized, as were also all children under eight years of age; the former were left with their mothers, but the latter kept apart from all communication with their parents. The consequence was, first, the women consented to the rite and received it, for the love they bore their children; and finally the males gave way for the purpose of enjoying once more the society of wife and family. Marriage was then performed, and so this contaminated race, in their own sight and that of their kindred, became followers of Christ.
1005:, a baptized Indian person was no longer free to move about the country, but had to labor and worship at the mission under the strict observance of the priests and overseers, who herded them to daily masses and labors. If an Indian did not report for their duties for a period of a few days, they were searched for, and if it was discovered that they had left without permission, they were considered runaways. Large-scale military expeditions were organized to round up the escaped neophytes. Sometimes, the Franciscans allowed neophytes to escape the missions, or they would allow them to visit their home village. However, the Franciscans would only allow this so that they could secretly follow the neophytes. Upon arriving to the village and capturing the runaways, they would take back Indians to the missions, sometimes as many as 200 to 300 Indians.
3017:
2504:
from inside, forced the garrison to surrender, and allowed the garrison, their families, and the mission priest to depart for Santa Inés. The next day, the
Chumash of Mission Santa Barbara captured the mission from within without bloodshed, repelled a military attack on the mission, and then retreated from the mission to the hills. The Chumash continued to occupy Mission La Purisima until a Mexican military unit attacked people on March 16 and forced them to surrender. Two military expeditions were sent after the Chumash in the hills; the first did not find them and the second negotiated with the Chumash and convinced a majority to return to the missions by June 28.
4187:
4377:
4225:
4053:
4072:
1651:. Each presidio was provided with land, el rancho del rey, which served as a pasture for the presidio livestock and as a source of food for the soldiers. Theoretically the soldiers were supposed to work on this land themselves but within a few years the neophytes were doing all the work on the presidio farm and, in addition, were serving domestics for the soldiers. While the fiction prevailed that neophytes were to receive wages for their work, no attempt was made to collect the wages for these services after 1790. It is recorded that the neophytes performed the work "under unmitigated compulsion."
4415:
1710:
4263:
708:
2252:
3865:
4206:
4301:
4339:
4167:
4244:
1640:. The labor organization of the missions resembled a slave plantation in many respects. Foreigners who visited the missions remarked at how the priests' control over the Indians appeared excessive, but necessary given the white men's isolation and numeric disadvantage. Subsequently, the Missions operated under strict and harsh conditions; A 'light' punishment would've been considered 25 lashings (azotes). Indians were not paid wages as they were not considered free laborers and, as a result, the missions were able to profit from the goods produced by the
2666:
727:
115:
1031:(or "nunnery") under the supervision of a trusted Indian matron who bore the responsibility for their welfare and education. Women only left the convent after they had been "won" by an Indian suitor and were deemed ready for marriage. Following Spanish custom, courtship took place on either side of a barred window. After the marriage ceremony the woman moved out of the mission compound and into one of the family huts. These "nunneries" were considered a necessity by the priests, who felt the women needed to be protected from the men, both Indian and
4320:
4396:
4034:
2370:(questionnaire) to all of the missions in Alta California regarding the customs, disposition, and condition of the Mission Indians. The replies varied greatly in the length, spirit, and even the value of the information provided. They were collected and prefaced by the Father-Presidente with a short general statement or abstract; the compilation was thereupon forwarded to the viceregal government. The contemporary nature of the responses, no matter how incomplete or biased some may be, are nonetheless of considerable value to modern
4358:
3678:
3948:
4110:
4091:
2684:, the last Mexican Governor of Alta California, found upon taking office that there were few funds available to carry on the affairs of the province. He prevailed upon the assembly to pass a decree authorizing the renting or the sale of all mission property, reserving only the church, a curate's house, and a building for a courthouse. The expenses of conducting the services of the church were to be provided from the proceeds, but there was no disposition made as to what should be done to secure the funds for that purpose.
2711:
2176:
825:, the development of an individual settlement was not simply a matter of "priestly whim." The founding of a mission followed longstanding rules and procedures; the paperwork involved required months, sometimes years of correspondence, and demanded the attention of virtually every level of the bureaucracy. Once empowered to erect a mission in a given area, the men assigned to it chose a specific site that featured a good water supply, plenty of wood for fires and building materials, and ample fields for grazing
4129:
4148:
420:
2378:
3792:
84:
983:
803:
1824:, which created the need for "...a class of horsemen scarcely surpassed anywhere." These animals multiplied beyond the settler's expectations, often overrunning pastures and extending well-beyond the domains of the missions. The giant herds of horses and cows took well to the climate and the extensive pastures of the Coastal California region, but at a heavy price for the California Native American people. The uncontrolled spread of these new herds, and associated
4282:
1687:(women's dormitory). He then had a monigote made and commanded that she "treat the doll as though it were a child and carry it in the presence of everyone for nine days." While the woman was beaten and her sexuality demeaned, the husband, who had been intimate with another woman, was ridiculed and humiliated. A set of cow horns was tied to his head with leather thongs, thereby converting him into a cuckold, and he was herded to daily Mass in cow horns and fetters.
1591:. The policy of the Franciscans was to keep them constantly occupied. Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with the ringing the mission bells. The daily routine began with sunrise
1864:
894:
11952:
1617:
64:
4018:, into law. The measure provided $ 10 million over a five-year period to the California Missions Foundation for projects related to the physical preservation of the missions, including structural rehabilitation, stabilization, and conservation of mission art and artifacts. The California Missions Foundation, a volunteer, tax-exempt organization, was founded in 1998 by Richard Ameil, an eighth generation Californian. A change to the
9434:
307:
901:, November 4, 1775. The independence uprising was the first of a dozen similar incidents that took place in Alta California during the Mission Period; however, most rebellions tended to be localized and short-lived due to the Spaniards' superior weaponry (native resistance more often took the form of non-cooperation (in forced labor), return to their homelands (desertion of forced relocation), and raids on mission livestock).
1785:
2759:, Redick McKee and George W. Barbour, to study the California situation and "...negotiate treaties with the various Indian tribes of California." Treaty negotiations ensued during the period between March 19, 1851 and January 7, 1852, during which the Commission interacted with 402 Indian chiefs and headmen (representing approximately one-third to one-half of the California tribes) and entered into eighteen treaties.
4569:
virtually a national uprising, and owing to the distance from New Spain to and the extreme difficulty of maintaining communications a victory for the
Indians would have ended Spanish settlement in Alta California." As it turned out, "...the position of the Spaniards was strengthened by the San Diego outbreak, for the Indians felt from that time forth that it was impossible to throw out their conquerors." See also
2732:, estimates that pre-contact population was reduced by 33 percent during Spanish and Mexican rule, mostly through introduction of European diseases, but much more after the United States takeover in 1848. By 1870, the loss of indigenous lives had become catastrophic. Up to 80 percent died, leaving a population of about 30,000 in 1870. Orfalea claims that nearly half of the native deaths after 1848 were murder.
937:. Indians were congregated around the mission proper through forced resettlement, in which the Spanish "reduced" them from what they perceived to be a free "undisciplined'" state with the ambition of converting them into "civilized" members of colonial society. The civilized and disciplined culture of the natives, developed over 8,000 years, was not considered. A total of 146
2553:(commissioners) to oversee the emancipation of the Indians. The Mexican government passed legislation on December 20, 1827 that mandated the expulsion of all Spaniards younger than sixty years of age from Mexican territories; Governor EcheandĂa nevertheless intervened on behalf of some of the missionaries to prevent their deportation once the law took effect in California.
1733:, and wheat were among the most common crops grown. Cereal grains were dried and ground by stone into flour. Even today, California is well known for the abundance and many varieties of fruit trees that are cultivated throughout the state. The only fruits indigenous to the region, however, consisted of wild berries or grew on small bushes. Spanish
1613:, or 25 kg each) to the men engaged in building. The men worked a variety of jobs, having learned from the missionaries how to plow, sow, irrigate, cultivate, reap, thresh, and glean. They were taught to build adobe houses, tan leather hides, shear sheep, weave rugs and clothing from wool, make ropes, soap, paint, and other useful duties.
504:, disrupting their traditional way of life and negatively affecting as many as one thousand villages. European diseases spread in the close quarters of the missions, causing mass death. Abuse, malnourishment, and overworking were common. At least 87,787 baptisms and 63,789 deaths occurred. Indigenous peoples often resisted and rejected
975:, or new believer. This happened only after a brief period during which the initiates were instructed in the most basic aspects of the Catholic faith. But, while many natives were lured to join the missions out of curiosity and sincere desire to participate and engage in trade, many found themselves trapped once they were
3778:(the military governor of Alta California from 1770 to 1774, who regarded the Spanish installations in California as military institutions first and religious outposts second), the uneasy relationship persisted for more than sixty years. Dependent upon one another for their very survival, military leaders and mission
3689:) by a presidio strategically placed along the California coast to protect the missions and other Spanish settlements in Upper California. Each of these functioned as a base of military operations for a specific region. They were independent of one another and were organized from south to north as follows:
4602:, who accompanied the 1769 expedition, described the first encounter with the area's inhabitants: "They came unarmed and with a gentleness which has no name they brought their poor seeds to us as gifts...The locality itself and the docility of the Indians invited the establishment of a Mission for them."
5098:
Engelhardt: "Recruited from the scum of society in Mexico, frequently convicts and jailbirds, it is not surprising that the mission guards, leather-jacket soldiers, as they were called, should be guilty of...crimes at nearly all the
Missions...In truth, the guards counted among the worst obstacles to
5058:
Hittell: "Boscana himself and his brother missionaries were men of narrow range of thought, continually seeking among the superstitions of the natives for resemblances of the true faith and ever ready to catch at the slightest hints and magnify them into complicated dogmas corresponding afar of those
4992:
Chapman: "...the
Russians and the English were by no means the only foreign peoples who threatened Spain's domination of the Pacific coast. The Indians and the Chinese had their opportunity before Spain appeared upon the scene. The Japanese were at one time a potential concern, and the Portuguese and
3893:
began visiting each of the twenty-one mission sites, where he created a historically important portfolio of watercolors, oils, and etchings. His depictions of the missions were (in part) responsible for the revival of interest in the state's
Spanish heritage, and indirectly for the restoration of the
2687:
After secularization, Father-Presidente
Narciso DurĂĄn transferred the missions' headquarters to Santa BĂĄrbara, thereby making Mission Santa BĂĄrbara the repository of some 3,000 original documents that had been scattered through the California missions. The Mission archive is the oldest library in the
2568:
The lands of each mission joined those of other missions on either side, so that all were connected, or, in other words, the missionaries occupied all the land along the coast, except the presidios, the three pueblos and their lands, and a few ranchos which were held by virtue of grants from the King
2540:
who were found qualified were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become
Mexican citizens. Those who wished to remain under mission tutelage were exempted from most forms of corporal punishment. By 1830, even the neophyte populations themselves appeared confident in their own abilities to
1923:
and fashion iron into everything from basic tools and hardware (such as nails) to crosses, gates, hinges, even cannon for mission defense. Iron in particular was a commodity that the mission acquired solely through trade, as the missionaries had neither the know-how nor technology to mine and process
540:
The surviving mission buildings are the state of
California's oldest structures and most-visited historic monuments, many of which were restored after falling into near disrepair in the early 20th century. They have become a symbol of California, appearing in many movies and television shows, and are
4845:
Chapman, p. 383: "...there may have been about 133,000 in what is now the state as a whole, and 70,000 in or near the conquered area. The missions included only the
Indians of given localities, though it is true that they were situated on the best lands and in the most populous centres. Even in the
4757:
Chapman: "It is usually stated that the
Spanish court at Madrid received reports about Russian aggression in the Pacific northwest, and sent orders to meet them by the occupation of Alta California, wherefore the expeditions of 1769 were made. This view contains only a smattering of the truth. It is
3878:
Because virtually all of the artwork at the missions served either a devotional or didactic purpose, there was no underlying reason for the mission residents to record their surroundings graphically; visitors, however, found them to be objects of curiosity. During the 1850s a number of artists found
2878:
Between 1846 and 1870, California's Indian population plunged from perhaps 150,000 to 30,000. Diseases, dislocation, and starvation caused many of these deaths. However, abduction, unfree labor, mass death on reservations, individual homicides, battles, and massacres also took thousands of lives and
2843:
was a popular teaching tool used in California to teach school children about the Spanish missions, but became controversial. Its popularity began decreasing in the mid-2010s as educators questioned whether the assignment effectively teaches students about the Spanish missions' impact on indigenous
2548:
Accelerating immigration, both Mexican and foreign, increased pressure on the Alta California government to seize the mission properties and dispossess the natives in accordance with EcheandĂa's directive. Despite the fact that EcheandĂa's emancipation plan was met with little encouragement from the
1951:
and fountains, and emptied into waterways where the force of the water was used to turn grinding wheels and other simple machinery, or dispensed for use in cleaning. Water used for drinking and cooking was allowed to trickle through alternate layers of sand and charcoal to remove the impurities. One
1902:
Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries established manual training in European skills and methods; in agriculture, mechanical arts, and the raising and
1691:
Franciscan Priests would also forbid any form of native culture in the Mission system. This would include but not be limited to, songs, dances, and ceremonies. They objectified the destruction of any form of morality, ideology or personality that characterized the Native life. Women, in particular,
765:
on days of obligation but lacked a resident priest; as with the missions, these settlements were typically established in areas with high concentrations of potential native converts. The Spanish Californians had never strayed from the coast when establishing their settlements; Mission Nuestra Señora
4611:
Chapman: "Over the hills of the Coast Range, in the valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, north of San Francisco Bay, and in the Sierra Nevadas of the south there were untold thousands whom the mission system never reached...they were as if in a world apart from the narrow strip of coast which
2653:
According to one estimate, the native population in and around the missions proper was approximately 80,000 at the time of the confiscation; others claim that the statewide population had dwindled to approximately 100,000 by the early 1840s, due in no small part to the natives' exposure to European
1682:
Father Olbes at Mission Santa Cruz ordered an infertile couple to have sexual intercourse in his presence because he did not believe they could not have children. The couple refused, but Olbes forcibly inspected the man's penis to learn 'whether or not it was in good order' and tried to inspect the
1669:
The Franciscan arrival to Alta California came with a wave of torture, rape, and murder towards the native population of California. Native Californians, attracted to the Missions by the promise of food and gifts, were forcibly prevented from leaving. Any who attempted to escape was usually given a
996:
in 1806. "The hair of these people is very coarse, thick, and stands erect; in some it is powdered with down feathers," Langsdorff noted. "Their bodies are fantastically painted with charcoal dust, red clay, and chalk. The foremost dancer is ornamented all over with down feathers, which gives him a
4568:
Chapman: "Latter-day historians have been altogether too prone to regard the hostility to the Spaniards on the part of the California Indians as a matter of small consequence, since no disaster in fact ever happened...On the other hand the San Diego plot involved untold thousands of Indians, being
2503:
in 1824. The Chumash planned a coordinated rebellion at three missions. Due to an incident with a soldier at Mission Santa Inés, the rebellion began on Saturday, February 21. The Chumash withdrew from Mission Santa Inés upon the arrival of military reinforcements, then attacked Mission La Purisima
4962:
Hittell: "...it was quite frequently known as the mission of Sonoma. From the beginning it was rather a military than a religious establishmentâa sort of outpost or barrier, first against the Russians and afterwards against the Americans; but still a large adobe church was built and Indians were
4743:
who visited San Diego with VizcaĂno's 1602 expedition, "surveyed the area and concluded that the land was fertile, the fish plentiful, and gold abundant." AscensiĂłn was convinced that California's potential wealth and strategic location merited colonization, and in 1620 recommended in a letter to
4672:
of the theocracy which was planted in California by Spain, under which its wild inhabitants were subjected, which stood as their guardians, civil and religious, and whose duty it was to elevate them and make them acceptable as citizens and Spanish subjects...it remained for the Spanish priests to
2598:
For instance, after Mexican independence, the Mexican government confiscated Franciscan lands and decommissioned them. This, however, did not see the end of Native plight since further dislocation and abuse occurred under Mexican control. Most of the confiscated Franciscan lands were given out as
1763:
Mission San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel unknowingly witnessed the origin of the California citrus industry with the planting of the region's first significant orchard in 1804, though the commercial potential of citrus was not realized until 1841. Olives (first cultivated at Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ) were
1017:
A total of 20,355 natives were "attached" to the California missions in 1806 (the highest figure recorded during the Mission Period); under Mexican rule the number rose to 21,066 (in 1824, the record year during the entire era of the Franciscan missions). During the entire period of Mission rule,
1659:
The missionaries of California were by-and-large well-meaning, devoted men... attitudes toward the Indians ranged from genuine (if paternalistic) affection to wrathful disgust. They were ill-equippedânor did most truly desireâto understand complex and radically different Native American customs.
4621:
Bennett: "The system had singularly failed in its purposes. It was the design of the Spanish government to have the missions educate, elevate, civilize, the Indians into citizens. When this was done, citizenship should be extended them and the missions should be dissolved as having served their
2750:
lost whatever protection the mission system afforded them. While under the secularization laws the natives were to receive up to one-half of the mission properties, this never happened. The natives lost whatever stock and movable property they may have accumulated. When California became a U.S.
1677:
This trend of violence was due to the Franciscans' desire for a greater Hispanicized population in Alta California, both for protection against a foreign invasion and for a labor force to benefit the Spanish Empire. As a result a higher emphasis of Native reproduction was a duty taken on by the
884:
instruments at their disposal and simply measured off all dimensions by foot. Some fanciful accounts regarding the construction of the missions claimed that tunnels were incorporated in the design, to be used as a means of emergency egress in the event of attack; however, no historical evidence
5365:
Apart from a tiny minority who gave the clearest evidence of meaningful conversion... Overall, outright rejection and chronic resistance characterized the Indian response. The Franciscans admitted as much, recording repeatedly the difficulty of convincing adult Indians to accept any aspect of
4982:
Bennett 1897b, p. 154: "Up to 1817 the 'spiritual conquest' of California had been confined to the territory south of San Francisco Bay. And this, it might be said, was as far as possible under the mission system. There had been a few years prior to that time certain alarming incursions of the
4658:
Lippy: "A matter of debate in reflecting on the role of Spanish missions concerns the degree to which the Spanish colonial regimes regarded the work of the priests as a legitimate religious enterprise and the degree to which it was viewed as a 'frontier institution,' part of a colonial defense
2700:
Disestablishmentâa polite term for robberyâby Mexico (rather than by native Californians misrepresenting the Mexican government) in 1834, was the death blow of the mission system. The lands were confiscated; the buildings were sold for beggarly sums, and often for beggarly purposes. The Indian
2100:
to Christianity. They aimed to make converts and tax-paying citizens of those they conquered. To make them into Spanish citizens and productive inhabitants, the Spanish government and the Church required the indigenous people to learn Spanish language and vocational skills along with Christian
1836:
that the Indians depended on for their seed, foliage, and bulb harvests. The grazing-overgrazing problems were also recognized by the Spaniards, who periodically had extermination parties cull and kill thousands of excess livestock, when herd populations grew beyond their control or the land's
2095:
California represents the "high-water mark" of Spanish expansion in North America as the last and northernmost colony on the continent. The mission system arose in part from the need to control Spain's ever-expanding holdings in the New World. Realizing that the colonies required a literate
1654:
In recent years, much debate has arisen about the priests' treatment of the Indians during the Mission period, and many believe that the California mission system is directly responsible for the decline of the native cultures. From the perspective of the Spanish priest, their efforts were a
4835:
Kroeber: "In the matter of population, too, the effect of Caucasian contact cannot be wholly slighted, since all statistics date from a late period. The disintegration of Native numbers and Native culture have proceeded hand in hand, but in very different rations according to locality. The
4859:
Bennett: Due to the isolation of the Baja California missions, the decree for expulsion did not arrive in June 1767, as it did in the rest of New Spain, but was delayed until the new governor, PortolĂ , arrived with the news on November 30. Jesuits from the operating missions gathered in
594:
Prior to 1754, grants of mission lands were made directly by the Spanish Crown. But, given the remote locations and the inherent difficulties in communicating with the territorial governments, he delegated authority to make grants to the viceroys of New Spain. During the reign of King
1699:
One can interpret the whole history of the persecution of Indian women as witches ... as a struggle over competing ways of defining the body and of regulating procreation as the church endeavored to constrain the expression of desire within boundaries that clerics defined proper and
1764:
grown, cured, and pressed under large stone wheels to extract their oil, both for use at the mission and to trade for other goods. The Rev. Serra set aside a portion of the Mission Carmel gardens in 1774 for tobacco plants, a practice that soon spread throughout the mission system.
1903:
care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California. The
2781:
filed petitions for the return of all former mission lands in the state. Ownership of 1,051.44 acres (4.2550 km) (essentially exact area of land occupied by the original mission buildings, cemeteries, and gardens) was subsequently conveyed to the Church, along with the
6928:
Bancroft, vol. i, pp. 100â101: The motives behind the issuance of EcheandĂa's premature decree may have had more to do with his desire to appease "...some prominent Californians who had already had their eyes on the mission lands..." than with concern for the welfare of the
529:, yet did not send a governor to California until 1824. The missions maintained authority over indigenous peoples and land holdings until the 1830s. At the peak of their influence in 1832, the coastal mission system controlled approximately one-sixth of Alta California. The
4546:"By that time, it was found that the Russian colonies were not such undesirable neighbors as in 1817 it was thought they might become... the Russian scare, for the time being at least was over; and as for the old enthusiasm for new spiritual conquests, there was none left."
2010:
set out from Compostela, New Spain on February 23, 1540, at the head of a large expedition. Accompanied by 400 European men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1,300 to 2,000 Mexican Indian allies, several Indian and African slaves, and four Franciscan friars, he traveled from
770:
station was forced to be self-supporting, as existing means of supply were inadequate to maintain a colony of any size. California was months away from the nearest base in colonized Mexico, and the cargo ships of the day were too small to carry more than a few months'
4972:
Hittell: "By that time, it was found that the Russians were not such undesirable neighbors as in 1817 it was thought they might become...the Russian scare, for the time being at least was over; and as for the old enthusiasm for new spiritual conquests, there was none
4825:
Bennett: "Other pioneers have blazed the way for civilization by the torch and the bullet, and the red man has disappeared before them; but it remained for the Spanish priests to undertake to preserve the Indian and seek to make his existence compatible with a higher
2883:
The close relationship between church and government found in the original California mission system was a foundation for later forms of government. The early missions and their sub-missions formed the nuclei of what would later become the major metropolitan areas of
4836:
determination of population strength before the arrival of whites is, on the other hand, of considerable significance toward the understanding of Indian culture, on account of the close relations which are manifest between type of culture and density of population."
3923:
In ten years from nowâunless our intelligence shall awaken at onceâthere will remain of these noble piles nothing but a few indeterminable heaps of adobe. We shall deserve and shall have the contempt of all thoughtful people if we suffer our noble missions to
1673:
When Native Women attempted to abort their unborn children â which they had conceived as a byproduct of rape, the Friars would have them beaten, chained in iron, shaved, and stipulated to stand in-front of the altar each mass with a decorated wooden newborn.
958:), while the remainder returned to Europe due to illness, or upon completing their ten-year service commitment. As the rules of the Franciscan Order forbade friars to live alone, two missionaries were assigned to each settlement, sequestered in the mission's
665:
residents) being the most likely locations, the reasoning being that an offshore mission might have attracted potential people to convert who were not living on the mainland, and could have been an effective measure to restrict smuggling operations. Governor
2611:
soon thereafter abandoned most of the missions, taking with them almost everything of value, after which the locals typically plundered the mission buildings for construction materials. Former mission pasture lands were divided into large land grants called
2199:. Serra's plan was to extend the string of missions north from the Baja California peninsula, connected by an established road and spaced a day's travel apart. The first Alta California mission and presidio were founded at San Diego, the second at Monterey.
4948:
There is a great contrast between the legacy of Bouchard in Argentina versus his reputation in the United States. In Buenos Aires, Bouchard is honored as a brave patriot, while in California he is most often remembered as a pirate, and not a privateer. See
2384:, who lived at Mission San Luis Rey in the 1820s and 1830s, penned this drawing depicting two young men wearing skirts of twine and feathers with feather decorations on their heads, rattles in their hands, and (perhaps) painted decorations on their bodies.
3007:
until 1812. Then the position became known as the "Commissary Prefect" who was appointed by the Commissary General of the Indies, a Franciscan residing in Spain. Beginning in 1831, separate individuals were elected to oversee Upper and Lower California.
1609:, the able-bodied men and women were assigned their tasks for the day. The women were committed to dressmaking, knitting, weaving, embroidering, laundering, and cooking, while some of the stronger girls ground flour or carried adobe bricks (weighing 55
5010:(legislature) of New Spain issued a decree in 1813 for at least partial secularization that affected all missions in America and was to apply to all outposts that had operated for ten years or more; however, the decree was never enforced in California.
1737:
brought fruit seeds over from Europe, many of which had been introduced from Asia following earlier expeditions to the continent; orange, grape, apple, peach, pear, and fig seeds were among the most prolific of the imports. Grapes were also grown and
3766:(the "Commandante-General of the Northern Frontier of Alta California") as a part of Mexico's strategy to halt Russian incursions into the region. The Sonoma Presidio became the new headquarters of the Mexican Army in California, while the remaining
5108:
Morrison: That the buildings in the California mission chain are in large part intact is due in no small measure to their relatively recent construction; Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ was founded more than two centuries after the establishment of the
3894:
missions. The 1880s saw the appearance of a number of articles on the missions in national publications and the first books on the subject; as a result, a large number of artists did one or more mission paintings, though few attempted a series.
4938:
Kroeber: "Some of the missionaries evidently regarded compliance with the instructions of the questionnaire as an official requirement which was perfunctorily performed. In many cases no answers were given various questions at certain of the
1775:
of barley, or how many shirts or blankets the mission had to provide the garrisons on any given year. At times these requirements were hard to meet, especially during years of drought, or when the much anticipated shipments from the port of
7074:"Mexican California | Early California History: An Overview | Articles and Essays | California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849â1900 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
1051:
had performed a combined total of 87,787 baptisms and 24,529 marriages, and recorded 63,789 deaths. The death rate at the missions, particularly of children, was very high and the majority of children baptized did not survive childhood. At
1063:. Forcing native people into close quarters at the missions spread disease quickly. While being kept at the missions, native people were transitioned to a Spanish diet that left them more unable to ward off diseases, the most common being
3782:
nevertheless adopted conflicting stances regarding everything from land rights, the allocation of supplies, protection of the missions, the criminal propensities of the soldiers, and (in particular) the status of the native populations.
2491:, who would become the first bishop of the Diocese of Both Californias. These friars would bear the brunt of the changes brought on by secularization and the U.S. occupation, and many would be marked by allegations of corruption.
3094:
on horseback, or three days on foot. The entire trail eventually became a 600-mile (966-kilometer) long "California Mission Trail." Heavy freight movement was practical only via water. Tradition has it that the padres sprinkled
2602:
Mission San Juan Capistrano was the very first to feel the effects of secularization when, on August 9, 1834 Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation." Nine other settlements quickly followed, with six more in 1835;
2899:, the Spanish, Mexican, and later American settlers could take over the land without opposition. The early Spanish mission system established the basis for the cattle and agriculture economies that flourish in the state today.
1436:"The only mission whose population increased from 1810 to 1820. This was due to the fact that its numbers were recruited from the eastern tribes." "The appalling smell from the graveyard saturated the entire Mission building."
3879:
gainful employment as draftsmen attached to expeditions sent to map the Pacific coastline and the border between California and Mexico (as well as plot practical railroad routes); many of the drawings were reproduced as
2297:
and all the common mission lands distributed amongst the native population within ten years after its founding. This policy was based upon Spain's experience with the more advanced tribes in Mexico, Central America, and
4659:
program. That is, were Spanish motives based on a desire to promote conversion or on a desire to have religious missions serve as a buffer to protect the main colonial settlements and an aid in controlling the Indians?"
2206:
came across a Native settlement wherein two young girls were dying: one, a baby, said to be "dying at its mother's breast," the other a small girl suffering of burns. On July 22, GĂłmez baptized the baby, naming her
1780:
failed to arrive. The Spaniards kept meticulous records of mission activities, and each year reports submitted to the Father-Presidente summarizing both the material and spiritual status at each of the settlements.
9616:
2162:
in 1769. This plan, however, changed within a few months after GĂĄlvez received the following orders: "Occupy and fortify San Diego and Monterey for God and the King of Spain." The Church ordered the priests of the
232:
1796:
Livestock was raised, not only for the purpose of obtaining meat, but also for wool, leather, and tallow, and for cultivating the land. In 1832, at the height of their prosperity, the missions collectively owned:
864:; the exact alignment depended on the geographic features of the particular site. Once the spot for the church had been selected, its position was marked and the remainder of the mission complex was laid out. The
4009:
The missions have earned a prominent place in California's historic consciousness, and a steady stream of tourists from all over the world visit them. In recognition of that fact, on November 30, 2004 President
5028:
Settlers made numerous false claims to diminish the natives' abilities: "The Indians are by nature slovenly and indolent," stated one newcomer. "They have unfeelingly appropriated the region," claimed another.
4648:
Bennett: "It cannot be said that the mission system made the Indians more able to sustain themselves in civilization than it had found them...Upon the whole it may be said that this mission experiment was a
3915:, and other members of the "Landmarks Club of Southern California" to restore three of the southern missions in the early 20th century (San Juan Capistrano, San Diego de AlcalĂĄ, and San Fernando; the Pala
2594:
The Act also provided for the colonization of both Alta and Baja California, the expenses of this latter move to be borne by the proceeds gained from the sale of the mission property to private interests.
4993:
Dutch voyagers occasionally gave Spain concern. The French for many years were the most dangerous enemy of all, but with their disappearance from North America in 1763, as a result of their defeat in the
4758:
evident from GĂĄlvez's correspondence of 1768 that he and Croix had discussed the advisability of an immediate expedition to Monterey, long before any word came from Spain about the Russian activities."
2221:. The group continued northward but missed Monterey Harbor and returned to San Diego on January 24, 1770. Near the end of 1769 the PortolĂĄ expedition had reached its most northerly point at present-day
5134:
Thompson: In the words of Charles Lummis, the historic structures "...were falling to ruin with frightful rapidity, their roofs being breached or gone, the adobe walls melting under the winter rains."
962:. To these the governor assigned a guard of five or six soldiers under the command of a corporal, who generally acted as steward of the mission's temporal affairs, subject to the priests' direction.
678:) killing some 200 Tongva people coupled with a scarcity of land for agriculture and potable water left the success of such a venture in doubt, so no effort to found an island mission was ever made.
3964:
Today, the missions exist in varying degrees of architectural integrity and structural soundness. The most common extant features at the mission grounds include the church building and an ancillary
3984:, for example), the current buildings are replicas constructed on or near the original site. Other mission compounds remain relatively intact and true to their original, Mission Era construction.
1660:
Using European standards, they condemned the Indians for living in a "wilderness," for worshipping false gods or no God at all, and for having no written laws, standing armies, forts, or churches.
2688:
State of California that still remains in the hands of its founders, the Franciscans (it is the only mission where they have maintained an uninterrupted presence). Beginning with the writings of
1883:(carpentry shop) used crude methods to shape beams, lintels, and other structural elements; more skilled artisans carved doors, furniture, and wooden implements. For certain applications bricks (
2424:
settlement located on the coast. When they exterminated the sea otter and seal populations, they failed in the ambition to supply Russiaâs Alaskan settlements from California and left the area.
5450:
5699:
Duggan, M.C. "Beyond Slavery: Institutional Status of Mission Indians, in Burns and Johnson (eds.), Franciscans and American Indians in Pan-Borderlands Perspective. Oceanside, CA: AAFH, 2017.
4622:
purpose... the priests returned them projects of conversion, schemes of faith, which they never comprehended...He became a slave; the mission was a plantation; the friar was a taskmaster."
1018:
from 1769 to 1834, the Franciscans baptized 53,600 adult Indians and buried 37,000. Dr. Cook estimates that 15,250 or 45% of the population decrease was caused by disease. Two epidemics of
997:
monkey-like appearance; the hindermost has had the whimsical idea of painting his body to imitate the uniform of a Spanish soldier, with his boots, stockings, breeches, and upper garments."
11607:
3928:
In acknowledgement of the magnitude of the restoration efforts required and the urgent need to have acted quickly to prevent further or even total degradation, Lummis went on to state,
335:
7685:
6947:
Forbes, p. 201: In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control in all of Upper California stood at 18,683; garrison soldiers, free settlers, and "other classes" totaled 4,342.
795:
in the volume needed to support a fair-sized establishment. The scarcity of imported materials, together with a lack of skilled laborers, compelled the missionaries to employ simple
599:, they granted lands to allow establishing the Alta California missions. They were motivated in part by presence of Russian fur traders along the California coast in the mid 1700s.
2549:
novices who populated the southern missions, he was nonetheless determined to test the scheme on a large scale at Mission San Juan Capistrano. To that end, he appointed a number of
2355:
In 1800, native labor conprised the backbone of the colonial economy. Possibly "the worst epidemic of the Spanish Era in California" occurred between March and May of 1806 when a
4559:: "Most missions of early date possessed secret passages as a means of escape in case they were besieged. It is difficult to locate any of them now as they are well concealed."
1939:, sometimes spanning miles, brought fresh water from a nearby river or spring to the mission site. Open or covered lined ditches and/or baked clay pipes, joined together with
2836:
cite a cultural bias on the part of the missionaries that blinded them to the natives' plight and caused them to develop strong negative opinions of the California Indians.
4592:
Engelhardt: Not all of the native cultures responded with hostility to the Spaniards' presence; Engelhardt portrayed the natives at Mission San Juan Capistrano (dubbed the "
10847:
5491:
2104:
Estimates for the pre-contact indigenous population in California are based on a number of different sources and vary substantially, from as few as 133,000, to 225,000, to
1683:
woman's genitalia. She refused, fought with him, and tried to bite him. Olbes ordered that she be tied by the hands, and given fifty lashes, shackled, and locked up in the
634:
Work on the coastal mission chain was concluded in 1823, completed after Serra's death in 1784. Plans to build a twenty-second mission in Santa Rosa in 1827 were canceled.
1721:
1790s) of their kind in the State of California. The sign at the lower right-hand corner proclaims the site as being "...part of Orange County's first industrial complex."
4736:
1771:, with the necessary foodstuffs, and manufactured goods to sustain operations. It was a constant point of contention between missionaries and the soldiers as to how many
6303:
5687:
4682:
Bean: "Serra's decision to plant tobacco at the missions was prompted by the fact that from San Diego to Monterey the natives invariably begged him for Spanish tobacco."
1130:
From 1810â1820, "the death rate among the neophytes was 77% of baptisms and 35% of the population." Only 34 families remained after the mission was secularized in 1833.
10852:
9471:
2483:
in 1827 was aborted. In 1833, the final group of missionaries arrived in Alta California. These were Mexican-born (rather than Spaniards), and had been trained at the
2096:
population base that the mother country could not supply, the Spanish government (with the cooperation of the Church) established a network of missions to convert the
7073:
12086:
12044:
12146:
2871:
5427:
Duggan, MC (2016). "With and Without an Empire: Financing for California Missions Before and After 1810" in Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 23â71.
3944:, a three-hour pageant describing the California missions from their founding in 1769 through secularization in 1834, and ending with their "final ruin" in 1847.
12136:
12131:
3090:, California. To facilitate travel between them on horse and foot, the mission settlements were situated approximately 30 miles (48 kilometers) apart, about one
2460:(though ultimately ignored by the marauders) was ignominiously sacked and vandalized by local residents who were entrusted with securing the church's valuables.
1899:
roofing (densely packed reeds) they were placed in the kilns to harden them as well. Glazed ceramic pots, dishes, and canisters were also made in mission kilns.
537:, which emancipated indigenous peoples from the missions. Mission lands were largely given to settlers and soldiers, along with a minority of indigenous people.
328:
9504:
4205:
179:
12049:
4052:
1692:
would face a higher degree of punishment. Those who did not comply with the Missions demands would be labeled a witch, dehumanizing them for further violence.
5851:
History of the State of California and Biographical Record to Oakland and Environs: Also Containing Biographies of Well-known Citizens of the Past and Present
3841:
Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn, Mission San Francisco Solano, and the one remaining mission-era structure of Mission Santa Cruz are owned and operated by the
6120:
Bennett 1897b, p. 160: "The fathers claimed all the land in California in trust for the Indians, yet the Indians received no visible benefit from the trust."
6413:
2452:, and San Juan Capistrano, with limited success. Upon hearing of the attacks, many mission priests (along with a few government officials) sought refuge at
2155:
1022:, one in 1806 and the other in 1828, caused many deaths. The mortality rates were so high that the missions were constantly dependent upon new conversions.
13089:
12121:
7360:
Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians. by Robert H. Jackson. 1996. University of NM Press.
941:, mostly Spaniards by birth, were ordained as priests and served in California between 1769 and 1845. Sixty-seven missionaries died at their posts (two as
5089:
Bennett: "...JunĂpero had in California insisted that the military should be subservient to the priests, that the conquest was spiritual, not temporal..."
4224:
11763:
9262:
4376:
965:
Indians were initially attracted into the mission compounds by gifts of food, colored beads, bits of bright cloth, and trinkets. Once a Native American "
406:
12156:
12141:
7146:
Bancroft, H. H. (1886). The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft: History of California : vol. IV, 1840â1845, pp73-74. San Francisco Calif.: A.L. Bancroft
6865:
4166:
4071:
2735:
In 1837â38, a major smallpox epidemic devastated native tribes north of San Francisco Bay, in the jurisdiction of Mission San Francisco Solano. General
12151:
9102:
4186:
321:
12032:
12027:
11758:
9010:
3774:
An ongoing power struggle between church and state grew increasingly heated and lasted for decades. Originating as a feud between the Rev. Serra and
2309:
on the northern frontier in Alta California required a much longer period of acclimatization. None of the California missions ever attained complete
10468:
4002:, a Spanish artist and last Spanish diplomat to California. This structure was closed to the public from 2003 to 2009 due to severe damage from the
1644:
to the detriment of the other Spanish and Mexican settlers of the time who could not compete economically with the advantage of the mission system.
12116:
11599:
8875:
8784:
8694:
8642:
4338:
2120:
1756:, was first planted at Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1779; in 1783, the first wine produced in Alta California emerged from the mission's winery.
1215:"It was not strange that the fearful death rate both of children and adults at the missions sometimes frightened the neophytes into running away."
90:
12179:
6017:
4705:; in these two formal acts, Spain gave itself the exclusive right to colonize all of the Western Hemisphere (excluding Brazil), including all of
4414:
4262:
2276:
later described the scene: "...Rivera entered the chapel with drawn sword...con la espada desnuda en la mano." Rivera y Moncada was subsequently
1039:. So many died at times that many of the Indian residents of the missions urged the priests to raid new villages to supply them with more women.
8300:
4357:
3830:
Four of the missions (San Diego de AlcalĂĄ, San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, San Francisco de AsĂs, and San Juan Capistrano) have been designated
13094:
9464:
7227:
Gutfreund, Zevi (1 July 2010). "Standing Up to Sugar Cubes: The Contest over Ethnic Identity in California's Fourth-Grade Mission Curriculum".
4405:
4033:
3406:
860:). The majority of mission sanctuaries were oriented on a roughly eastâwest axis to take the best advantage of the sun's position for interior
4876:
4128:
12475:
12022:
7674:
4457:
4319:
3842:
1059:
The high rate of death at the missions have been attributed to several factors, including disease, torture, overworking, malnourishment, and
6163:
12455:
12194:
11988:
7329:
5217:
3812:
California is home to the greatest number of well-preserved missions found in any U.S. state. The missions are collectively the best-known
2569:
of Spain.... The missionaries objected to any settlements in the country but the missions; the presidios they regarded as a necessary evil.
1035:("instructed men", i.e. Europeans). The cramped and unsanitary conditions the girls lived in contributed to the fast spread of disease and
6032:
Between 1770 and 1834 over 90,000 California Indians (a third of the pre-contact population) were enslaved within the Franciscan missions.
3932:
It is no exaggeration to say that human power could not have restored these four missions had there been a five-year delay in the attempt.
1820:
All these grazing animals were originally brought up from Mexico. A great many Indians were required to guard the herds and flocks on the
1670:
severe beating and put in shackles. Any form of Native rebellion was met with force due to numerical disadvantage facing the Franciscans.
508:. Some fled the missions while others formed rebellions. Missionaries recorded frustrations with getting indigenous people to internalize
13084:
12485:
9069:
7570:
Forbes, p. 202: In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control stood at 5,433; garrison soldiers totaled 371; the population of
7548:
Forbes, p. 202: In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control stood at 3,305; garrison soldiers totaled 708; the population of
7526:
Forbes, p. 202: In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control stood at 3,292; garrison soldiers totaled 613; the population of
1725:
The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important
4574:
4395:
4243:
525:
By 1810, Spain's king had been imprisoned by the French, and financing for military payroll and missions in California ceased. In 1821,
12310:
4706:
4570:
4467:
2105:
1678:
Spanish Fransicans. Tejana born feminist historian Antonia Castañeda wrote about the treatment that would occur in Mission Santa Cruz:
2412:. It had a barracks, agricultural buildings, fields of grain and vegetables, an orchard and a vineyard. Their primary location was at
1521:"An epidemic had broken out in the Mission Dolores and a number of the Indians were transferred to San Rafael to escape the plague."
929:
religion. It was a doctrine established in 1531, which based the Spanish state's right over the land and persons of the Indies on the
12490:
12470:
12370:
11773:
9457:
9243:
6444:
2692:, the library has served as a center for historical study of the missions for more than a century. In 1895, journalist and historian
2473:
2336:. The fund originated in 1697 and consisted of voluntary donations from individuals and religious bodies in Mexico to members of the
2217:
2079:
was stimulated to consider how to protect his claims to Alta California. Philip was spurred on when the territorial ambitions of the
761:("satellite" or "sub" missions, sometimes referred to as "contributing chapels") were small-scale missions that regularly conducted
12525:
12495:
12450:
12445:
12108:
11768:
9798:
4482:
4147:
4090:
3987:
A notable example of an intact complex is the now-threatened Mission San Miguel ArcĂĄngel: its chapel retains the original interior
2448:(as Bouchard was known to the locals) worked his way down the California coast, conducting raids on the installations at Monterey,
622:
established nine more mission sites, from 1786 through 1798; others established the last three compounds, along with at least five
9611:
2067:. However, Drake sailed back to England and England (and later Britain) never pressed for any sort of claim regarding the region.
227:
13069:
12718:
12693:
12480:
12460:
12440:
12390:
12320:
12315:
12300:
9388:
5488:
4997:, they were no longer a menace. The people of the United States were eventually to become the most powerful outstanding element."
4109:
2803:
2167:
to take charge of the Baja California missions so the Franciscans could concentrate on founding new missions in Alta California.
1259:"At such a rate it would not, even if mission rule had continued, have taken more than a dozen years to depopulate the mission."
702:
399:
365:
9195:
7262:
7215:
4300:
4058:
3447:
2453:
1382:
12938:
12550:
12510:
12410:
12385:
12340:
12335:
12227:
11002:
9509:
9426:
9129:
9095:
8916:
6299:
4922:
4441:
4215:
4134:
3473:
3073:
3020:
1852:
animal fat) in large vats located just outside the west wing. Also situated in this general area were vats for dyeing wool and
1406:
807:
452:
184:
7957:
Jones, Terry L.; Kathryn A. Klar (2005). "Linguistic Evidence for a Prehistoric Polynesia-Southern California Contact Event".
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grants to white settlers or well connected Mexicans, while Native Californians continued to occupy the land as a labor force.
12663:
12555:
12540:
12280:
9882:
9274:
9018:
8922:
Digital Library, 2008, 169 records digitized and searchable by priest name or by the names of the couple requesting marriage.
8850:
8822:
8801:
8746:
8727:
8710:
8659:
8579:
8556:
8525:
8504:
8485:
8466:
8441:
8422:
8401:
8382:
8290:
8224:
8205:
8179:
8160:
8141:
8122:
8092:
8069:
8050:
8013:
7994:
7975:
7938:
7871:
7803:
7475:
7416:
6582:
6490:
5993:
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5254:
5178:
4527:
4492:
3995:
2306:
780:
34:
9219:
5723:
5662:
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transferred the headquarters of the Alta California Mission System to Mission Santa BĂĄrbara, where they remained until 1846.
4211:
3244:
1417:"At the rate of decrease under mission rule, a few more years would have produced... the extinction of the mission Indian."
1201:
13013:
12883:
12793:
12698:
12683:
12575:
12545:
12535:
12530:
12520:
12515:
12505:
12500:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12395:
12375:
12365:
12325:
12305:
12290:
12285:
12096:
11211:
10882:
10080:
9732:
9720:
9403:
6181:
6179:
4512:
4507:
3853:
2823:
2393:
2059:, Drake anchored in a harbor just north of present-day San Francisco, California, establishing friendly relations with the
1983:
375:
8346:
5049:
transferred the headquarters of the Alta California Mission System to Mission Santa BĂĄrbara, where it remained until 1846.
4598:" by the missionaries), where there was never any instance of unrest, as being "uncommonly friendly and docile." The Rev.
2564:
found the economics of land and commerce were controlled by the Spanish missions, presidios, pueblos, and a few ranchos.
1636:, supper, and social activities. About 90 days out of each year were designated as religious or civil holidays, free from
252:
13079:
12903:
12878:
12703:
12400:
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12355:
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12295:
12209:
11206:
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9702:
9549:
9499:
8930:
Preview of Fogel, Daniel. ISM Press Books. Offers a critical perspective on the missions' impact on California's Indians.
8925:
6535:, "This was to be a cooperative effort, imperial in origin, protective in purpose, but primarily spiritual in execution."
3016:
2128:
2056:
2043:, an English privateer who raided Spanish treasure ships and colonial settlements, claimed the Alta California region as
553:. The oldest European settlements of California were formed around or near Spanish missions, including the four largest:
134:
57:
9055:
9051:
8963:
8323:
6788:
6176:
2810:
were assigned by executive proclamation in 1875. The commissioner of Indian affairs reported in 1879 that the number of
435:, or "bell wall" is the "Sacred Garden." The Mission has earned a reputation as the "Loveliest of the Franciscan Ruins."
13043:
13003:
12868:
12828:
12818:
12803:
12648:
12623:
12565:
12560:
12415:
12405:
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12345:
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12059:
11837:
11244:
11140:
10090:
8596:
6554:
4462:
2952:
2583:
2513:
1833:
933:
charge to evangelize them. It was employed wherever the indigenous populations were not already concentrated in native
534:
392:
10792:
7508:
Forbes, p. 202: In 1831, the number of Indians under missionary control stood at 6,465; garrison soldiers totaled 796.
4950:
2488:
12993:
12968:
12923:
12918:
12848:
12708:
12613:
12608:
12009:
11105:
10972:
9792:
9768:
9756:
9750:
9588:
9559:
9171:
9147:
9088:
6895:
5966:
5294:
5073:
5042:
4363:
3371:
3004:
2484:
1315:
650:
208:
144:
10867:
10812:
12983:
12958:
12943:
12908:
12863:
12853:
12813:
12783:
12773:
12768:
12733:
12728:
12713:
12638:
12633:
12237:
12204:
12081:
12017:
11981:
11357:
10947:
10085:
9834:
9480:
9359:
9268:
4905:
4006:. Many missions have preserved (or in some cases reconstructed) historic features in addition to chapel buildings.
3719:
1581:
546:
497:
471:
99:
10772:
9201:
9153:
4306:
4230:
3730:(the missions at San Luis Obispo, San Miguel, San Antonio, Soledad, San Carlos, and San Juan Bautista, along with
3599:
3574:
2268:
at Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ on March 26, 1776, when he forcibly removed a 'neophyte' in direct defiance of the
2007:
1511:
1490:
993:
13033:
12998:
12978:
12953:
12928:
12838:
12833:
12778:
12758:
12738:
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12593:
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10717:
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9514:
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9225:
6405:
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missionary progress. The wonder is, that the missionaries nevertheless succeeded so well in attracting converts."
4847:
4748:
that missions be established in the region, a venture that would involve military as well as religious personnel.
4382:
4348:
4281:
3204:
3169:
2938:
2827:
2674:
1138:
849:). It was these simple huts that ultimately gave way to the stone and adobe buildings that exist to the present.
711:
10095:
9141:
7894:
7351:
Urbanism and Empire in the Far West, 1840â1890. By Eugene P. Moehring. 2004. University of Nevada Press. Pg. 3.
4268:
3219:
2529:
1176:
1053:
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was one of the three major agencies employed by the Spanish sovereign to extend its borders and consolidate its
13048:
13038:
13018:
12933:
12873:
12858:
12823:
12808:
12798:
12763:
12748:
12723:
12678:
12668:
12653:
12628:
12618:
12272:
12184:
12166:
11045:
10997:
10802:
10305:
10075:
10037:
10032:
9662:
9571:
9285:
5118:
4916:
4446:
3857:
1879:
Each mission had to fabricate virtually all of its construction materials from local materials. Workers in the
1240:
estimated that there were about 250 people in 1840 remaining from the mission living in scattered communities.
667:
288:
174:
10897:
9744:
9237:
9213:
9165:
9123:
5072:
at all of the settlements north of Mission San Antonio de Padua with Mexican-born Franciscan priests from the
5041:
at all of the settlements north of Mission San Antonio de Padua with Mexican-born Franciscan priests from the
4722:
as applies to the mission chain founded by Serra refers specifically to the modern-day United States State of
4420:
4401:
4192:
4153:
3624:
3549:
3396:
3144:
3028:
2969:
1529:
1482:
Very sharp decline in the native population from 1827 to 1834. "The death rate at the mission was very high."
1468:
1336:
1116:
898:
686:
13028:
13023:
12988:
12963:
12948:
12913:
12893:
12843:
12788:
12753:
12743:
12673:
12658:
12603:
12219:
11753:
11745:
10987:
10797:
10014:
9917:
9738:
9566:
6862:
5019:
Catholic historian Zephyrin Engelhardt referred to EcheandĂa as "...an avowed enemy of the religious orders."
4487:
4329:
3954:
by Henry Chapman Ford, 1880. The work depicts the rear of the "Great Stone Church" and part of the mission's
3508:
2532:, the first native Mexican elected Governor of Alta California issued a "Proclamation of Emancipation" (or "
2328:
1079:
766:
de la Soledad was located farthest inland, being only some thirty miles (48 kilometers) from the shore. Each
642:
164:
10892:
7311:
McCormack, Brian T. "Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California."
2784:
2588:
13099:
13008:
12973:
12888:
12242:
11726:
11017:
9601:
9521:
9398:
9135:
8896:, 2006. Provides public access to all the information contained in California's historic mission registers.
4909:
4249:
4077:
3649:
3421:
1553:
1361:
542:
370:
222:
194:
9449:
2728:
Precise figures relating to the population decline of California indigenes are not available. One writer,
2159:
12898:
11974:
11145:
10982:
10977:
10957:
10576:
9554:
9544:
9534:
9408:
9159:
8981:
5110:
4861:
4367:
4344:
3685:
During the Mission Period Alta California was divided into four military districts. Each was garrisoned (
3381:
3194:
3103:
2662:
experienced a similar reduction in native population resulting from Spanish colonization efforts there).
2631:
2344:
1844:
prepared and served thousands of meals each day. Candles, soap, grease, and ointments were all made from
1158:
707:
603:
526:
424:
159:
154:
129:
10752:
10598:
7372:
3710:(the missions at San Fernando, San Buenaventura, Santa Barbara, Santa InĂ©s, and La PurĂsima, along with
2701:
converts were scattered and starved out; the noble buildings were pillaged for their tiles and adobes...
2472:
due to the costs involved in sustaining these remote outposts; the northernmost settlement therefore is
2347:
in 1810, support from the Pious Fund largely disappeared. Missions and converts were left on their own.
1193:
A missionary reported that three out of four children died at the mission before reaching the age of 2.
979:. On the other hand, Indians staffed the militias at each mission and had a role in mission governance.
693:
had been founded in 1818 as a "mother" mission. However, the plan's expansion never came to fruition.
11115:
10992:
10712:
10358:
9494:
9413:
9280:
4632:
4003:
3849:
2983:
2840:
2607:
and San Francisco de AsĂs were among the last to succumb, in June and December 1836, respectively. The
1979:
505:
169:
13104:
11888:
10902:
10872:
10837:
10782:
10777:
7814:
4768:
3746:(the missions at Santa Cruz, San José, Santa Clara, San Francisco, San Rafael, and Solano, along with
2746:
When the mission properties were secularized between 1834 and 1838, the approximately 15,000 resident
11898:
11180:
11100:
11007:
10907:
10118:
10110:
10070:
9864:
9846:
9576:
9365:
9353:
9207:
8153:
A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769â1910
4673:
undertake to preserve the Indian and seek to make his existence compatible with higher civilization."
4325:
4100:
3796:
3763:
3739:
3703:
3498:
3304:
2659:
2449:
2258:
2132:
2028:
1425:
873:
615:
570:
189:
30:
11070:
10453:
8703:
A Description of Distant Roads: Original Journals of the First Expedition into California, 1796â1770
8517:
American Character: The Curious Life of Charles Fletcher Lummis and the Rediscovery of the Southwest
2867:
13074:
12598:
12465:
10857:
10591:
10523:
10047:
10042:
9621:
4115:
3890:
3742:
founded on December 17, 1776 â responsible for the defense of all installations located within the
3269:
3249:
3023:, established in 1770, was the headquarters of the Californian mission system from 1797 until 1833.
2945:
2226:
1829:
1223:
638:
237:
11050:
10707:
10458:
10320:
9322:
8939:
6276:
2751:
state, California law stripped them of legal title to the land. In the Act of September 30, 1850,
872:, living quarters, storerooms, and other ancillary chambers were usually grouped in the form of a
491:
12174:
11185:
11095:
10827:
10787:
10762:
10483:
10463:
9774:
9695:
9626:
9291:
9056:
Finding Aid to the Documents relating to Missions of the Californias : typescript, 1768â1802
8308:
7288:
4796:
4272:
4157:
4019:
3912:
3908:
3711:
3559:
3229:
3064:
headquarters (until 1833, when all mission records were permanently relocated to Santa Barbara).
2896:
2794:
2693:
2180:
2024:
861:
690:
242:
11090:
9631:
5204:
3726:) founded on June 3, 1770 â responsible for the defense of all installations located within the
3706:
founded on April 12, 1782 â responsible for the defense of all installations located within the
3056:â The Rev. Payeras and the Rev. DurĂĄn remained at their resident missions during their terms as
2536:") on July 25, 1826. All Indians within the military districts of San Diego, Santa Barbara, and
1628:
The work day was six hours, interrupted by dinner (lunch) around 11:00 a.m. and a two-hour
257:
12583:
12076:
10917:
10912:
10513:
10498:
10353:
10310:
9990:
9952:
9786:
8977:
The California Frontier Project: Dedicated the early California, including the Spanish missions
8893:
7185:
6469:
Vol. XXII 1846â1848, p. 201, The History Company Publishers, San Francisco, 1882 (Google eBook)
5114:
4424:
4177:
3977:
3973:
3731:
3696:
founded on July 16, 1769 â responsible for the defense of all installations located within the
3634:
3534:
2799:
2767:
2752:
2500:
2480:
2408:. Chernyk, the farming community near Graton, was about 30 miles (48 km) from present-day
2360:
2241:
1936:
574:
530:
11170:
11040:
10633:
8777:
5284:
5244:
4983:
Russians, which distressed Spain, and it was ordered that missions be started across the bay."
3452:
2993:
2359:
epidemic and related complications killed one-quarter of the mission native population in the
1860:(warehouses) provided long-term storage for preserved foodstuffs and other treated materials.
1709:
12199:
12126:
11997:
11913:
11883:
11789:
11201:
11130:
10561:
10528:
10473:
10275:
10249:
10123:
9975:
9347:
9177:
9040:
8904:
7758:
Bennett, John E. (February 1897b). "Should the California Missions Be Preserved? â Part II".
7177:
as a supplement to the Official Report of 1883â1884. Patents for each mission were issued to
4702:
4386:
4196:
4096:
3937:
3693:
3350:
3294:
3179:
3154:
3083:
2625:
2413:
2251:
1248:
487:
11060:
10832:
10742:
9231:
4287:
3864:
3820:
Most of the missions are still owned and operated by some entity within the Catholic Church.
3319:
2907:
The "Father-Presidente" was the head of the Catholic missions in Alta and Baja California.
2188:
1267:
602:
The missions were to be interconnected by an overland route which later became known as the
12588:
12091:
11175:
10922:
10697:
10478:
10403:
10208:
9980:
9310:
9059:
8243:
7926:
7745:
Bennett, John E. (January 1897a). "Should the California Missions Be Preserved? â Part I".
7724:
7432:
Bennett, John E. (January 1897a). "Should the California Missions Be Preserved? â Part I".
7181:
7175:
Corrected Reports of Spanish and Mexican Grants in California Complete to February 25, 1886
6679:
5122:
3747:
2874:
had no immunity to these diseases. Miners and settlers contributed to the high death rate.
2789:
2778:
2689:
2635:
2557:
2112:
1961:
1726:
1237:
719:
596:
562:
11150:
11055:
10817:
10315:
9047:
National Register of Historic Places: Early History of the California Coast: List of Sites
6436:
6188:"Engendering the History of Alta California, 1769â1848: Gender, Sexuality, and the Family"
5684:
Franciscan Florida in Pan-Borderlands Perspective: Adaptation, Negotiation, and Resistance
3149:
2717:, an outspoken critic of the mission system and its effects on the native populations, at
2192:
2116:
512:
scripture and practice. Indigenous girls were taken away from their parents and housed at
490:. Civilian settlers and soldiers accompanied missionaries and formed settlements like the
8:
12071:
12037:
11301:
10747:
10285:
10100:
9985:
9942:
9932:
9780:
9328:
9183:
8104:
California the Wonderful: Her Romantic History, Her Picturesque People, Her Wild Shores..
7832:
7453:
California the Wonderful: Her Romantic History, Her Picturesque People, Her Wild Shores..
7078:
6984:
4994:
4522:
4310:
4291:
4119:
4062:
4039:
3981:
3758:, or "Sonoma Barracks" (a collection of guardhouses, storerooms, living quarters, and an
3629:
3584:
3458:
3401:
3344:
3329:
3279:
3224:
2639:
2604:
2577:(who took office in 1833) initially attempted to keep the mission system intact, but the
2469:
2139:
2052:
1739:
1291:
1087:
1078:
The death rate has been compared to that of other atrocities. American author and lawyer
549:
about the way the mission period in California is taught in educational institutions and
10443:
10423:
8247:
6861:
Bacich, Damian. "The Zacatecan Franciscans in Alta California: A Misunderstood Legacy."
3868:
The courtyard of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, with California's oldest pepper tree (
2665:
852:
The first priority when beginning a settlement was the location and construction of the
726:
114:
11955:
11933:
11794:
11680:
11160:
10862:
10737:
10702:
10508:
10280:
9937:
9927:
9688:
9438:
9189:
9046:
8919:
8869:
8765:
8688:
8636:
8568:
8371:
8267:
8194:
8172:
Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period
8081:
7244:
7036:
7002:
6480:
6360:
6352:
6210:
6103:
6076:"Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin, and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California"
5939:
5931:
5410:
4813:
4809:
4555:
Engelhardt: One such hypothesis was put forth by author by Prent Duel in his 1919 work
4253:
4173:
4138:
4043:
4022:
has also been proposed that would allow the use of State funds in restoration efforts.
3898:
3755:
3659:
3529:
3523:
3483:
3356:
3199:
3174:
3111:
3087:
2807:
2718:
2578:
2457:
2433:
2409:
2397:
2097:
1647:
The Franciscans began to send neophytes to work as servants of Spanish soldiers in the
1444:
1036:
578:
311:
11125:
10178:
10143:
9858:
9036:
5959:
Starving for Justice: Hunger Strikes, Spectacular Speech, and the Struggle for Dignity
2959:
2924:
2127:, who operated under the authority of the Pope and had established a chain of fifteen
955:
11478:
11438:
11221:
10757:
10628:
10543:
10533:
10518:
10300:
10254:
10062:
9960:
9922:
8945:
8890:
8846:
8818:
8812:
8797:
8742:
8723:
8717:
8706:
8676:
8655:
8575:
8552:
8521:
8515:
8500:
8481:
8462:
8456:
8437:
8418:
8412:
8397:
8378:
8286:
8280:
8259:
8220:
8201:
8175:
8156:
8137:
8118:
8088:
8065:
8046:
8040:
8023:
8009:
7990:
7971:
7934:
7867:
7799:
7789:
7471:
7412:
6891:
6884:
6550:
6486:
6364:
6095:
5999:
5989:
5962:
5943:
5431:"With and Without an Empire: Financing for California Missions Before and After 1810"
5402:
5356:
5346:
5300:
5290:
5260:
5250:
5184:
5174:
4517:
4081:
3759:
3604:
3432:
3376:
3115:
2646:
EcheandĂa's 1826 Proclamation that allowed for the partial conversion of missions to
2076:
1853:
1849:
1777:
1060:
906:
876:, inside which religious celebrations and other festive events often took place. The
853:
796:
654:
606:. The detailed planning and direction of the missions was to be carried out by Friar
519:
11928:
11120:
11012:
10887:
9529:
9393:
9080:
8271:
7886:
Franciscan Missionaries in Hispanic California, 1769â1848: A Biographical Dictionary
7793:
6107:
4919:
3947:
3677:
2917:
2215:. These were the first recorded baptisms in Alta California. Crespi dubbed the spot
2196:
2147:
837:
escort fashioned temporary shelters out of tree limbs or driven stakes, roofed with
607:
199:
12054:
11804:
11632:
11531:
11306:
11075:
11065:
10767:
10433:
10295:
10290:
10153:
9996:
9970:
9840:
9667:
9606:
9596:
8997:
8535:
8452:
8251:
8062:
California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions
7236:
7028:
6344:
6335:
Flint, R. (Winter 2005). "What They Never Told You about the Coronado Expedition".
6202:
6087:
5923:
5442:
5394:
5383:"Locating Absence: The Forgotten Presence of MonjerĂos in Alta California Missions"
4792:
4784:
4776:
3503:
3478:
3426:
3091:
2756:
2561:
2523:
2310:
2031:
and sailed up the coast of Baja California and into the region of Alta California.
1825:
1821:
1757:
1072:
1047:
As of December 31, 1832 (the peak of the mission system's development) the mission
922:
811:
646:
577:
were also formed near missions, and the historical imprint reached as far north as
460:
444:
293:
217:
149:
11135:
10807:
8705:, edited and translated by Alan K. Brown, San Diego State University Press, 2001,
8494:
8255:
6574:
5077:
5046:
4771:
discovery in 1542, which initially included notable expeditions led by Englishmen
4636:
2976:
2710:
2574:
2175:
11731:
11556:
11365:
11311:
10936:
10877:
10664:
10581:
10566:
10503:
10428:
10398:
10244:
10213:
10128:
9652:
9371:
8234:
Oakley, Kenneth P. (September 1963). "Relative Dating of Arlington Springs Man".
8189:
7376:
6869:
6168:
5891:
5849:
5719:
5666:
5659:
5495:
4926:
4912:) is in Los Christianitos ("The Little Christians") Canyon, and is designated as
3870:
3654:
3554:
3079:
2811:
2763:
2736:
2729:
2333:
2281:
2277:
2265:
2164:
1991:
1872:
1760:
also became an important mission industry as cattle and sheep herds were raised.
1752:
1641:
926:
734:
550:
483:
380:
278:
247:
106:
72:
8540:
A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World, Volume III
6187:
3700:(the missions at San Diego, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capistrano, and San Gabriel);
1082:
argued that "the Franciscan padres eliminated Indians with the effectiveness of
11832:
11799:
11710:
11705:
11589:
11415:
11375:
11316:
11281:
11271:
11165:
11155:
11085:
11035:
10822:
10488:
10413:
10024:
9909:
9852:
9828:
8354:
8112:
7881:
7005:. North Carolina Historical Review (October 1937). (accessed August 14, 2014).
6532:
4011:
3999:
3831:
2519:
2313:, and required continued (albeit modest) financial support from mother Spain.
2294:
2262:
2255:
2080:
1600:
1592:
762:
475:
455:
or missions established between 1769 and 1833 in what is now the U.S. state of
11080:
9026:
8450:
6348:
6164:"JunĂpero Serra's brutal story in spotlight as pope prepares for canonisation"
5360:
5188:
4599:
2743:, was one of the few natives to be vaccinated, and one of the few to survive.
2377:
2203:
419:
13063:
11893:
11670:
11579:
11526:
11473:
11405:
10623:
10618:
10608:
10368:
9870:
8899:
8680:
8331:
6003:
5446:
5406:
5264:
4891:
4878:
4800:
4780:
4772:
4745:
4697:
4472:
4234:
3609:
3324:
3299:
3096:
2885:
2616:, greatly increasing the number of private land holdings in Alta California.
2222:
2154:
closed or consolidated several of the existing settlements, and also founded
2040:
2016:
1987:
1907:
at Mission San Juan Capistrano was the first to introduce the Indians to the
1714:
1637:
1056:, for instance, three of four children died before reaching the age of two.
662:
619:
566:
9816:
8986:
5304:
4846:
vicinity of the missions, there were some unconverted groups, however." See
3791:
971:
938:
897:
An illustration depicts the death of the Rev. LuĂs Jayme by angry locals at
518:. The missions' role in destroying Indigenous culture has been described as
11923:
11903:
11867:
11825:
11700:
11574:
11536:
11511:
11493:
11430:
11347:
11291:
11266:
11216:
11110:
10729:
9762:
9647:
9479:
9065:
8263:
8028:
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
6250:
6099:
5340:
5168:
4805:
3579:
2856:
2833:
2229:
sent a number of follow-up expeditions to explore more of Alta California.
2084:
1928:
982:
885:(written or physical) has ever been uncovered to support these assertions.
802:
273:
10163:
8991:
8957:
8282:
A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush
6091:
5983:
5927:
3713:
El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ăngeles del RĂo de PorciĂșncula
2755:
appropriated funds to allow the President to appoint three Commissioners,
2305:
In time, it became apparent to the Rev. Serra and his associates that the
1767:
It was also the missions' responsibility to provide the Spanish forts, or
986:
Georg von Langsdorff, an early visitor to California, sketched a group of
584:
514:
83:
12066:
11908:
11483:
10408:
10383:
10234:
10168:
9876:
9031:
7902:
7330:"Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans"
4639:
declared that the missions were 'entrenchments of monastic despotism'..."
3887:
3838:
due to their cultural, historic, architectural, and religious importance.
3775:
3274:
3254:
2930:
2889:
2405:
2401:
2245:
2143:
2064:
2044:
1978:), which consisted of the Caribbean, Mexico, and most of what is now the
1952:
of the best-preserved mission water systems is at Mission Santa Barbara.
1940:
830:
788:
754:
554:
509:
68:
11966:
11541:
10148:
9680:
8910:
8417:. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.
7289:"Is the End Coming for a Problematic California Grade School Tradition?"
7248:
7040:
7016:
6356:
6214:
5414:
5382:
2681:
2432:
In November and December 1818, several of the missions were attacked by
1927:
No study of the missions is complete without mention of their extensive
1891:) to strengthen them and make them more resistant to the elements; when
1863:
1624:" ("The Dawn Already Comes"), typical of the hymns sung at the missions.
1027:
893:
821:
Although the missions were considered temporary ventures by the Spanish
718:
1910. This mission is architecturally distinctive because of the strong
11685:
11506:
11321:
10602:
10585:
10378:
10259:
10239:
10158:
9822:
9657:
9005:
7178:
6886:
Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535â1846
5935:
5911:
4788:
4740:
4723:
4692:
4497:
3880:
3827:
Order (Santa Barbara, San Miguel ArcĂĄngel, and San Luis Rey de Francia)
3824:
2775:
2771:
2654:
diseases, and from the Franciscan practice of cloistering women in the
2608:
2273:
2233:
2158:(the only Franciscan mission in all of Baja California) and the nearby
1912:
1734:
1616:
951:
842:
689:
as part of a plan to establish an entire chain of inland missions. The
501:
468:
464:
456:
283:
11516:
11395:
11385:
8668:
6075:
4594:
63:
11657:
11612:
11463:
10493:
10418:
10173:
10138:
9711:
9023:, by Eugene Leslie Smyth, Chicago: Alexander Belford & Co., 1899.
8976:
8670:
8114:
The Way We Lived: California Indian Stories, Songs & Remembrances
7240:
7032:
6206:
5398:
3107:
2864:
2860:
2848:
2802:, consisting of 4,157.02 acres (16.8229 km). As the result of a
2770:, whose purpose was to determine the validity of Spanish and Mexican
2714:
2545:, however, doubted the capabilities of their charges in this regard.
2441:
2437:
2421:
2381:
2371:
2048:
1974:
1743:
1064:
1010:
921:
with the purpose of totally assimilating indigenous populations into
918:
881:
822:
816:
A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World.
792:
685:" of the California missions, visited Cañada de Santa Ysabel east of
558:
479:
11380:
5679:
5430:
4635:
wrote that the slavery of the Indians at the missions was bestial...
2087:
expedition along the western coast on the North American continent.
1664:
1584:
were kept in well-guarded mission compounds throughout the state as
11918:
11637:
11622:
11569:
11453:
11390:
11370:
10648:
10448:
10393:
10183:
9433:
7370:
A Place in Time: The Story of the Mission de la Purisima ConceptiĂłn
3955:
3860:
for their historic, architectural, and archaeological significance.
3835:
3813:
3061:
2870:
of natives as a result of their contact with the Europeans, as the
2740:
2739:
estimated that 70,000 died from the disease. Vallejo's ally, chief
2537:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1648:
1610:
865:
834:
767:
618:
previously administered by the Jesuits). After Serra's death, Rev.
486:, expanding the empire into the most northern and western parts of
306:
5628:
Bennett 1897a, p. 20: Priests were paid an annual salary of $ 400.
2179:
The first recorded baptisms in Alta California were performed in "
1655:
well-meaning attempt to improve the lives of the heathen natives.
11857:
11847:
11842:
11675:
11665:
11647:
11642:
11584:
11521:
11468:
11342:
11286:
10643:
10570:
10438:
10388:
10229:
10198:
10133:
9015:, Souvenir Publishing Company, San Francisco, Los Angeles, 1890s.
4669:
4579:
3992:
3969:
2852:
2356:
2337:
2237:
2124:
2075:
However, it was not until 1741 that the Spanish monarchy of King
2006:
Only 48 years after Columbus discovered the Americas for Europe,
1948:
1944:
1904:
1792:
to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ.
1784:
1599:, followed by instruction of the natives in the teachings of the
1596:
1588:
1019:
976:
966:
869:
675:
427:. At left is the façade of the first adobe church with its added
8951:
8394:
The Golden Road: The Story of California's Spanish Mission Trail
8217:
For God & Tsar: A Brief History of Russian America 1741â1867
7468:
The Golden Road: The Story of California's Spanish Mission Trail
5289:. Barry Pritzker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 114.
4691:
The Spanish claim to the Pacific Northwest dated back to a 1493
2468:
By 1819, Spain decided to limit its "reach" in the New World to
2293:
The original intent was for each mission to be turned over to a
2240:
Catholics, including at least ten of the recently re-discovered
1717:
at Mission San Juan Capistrano, the oldest existing facilities (
11627:
11617:
11501:
11458:
11443:
11420:
11410:
11337:
11276:
11261:
10373:
10363:
10203:
10193:
10188:
8495:
Thompson, Anthony W.; Robert J. Church; Bruce H. Jones (2000).
5498:
Oakland Museum of California website, downloaded Sept. 10, 2016
5246:
Spanish Influence on the Old Southwest: A Collision of Cultures
3903:
2670:
2051:
in 1579, a full generation before the first English landing in
2020:
2012:
1845:
1841:
1789:
1633:
1083:
988:
943:
838:
772:
611:
589:
7965:
7263:"What happened to the California missions project in schools?"
6863:
BoletĂn: Journal of the California Mission Studies Association
5037:
Yenne: In 1833, Figueroa replaced the Spanish-born Franciscan
3823:
Three of the missions are still run under the auspices of the
2332:
to enable the missionaries to propagate the Catholic faith in
670:
approved the plan the following year; however, an outbreak of
629:
51:
18th to 19th-century Catholic religious outposts in California
11862:
11852:
11820:
11695:
11690:
11564:
11546:
11400:
11296:
10612:
7735:
7369:
5680:"Beyond Slavery: The Institutional Status of Mission Indians"
5552:
Chapman, p. 418: Chapman does not consider the sub-missions (
5286:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
4767:
Bennett: California had been visited a number of times since
3988:
3099:
seeds along the trail to mark it with bright yellow flowers.
2060:
1968:
sought to establish missions to convert indigenous people in
1965:
1888:
1746:
use and again, for trading. The specific variety, called the
1730:
1605:
1068:
930:
917:), were settlements founded by the Spanish colonizers of the
826:
8917:
Matrimonial Investigation records of the San Gabriel Mission
8741:. Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, Portland, Oregon.
7968:
California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity
7773:
History of California from its Discovery to the Present Time
7216:
What happened to the California missions project in schools?
7017:"Thomas Oliver Larkin in 1831: A Letter from North Carolina"
4449:, not a full mission, but still serving the Pala reservation
2202:
En route to Monterey, the Rev. Francisco GĂłmez and the Rev.
880:
was rarely a perfect square because the missionaries had no
814:
depicts the grounds as they appeared in November 1792. From
478:. The missions were part of the expansion and settlement of
11448:
10638:
10538:
8475:
7950:
California from the Conquistadores to the Legends of Laguna
5988:. Paula Amen Schmitt. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. p. 22.
5854:(Digitized eBook). Historic Record Company. pp. 56â66.
5345:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 344â345.
3078:
There were 21 missions accompanied by military outposts in
2584:
An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California
2299:
8933:
8719:
California's Spanish Missions: Their Yesterdays and Todays
8654:. Anderson, Ritchie & Simon, Los Angeles, California.
8613:. University of California Press, Los Angeles, California.
7989:. Interdisciplinary Research, Inc., Altadena, California.
7173:
Robinson, pp. 31â32: The area shown is that stated in the
2150:, to take charge of those outposts on March 12, 1768. The
1411:
971 people in 1794, 758 in 1800, 513 in 1810, 381 in 1820
8845:. Hennessy & Ingalls, Inc., Los Angeles, California.
8836:. Anderson, Ritchie & Simon, Los Angeles, California.
8106:. Hearst's International Library Company, Inc., New York.
8008:. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, California.
7455:. Hearst's International Library Company, Inc., New York.
4557:
Mission Architecture as Exemplified in San Xavier Del Bac
3919:
was also restored by this effort). Lummis wrote in 1895,
3897:
The popularity of the missions also stemmed largely from
3770:
were essentially abandoned and, in time, fell into ruins.
3664:
3639:
3614:
3589:
3564:
3539:
3513:
3488:
3463:
3437:
3411:
3386:
3361:
3334:
3309:
3284:
3259:
3234:
3209:
3184:
3159:
2817:
2705:
2658:
and controlling sexuality during the child-bearing age. (
2541:
operate the mission ranches and farms independently; the
2456:, the mission chain's most isolated outpost. Ironically,
2108:
representating more than 100 separate tribes or nations.
833:. The padres blessed the site, and with the aid of their
8739:
The Golden Dream: California from Gold Rush to Statehood
7798:. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
6060:
6058:
2023:
between 1540 and 1542. Two years later on 27 June 1542,
737:, in contrast to the brown that is typically worn today.
9481:
Spanish missions of the Catholic Church in the Americas
9037:
California Missions: A Journey Along the El Camino Real
8927:
Junipero Serra, the Vatican, & Enslavement Theology
8864:. Lowman Publishing Company, Arroyo Grande, California.
7837:
The Missions and Missionaries of California, Volume One
7812:
6272:
6137:
6135:
1695:
University of Chicago Professor Ramon Guttiriez wrote:
799:
and methods in the construction of mission structures.
585:
Alta California mission planning, structure and culture
8736:
8672:
The missions of California : a legacy of genocide
8626:
8196:
The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta California
8026:(1908). "A Mission Record of the California Indians".
7933:. Little, Brown, and Co. Inc., Boston, Massachusetts.
7921:. N.J. Stone & Company, San Francisco, California.
7379:. California Parks Service. Vimeo video presentation.
2191:
out from Loreto to explore lands to the north. Leader
888:
696:
10853:
Francisco HernĂĄndez de CĂłrdoba (founder of Nicaragua)
10848:
Francisco HernĂĄndez de CĂłrdoba (YucatĂĄn conquistador)
9110:
9006:
Tricia Anne Weber: The Spanish Missions of California
8859:
8551:. Advantage Publishers Group, San Diego, California.
8219:. Alaska Natural History Association, Anchorage, AK.
8131:
7925:
7892:
7723:
7411:. Advantage Publishers Group, San Diego, California.
6055:
5249:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 123.
1837:
capacity. Years with a severe drought did this also.
8478:
Romance of the Bells: The California Missions in Art
8214:
7956:
7916:
7852:
7848:. James H. Barry Company, San Francisco, California.
7843:
7839:. The James H. Barry Co., San Francisco, California.
7831:
6647:
6645:
6132:
5638:
5636:
5634:
4864:, whereupon they left for exile on February 3, 1768.
2501:
Chumash people revolted against the Spanish presence
2211:, while CrespĂ baptized the older child, naming her
8565:
7864:
California: A History of Upper and Lower California
7813:Coronado, Michael; Heather Ignatin (June 5, 2006).
7795:
The Population of the California Indians, 1769â1970
7779:
6391:
6389:
5956:
5912:"Surviving Urbanization: The Gabrieleno, 1850â1928"
5896:(Digitized eBook). U.S. Government Printing Office.
5173:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 14.
5167:Hull, Kathleen L.; Douglass, John G., eds. (2018).
3672:
2792:comprising 35,499.73 acres (143.6623 km), and
733:Franciscans of the California missions donned gray
8834:Panorama: A Picture History of Southern California
8796:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.
8574:. Chronicle Books LLC, San Francisco, California.
8567:
8377:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.
8370:
8193:
8134:Race and Homicide in Nineteenth-Century California
8080:
8059:
8038:
7952:. Rockledge Enterprises, Laguna Hills, California.
7788:
6883:
5985:Napa : the transformation of an American town
5654:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5203:
4668:Bennett: The missions in effect served as "...the
3786:
3046:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (1827â1830)
3040:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (1819â1824)
3034:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (1771â1815)
2965:The Rev. JosĂ© Francisco de Paula Señan (1820â1823)
1895:(roof tiles) eventually replaced the conventional
1025:Young native women were required to reside in the
9052:California Mission Sketches by Henry Miller, 1856
8810:
8631:. Paisano Press, Inc., Balboa Island, California.
8542:. Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly, London.
8534:
8391:
8150:
8110:
8078:
7861:
7857:. Standard Printing Co., Los Angeles, California.
7731:. The History Company, San Francisco, California.
7465:
7342:Henderson, "Church and State: 1821â1910", p. 254.
7015:Parker, R. J.; Larkin, T. O. (1 September 1937).
6642:
6485:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
6273:"California Native Grasslands Association â Home"
5631:
2892:, as well as many other smaller municipalities.
2195:was accompanied by a group of Franciscans led by
1665:Franciscan violence against the native population
56:For the establishments in modern-day Mexico, see
13061:
8960:Faigin, Daniel P. California Highways, 1996â2004
8840:
8794:The Presidio: Bastion Of The Spanish Borderlands
8791:
8755:
8278:
8188:
7775:. John P. Jewett & Company, Cleveland, Ohio.
6386:
5117:in 1565 and 170 years following the founding of
1856:leather, and primitive looms for weaving. Large
1353:"The lowest death rate in any of the missions."
614:, had taken control over a group of missions in
8994:, California Department of Parks and Recreation
8669:Costo, Rupert. Costo, Jeannette Henry. (1987).
8617:
8436:. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, California.
8368:
8064:. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, Minnesota.
7966:Jones, Terry L.; Kathryn A. Klar, eds. (2007).
7947:
6839:
6837:
6158:
6156:
5961:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 58â59.
5645:
5556:) that make up the inland chain in this regard.
5170:Forging communities in colonial Alta California
2518:As the Mexican republic matured, calls for the
2479:An attempt to found a twenty-second mission in
2366:In 1811, the Spanish Viceroy in Mexico sent an
8998:Library of Congress: American Memory Project:
8831:
8513:
8410:
8169:
8101:
8003:
7738:Native Californians: A Theoretical Perspective
7450:
7059:
7057:
6881:
6575:"Hungry for Souls Was JunĂpero Serra a Saint?"
3816:element of the coastal regions of California:
681:In September 1821, the Rev. Mariano Payeras, "
641:proposed establishing a mission on one of the
610:, O.F.M. (who, in 1767, along with his fellow
545:. Concerns have been raised by historians and
11982:
9696:
9465:
9096:
8649:
8431:
7987:Mission San Juan Capistrano: A Pocket History
7888:. Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
7736:Bean, Lowell John & Harry Lawton (1976).
6783:
6781:
6531:"Old Mission Santa Inés:" Clerical historian
4612:was all there was of the Spanish California."
4458:Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail
3874:), planted in 1830, visible through the arch.
3843:California Department of Parks and Recreation
2642:continued for some time under a provision in
2170:
2156:Misión San Fernando Rey de España de Velicatå
1042:
400:
329:
9012:Album of Views of the Missions of California
8874:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8760:. Lane Book Company, Menlo Park, California.
8693:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8641:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8136:. University of Nevada Press, Reno, Nevada.
8006:The California Missions: A Pictorial History
7815:"Plan would open Prop. 40 funds to missions"
7770:
7729:History of California, Volume II (1801â1894)
7014:
6834:
6153:
5893:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
5166:
2910:
2696:criticized the Act and its results, saying:
2619:
2001:
590:Coastal mission chain, planning and overview
13090:History of Catholicism in the United States
8546:
8476:Stern, Jean & Gerald J. Miller (1995).
8087:. Mercer University Press, Macon, Georgia.
7782:A History of California; The Spanish Period
7406:
7054:
7008:
6547:A History of California; The Spanish Period
4540:
630:Shelved plans for additional mission chains
15:
11989:
11975:
11608:Indigenous people during De Soto's travels
9703:
9689:
9472:
9458:
9103:
9089:
9076:. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
8891:Early California Population Project (ECPP)
8722:. Trans-Anglo Books, Del Mar, California.
8608:
7984:
7866:. Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill, London.
6778:
6568:
6566:
5201:
4468:History of the west coast of North America
3720:El Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey
3037:Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn*(1815â1819)
2485:Apostolic College of Our Lady of Guadalupe
775:in their holds. To sustain a mission, the
407:
393:
336:
322:
113:
16:
11996:
9710:
8941:The Old Franciscan Missions of California
8783:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8715:
8629:The Story of Mission San Antonio de Padua
8480:. The Irvine Museum, Irvine, California.
8461:. Houghton Mifflin, Boston and New York.
8373:Indians of California: The Changing Image
8155:. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California.
7931:The Old Franciscan Missions of California
7226:
7206:McKanna, p. 15; also, per Hittell, p. 753
6300:"Santa Barbara â Mission Historical Park"
6185:
6073:
5909:
5660:Southern California:An Island on the Land
3060:, therefore those settlements became the
2902:
1632:, and ended with evening prayers and the
9799:Spain and the American Revolutionary War
8884:
8458:The California Padres and Their Missions
7757:
7744:
7431:
6977:
6482:Bering: The Russian Discovery of America
5678:Duggan, Marie Christine (January 2017).
5282:
4873:Engelhardt: Today, the site (located at
4575:Mission San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer
4483:Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
3946:
3863:
3790:
3676:
3015:
2709:
2664:
2376:
2321:Mission development was financed out of
2250:
2174:
2034:
1982:) to Catholicism. This would facilitate
1862:
1783:
1708:
1615:
981:
892:
801:
725:
706:
418:
62:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
9389:Architecture of the California missions
9339:
8652:Guidebook to the Missions of California
8611:Architecture of the California Missions
8499:. Signature Press, Wilton, California.
8022:
6890:. Santa Clara: Santa Clara University.
6882:Beebe, Rose; Senkewicz, Robert (2001).
6563:
6544:
6538:
6262:Krell, p. 316: As of December 31, 1832.
5981:
3807:
3110:through to the northernmost mission in
3011:
2814:in the state was down to around 3,000.
2436:, "California's only pirate." A French
1994:, including that region later known as
905:The Alta California missions, known as
731:The Missionaries as They Came and Went.
703:Architecture of the California missions
527:Mexico achieved independence from Spain
366:Architecture of the California missions
14:
13062:
11003:Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert
9064:
9000:Early California History, The Missions
8982:California Mission Studies Association
8944:James, George Wharton, 1913. eText at
8737:Drager, K. & Fracchia, C. (1997).
8305:California Mission Studies Association
8285:. Heyday Books, Berkeley, California.
8233:
8200:. Dover Publications, Inc., New York.
8117:. Heyday Books, Berkeley, California.
8045:. Dover Publications, Inc., New York.
7899:California Mission Studies Association
7880:
7675:"California Missions Preservation Act"
7286:
6985:"Larkin, Thomas Oliver | NCpedia"
6875:
6416:from the original on 24 September 2015
6377:
5905:
5903:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5717:
5677:
5428:
5380:
5205:"The Jesuit Republic of South America"
4503:On colonial Spanish American history:
4442:List of Spanish missions in California
4135:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
3474:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
3074:List of Spanish missions in California
3021:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
2818:Legacy and Native American controversy
2706:California statehood (1850 and beyond)
2388:
2070:
1960:Beginning in 1492 with the voyages of
1407:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
1366:4,348 baptisms total (2,587 children)
1320:2,608 baptisms total (1,331`children)
1228:3,805 baptisms total (1,909 children)
1181:7,854 baptisms total (2,459 children)
1163:4,317 baptisms total (2,628 children)
1143:5,401 baptisms total (1,862 children)
1102:Baptisms and/or Indigenous population
808:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
13095:Native American history of California
11970:
9883:Spanish American wars of independence
9684:
9453:
9084:
8620:The Franciscan Missions of California
8083:Bibliography of Religion in the South
8042:Handbook of the Indians of California
7970:. Altimira Press, Landham, Maryland.
7740:. Ballena Press, Banning, California.
7691:from the original on 26 February 2005
6585:from the original on 22 December 2015
6478:
6406:"Drake Claims California for England"
6382:. San Marino: The Huntington Library.
6334:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5847:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5489:Early California ... Russian Presence
5376:
5374:
5338:
5242:
4571:Mission Puerto de PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
4528:Native Americans in the United States
4493:List of the oldest churches in Mexico
4025:
2487:in Zacatecas. Among these friars was
2396:extended as far south as present-day
2063:and claiming the territory for Queen
1704:
11212:California mission clash of cultures
10883:Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra
9733:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
9404:California mission clash of cultures
6789:"How the Russian River got its name"
5334:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5162:
5160:
4513:California mission clash of cultures
4508:Spanish colonization of the Americas
4059:Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
3854:National Register of Historic Places
3448:Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
3067:
2824:California mission clash of cultures
2774:in California. On February 19, 1853
2766:'s Act of March 3, 1851 created the
2463:
2454:Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
2420:), an agricultural, scientific, and
2394:Russian colonization of the Americas
2316:
2236:region with a number of African and
2090:
1383:Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
1187:5,656 deaths total (2,916 children)
969:" was baptized, they were labeled a
500:were forced into settlements called
474:backed by the military force of the
376:California mission clash of cultures
10963:Spanish missions in Baja California
9550:List of missions in Spanish Florida
9263:Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles
8814:California: An Interpretive History
8566:Young, S. & Levick, M. (1988).
8324:"The Pious Fund of the Californias"
7313:Journal of the History OF Sexuality
6572:
6549:. New York: The MacMillan Company.
6479:Frost, Orcutt William, ed. (2003),
6080:Journal of the History of Sexuality
5957:Armbruster-Sandoval, Ralph (2017).
5900:
4701:) and rights contained in the 1494
4016:California Mission Preservation Act
3848:Seven mission sites are designated
2806:investigation in 1873, a number of
2350:
2323:El Fondo Piadoso de las Californias
2181:The Canyon of the Little Christians
1947:, gravity-fed the water into large
889:Franciscans and native conscription
697:Mission sites, selection and layout
459:. The missions were established by
58:Spanish missions in Baja California
48:
13085:Archaeological sites in California
8597:Bibliography of California history
8590:
7784:. The MacMillan Company, New York.
7184:based on his claim filed with the
6447:from the original on 25 March 2016
6434:
5950:
5910:Singleton, Heather Valdez (2004).
5858:
5756:
5371:
4463:History of California through 1899
4212:Mission San Fernando Rey de España
3749:El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
3245:Mission San Fernando Rey de España
2999:The Rev. Narciso DurĂĄn (1844â1846)
2989:The Rev. Narciso DurĂĄn (1831â1838)
2514:Mexican secularization act of 1833
2187:On July 14, 1769, GĂĄlvez sent the
2111:On January 29, 1767, Spain's King
2015:through parts of the southwestern
1475:927 people in 1790, 1,464 in 1827
1202:Mission San Fernando Rey de España
535:Mexican secularization act of 1833
533:secularized the missions with the
49:
13116:
12038:Genocide of indigenous population
10973:Spanish missions in the Carolinas
9032:California Mission Visitors Guide
8970:
8811:Rawls, J. & Bean, W. (1997).
5342:A history of Christian conversion
5325:
5311:
5271:
5231:
5220:from the original on Oct 24, 2020
5157:
5076:. In response, Father-Presidente
5074:College of Guadalupe de Zacatecas
5045:. In response, Father-Presidente
5043:College of Guadalupe de Zacatecas
4364:Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
3740:El Presidio Real de San Francisco
3704:El Presidio Real de Santa BĂĄrbara
3681:El Presidio Real de Santa BĂĄrbara
3372:Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
3052:Mission Santa Barbara (1833â1846)
3005:College of San Fernando de Mexico
2507:
2494:
2427:
2334:the area then known as California
1316:Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
581:in what became the wine country.
12082:Interim government of California
11951:
11950:
9835:Philippine revolts against Spain
9432:
8958:Trails and Roads: El Camino Real
8174:. Dover Publications, New York.
7895:"The San Bernardino Asistencias"
7703:
7667:
7658:
7649:
7640:
7631:
7622:
7613:
7604:
7595:
7586:
7577:
7564:
7555:
7542:
7533:
7520:
7511:
7502:
7493:
7484:
7459:
7444:
7425:
7400:
7391:
7382:
7363:
7354:
7345:
7336:
7322:
7305:
7280:
7255:
7220:
7209:
7200:
7191:
7167:
7158:
7149:
7140:
7131:
7122:
7113:
7104:
7095:
7086:
7066:
6995:
6968:
6965:Bancroft, vol. iii, pp. 322; 626
6959:
6950:
6941:
6932:
6922:
6913:
6904:
6872:, Vol. 28, Nos. 1&2, 2011â12
6855:
6846:
6825:
6816:
6807:
6769:
6760:
6751:
6742:
6733:
6724:
6715:
6706:
6697:
6672:
6545:Chapman, Charles E. PhD (1921).
6306:from the original on 2017-09-05.
6279:from the original on 2009-08-28.
5726:from the original on 25 May 2017
5128:
5102:
5092:
5083:
5062:
5052:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5000:
4986:
4976:
4966:
4956:
4942:
4932:
4906:Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
4867:
4413:
4394:
4375:
4356:
4337:
4318:
4299:
4280:
4261:
4242:
4223:
4204:
4185:
4165:
4146:
4127:
4108:
4089:
4070:
4051:
4032:
3673:Presidios and military districts
2587:on August 17, 1833 when liberal
2146:, under the leadership of Friar
1575:
1473:7,711 baptisms (3,177 children)
1304:407 people in remaining in 1834
547:Indigenous peoples of California
449:Misiones españolas en California
305:
82:
8627:Carillo, J. M., O.F.M. (1967).
8622:. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
8520:. Arcade Publishing, New York.
7919:History of California, Volume I
6663:
6654:
6633:
6624:
6615:
6606:
6597:
6525:
6516:
6507:
6498:
6472:
6459:
6428:
6398:
6371:
6328:
6319:
6310:
6292:
6283:
6265:
6256:
6239:
6230:
6221:
6144:
6123:
6114:
6067:
6046:
6037:
6010:
5975:
5747:
5738:
5711:
5702:
5690:from the original on 2018-04-27
5671:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5595:
5586:
5577:
5568:
5559:
5546:
5537:
5528:
5519:
5510:
5501:
5482:
5473:
5464:
5453:from the original on 2018-04-27
5202:O'Mara, Richard (Spring 1999).
4853:
4848:Population of Native California
4839:
4829:
4819:
4761:
4751:
4729:
4712:
4707:the west coast of North America
4685:
4676:
4662:
4652:
4642:
4625:
4615:
4605:
4586:
4562:
4549:
4478:On general missionary history:
4383:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
3858:California Historical Landmarks
3787:Present-day California missions
3170:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
2828:Population of Native California
2675:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
2489:Francisco GarcĂa Diego y Moreno
2288:
1542:Less than 500 people remaining
1139:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
712:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
626:(mission assistance outposts).
453:series of 21 religious outposts
13070:Spanish missions in California
11046:Toribio de Benavente Motolinia
10998:Spanish missions in New Mexico
10968:Spanish missions in California
10803:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva
10306:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)
10038:Captaincy General of Guatemala
9311:San Francisco Xavier (Castaic)
9130:San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
8860:Wright, Ralph B., Ed. (1984).
8451:Saunders, Charles Francis and
8279:Paddison, Joshua, ed. (1999).
8132:McKanna, Clare Vernon (2002).
7893:Harley, R. Bruce (1997â2003).
7287:Imbler, Sabrina (2019-09-12).
6186:Castañeda, Antonia I. (1997).
5890:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1910).
5421:
5195:
5148:
5119:Mission San Gabriel del Yunque
5068:In 1833 Figueroa replaced the
5059:which they themselves taught."
4917:California Historical Landmark
4447:San Antonio de Pala Asistencia
4040:Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
3907:and the subsequent efforts of
3345:Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
2526:") of the missions increased.
2476:, founded in Sonoma in 1823.
1296:1,492 children baptized total
1292:Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
441:Spanish missions in California
357:Spanish missions in California
13:
1:
11141:José Francisco de Paula Señan
10988:Spanish missions in Louisiana
10773:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
10015:List of viceroys of New Spain
9769:Anglo-Spanish War (1654â1660)
9757:Anglo-Spanish War (1625â1630)
9751:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
9739:Spanish conquest of Guatemala
9027:California Historical Society
8992:The California Missions Trail
8987:California's Spanish Missions
8256:10.1126/science.141.3586.1172
8215:Nordlander, David J. (1994).
7917:Hittell, Theodore H. (1898).
7853:Engelhardt, Zephyrin (1922).
7844:Engelhardt, Zephyrin (1920).
7229:Southern California Quarterly
5387:Southern California Quarterly
5141:
4488:History of Christian Missions
4231:Mission San Francisco de AsĂs
3952:MisiĂłn San Juan de Capistrano
3852:, fourteen are listed in the
3762:) was established in 1836 by
3694:El Presidio Real de San Diego
3600:Mission San Francisco de AsĂs
2953:José Francisco de Paula Señan
2329:Pious Fund of the Californias
2057:circumnavigation of the world
2008:Francisco VĂĄzquez de Coronado
1826:invasive exotic plant species
1512:Mission San Francisco de AsĂs
1479:150 people remaining in 1834
1457:250 people remaining in 1834
1433:850 people remaining in 1834
1414:150 people remaining in 1834
1372:567 people remaining in 1834
1349:599 people remaining in 1834
1326:264 people remaining in 1834
1280:334 people remaining in 1834
1256:556 people remaining in 1834
1234:626 people remaining in 1834
1105:Deaths and/or remaining pop.
11727:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
11106:Carlos de SigĂŒenza y GĂłngora
11018:Spanish missions in Trinidad
11013:Spanish missions in Virginia
9810:peoples during colonial rule
9399:Mission Revival architecture
9196:Nuestra Señora de la Soledad
8964:Almanac: California Missions
8952:The San Diego Founders Trail
8843:California's Mission Revival
8004:Krell, Dorothy, ed. (1979).
7780:Chapman, Charles E. (1921).
7315:16.3 (July, 2007): 391â415.
6074:McCormack, Brian T. (2007).
5848:Guinn, James Miller (1907).
5565:Engelhardt 1920, pp. 350â351
4269:Mission San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel
4250:Mission San Francisco Solano
4078:Mission San Antonio de Padua
3856:, and all are designated as
3650:Mission San Francisco Solano
3530:Exaltation of the Holy Cross
3422:Mission San Antonio de Padua
3250:St. Ferdinand, King of Spain
3220:Mission San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel
3049:Mission San JosĂ©*(1830â1833)
3043:Mission San JosĂ©*(1824â1827)
2534:PrevenciĂłnes de Emancipacion
2474:Mission San Francisco Solano
1788:Natives utilize a primitive
1603:faith. After a breakfast of
1554:Mission San Francisco Solano
1362:Mission San Antonio de Padua
1177:Mission San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel
543:Mission Revival architecture
371:Mission Revival architecture
7:
11431:Oasisamerica (Southwest US)
10983:Spanish missions in Georgia
10978:Spanish missions in Florida
10958:Spanish missions in Arizona
10898:José de Bustamante y Guerra
10464:Yerba Buena (San Francisco)
9745:Spanish conquest of YucatĂĄn
9070:"Art of the Missions (110)"
8060:Leffingwell, Randy (2005).
8039:Kroeber, Alfred L. (1925).
7959:Anthropological Linguistics
7855:San Juan Capistrano Mission
7646:Thompson, Mark, pp. 185â186
6938:Stern and Miller, pp. 51â52
6018:"Lorenzo Asisara (b. 1819)"
5381:Vaughn, Chelsea K. (2011).
4432:
4421:Mission San Rafael ArcĂĄngel
4402:Mission San Miguel ArcĂĄngel
4345:Mission San Juan Capistrano
4216:Mission Hills (Los Angeles)
4193:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
4154:Mission Santa Clara de AsĂs
3883:in the expedition reports.
3850:National Historic Landmarks
3625:Mission San Rafael ArcĂĄngel
3550:Mission Santa Clara de AsĂs
3397:Mission San Miguel ArcĂĄngel
3195:Mission San Juan Capistrano
3145:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
3029:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
2970:Vicente Francisco de SarrĂa
2872:California Native Americans
2868:killed a significant number
2345:Mexican War of Independence
1832:in the grasslands, and the
1566:About 550 people remaining
1530:Mission San Rafael ArcĂĄngel
1469:Mission Santa Clara de AsĂs
1337:Mission San Miguel ArcĂĄngel
1159:Mission San Juan Capistrano
1117:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
899:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
687:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
425:Mission San Juan Capistrano
10:
13121:
13080:California Mission Indians
11207:Suppression of the Jesuits
11116:Francisco Javier Clavijero
10993:Spanish missions in Mexico
10893:Ignacio de Arteaga y BazĂĄn
10843:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
10793:Ălvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca
10718:Diego Velåzquez de Cuéllar
9965:also reigned after Louis I
9414:California mission project
9281:Santa Gertrudis Asistencia
9275:Santa Margarita de Cortona
9220:San Fernando Rey de España
9020:The Missions of California
8675:. Indian Historian Press.
8594:
8570:The Missions of California
8549:The Missions of California
8392:Riesenberg, Felix (1962).
8151:Milliken, Randall (1995).
8111:Margolin, Malcolm (1993).
8079:Lippy, Charles H. (1985).
7862:Forbes, Alexander (1839).
7819:The Orange County Register
7716:
7637:Stern and Neuerburg, p. 95
7466:Riesenberg, Felix (1962).
7409:The Missions of California
7003:A Yankee in North Carolina
6748:Milliken, pp. 172â173, 193
5720:"The Indian in the Closet"
4892:33.4282167°N 117.6097000°W
4795:in 1792. Spanish explorer
3972:) wing. In some cases (in
3453:Mary, Our Lady of Solitude
3071:
2939:FermĂn Francisco de LasuĂ©n
2821:
2623:
2511:
2440:sailing under the flag of
2225:. In following years, the
2171:Mission period (1769â1833)
1980:Southwestern United States
1955:
1043:Death rate at the missions
700:
620:FermĂn Francisco de LasuĂ©n
506:conversion to Christianity
55:
12574:
12271:
12255:
12218:
12165:
12107:
12008:
12004:
11946:
11899:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
11876:
11813:
11782:
11744:
11719:
11656:
11598:
11555:
11492:
11429:
11356:
11330:
11254:
11243:
11234:
11194:
11181:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
11101:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
11026:
11008:Spanish missions in Texas
10946:
10935:
10908:Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
10868:Juan José Pérez Hernåndez
10813:Juan José Pérez Hernåndez
10726:
10688:
10677:
10657:
10552:
10346:
10333:
10268:
10222:
10109:
10061:
10023:
10007:
9951:
9908:
9895:
9808:Conflicts with indigenous
9807:
9728:
9719:
9640:
9587:
9487:
9422:
9381:
9338:
9301:
9253:
9148:San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
9119:
8841:Weitze, Karen J. (1984).
8817:. McGraw-Hill, New York.
8792:Moorhead, Max L. (1991).
8756:Johnson, P., ed. (1964).
8396:. McGraw-Hill, New York.
7610:Engelhardt 1922, pp. 8â10
7470:. McGraw-Hill, New York.
6793:Santa Rosa Press Democrat
6349:10.1179/kiv.2005.71.2.004
5642:Engelhardt 1908, pp. 3â18
5435:Pacific Historical Review
5154:Saunders and Chase, p. 65
5111:Mission of Nombre de Dios
4326:Mission San Juan Bautista
3797:Mission San Juan Bautista
3764:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
3499:Mission San Juan Bautista
3175:St. Louis, King of France
2911:System Father-Presidentes
2660:Baja California Territory
2620:Rancho period (1834â1849)
2259:Fernando Rivera y Moncada
2160:Visita de la PresentaciĂłn
2133:Baja California Peninsula
2115:ordered the new governor
2002:Early Spanish exploration
1518:880 deaths in 1806 alone
1426:Mission San Juan Bautista
1071:with unknown causes, and
1009:On one occasion," writes
668:JosĂ© JoaquĂn de Arrillaga
645:in the Pacific Ocean off
616:Baja California Peninsula
482:through the formation of
209:Missions in South America
122:Missions in North America
10798:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
10753:Bernal DĂaz del Castillo
10599:Santa Fe de Nuevo MĂ©xico
8618:Berger, John A. (1941).
8601:
8369:Rawls, James J. (1984).
7948:Jones, Roger W. (1997).
7528:El Pueblo de los Ăngeles
6513:Bennett 1897a, pp. 11â12
5982:Coodley, Lauren (2007).
5619:Leffingwell, pp. 19, 132
5447:10.1525/phr.2016.85.1.23
5339:Kling, David W. (2020).
5283:Pritzker, Barry (2000).
4897:33.4282167; -117.6097000
4533:
4437:On California Missions:
4116:Mission San Buenaventura
3845:as State Historic Parks;
3744:Fourth Military District
3708:Second Military District
3270:Mission San Buenaventura
3003:He was appointed by the
1919:(California's first) to
1867:Mission Santa Barbara's
1828:, quickly exhausted the
1729:of any mission. Barley,
1224:Mission San Buenaventura
1206:1,367 children baptized
812:Captain George Vancouver
67:The locations of the 21
31:latest accepted revision
11998:History of California
11889:Juan RodrĂguez Cabrillo
10873:Dionisio AlcalĂĄ Galiano
10838:Ruy LĂłpez de Villalobos
10783:Miguel LĂłpez de Legazpi
10778:Juan RodrĂguez Cabrillo
9775:Piracy in the Caribbean
9226:San Luis Rey de Francia
8936:Tom Simondi, 2001â2005.
8911:The California Missions
8832:Robinson, W.W. (1953).
8758:The California Missions
8514:Thompson, Mark (2001).
8411:Robinson, W.W. (1948).
8170:Morrison, Hugh (1987).
8102:Markham, Edwin (1914).
7664:Stern and Miller, p. 60
7628:Stern and Miller, p. 85
7490:Engelhardt 1920, p. 228
7451:Markham, Edwin (1914).
7137:Engelhardt 1922, p. 248
7092:Engelhardt 1922, p. 114
6651:Engelhardt 1922, p. 258
6380:Juan RodrĂguez Cabrillo
6289:Engelhardt 1922, p. 211
4803:in 1602, and the famed
4737:Antonio de la AscensiĂłn
4453:On California history:
4080:, located northwest of
4042:, located northeast of
4020:California Constitution
3998:under the direction of
3913:William Randolph Hearst
3909:Charles Fletcher Lummis
3795:A view of the restored
3728:Third Military District
3698:First Military District
2847:European diseases like
2788:(or College Rancho) in
2694:Charles Fletcher Lummis
2530:JosĂ© MarĂa de EcheandĂa
2232:Spain also settled the
2025:Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
1887:) were fired in ovens (
1834:chaparral and woodlands
1801:151,180 head of cattle;
691:Santa Ysabel Asistencia
351:Part of a series on the
12077:Conquest of California
11764:Colonial Baroque style
11754:Spanish Colonial style
11600:Southeastern Woodlands
11071:Bartolomé de las Casas
10918:Alexander von Humboldt
10311:Treaty of Paris (1783)
9991:Ferdinand VII of Spain
9439:Catholicism portal
9317:San Bernardino de Sena
9184:La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
9113:missions in California
8966:GAzis-SAx, Joel, 1999.
8894:The Huntington Library
8650:Camphouse, M. (1974).
8432:Ruscin, Terry (1999).
8353:. 2007. Archived from
8351:Old Mission Santa Inés
8330:. 1911. Archived from
8307:. 2000. Archived from
7186:Public Land Commission
6974:Engelhard 1922, p. 223
6919:Engelhardt 1922, p. 80
6703:Engelhardt 1920, p. 76
6378:Kelsey, Harry (1986).
6236:Bean and Lawson, p. 37
6043:Engelhardt 1922, p. 30
5601:Engelhardt 1922, p. 12
5429:Duggan, M. C. (2016).
5243:Agnew, Jeremy (2016).
5115:St. Augustine, Florida
4779:1587, and later on by
4735:Leffingwell: The Rev.
3961:
3934:
3926:
3875:
3804:
3803:("bell wall") in 2004.
3682:
3200:St. John of Capistrano
3024:
2903:Mission administration
2881:
2879:hindered reproduction.
2800:San Luis Obispo County
2768:Public Land Commission
2725:
2703:
2678:
2571:
2385:
2361:San Francisco Bay Area
2343:With the onset of the
2285:
2184:
2083:were expressed in the
2039:Unknown to Spain, Sir
1876:
1875:neophytes around 1806.
1810:1,575 mules or burros;
1793:
1722:
1702:
1689:
1662:
1625:
1272:757 children baptized
1015:
998:
902:
818:
738:
723:
531:First Mexican Republic
448:
436:
312:Catholicism portal
76:
12238:Santa Catalina Island
12210:Territorial evolution
11884:Juan Bautista de Anza
11202:Our Lady of Guadalupe
11051:Bernardino de SahagĂșn
10713:Vasco NĂșñez de Balboa
10708:Juan SebastiĂĄn Elcano
10276:Treaty of Tordesillas
10250:Corregidor (position)
10008:Viceroys of New Spain
9847:SpanishâMoro conflict
9366:Fourth, San Francisco
9354:Second, Santa Barbara
9269:San Pedro y San Pablo
9154:San Francisco de AsĂs
9041:The California Museum
8905:Catholic Encyclopedia
8885:Articles and archives
8862:California's Missions
8497:Pacific Fruit Express
8347:"Pre-Mission History"
8328:Catholic Encyclopedia
7927:James, George Wharton
7771:Capron, E.S. (1854).
7725:Bancroft, Hubert Howe
7572:El Pueblo de San José
7188:on February 19, 1853.
6684:COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES
6467:History of California
6465:Bancroft, Hubert H.;
6325:Winship. pp. 32â4, 37
6092:10.1353/sex.2007.0070
6064:Bennett 1897b, p. 158
6052:Bennett 1897b, p. 156
5928:10.1353/wic.2004.0026
4814:California Gulf Coast
4703:Treaty of Tordesillas
4097:Mission Santa Barbara
4004:San Simeon earthquake
3950:
3938:John Steven McGroarty
3930:
3921:
3867:
3794:
3756:El Presidio de Sonoma
3680:
3630:The Archangel Raphael
3605:St. Francis of Assisi
3402:The Archangel Michael
3377:St. Louis of Toulouse
3351:Immaculate Conception
3295:Mission Santa Barbara
3225:The Archangel Gabriel
3150:St. Didacus of AlcalĂĄ
3118:, the missions were:
3019:
2984:José Bernardo Sånchez
2876:
2713:
2698:
2668:
2626:Ranchos of California
2589:ValentĂn GĂłmez FarĂas
2566:
2512:Further information:
2380:
2254:
2178:
2098:indigenous population
2035:Secret English claims
1866:
1840:Mission kitchens and
1787:
1712:
1697:
1680:
1657:
1619:
1558:1,315 baptisms total
1536:1,140 people in 1828
1534:1,873 baptisms total
1497:1,754 people in 1820
1495:6,737 baptisms total
1449:2,466 baptisms total
1430:1,248 people in 1823
1395:300 people remaining
1387:2,222 baptisms total
1368:1,296 people in 1805
1343:1,076 people in 1814
1341:2,588 baptisms total
1298:1,520 people in 1804
1253:1,792 people in 1803
1249:Mission Santa Barbara
1230:1,330 people in 1816
1208:1,080 people in 1819
1189:1,320 people in 1834
1183:1,701 people in 1817
1145:2,869 people in 1826
1121:6,638 baptisms total
1007:
985:
896:
805:
729:
710:
649:in 1784, with either
492:Pueblo de Los Ăngeles
488:Spanish North America
422:
66:
12060:MexicanâAmerican War
12045:Spanish colonization
11176:Manuel Abad y Queipo
11091:GerĂłnimo de Mendieta
11029:priests, and bishops
10698:Christopher Columbus
9244:San Francisco Solano
9142:San Gabriel ArcĂĄngel
9136:San Antonio de Padua
9068:(December 8, 2000).
9060:The Bancroft Library
8547:Yenne, Bill (2004).
7833:Engelhardt, Zephyrin
7709:Coronado and Ignatin
7601:Bennett 1897a, p. 20
7407:Yenne, Bill (2004).
7319:. Web. 12 Feb. 2017.
6852:Chapman, pp. 254â255
6721:Bennett 1897a, p. 13
6630:Bennett 1897a, p. 16
6612:Kroeber 1925, p. vi.
6437:"The Queen's Pirate"
6172:. 23 September 2015.
6141:Bennett 1897a, p. 10
5592:Chapman, pp. 310â311
5123:Santa Fe, New Mexico
4791:(1778), and finally
4583:'massacres' of 1781.
4014:signed HR 1446, the
3808:Building restoration
3504:St. John the Baptist
3479:St. Charles Borromeo
3427:St. Anthony of Padua
3012:Mission headquarters
2790:Santa Barbara County
2779:Joseph Sadoc Alemany
2690:Hubert Howe Bancroft
2630:The Indian towns at
2558:Monterey, California
2055:in 1607. During his
1962:Christopher Columbus
1238:Hubert Howe Bancroft
913:) or congregations (
13100:California genocide
12263:San Fernando Valley
12233:San Fernando Valley
12072:California Republic
11171:Francisco MarroquĂn
11041:GerĂłnimo de Aguilar
10913:Antonio Gil Y'Barbo
10858:Gil GonzĂĄlez DĂĄvila
10634:New Kingdom of LeĂłn
10286:Peace of Westphalia
10101:Provincias Internas
9995:also reigned after
9787:War of Jenkins' Ear
9286:San Antonio de Pala
9238:San Rafael ArcĂĄngel
9214:San Miguel ArcĂĄngel
9166:Santa Clara de AsĂs
9160:San Juan Capistrano
9124:San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
9074:California Missions
8900:California Missions
8609:Baer, Kurt (1958).
8248:1963Sci...141.1172O
7985:Kelsey, H. (1993).
7583:Leffingwell, p. 170
7561:Leffingwell, p. 154
7539:Leffingwell, p. 119
7079:Library of Congress
6579:Commonweal magazine
6227:A. Thompson, p. 341
5718:McWilliams, Carey.
5516:Bancroft, pp. 33â34
4888: /
4523:California Genocide
4349:San Juan Capistrano
4176:chapel, located in
4137:, located south of
4061:, located south of
3799:and its three-bell
3655:St. Francis Solanus
3555:St. Clare of Assisi
3205:San Juan Capistrano
2994:José Joaquin Jimeno
2946:Pedro Estévan Tåpis
2895:By eliminating the
2808:Indian reservations
2785:Cañada de los Pinos
2762:California Senator
2632:San Juan Capistrano
2470:Northern California
2389:Russian settlements
2071:Russian exploration
1915:used the mission's
1871:was constructed by
1560:996 people in 1832
1501:5,109 deaths total
1455:2,034 deaths total
1451:644 people in 1798
1393:1,803 deaths total
1389:725 people in 1805
1347:2,038 deaths total
1322:852 people in 1803
1274:770 people in 1816
1166:3,153 deaths total
1127:4,428 deaths total
1088:concentration camps
1054:Mission San Gabriel
779:required converted
741:In addition to the
639:Pedro Estévan Tåpis
541:an inspiration for
21:Page version status
12087:United States rule
12033:Later explorations
12028:First explorations
12018:Native Californian
11934:Hasekura Tsunenaga
11814:People and classes
11795:Columbian exchange
11681:Peoples of Palawan
11186:JosĂ© MarĂa Morelos
11161:Francisco de Ayeta
11096:Juan de Torquemada
11061:Alonso de MontĂșfar
10903:JosĂ© MarĂa NarvĂĄez
10863:Francisco de Ulloa
10833:Andrés de Urdaneta
10828:Cristóbal de Oñate
10788:Ăngel de Villafañe
10763:PĂĄnfilo de NarvĂĄez
10743:Juan Ponce de LeĂłn
10703:Ferdinand Magellan
10281:Treaty of Zaragoza
10063:Captancies General
9340:Military districts
8954:2001â2008 website.
8920:Claremont Colleges
8776:has generic name (
8716:Crump, S. (1975).
8414:Land in California
8357:on August 26, 2007
8311:on August 13, 2007
8024:Kroeber, Alfred L.
7882:Geiger, Maynard J.
7790:Cook, Sherburne F.
7517:Leffingwell, p. 68
7499:Leffingwell, p. 22
7375:2016-06-29 at the
7197:Rawls, pp. 112â113
7021:California History
7001:Parker, Robert J.
6868:2015-02-22 at the
6669:Leffingwell, p. 25
6573:Orfalea, Gregory.
6441:The New York Times
6316:Leffingwell, p. 10
6195:California History
5946:– via JSTOR.
5665:2015-10-11 at the
5658:Carey McWilliams.
5494:2016-10-13 at the
4951:Hippolyte Bouchard
4925:2005-07-11 at the
4797:SebastiĂĄn VizcaĂno
4631:Bennett: "In 1825
4288:Mission Santa Inés
4174:Mission Santa Cruz
4026:Structures gallery
3962:
3899:Helen Hunt Jackson
3891:Henry Chapman Ford
3876:
3805:
3683:
3524:Mission Santa Cruz
3335:September 17, 1804
3320:Mission Santa Inés
3112:Sonoma, California
3102:Following the old
3025:
2726:
2719:Rancho Santa Anita
2679:
2669:Illuminated choir
2458:Mission Santa Cruz
2410:Sonoma, California
2386:
2286:
2244:, the founders of
2189:PortolĂĄ expedition
2185:
2106:as many as 705,000
1877:
1794:
1723:
1705:Mission industries
1626:
1582:Indigenous peoples
1445:Mission Santa Cruz
1302:902 children died
1278:519 children died
1268:Mission Santa Inés
1212:965 children died
1037:population decline
999:
903:
819:
797:building materials
739:
724:
683:Comisario Prefecto
498:Indigenous peoples
472:indigenous peoples
437:
77:
27:
13057:
13056:
12251:
12250:
12132:Industrial growth
11964:
11963:
11942:
11941:
11783:Trade and economy
11740:
11739:
11230:
11229:
11222:Indian Reductions
11151:SebastiĂĄn Montero
11056:Juan de ZumĂĄrraga
10931:
10930:
10818:Gaspar de PortolĂĄ
10758:Pedro de Alvarado
10673:
10672:
10629:Nueva Extremadura
10534:Antigua Guatemala
10329:
10328:
10321:AdamsâOnĂs Treaty
10316:Treaty of CĂłrdoba
10301:Congress of Breda
9923:Joanna of Castile
9891:
9890:
9865:Tzeltal Rebellion
9678:
9677:
9447:
9446:
9208:San Juan Bautista
8946:Project Gutenberg
8852:978-0-912158-89-1
8824:978-0-07-052411-8
8803:978-0-8061-2317-2
8748:978-1-55868-312-9
8729:978-0-87046-028-9
8711:978-1-879691-64-3
8661:978-0-378-03792-1
8581:978-0-8118-1938-1
8558:978-1-59223-319-9
8536:Vancouver, George
8527:978-1-55970-550-9
8506:978-1-930013-03-2
8487:978-0-9635468-5-2
8468:978-0-910118-53-8
8443:978-0-932653-30-7
8424:978-0-520-03875-2
8403:978-0-07-052740-9
8384:978-0-8061-2020-1
8292:978-1-890771-13-3
8226:978-0-930931-15-5
8207:978-0-486-21740-6
8181:978-0-486-25492-0
8162:978-0-87919-132-0
8143:978-0-87417-515-8
8124:978-0-930588-55-7
8094:978-0-86554-161-0
8071:978-0-89658-492-1
8052:978-0-486-23368-0
8015:978-0-376-05172-1
7996:978-0-9785881-0-6
7977:978-0-7591-0872-1
7940:978-0-89341-321-7
7873:978-0-405-04972-9
7846:San Diego Mission
7805:978-0-520-02923-1
7550:Villa Branciforte
7477:978-0-07-052740-9
7418:978-1-59223-319-9
7101:Yenne, pp. 83, 93
6813:Nordlander, p. 10
6492:978-0-300-10059-4
6022:Annenberg Learner
5995:978-0-7385-2502-0
5352:978-0-19-006262-0
5256:978-0-7864-9740-9
5180:978-0-8165-3892-8
4799:made landfall in
4637:Governor Figueroa
4633:Governor ArgĂŒello
4518:Indian Reductions
4330:San Juan Bautista
4172:Scale replica of
3886:In 1875 American
3760:observation tower
3733:Villa Branciforte
3670:
3669:
3640:December 14, 1817
3509:San Juan Bautista
3387:September 1, 1772
3260:September 8, 1797
3235:September 8, 1771
3116:San Francisco Bay
3106:northwards, from
3068:Mission locations
3058:Father-Presidente
2897:native population
2682:PĂo de JesĂșs Pico
2556:Upon arriving in
2464:Expansion stopped
2434:HipĂłlito Bouchard
2317:Financial support
2193:Gaspar de PortolĂĄ
2137:Visitador General
2117:Gaspar de PortolĂĄ
2091:Spanish expansion
1573:
1572:
1564:651 deaths total
1540:698 deaths total
1123:(2,685 children)
1061:cultural genocide
745:(royal fort) and
520:cultural genocide
417:
416:
346:
345:
18:
13112:
12719:Rancho Cucamonga
12694:Huntington Beach
12147:Legal revolution
12055:California Trail
12006:
12005:
11991:
11984:
11977:
11968:
11967:
11954:
11953:
11914:FermĂn de LasuĂ©n
11805:Triangular trade
11252:
11251:
11241:
11240:
11131:FermĂn de LasuĂ©n
11076:Alonso de Molina
11066:Vasco de Quiroga
11027:Friars, fathers,
10948:Spanish missions
10944:
10943:
10768:Hernando de Soto
10686:
10685:
10344:
10343:
10296:Peace of Utrecht
10291:Peace of Ryswick
10154:Santiago de Cuba
9999:
9966:
9906:
9905:
9841:Acaxee Rebellion
9793:Seven Years' War
9781:Queen Anne's War
9726:
9725:
9705:
9698:
9691:
9682:
9681:
9607:Circular Mission
9597:Jesuit reduction
9474:
9467:
9460:
9451:
9450:
9437:
9436:
9427:List of missions
9348:First, San Diego
9172:San Buenaventura
9105:
9098:
9091:
9082:
9081:
9077:
8879:
8873:
8865:
8856:
8837:
8828:
8807:
8788:
8781:
8775:
8771:
8769:
8761:
8752:
8733:
8698:
8692:
8684:
8665:
8646:
8640:
8632:
8623:
8614:
8585:
8573:
8562:
8543:
8531:
8510:
8491:
8472:
8453:J. Smeaton Chase
8447:
8428:
8407:
8388:
8376:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8342:
8340:
8339:
8334:on June 30, 2007
8319:
8317:
8316:
8301:"Past Campaigns"
8296:
8275:
8230:
8211:
8199:
8190:Newcomb, Rexford
8185:
8166:
8147:
8128:
8107:
8098:
8086:
8075:
8056:
8035:
8019:
8000:
7981:
7962:
7953:
7944:
7922:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7901:. Archived from
7889:
7877:
7858:
7849:
7840:
7828:
7826:
7825:
7809:
7785:
7776:
7767:
7760:Overland Monthly
7754:
7747:Overland Monthly
7741:
7732:
7710:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7690:
7679:
7671:
7665:
7662:
7656:
7655:"Past Campaigns"
7653:
7647:
7644:
7638:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7620:
7617:
7611:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7593:
7590:
7584:
7581:
7575:
7568:
7562:
7559:
7553:
7546:
7540:
7537:
7531:
7524:
7518:
7515:
7509:
7506:
7500:
7497:
7491:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7434:Overland Monthly
7429:
7423:
7422:
7404:
7398:
7395:
7389:
7386:
7380:
7367:
7361:
7358:
7352:
7349:
7343:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7326:
7320:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7241:10.2307/41172518
7224:
7218:
7213:
7207:
7204:
7198:
7195:
7189:
7171:
7165:
7164:Robinson, p. 100
7162:
7156:
7153:
7147:
7144:
7138:
7135:
7129:
7126:
7120:
7117:
7111:
7108:
7102:
7099:
7093:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7070:
7064:
7063:Yenne, pp. 18â19
7061:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7033:10.2307/25160727
7012:
7006:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6981:
6975:
6972:
6966:
6963:
6957:
6954:
6948:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6930:
6926:
6920:
6917:
6911:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6889:
6879:
6873:
6859:
6853:
6850:
6844:
6841:
6832:
6829:
6823:
6820:
6814:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6785:
6776:
6773:
6767:
6764:
6758:
6755:
6749:
6746:
6740:
6737:
6731:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6713:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6652:
6649:
6640:
6637:
6631:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6613:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6570:
6561:
6560:
6542:
6536:
6529:
6523:
6520:
6514:
6511:
6505:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6476:
6470:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6402:
6396:
6395:Morrison, p. 214
6393:
6384:
6383:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6317:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6296:
6290:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6269:
6263:
6260:
6254:
6249:is equal to 100
6243:
6237:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6207:10.2307/25161668
6201:(2/3): 230â259.
6192:
6183:
6174:
6173:
6160:
6151:
6150:Paddison, p. xiv
6148:
6142:
6139:
6130:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6071:
6065:
6062:
6053:
6050:
6044:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6028:
6014:
6008:
6007:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5916:WĂÄazo Ć a Review
5907:
5898:
5897:
5887:
5856:
5855:
5845:
5754:
5753:Newcomb, p. viii
5751:
5745:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5715:
5709:
5708:Paddison, p. 130
5706:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5675:
5669:
5656:
5643:
5640:
5629:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5611:
5610:Rawls, pp. 14â16
5608:
5602:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5575:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5557:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5517:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5499:
5486:
5480:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5399:10.2307/41172570
5378:
5369:
5368:
5336:
5323:
5320:
5309:
5308:
5280:
5269:
5268:
5240:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5207:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5164:
5155:
5152:
5135:
5132:
5126:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5081:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5004:
4998:
4995:Seven Years' War
4990:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4946:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4910:San Diego County
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4871:
4865:
4857:
4851:
4843:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4793:George Vancouver
4785:George Shelvocke
4777:Thomas Cavendish
4765:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4733:
4727:
4716:
4710:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4674:
4666:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4590:
4584:
4566:
4560:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4417:
4398:
4379:
4360:
4341:
4322:
4307:Mission San José
4303:
4284:
4265:
4246:
4227:
4208:
4189:
4169:
4150:
4131:
4112:
4093:
4074:
4055:
4036:
3942:The Mission Play
3666:
3641:
3616:
3591:
3575:Mission San José
3566:
3565:January 12, 1777
3541:
3515:
3490:
3465:
3439:
3413:
3388:
3363:
3362:December 8, 1787
3336:
3311:
3310:December 4, 1786
3286:
3261:
3236:
3211:
3210:November 1, 1776
3186:
3161:
3121:
3120:
2757:O. M. Wozencraft
2605:San Buenaventura
2579:Mexican Congress
2562:Thomas O. Larkin
2560:in April 1832,
2524:disestablishment
2351:Indigenous labor
2338:Society of Jesus
2311:self-sufficiency
2284:for his actions.
1990:to Spain by the
1966:Kingdom of Spain
1813:1,711 goats; and
1622:Ya Viene El Alba
1580:At least 90,000
1491:Mission San José
1093:
1092:
1080:Carey McWilliams
1073:venereal disease
994:Mission San José
923:European culture
781:Native Americans
722:lines exhibited.
647:San Pedro Harbor
461:Catholic priests
409:
402:
395:
348:
347:
338:
331:
324:
310:
309:
253:Eastern Missions
117:
100:Spanish missions
86:
79:
78:
13120:
13119:
13115:
13114:
13113:
13111:
13110:
13109:
13075:The Californias
13060:
13059:
13058:
13053:
12939:San Luis Obispo
12570:
12476:San Luis Obispo
12267:
12247:
12214:
12161:
12137:Postwar culture
12103:
12000:
11995:
11965:
11960:
11938:
11872:
11809:
11778:
11736:
11732:Chamorro people
11715:
11652:
11594:
11557:Southern Plains
11551:
11488:
11425:
11366:Mission Indians
11352:
11326:
11246:
11236:
11226:
11190:
11146:Mariano Payeras
11126:Francisco PalĂłu
11028:
11022:
10950:in the Americas
10949:
10939:
10937:Catholic Church
10927:
10878:Bruno de Heceta
10728:
10722:
10690:
10681:
10680:adventurers and
10679:
10669:
10665:Spanish Formosa
10653:
10592:Baja California
10582:Alta California
10577:Las Californias
10554:
10548:
10454:San Luis PotosĂ
10340:and territories
10339:
10337:
10335:
10325:
10264:
10245:Captain general
10218:
10209:MĂ©rida, YucatĂĄn
10179:San Luis PotosĂ
10129:State of Mexico
10105:
10057:
10019:
10003:
9994:
9964:
9947:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9887:
9859:TepehuĂĄn Revolt
9809:
9803:
9715:
9709:
9679:
9674:
9653:Mission Indians
9636:
9583:
9500:Baja California
9483:
9478:
9448:
9443:
9431:
9418:
9377:
9372:Sonoma Barracks
9360:Third, Monterey
9334:
9297:
9249:
9115:
9109:
8973:
8902:article at the
8887:
8882:
8867:
8866:
8853:
8825:
8804:
8782:
8773:
8772:
8763:
8762:
8749:
8730:
8686:
8685:
8662:
8634:
8633:
8604:
8599:
8593:
8591:Further reading
8588:
8582:
8559:
8528:
8507:
8488:
8469:
8444:
8434:Mission Memoirs
8425:
8404:
8385:
8360:
8358:
8345:
8337:
8335:
8322:
8314:
8312:
8299:
8293:
8227:
8208:
8182:
8163:
8144:
8125:
8095:
8072:
8053:
8016:
7997:
7978:
7941:
7908:
7906:
7874:
7823:
7821:
7806:
7766:(170): 150â161.
7719:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7704:
7694:
7692:
7688:
7677:
7673:
7672:
7668:
7663:
7659:
7654:
7650:
7645:
7641:
7636:
7632:
7627:
7623:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7605:
7600:
7596:
7592:Paddison, p. 23
7591:
7587:
7582:
7578:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7556:
7547:
7543:
7538:
7534:
7530:numbered 1,388.
7525:
7521:
7516:
7512:
7507:
7503:
7498:
7494:
7489:
7485:
7478:
7464:
7460:
7449:
7445:
7430:
7426:
7419:
7405:
7401:
7396:
7392:
7387:
7383:
7377:Wayback Machine
7368:
7364:
7359:
7355:
7350:
7346:
7341:
7337:
7328:
7327:
7323:
7310:
7306:
7297:
7295:
7285:
7281:
7272:
7270:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7210:
7205:
7201:
7196:
7192:
7172:
7168:
7163:
7159:
7155:Robinson, p. 14
7154:
7150:
7145:
7141:
7136:
7132:
7127:
7123:
7118:
7114:
7110:Robinson, p. 42
7109:
7105:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7072:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7055:
7045:
7043:
7013:
7009:
7000:
6996:
6989:www.ncpedia.org
6983:
6982:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6960:
6955:
6951:
6946:
6942:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6923:
6918:
6914:
6910:Robinson, p. 29
6909:
6905:
6898:
6880:
6876:
6870:Wayback Machine
6860:
6856:
6851:
6847:
6843:Hittell, p. 499
6842:
6835:
6830:
6826:
6821:
6817:
6812:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6795:. 24 April 2017
6787:
6786:
6779:
6774:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6734:
6729:
6725:
6720:
6716:
6712:Robinson, p. 28
6711:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6689:
6687:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6643:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6588:
6586:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6543:
6539:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6517:
6512:
6508:
6504:Chapman, p. 216
6503:
6499:
6493:
6477:
6473:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6435:Kelsey, Harry.
6433:
6429:
6419:
6417:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6394:
6387:
6376:
6372:
6333:
6329:
6324:
6320:
6315:
6311:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6222:
6190:
6184:
6177:
6169:TheGuardian.com
6162:
6161:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6026:
6024:
6016:
6015:
6011:
5996:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5955:
5951:
5908:
5901:
5888:
5859:
5846:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:Chapman, p. 383
5743:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5693:
5691:
5676:
5672:
5667:Wayback Machine
5657:
5646:
5641:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5583:Paddison, p. 48
5582:
5578:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5560:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5496:Wayback Machine
5487:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:Robinson, p. 25
5469:
5465:
5456:
5454:
5426:
5422:
5379:
5372:
5353:
5337:
5326:
5321:
5312:
5297:
5281:
5272:
5257:
5241:
5232:
5223:
5221:
5200:
5196:
5181:
5165:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5121:in present-day
5107:
5103:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5053:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4933:
4927:Wayback Machine
4896:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4820:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4734:
4730:
4720:Alta California
4717:
4713:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4643:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4591:
4587:
4567:
4563:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4435:
4428:
4418:
4409:
4399:
4390:
4380:
4371:
4368:San Luis Obispo
4361:
4352:
4342:
4333:
4323:
4314:
4304:
4295:
4285:
4276:
4266:
4257:
4247:
4238:
4228:
4219:
4209:
4200:
4190:
4181:
4170:
4161:
4151:
4142:
4132:
4123:
4113:
4104:
4094:
4085:
4075:
4066:
4056:
4047:
4037:
4028:
3936:In 1911 author
3832:minor basilicas
3810:
3789:
3675:
3615:October 9, 1776
3540:August 28, 1791
3464:October 9, 1791
3382:San Luis Obispo
3275:St. Bonaventure
3080:Alta California
3076:
3070:
3014:
2960:Mariano Payéras
2925:Francisco PalĂłu
2913:
2905:
2841:mission project
2834:anthropologists
2830:
2822:Main articles:
2820:
2812:Mission Indians
2804:U.S. government
2764:William M. Gwin
2737:Mariano Vallejo
2730:Gregory Orfalea
2708:
2628:
2622:
2591:was in office.
2516:
2510:
2497:
2466:
2430:
2391:
2353:
2319:
2291:
2282:Catholic Church
2209:Maria Magdalena
2173:
2165:Dominican Order
2093:
2073:
2037:
2029:Navidad, Mexico
2019:to present-day
2004:
1996:Alta California
1992:Catholic Church
1986:of these lands
1958:
1931:systems. Stone
1822:mission ranches
1707:
1667:
1642:Mission Indians
1578:
1045:
956:Andrés Quintana
891:
787:, to cultivate
705:
699:
643:Channel Islands
632:
592:
587:
484:Alta California
413:
381:Mission Indians
342:
304:
279:Mission Indians
135:Baja California
107:Catholic Church
104:
102:in the Americas
101:
87:
73:Alta California
61:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
13118:
13108:
13107:
13105:JunĂpero Serra
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13055:
13054:
13052:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12976:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12664:San Bernardino
12661:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12580:
12578:
12572:
12571:
12569:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12456:San Bernardino
12453:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12433:
12428:
12423:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12277:
12275:
12269:
12268:
12266:
12265:
12259:
12257:
12253:
12252:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12224:
12222:
12216:
12215:
12213:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12171:
12169:
12163:
12162:
12160:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12119:
12113:
12111:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12100:
12099:
12094:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12063:
12062:
12057:
12047:
12042:
12041:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12014:
12012:
12002:
12001:
11994:
11993:
11986:
11979:
11971:
11962:
11961:
11959:
11958:
11947:
11944:
11943:
11940:
11939:
11937:
11936:
11931:
11929:JunĂpero Serra
11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11880:
11878:
11874:
11873:
11871:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11817:
11815:
11811:
11810:
11808:
11807:
11802:
11800:Manila galleon
11797:
11792:
11786:
11784:
11780:
11779:
11777:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11750:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11738:
11737:
11735:
11734:
11729:
11723:
11721:
11717:
11716:
11714:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11662:
11660:
11654:
11653:
11651:
11650:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11604:
11602:
11596:
11595:
11593:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11561:
11559:
11553:
11552:
11550:
11549:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11498:
11496:
11490:
11489:
11487:
11486:
11481:
11479:Tohono O'odham
11476:
11471:
11466:
11464:Pueblo peoples
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11439:Akimel O'odham
11435:
11433:
11427:
11426:
11424:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11362:
11360:
11354:
11353:
11351:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11334:
11332:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11258:
11256:
11249:
11238:
11232:
11231:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11198:
11196:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11188:
11183:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11166:Antonio Margil
11163:
11158:
11156:Marcos de Niza
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11121:JunĂpero Serra
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11086:Diego de Landa
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11036:Pedro de Gante
11032:
11030:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10954:
10952:
10941:
10933:
10932:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10888:Alonso de LeĂłn
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10823:Manuel Quimper
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10748:Nuño de Guzmån
10745:
10740:
10734:
10732:
10724:
10723:
10721:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10694:
10692:
10683:
10675:
10674:
10671:
10670:
10668:
10667:
10661:
10659:
10655:
10654:
10652:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10606:
10596:
10595:
10594:
10589:
10574:
10564:
10558:
10556:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10350:
10348:
10341:
10331:
10330:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10272:
10270:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10232:
10226:
10224:
10220:
10219:
10217:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10115:
10113:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10067:
10065:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10029:
10027:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10017:
10011:
10009:
10005:
10004:
10002:
10001:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9957:
9955:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9914:
9912:
9910:Habsburg Spain
9903:
9902:administration
9893:
9892:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9885:
9880:
9874:
9868:
9862:
9856:
9853:Acoma Massacre
9850:
9844:
9838:
9832:
9829:Chichimeca War
9826:
9820:
9813:
9811:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9801:
9796:
9790:
9784:
9778:
9772:
9766:
9760:
9754:
9748:
9742:
9736:
9729:
9723:
9717:
9716:
9708:
9707:
9700:
9693:
9685:
9676:
9675:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9670:
9665:
9655:
9650:
9644:
9642:
9641:Related topics
9638:
9637:
9635:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9593:
9591:
9585:
9584:
9582:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9526:United States
9524:
9519:
9518:
9517:
9512:
9510:Sonoran Desert
9507:
9502:
9491:
9489:
9485:
9484:
9477:
9476:
9469:
9462:
9454:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9441:
9429:
9423:
9420:
9419:
9417:
9416:
9411:
9409:El Camino Real
9406:
9401:
9396:
9394:JunĂpero Serra
9391:
9385:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9369:
9363:
9357:
9351:
9344:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9333:
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2495:Chumash revolt
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2428:Pirate attacks
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2242:Los Pobladores
2218:Los Cristianos
2197:JunĂpero Serra
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2148:JunĂpero Serra
2140:José de Gålvez
2121:forcibly expel
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1715:Catalan forges
1713:A view of the
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11894:Francis Drake
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11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11499:
11497:
11495:
11491:
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11482:
11480:
11477:
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11472:
11470:
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11462:
11460:
11457:
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11450:
11447:
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11442:
11440:
11437:
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11409:
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11399:
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11389:
11387:
11384:
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11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
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11364:
11363:
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11359:
11355:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11335:
11333:
11329:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
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11300:
11298:
11295:
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11239:
11233:
11223:
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11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11199:
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11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11136:Esteban TĂĄpis
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
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11069:
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11064:
11062:
11059:
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11049:
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11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11033:
11031:
11025:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10955:
10953:
10951:
10945:
10942:
10938:
10934:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10808:Juan de Oñate
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10738:Hernån Cortés
10736:
10735:
10733:
10731:
10730:conquistadors
10727:Explorers and
10725:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10693:
10689:Pre-New Spain
10687:
10684:
10682:conquistadors
10676:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10656:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10624:Nueva Vizcaya
10622:
10620:
10619:Nueva Galicia
10617:
10614:
10610:
10607:
10604:
10600:
10597:
10593:
10590:
10587:
10583:
10580:
10579:
10578:
10575:
10572:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10553:Provinces and
10551:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10524:Santo Domingo
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10514:St. Augustine
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
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10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10342:
10332:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10267:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10235:Gobernaciones
10233:
10231:
10228:
10227:
10225:
10221:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
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10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10116:
10114:
10112:
10108:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10091:Santo Domingo
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10066:
10064:
10060:
10054:
10053:Santo Domingo
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10030:
10028:
10026:
10022:
10016:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10006:
9998:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9962:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9953:Bourbon Spain
9950:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9907:
9904:
9894:
9884:
9881:
9878:
9875:
9872:
9871:Pueblo Revolt
9869:
9866:
9863:
9860:
9857:
9854:
9851:
9848:
9845:
9842:
9839:
9836:
9833:
9830:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9806:
9800:
9797:
9794:
9791:
9788:
9785:
9782:
9779:
9776:
9773:
9770:
9767:
9764:
9761:
9758:
9755:
9752:
9749:
9746:
9743:
9740:
9737:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9718:
9713:
9706:
9701:
9699:
9694:
9692:
9687:
9686:
9683:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9660:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
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9646:
9645:
9643:
9639:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9590:
9589:South America
9586:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9547:
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9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9527:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9497:
9496:
9493:
9492:
9490:
9488:North America
9486:
9482:
9475:
9470:
9468:
9463:
9461:
9456:
9455:
9452:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9424:
9421:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9380:
9373:
9370:
9367:
9364:
9361:
9358:
9355:
9352:
9349:
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9345:
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9341:
9337:
9330:
9327:
9324:
9321:
9318:
9315:
9312:
9309:
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9304:
9300:
9293:
9290:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9276:
9273:
9270:
9267:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9252:
9245:
9242:
9239:
9236:
9233:
9230:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9218:
9215:
9212:
9209:
9206:
9203:
9200:
9197:
9194:
9191:
9188:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9178:Santa Barbara
9176:
9173:
9170:
9167:
9164:
9161:
9158:
9155:
9152:
9149:
9146:
9143:
9140:
9137:
9134:
9131:
9128:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9118:
9114:
9106:
9101:
9099:
9094:
9092:
9087:
9086:
9083:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9066:Howser, Huell
9063:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
9001:
8996:
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8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
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8974:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8943:
8942:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8928:
8924:
8921:
8918:
8915:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8901:
8898:
8895:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8877:
8871:
8863:
8858:
8854:
8848:
8844:
8839:
8835:
8830:
8826:
8820:
8816:
8815:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8779:
8774:|author=
8767:
8759:
8754:
8750:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8731:
8725:
8721:
8720:
8714:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8690:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8673:
8667:
8663:
8657:
8653:
8648:
8644:
8638:
8630:
8625:
8621:
8616:
8612:
8607:
8606:
8598:
8583:
8577:
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8571:
8564:
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8550:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8523:
8519:
8518:
8512:
8508:
8502:
8498:
8493:
8489:
8483:
8479:
8474:
8470:
8464:
8460:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8445:
8439:
8435:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8409:
8405:
8399:
8395:
8390:
8386:
8380:
8375:
8374:
8367:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8333:
8329:
8325:
8321:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8288:
8284:
8283:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8232:
8228:
8222:
8218:
8213:
8209:
8203:
8198:
8197:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8177:
8173:
8168:
8164:
8158:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8139:
8135:
8130:
8126:
8120:
8116:
8115:
8109:
8105:
8100:
8096:
8090:
8085:
8084:
8077:
8073:
8067:
8063:
8058:
8054:
8048:
8044:
8043:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8011:
8007:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7988:
7983:
7979:
7973:
7969:
7964:
7960:
7955:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7915:
7905:on 2006-06-13
7904:
7900:
7896:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7869:
7865:
7860:
7856:
7851:
7847:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7807:
7801:
7797:
7796:
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7787:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7743:
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7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7721:
7706:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7670:
7661:
7652:
7643:
7634:
7625:
7616:
7607:
7598:
7589:
7580:
7574:numbered 524.
7573:
7567:
7558:
7552:numbered 130.
7551:
7545:
7536:
7529:
7523:
7514:
7505:
7496:
7487:
7479:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7454:
7447:
7439:
7435:
7428:
7420:
7414:
7410:
7403:
7397:Yenne, p. 186
7394:
7385:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7366:
7357:
7348:
7339:
7331:
7325:
7318:
7317:Project MUSE
7314:
7308:
7294:
7293:Atlas Obscura
7290:
7283:
7268:
7264:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7223:
7217:
7212:
7203:
7194:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7170:
7161:
7152:
7143:
7134:
7128:James, p. 215
7125:
7116:
7107:
7098:
7089:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7060:
7058:
7042:
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7026:
7022:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6998:
6990:
6986:
6980:
6971:
6962:
6956:Kelsey, p. 21
6953:
6944:
6935:
6925:
6916:
6907:
6899:
6897:1-890771-48-1
6893:
6888:
6887:
6878:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6858:
6849:
6840:
6838:
6831:Young, p. 102
6828:
6822:Jones, p. 170
6819:
6810:
6794:
6790:
6784:
6782:
6772:
6766:Kroeber, p. 2
6763:
6757:Kroeber, p. 1
6754:
6745:
6739:Rawls, p. 106
6736:
6730:Rawls, p. 106
6727:
6718:
6709:
6700:
6685:
6681:
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6666:
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5968:9780816532582
5964:
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5639:
5637:
5635:
5625:
5616:
5607:
5598:
5589:
5580:
5574:Ruscin, p. 12
5571:
5562:
5555:
5549:
5543:Ruscin, p. 61
5540:
5531:
5525:Kelsey, p. 18
5522:
5513:
5504:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5485:
5476:
5467:
5452:
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5440:
5436:
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5424:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5375:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5322:Krell, p. 316
5319:
5317:
5315:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5296:0-19-513877-5
5292:
5288:
5287:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5163:
5161:
5151:
5147:
5131:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5095:
5086:
5079:
5078:Narciso DurĂĄn
5075:
5071:
5065:
5055:
5048:
5047:Narciso DurĂĄn
5044:
5040:
5034:
5025:
5016:
5009:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4979:
4969:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4935:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4914:La Christiana
4911:
4907:
4901:
4880:33°25âČ41.58âłN
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4832:
4822:
4815:
4812:explored the
4811:
4810:Hernån Cortés
4808:
4807:
4802:
4801:San Diego Bay
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4781:Woodes Rogers
4778:
4774:
4773:Francis Drake
4770:
4764:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4698:Inter caetera
4694:
4688:
4679:
4671:
4665:
4655:
4645:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4618:
4608:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4552:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4473:Mission Vieja
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4426:
4423:, located in
4422:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4404:, located in
4403:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4385:, located in
4384:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4366:, located in
4365:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4347:, located in
4346:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4328:, located in
4327:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4309:, located in
4308:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4290:, located in
4289:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4271:, located in
4270:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4252:, located in
4251:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4235:San Francisco
4233:, located in
4232:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4214:, located in
4213:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4195:, located in
4194:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4156:, located in
4155:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4118:, located in
4117:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4101:Santa Barbara
4099:, located in
4098:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3871:Schinus molle
3866:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3679:
3665:April 4, 1824
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3610:San Francisco
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3590:June 11, 1797
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3514:June 24, 1797
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:July 14, 1771
3436:
3434:
3431:Northwest of
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3412:July 25, 1797
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3355:Southeast of
3354:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3305:Santa Barbara
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:June 12, 1798
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3160:July 16, 1769
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3136:Date founded
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3092:day's journey
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3006:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:Narciso DurĂĄn
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2934:) (1784â1785)
2933:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:San Francisco
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2575:José Figueroa
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2505:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:Santa Barbara
2447:
2446:Pirata Buchar
2443:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:. Missionary
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2227:Spanish Crown
2224:
2223:San Francisco
2220:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:Coastal Miwok
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:English Crown
2046:
2042:
2041:Francis Drake
2032:
2030:
2027:set out from
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:United States
2014:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:native plants
1827:
1823:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:Mission grape
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1576:Mission labor
1569:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1004:
995:
991:
990:
984:
980:
978:
974:
973:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
950:
946:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
900:
895:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
813:
809:
806:A drawing of
804:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
764:
760:
757:territories.
756:
752:
748:
744:
736:
732:
728:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
582:
580:
576:
572:
571:Santa Barbara
568:
567:San Francisco
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
431:; behind the
430:
426:
421:
410:
405:
403:
398:
396:
391:
390:
388:
387:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
358:
355:
354:
350:
349:
339:
334:
332:
327:
325:
320:
319:
317:
316:
313:
308:
303:
302:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
269:
265:
264:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
210:
207:
206:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
145:The Carolinas
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
121:
120:
116:
112:
111:
108:
103:
98:
97:
93:
92:
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
65:
59:
54:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
12904:Redwood City
12879:Santa Monica
12704:Garden Grove
12311:Contra Costa
12189:
12050:Mexican rule
11924:Moctezuma II
11904:Eusebio Kino
11826:Peninsulares
11746:Architecture
11575:Lipan Apache
11512:Coahuiltecan
11494:Aridoamerica
11348:Guanahatabey
11255:Mesoamerican
11217:Cargo system
11195:Other events
11111:Eusebio Kino
10967:
10940:in New Spain
9976:Ferdinand VI
9763:Dutch Revolt
9648:Cargo system
9627:Nahuel Huapi
9539:
9505:Sierra Gorda
9302:
9292:Santa Ysabel
9254:
9112:
9073:
9039:(exhibit at
9019:
9011:
8999:
8940:
8926:
8903:
8861:
8842:
8833:
8813:
8793:
8757:
8738:
8718:
8702:
8671:
8651:
8628:
8619:
8610:
8569:
8548:
8539:
8516:
8496:
8477:
8457:
8433:
8413:
8393:
8372:
8359:. Retrieved
8355:the original
8350:
8336:. Retrieved
8332:the original
8327:
8313:. Retrieved
8309:the original
8304:
8281:
8239:
8235:
8216:
8195:
8171:
8152:
8133:
8113:
8103:
8082:
8061:
8041:
8031:
8027:
8005:
7986:
7967:
7958:
7949:
7930:
7918:
7907:. Retrieved
7903:the original
7898:
7885:
7863:
7854:
7845:
7836:
7822:. Retrieved
7818:
7794:
7781:
7772:
7763:
7759:
7753:(169): 9â24.
7750:
7746:
7737:
7728:
7705:
7693:. Retrieved
7681:
7669:
7660:
7651:
7642:
7633:
7624:
7619:Young, p. 18
7615:
7606:
7597:
7588:
7579:
7571:
7566:
7557:
7549:
7544:
7535:
7527:
7522:
7513:
7504:
7495:
7486:
7467:
7461:
7452:
7446:
7440:(169): 9â24.
7437:
7433:
7427:
7408:
7402:
7393:
7384:
7365:
7356:
7347:
7338:
7324:
7316:
7312:
7307:
7296:. Retrieved
7292:
7282:
7271:. Retrieved
7269:. 2022-07-11
7266:
7257:
7232:
7228:
7222:
7211:
7202:
7193:
7182:J.S. Alemany
7174:
7169:
7160:
7151:
7142:
7133:
7124:
7119:Cook, p. 200
7115:
7106:
7097:
7088:
7077:
7068:
7044:. Retrieved
7024:
7020:
7010:
6997:
6988:
6979:
6970:
6961:
6952:
6943:
6934:
6924:
6915:
6906:
6885:
6877:
6857:
6848:
6827:
6818:
6809:
6797:. Retrieved
6792:
6775:Kelsey, p. 4
6771:
6762:
6753:
6744:
6735:
6726:
6717:
6708:
6699:
6688:. Retrieved
6686:. 2016-12-02
6683:
6674:
6665:
6660:Yenne, p. 10
6656:
6639:James, p. 11
6635:
6626:
6617:
6608:
6599:
6587:. Retrieved
6578:
6546:
6540:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6500:
6481:
6474:
6466:
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6440:
6430:
6418:. Retrieved
6409:
6400:
6379:
6373:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6321:
6312:
6294:
6285:
6267:
6258:
6246:
6241:
6232:
6223:
6198:
6194:
6167:
6146:
6129:Lippy, p. 47
6125:
6116:
6083:
6079:
6069:
6048:
6039:
6031:
6025:. Retrieved
6021:
6012:
5984:
5977:
5958:
5952:
5922:(2): 49â59.
5919:
5915:
5892:
5850:
5749:
5740:
5728:. Retrieved
5713:
5704:
5692:. Retrieved
5683:
5673:
5624:
5615:
5606:
5597:
5588:
5579:
5570:
5561:
5553:
5548:
5539:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5507:Young, p. 17
5503:
5484:
5479:Capron, p. 3
5475:
5466:
5455:. Retrieved
5441:(1): 23â71.
5438:
5434:
5423:
5390:
5386:
5366:Catholicism.
5364:
5341:
5285:
5245:
5222:. Retrieved
5213:
5209:
5197:
5169:
5150:
5130:
5104:
5094:
5085:
5069:
5064:
5054:
5038:
5033:
5024:
5015:
5007:
5002:
4988:
4978:
4968:
4958:
4944:
4934:
4913:
4869:
4855:
4841:
4831:
4821:
4806:conquistador
4804:
4775:in 1579 and
4763:
4753:
4731:
4719:
4714:
4696:
4687:
4678:
4664:
4654:
4644:
4627:
4617:
4607:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4564:
4556:
4551:
4542:
4502:
4477:
4452:
4436:
4015:
4008:
3986:
3965:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3902:
3896:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3811:
3800:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3748:
3743:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3687:comandancias
3686:
3684:
3489:June 3, 1770
3101:
3077:
3057:
3055:
3002:
2928:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2877:
2857:tuberculosis
2846:
2838:
2832:Some modern
2831:
2793:
2783:
2761:
2747:
2745:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2699:
2686:
2680:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2636:San Dieguito
2629:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2555:
2551:comisionados
2550:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2528:
2517:
2498:
2478:
2467:
2445:
2431:
2418:krepost' rus
2417:
2392:
2372:ethnologists
2367:
2365:
2354:
2342:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2304:
2292:
2289:Organization
2269:
2231:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2186:
2151:
2142:engaged the
2136:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2085:Vitus Bering
2074:
2038:
2005:
1995:
1984:colonization
1973:
1970:Nueva España
1969:
1959:
1932:
1929:water supply
1926:
1924:metal ores.
1901:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1868:
1857:
1839:
1819:
1816:1,164 swine.
1795:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1751:
1747:
1735:missionaries
1724:
1718:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1638:manual labor
1629:
1627:
1621:
1604:
1595:and morning
1585:
1579:
1565:
1559:
1541:
1535:
1496:
1474:
1456:
1450:
1394:
1388:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1321:
1303:
1297:
1279:
1273:
1229:
1207:
1188:
1182:
1144:
1122:
1077:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1002:
1000:
987:
970:
964:
959:
948:
942:
939:Friars Minor
934:
914:
910:
904:
877:
862:illumination
857:
851:
846:
829:and raising
820:
815:
810:prepared by
784:
776:
758:
750:
749:(town), the
746:
742:
740:
730:
715:
682:
680:
671:
658:
636:
633:
623:
601:
593:
551:memorialized
539:
524:
513:
496:
440:
438:
432:
428:
356:
274:Cargo system
243:Nahuel Huapi
139:
89:
71:missions in
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
13044:Nevada City
13004:Placerville
12869:Santa Maria
12829:Victorville
12819:Santa Clara
12804:Simi Valley
12649:Chula Vista
12624:Bakersfield
12584:Los Angeles
12491:Santa Clara
12471:San Joaquin
12371:Los Angeles
12157:Present day
12142:Development
12122:Engineering
12067:Californios
12010:Before 1900
11909:La Malinche
11282:P'urhépecha
11237:and culture
11081:Diego DurĂĄn
10923:Thomas Gage
10658:Other areas
10555:territories
10499:San Antonio
10484:Albuquerque
10459:Los Ăngeles
10409:Guadalajara
10354:Mexico City
10169:Guadalajara
10124:New Orleans
10086:Puerto Rico
10081:Philippines
10033:Guadalajara
9981:Charles III
9877:Pima Revolt
9714:(1521â1821)
9255:Asistencias
9111:Franciscan
8934:MissionTour
6603:Rawls, p. 6
6589:11 December
6522:Rawls, p. 3
6451:11 December
6420:11 December
6410:History.com
5554:asistencias
4895: /
4600:Juan CrespĂ
4273:San Gabriel
4158:Santa Clara
3991:created by
3957:campo santo
3888:illustrator
3881:lithographs
3776:Pedro Fages
3724:El Castillo
3560:Santa Clara
3300:St. Barbara
3255:Los Angeles
3230:San Gabriel
3114:, north of
3104:Camino Real
3031:(1769â1771)
2996:(1838â1844)
2986:(1827â1831)
2979:(1824â1827)
2972:(1823â1824)
2962:(1815â1820)
2955:(1812â1815)
2948:(1803â1812)
2941:(1785â1803)
2931:pro tempore
2929:presidente
2920:(1769â1784)
2890:Los Angeles
2772:land grants
2609:Franciscans
2422:fur trading
2406:Tomales Bay
2402:Point Arena
2246:Los Angeles
2204:Juan CrespĂ
2144:Franciscans
2113:Charles III
2101:teachings.
2065:Elizabeth I
2045:Nova Albion
1941:lime mortar
1881:carpinterĂa
1744:sacramental
1700:acceptable.
992:dancers at
911:reducciones
878:cuadrĂĄngulo
759:Asistencias
624:asistencias
604:Camino Real
597:Charles III
555:Los Angeles
451:) formed a
13064:Categories
12994:Marysville
12969:Susanville
12924:San Rafael
12919:Santa Cruz
12849:Costa Mesa
12709:Santa Rosa
12614:Long Beach
12609:Sacramento
12526:Stanislaus
12496:Santa Cruz
12451:San Benito
12446:Sacramento
12127:Water wars
12109:Since 1900
12023:Precontact
11759:by country
11507:Chichimeca
11358:California
11245:Indigenous
10678:Explorers,
10603:New Mexico
10586:California
10567:La Florida
10429:Guanajuato
10379:Cuernavaca
10338:provinces,
10260:Encomienda
10240:Adelantado
10214:La Florida
10164:Valladolid
10159:Guanajuato
10111:Intendancy
10025:Audiencias
9986:Charles IV
9943:Charles II
9898:government
9823:Yaqui Wars
9817:MixtĂłn War
9658:Reductions
9572:New Mexico
9540:California
9329:Las Flores
9232:Santa Inés
9190:Santa Cruz
8361:2007-08-26
8338:2007-07-08
8315:2007-07-08
8034:(1): 1â27.
7909:2006-11-21
7824:2008-03-08
7298:2024-01-22
7273:2024-01-22
7179:Archbishop
6690:2020-10-12
6027:2023-01-09
5694:2018-03-05
5457:2018-03-05
5361:1143823194
5224:2020-07-10
5210:VQR Online
5189:1048786636
5142:References
4963:baptized."
4939:missions."
4789:James Cook
4769:Cabrillo's
4724:California
4693:papal bull
4498:Missionary
4425:San Rafael
4406:San Miguel
4178:Santa Cruz
3978:Santa Cruz
3974:San Rafael
3917:Asistencia
3825:Franciscan
3801:campanario
3635:San Rafael
3580:St. Joseph
3535:Santa Cruz
3407:San Miguel
3130:Named for
2776:Archbishop
2644:Gobernador
2640:Las Flores
2481:Santa Rosa
2274:Pedro Font
2234:California
1913:blacksmith
1869:lavanderĂa
1086:operating
952:Luis Jayme
907:reductions
874:quadrangle
657:(known as
655:Santa Cruz
575:Santa Cruz
502:reductions
469:evangelize
465:Franciscan
457:California
433:campanario
423:A view of
284:Reductions
175:New Mexico
140:California
69:Franciscan
12984:Red Bluff
12959:Hollister
12944:El Centro
12909:Yuba City
12864:Fairfield
12854:Inglewood
12814:Roseville
12784:Fullerton
12774:Sunnyvale
12769:Escondido
12734:Elk Grove
12729:Lancaster
12714:Oceanside
12639:Riverside
12634:Santa Ana
12589:San Diego
12481:San Mateo
12461:San Diego
12441:Riverside
12391:Mendocino
12321:El Dorado
12316:Del Norte
12301:Calaveras
12273:By county
12220:By region
12195:Railroads
12175:Etymology
12152:Tech boom
12097:Civil War
12092:Gold Rush
11658:Filipinos
11633:Pensacola
11613:Apalachee
11331:Caribbean
11307:Kaqchikel
10691:explorers
10562:Louisiana
10509:Pensacola
10494:Los Adaes
10474:San Diego
10444:Querétaro
10434:Zacatecas
10419:Monterrey
10174:Zacatecas
10144:Nicaragua
10139:Comayagua
10076:Guatemala
9938:Philip IV
9933:Philp III
9928:Philip II
9918:Charles I
9721:Conflicts
9712:New Spain
9632:RĂo Bueno
9602:Chiquitos
9567:Louisiana
9560:Carolinas
9323:Santa Ana
9303:Estancias
8870:cite book
8766:cite book
8689:cite book
8681:851338670
8637:cite book
6680:"History"
6365:129070895
6004:184842836
5944:161847670
5407:0038-3929
5265:917343410
4741:Carmelite
4718:The term
4649:failure."
4387:Oceanside
4197:San Diego
3768:presidios
3457:South of
3325:St. Agnes
3180:Oceanside
3155:San Diego
3133:Location
3108:San Diego
3084:San Diego
2992:The Rev.
2982:The Rev.
2975:The Rev.
2968:The Rev.
2958:The Rev.
2951:The Rev.
2944:The Rev.
2937:The Rev.
2923:The Rev.
2916:The Rev.
2865:dysentery
2861:gonorrhea
2849:influenza
2795:La Laguna
2748:neophytes
2715:Hugo Reid
2573:Governor
2442:Argentina
2438:privateer
2414:Fort Ross
2382:Pablo Tac
2280:from the
2261:violated
2248:in 1781.
2213:Margarita
2053:Jamestown
1975:New Spain
1937:aqueducts
1885:ladrillos
1769:presidios
1740:fermented
1649:presidios
1065:dysentery
1011:Hugo Reid
919:New World
882:surveying
866:workshops
823:hierarchy
793:livestock
791:and tend
785:neophytes
783:, called
672:sarampiĂłn
637:The Rev.
559:San Diego
515:monjerĂos
480:New Spain
467:order to
258:RĂo Bueno
223:Chiquitos
180:Querétaro
165:Louisiana
150:Chihuahua
13034:Lakeport
12999:Piedmont
12979:Oroville
12954:Martinez
12929:Woodland
12839:Berkeley
12834:El Monte
12779:Pasadena
12759:Torrance
12739:Palmdale
12689:Glendale
12644:Stockton
12594:San Jose
12551:Tuolumne
12511:Siskiyou
12411:Monterey
12386:Mariposa
12341:Imperial
12336:Humboldt
12243:Yosemite
12228:Bay Area
12190:Missions
12185:Maritime
12180:Highways
12167:By topic
11956:Category
11919:Limahong
11774:Missions
11638:Seminole
11623:Muscogee
11570:Comanche
11542:TepehuĂĄn
11532:La Junta
11454:Hualapai
11391:Kumeyaay
11371:Cahuilla
10649:Pampanga
10529:San Juan
10479:Santa Fe
10469:San José
10449:Saltillo
10399:Campeche
10394:Acapulco
10359:Veracruz
10269:Treaties
10223:Politics
10184:Veracruz
10149:CamagĂŒey
9997:Joseph I
9961:Philip V
9522:Trinidad
9202:San José
8538:(1801).
8455:(1915).
8272:11172568
8264:14043359
8192:(1973).
7929:(1913).
7884:(1969).
7835:(1908).
7792:(1976).
7727:(1886).
7695:27 April
7686:Archived
7373:Archived
7249:41172518
7041:25160727
6929:natives.
6866:Archived
6583:Archived
6445:Archived
6414:Archived
6357:30246725
6304:Archived
6277:Archived
6215:25161668
6108:36532399
6100:19256092
5724:Archived
5688:Archived
5663:Archived
5492:Archived
5451:Archived
5415:41172570
5305:42683042
5218:Archived
5125:in 1598.
4923:Archived
4816:in 1735.
4787:(1719),
4783:(1710),
4670:citadels
4433:See also
3966:convento
3836:Holy See
3814:historic
3062:de facto
2753:Congress
2741:Sem-Yeto
2677:in 1913.
2656:convento
2538:Monterey
2129:missions
2077:Philip V
2047:for the
1949:cisterns
1909:Iron Age
1850:rendered
1842:bakeries
1778:San Blas
1758:Ranching
1727:industry
1685:monjerĂo
1586:de facto
1033:de razĂłn
1028:monjerĂo
977:baptized
972:neophyte
960:convento
927:Catholic
925:and the
870:kitchens
835:military
768:frontier
755:colonial
743:presidio
563:San Jose
510:Catholic
429:espadaña
200:Virginia
195:Trinidad
91:a series
88:Part of
35:reviewed
13049:Alturas
13039:Jackson
13019:Willows
12934:Hanford
12874:Redding
12859:Ventura
12824:Vallejo
12809:Concord
12799:Visalia
12764:Hayward
12749:Salinas
12724:Ontario
12679:Fontana
12669:Modesto
12654:Fremont
12629:Anaheim
12619:Oakland
12576:By city
12556:Ventura
12541:Trinity
12281:Alameda
12256:Regions
12205:Slavery
12200:Ranchos
11853:Coyotes
11848:Castizo
11843:Mestizo
11833:Criollo
11711:Cebuano
11706:Tagalog
11676:Mangyan
11666:Negrito
11648:Yustaga
11643:Timucua
11590:Wichita
11585:Tonkawa
11522:Cocopah
11517:CochimĂ
11469:Quechan
11416:Serrano
11396:Luiseño
11386:Juaneño
11376:Chumash
11343:Ciboney
11317:Poqomam
11312:Zapotec
11302:Kʌicheʌ
11287:Totonac
11272:Huastec
11247:peoples
11235:Society
10644:Bulacan
10571:Florida
10489:El Paso
10439:Pachuca
10414:Durango
10389:Morelia
10336:cities,
10334:Notable
10255:Cabildo
10230:Viceroy
10199:Durango
10134:Chiapas
10096:YucatĂĄn
9971:Louis I
9896:Central
9612:CĂłrdoba
9555:Georgia
9545:Florida
9535:Arizona
9515:Yucatan
9382:Related
8913:, 2001.
8244:Bibcode
8236:Science
7717:Sources
7682:gpo.gov
7332:. UCLA.
5936:1409498
5730:7 March
4595:Juaneño
4311:Fremont
4292:Solvang
4120:Ventura
4063:Soledad
3996:Indians
3993:Salinan
3982:Soledad
3970:convent
3940:penned
3834:by the
3585:Fremont
3459:Soledad
3330:Solvang
3280:Ventura
3097:mustard
2853:measles
2671:missals
2648:pueblos
2614:ranchos
2581:passed
2357:measles
2307:natives
2256:Captain
2238:mulatto
2131:on the
2125:Jesuits
1988:awarded
1956:History
1945:bitumen
1905:foundry
1873:Chumash
1858:bodegas
1854:tanning
1773:fanegas
1748:Criolla
1597:prayers
1020:measles
1001:To the
989:Costeño
967:gentile
944:martyrs
935:pueblos
858:iglesia
773:rations
720:Moorish
676:measles
661:to the
612:priests
463:of the
445:Spanish
228:CĂłrdoba
160:Georgia
155:Florida
130:Arizona
105:of the
13029:Sonora
13024:Colusa
12989:Auburn
12964:Eureka
12949:Lompoc
12914:Madera
12894:Merced
12844:Downey
12789:Orange
12754:Pomona
12744:Corona
12674:Oxnard
12659:Irvine
12604:Fresno
12546:Tulare
12536:Tehama
12531:Sutter
12521:Sonoma
12516:Solano
12506:Sierra
12501:Shasta
12436:Plumas
12431:Placer
12426:Orange
12421:Nevada
12396:Merced
12376:Madera
12366:Lassen
12326:Fresno
12306:Colusa
12291:Amador
12286:Alpine
11877:People
11868:Negros
11858:Pardos
11838:Indios
11720:Others
11671:Igorot
11628:Jororo
11618:Calusa
11527:Kiliwa
11502:Acaxee
11474:Solano
11459:Navajo
11444:Apache
11421:Tongva
11411:Ohlone
11406:Mohave
11381:Cupeño
11338:Arawak
11277:Mixtec
11262:Aztecs
10544:Manila
10519:Havana
10504:Tucson
10404:MĂ©rida
10384:Oaxaca
10374:Toluca
10369:Puebla
10364:Xalapa
10347:Cities
10204:Sonora
10194:Oaxaca
10189:Puebla
10119:Havana
10048:Mexico
10043:Manila
9668:Jesuit
9617:ItapĂșa
9530:AjacĂĄn
9495:Mexico
9374:(1836)
9368:(1776)
9362:(1770)
9356:(1782)
9350:(1769)
9331:(1823)
9325:(1820)
9319:(1819)
9313:(1804)
9294:(1818)
9288:(1816)
9277:(1787)
9271:(1786)
9265:(1784)
9246:(1823)
9240:(1817)
9234:(1804)
9228:(1798)
9222:(1797)
9216:(1797)
9210:(1797)
9204:(1797)
9198:(1791)
9192:(1791)
9186:(1787)
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