364:(Handicapped Children) Act removed uneducable category, which allowed all disabled children to receive an education. SEN statements were introduced in 1978 and parents of children with disabilities were given the right to appeal decisions made by local authorities about decisions on their child's education The 1981 Education Act stated that children should be taught in mainstream schools whenever possible. The role of the Special Needs Coordinator emerged in 1982 to audit mainstream special provision, raise the expectations of fellow teachers and advocate for disabled people even during educational cutbacks. The 1993 Education Act made SENCOs mandatory for all schools and set out guidelines for identifying pupils with SEN and assessing their needs. The 2001 Special Educational Needs and Disability Act outlawed discrimination against disabled pupils in schools, colleges and other education settings. It also introduced the Special Educational Needs and Disability Tribunal.
483:
that 17.8% of pupils in
English schools have SEN an increase from 14.9% in 2005, leading to claims that schools are labelling too many children as having SEN. Lorraine Petersen, the former chief executive of the National Association of Special Educational Needs, has said "they feel a label will give the child and perhaps the family additional support that they may not get without it; access to benefits, for instance, or support with exams or a place in a specialist setting." In other cases, schools have been accused of identifying non-disabled children as having SEN to hide poor teaching standards.
436:
nine had attempted suicide. Children's families had to try and cope with a bureaucracy. The report also criticised a funding shortfall and called for greater accountability in the system. More rigorous inspection systems were called for together with clear consequences following failure. Parents and schools should be able to appeal directly to the DfE if Local
Authorities did not meet their legal obligations. School inspections should focus more on SEND, social care ombudsmen and Local Authorities should have greater powers.
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are involved in the child's support. If a child does not make progress while on stage 3, they are referred to stage 4. Stage 4 is also known as
Statutory Assessment. Children who have very significant disabilities are referred straight to Statutory Assessment without having to go through the school-based stages. Stage 5 is when a SEN statement is issued. The SEN statement sets out the child's difficulties and the support they require, as well as which school the child should attend (this can be a mainstream or special school).
25:
262:. Every school must have a Special Educational Needs Co-Ordinator (SENCO), who is responsible for overseeing the support of pupils with SEN. Children with SEN in the UK can attend mainstream or special schools, but legally, local authorities are obliged to educate children in mainstream schools where possible. If a family feels that their child is not receiving sufficient support, they may take their local authority to the
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the children's commissioner, said "I have become more and more convinced that some schools are seeking to improve their overall exam results by removing vulnerable children from the school roll...sadly this can include children with Send, who have no option but to go into inappropriate alternative provision or home education."
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child having SEN, and support is given within the classroom, such as differentiated work or different teaching strategies. If the child's difficulties improve at this stage, the child is no longer classed as having SEN. However, if they do not improve, the child will be moved to stage 2. At stage 2, advice from the child's
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There have been claims that affluent families will push for their child to be identified as having SEN so that the child can access additional support when the child may not genuinely have any disability. The number of children identified as having SEN has increased. Figures published in 2009 showed
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stated, "Councils support the reforms set out in the
Children and Families Act in 2014, but we were clear at the time that the cost of implementing them had been underestimated by the government." In some cases parents withdrew their children from school resulting in action from authorities to force
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published a report stating reforms introduced in 2014 had been badly implemented damaging many SEND pupils. Children had to do without support they needed, which affected their mental health as well as their education, children experienced anxiety, depression and self-harm, and children as young as
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are due to be taken, which can cause the child's education to be discontinued. There have been claims that children with SEN who are unlikely to achieve the national target of five GCSEs at grades 4 to 9 are being excluded or off-rolled to raise a school's position in league tables. Anne
Longfield,
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Funding provision for pupils with
Special Education Needs and Disabilities, (SEND) has been criticised as inadequate. Some councils claimed to be unable to carry out their statutory duties towards SEND children due to lack of funding from the central government. Educators also complained that they
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or the school doctor is sought and an education plan is drawn up by the SENCO, which describes the difficulties the child has and the support they need. If the child does not make good progress at stage 2, they move on to stage 3. At stage 3, external specialists, such as educational psychologists
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expects to be available for children and young people with special educational needs (SEN) and/or disabilities within their area. It must include information about education, health and care provision. It should also tell families about training, employment and independent living options available
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The definition of SEN is set out in the
Education Act 1996 and was amended in the Special Educational Needs and Disability Bill of 2001. Currently, a child or young person is considered to have SEN if they have a disability or learning difficulty that means they need special educational provision.
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The current regulations for SEN are set out in the
Children and Families Act 2014. Different levels of support are given to children depending on how much support is required. Most children with SEN are given school-level support, known as SEN support. An Education, Health and Care Plan (EHCP) is
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Conversely, some people argue that there is a problem with children with disabilities not being identified as needing additional support. This is said to be especially difficult for low-income families, who may not be able to afford private diagnostic assessments for conditions such as dyslexia.
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Regulations for SEN in
Northern Ireland are currently governed by the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (Northern Ireland) 2016. In Northern Ireland, there are five stages of SEN support. Stages 1 to 3 are known as school-based stages. Stage 1 is when concerns are first raised about a
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said, "The DfE cannot continue with a piecemeal and reactive approach to supporting children with Send. Rather than making do with sticking plasters, what is needed is a transformation, a more strategic oversight and fundamental change to ensure a generation of children is no longer let down."
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created provision for children with disabilities to receive "special educational treatment" in special schools. Children were required to have a medical assessment to be eligible for this. Some children were classified as uneducable, and were not required to attend school. The 1970 Education
498:, says: "There's a good reason why middle-class parents are better able to get a special needs diagnosis for their child: cash. There is a dire shortage of educational psychologists in local authorities, and children can expect a wait of at least a year to see one for a diagnosis."
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Local authorities became responsible for the education of Deaf children and blind children in 1893. The education of children with disabilities became mandatory in the
Education Act 1918. The prevailing attitude at the time was that disabled children should be sent to
332:. Children with complex needs who require support from external organisations are given a co-ordinated support plan. Families who are not satisfied with the support given are entitled to take the education authority Additional Support Needs for Scotland Tribunal.
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is used instead of SEN. As well as children with disabilities, this also encompasses children who may need support for reasons other than disability, such as children who are being bullied or who are in foster care. The
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given to children and young people who are considered to have complex needs. They can be used for children and young people aged 2–25. Children and young people with an EHCP are entitled to a
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said, "Schools and local authorities want to provide the best possible support for SEND pupils, but the tools needed are generally no longer available due to cuts to local services." The
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374:- for pupils with relatively low-level needs who can be supported with additional support provided within school, such as the use of specialist teaching materials in lessons.
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657:"The Children and Families Act 2014 Part 3: Children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities A briefing from the Council for Disabled Children"
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disabled children and those with SEN and their parents, and disabled young people and those with SEN, and service providers in its development and review.
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Special educational provision means that the child needs support that would not generally be provided to a child of the same age in a mainstream school.
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1994:
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2014:
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1999:
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1053:"Code of Practice on the Identification and Assessment Identification and Assessment of Special Educational Needs of Special Education"
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2004:
1973:
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2009:
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There are numerous types of support available depending on the child or young person's disability. Some support offered includes:
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relating to the provision of special education to children with additional needs by establishing a framework for the policies of
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95:) in the United Kingdom refers to the education of children who require different education provision to the mainstream system.
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provide clear, comprehensive, accessible and up-to-date information about the available provision and how to access it,
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Adjustments for candidates with disabilities and learning difficulties Access Arrangements and Reasonable Adjustments
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34:
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1082:"The Right to Education - the Growth of the 'Special' School for Children with Disabilities | Historic England"
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allowed the appellant could claim against her former school for failing to diagnose and treat her Dyslexia.
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Prior to the Children and Families Act 2014, there were three levels of support in England and Wales:
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for young people with special educational needs and/or disabilities. In accordance with the
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Children with SEN are much more likely to be formally excluded from school or off-rolled.
380:- for pupils who need additional support from an external support service. For example, a
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Completing examinations in a separate room or venue from other candidates at the school
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cannot educate SEND pupils as effectively as they would like due to lack of funding.
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1911:
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287:, every local authority must publish a Local Offer. The Local Offer or LO should
1176:"Timeline of learning disability history | Social History of Learning Disability"
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Use of a communication professional (a person who can translate questions into
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is where a pupil is removed from a school's register, often shortly before
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to appeal any decisions the local authority has made on a child's support.
851:"Special educational needs and disability code of practice: 0 to 25 years"
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make provision more responsive to local needs and aspirations by directly
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716:"Supporting students with dyslexia: tips, tricks and tech for teachers"
1010:"Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (Northern Ireland) 2016"
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984:"Additional support for learning: statutory guidance 2017 - gov.scot"
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The Council for the Registration of Schools Teaching Dyslexic Pupils
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Following a different learning programme from the rest of the class
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1488:"Ofsted: schools exaggerating special needs to hide poor teaching"
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Special educational needs reforms 'failing generation of children'
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attendance. A group of parents mounted a legal challenge to this.
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955:"Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004"
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820:"Children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND)"
689:"Children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND)"
638:
Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 2001 Chapter 10
1362:"Thousands of children with special needs excluded from schools"
278:(or LO) is a statement detailing the pattern of support which a
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A condition that affects the ability to read and write, such as
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1258:"BBC - Schools Parents - What is a statement of special needs?"
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Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004
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Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004
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1461:"Pushy parents 'fueling special needs misdiagnoses in pupils'"
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A condition which affects behaviour or social skills, such as
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1514:"The poorest struggle most to get an SEN diagnosis | Letters"
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Use of a live speaker for exams that include audio recordings
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Education of children with disabilities in the United Kingdom
1388:"300 schools picked out in GCSE 'off-rolling' investigation"
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Help with personal care (such as eating or using the toilet)
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The SEN systems vary in each nation of the United Kingdom.
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A condition which affects the ability to learn, such as a
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Parents take legal action over pupils labelled as truants
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Extra help from a teaching assistant or the class teacher
926:"What is the provision for children with special needs?"
242:"SENCO" redirects here. For the geographical place, see
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Encouragement to complete tasks the pupil struggles with
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Councils face £536m shortfall in Send budgets, says LGA
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Sir Jim Rose Presents Findings of Review into Dyslexia
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Some support available for children with SEN include:
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2010 Ofsted Report on SEN 'A Statement is not Enough'
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correspondent, Sally Weale education (26 June 2018).
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1028:
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Extra supervision in the classroom or at break time
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838:
794:"SEN Code of Practice: one year on - SEN Magazine"
1360:Weale, Sally; McIntyre, Niamh (23 October 2018).
264:Special Educational Needs and Disability Tribunal
1986:
1194:
1135:
404:Skipper v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough School
233:Exemption from certain parts of qualifications.
1434:"Sharp rise in number of special needs pupils"
1062:. Department of Education for Northern Ireland
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359:rather than attending mainstream schools. The
145:, a chronic health condition or poor mobility.
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324:and generally practicing the "presumption of
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579:(1 ed.). London: Routledge. p. 1.
1202:"Education (Handicapped Children) Act 1970"
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1595:
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1232:"Farewell to School Action - SEN Magazine"
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973:
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529:Learning disabilities in special education
89:special educational needs and disabilities
48:. Please do not remove this message until
1563:NASEN ― Special Educational Needs charity
1111:
1109:
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573:Sewell, Geof (1982). Sewell, Geof (ed.).
515:for university students with a disability
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
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744:. Joint Council for Qualifications. 2018
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549:Teaching and Learning Research Programme
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170:Support to communicate with other pupils
44:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1995:Special education in the United Kingdom
1938:Special education in the United Kingdom
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1229:
1117:"A history of special needs | Tes News"
891:Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council,
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508:Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (UK)
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2015:United Kingdom education-related lists
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539:Qualified specialist dyslexia teachers
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2000:Special schools in the United Kingdom
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1459:Vaughan, Richard (24 February 2017).
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909:Department for Health and Social Care
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492:Bernadette John, the SEN director of
1568:PATOSS ― association of SEN teachers
913:SEND Code of Practice: 0 to 25 years
394:-for pupils with more complex needs.
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18:
1486:Paton, Graeme (14 September 2010).
882:, Booklet H, accessed 24 April 2020
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189:Extra time to complete examinations
137:A physical impairment, including a
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1230:Roberts, Amelia (3 January 2013).
627:Education Act 1996 1996 Chapter 56
14:
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792:Silas, Douglas (29 August 2015).
664:councilfordisabledchildren.org.uk
2005:Disability in the United Kingdom
1290:. The Law Society. 31 March 2006
858:assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
767:"Children and Families Act 2014"
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2010:Education in the United Kingdom
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107:Some examples of SEN include:
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1840:Raising of school leaving age
860:. UK Government. January 2015
826:. Government Digital Services
695:. Government Digital Services
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524:Inclusion (disability rights)
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382:speech and language therapist
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1432:Price, Rosa (22 July 2010).
666:. National Children's Bureau
576:Reshaping Remedial Education
513:Disabled Student's Allowance
454:Local Government Association
224:Use of a practical assistant
127:specific learning difficulty
7:
1928:Common Entrance Examination
714:Imrie, David (2013-09-09).
534:Learning theory (education)
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219:International Sign Language
50:conditions to do so are met
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461:Exclusions and off-rolling
429:Education Select Committee
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167:Working in a smaller group
1969:Higher School Certificate
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406:(2006) EWCA Civ 238, the
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1897:Department for Education
1849:Exams and qualifications
905:Department for Education
895:, accessed 28 April 2020
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450:National Education Union
386:educational psychologist
309:additional support needs
1494:. Telegraph Media Group
1440:. Telegraph Media Group
1060:www.education-ni.gov.uk
227:Use of a word processor
1206:www.legislation.gov.uk
1147:www.legislation.gov.uk
1086:historicengland.org.uk
1014:www.legislation.gov.uk
959:www.legislation.gov.uk
771:www.legislation.gov.uk
495:The Good Schools Guide
307:In Scotland, the term
1876:English Baccalaureate
1182:. The Open University
990:. Scottish Government
585:10.4324/9780429504136
285:SEND Code of Practice
238:SEN legal regulations
215:British Sign Language
1805:State-funded schools
1605:Education in England
1284:"Law reports | News"
1143:"Education Act 1944"
878:Leeds City Council,
487:Under-identification
1288:Law Society Gazette
478:Over-identification
357:residential schools
196:Alternative formats
181:Public examinations
133:learning disability
37:of this article is
1964:School Certificate
1933:Schools (category)
1835:Sixth form college
1417:has generic name (
1088:. Historic England
932:. BBC. 2 June 2016
378:school action plus
361:Education Act 1944
143:hearing impairment
1982:
1981:
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1635:Nursery/Preschool
1548:The Bercow Report
1236:senmagazine.co.uk
798:senmagazine.co.uk
544:Special education
210:Use of a prompter
150:Support available
139:visual impairment
87:), also known as
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1912:Special measures
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204:Use of a scribe
201:Use of a reader
198:for exam papers
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