20:
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combination with the magnetic intrusion detector (MAGID). Combining sensors in this way improved the ability of individual sensors to detect targets and reduced false alarms. Today's AN/GSQ-187 Improved Remote
Battlefield Sensor System (I-REMBASS) is a passive acoustic sensor which, with other MASINT sensors, detects vehicles and humans on a battlefield. It is routine for SR units to emplace such sensors both for regional monitoring by higher headquarters' remote sensing centers, as well as for tactical intelligence during the mission, as they are an improvement over
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88:(HUMINT) collection discipline. Its operational control is likely to be inside a compartmented cell of the HUMINT, or possibly the operations, staff functions. Since such personnel are trained for intelligence collection as well as other missions, they will usually maintain clandestine communications to the HUMINT organization and will be systematically prepared for debriefing. They operate significantly farther forward than even the most forward friendly
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the team in what to take and, if it could not be moved, what to photograph. Cox had significant knowledge of
British radar, and conflicting reports say that the force was under orders to kill him rather than let him be captured. This likely was an after-the-action rumor, as Cox was a technician. The true radar expert, Don Preist, could not be captured as he stayed offshore but was in communications with the raiders. Preist also had
2117:
1967:
1527:, are enabling appropriate communications and situation awareness, reducing the chance of fratricide, across multiple military services. For example, an Air Force Situation Awareness Data Link (SADL) device that communicates between close air support aircraft can also exchange mission data with Army Enhanced Position Location Reporting System (EPLRS) equipment. The same basic equipment also interconnects EPLRS ground units.
1987:
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1732:
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1145:(BDA) is the visual, photographic, and/or electronic surveillance of a target that has been attacked to measure results. SR units carry out these missions when no other capabilities, such as conventional ground forces, local scouts and aviation, UAVs and other systems under the control of higher headquarters, or national-level intelligence collection capabilities can obtain the needed information.
2496:"Military intelligence" personnel/units within larger formations in ground troops, airborne troops and marines. Intelligence battalion in the divisions, reconnaissance company in the brigade, a reconnaissance platoon in the regiment. Special Units of regular forces with training focusing on reconnaissance (pathfinder-like formations attached to other units. Not Special Forces). Mascot: bat.
1505:(JTRS) is deployed with NATO special operations units, and can provide low-probability-of-intercept encrypted communications between ground units, from ground to aircraft, or from ground to satellite. It allows an SR team to use the same radio to operate on several networks and reduces the number of spare radios needed. By comparison, some of the raiders on the Vietnam War era
1352:
SR teams may need to have wounded personnel replaced or evacuated. In some extreme situations, wounded personnel who cannot travel may be killed by their own side, to avoid capture and interrogation which could compromise the special reconnaissance mission. Killing wounded personnel is described as a
1344:
When long-range or long-duration patrols need resupply, a variety of techniques are used, though each have tradeoffs in security, resupply platform range and stealth, and the type and amount of resupply needed. As with infiltration, helicopters may make a number of quick touchdowns, all but one meant
1211:
An SR team's mission is not to engage in direct combat. It may be to observe and report, or it may include directing air or artillery attacks on enemy positions. If the latter is the case, the patrol still tries to stay covert; ideally, the enemy will know they are being attacked, but not know who is
900:
which was still vulnerable to SIGINT which could locate their OPs. No common understanding of the threat of
Argentine direction finding existed, and different teams developed individual solutions. The value of the information and the stress on the SR teams were tremendous. Their activities helped the
874:
SR teams may be assigned to observe and measure specific information at a site or enemy facility for future operations. Regular ground forces, for example, might need a road and bridge surveyed to know whether heavy vehicles can cross it. The SR may be able to confirm this. An engineering specialist,
656:
with imagery and other intelligence collection capabilities are potentially useful for SR, since small UAVs have low observability. SR team members can be trained to use them, or specialists can be attached to a team. The UAV may transmit what it sees, using one or more sensors, either to the SR team
1336:
Units on short missions may carry their own supplies but longer missions may require resupply. Typically, SR units are familiar with the area of operations and are comfortable with local food if necessary. Radio transmission, when necessary, are kept as short and precise as possible as even the most
1039:
SR, going back to
Vietnam, was far more potent when it directed external firepower onto the target rather than engaging it with its own weapons. Early coordination between SR and air support in Vietnam depended on visual and voice communications, without any electronics to make the delivery precise.
830:
Passive acoustic sensors provide additional measurements that can be compared with signatures and used to complement other sensors. For example, a ground search radar may not be able to differentiate between a tank and a truck moving at the same speed but adding acoustic information may quickly help
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They will provide map overlays, photography, and, if available, sensor data. SR troops are also trained in more advanced reporting, such as preparing multiple map overlays of targets, lines of communications, civilian and friendly concentrations, etc. They can perform target analysis and also graph
851:
and a German radar technician. Not uncommon for such operations, a technical specialist (radar engineer Flight
Sergeant C.W.H. Cox) was attached to this SR unit. Sometimes technical specialists without SR training have taken their first parachute jump on TECHINT-oriented SR missions. Cox instructed
982:
SR units detect, identify, and locate targets to be engaged by lethal or nonlethal attack systems under the control of higher headquarters. SR also provides information on weather, obscuring factors such as terrain masking and camouflage, friendly or civilian presence in the target area, and other
615:
There is a blurred line between SR and direct action in support of amphibious operations when an outlying island is captured, with the primary goal of using it as a base for surveillance and support functions. Despite being a large scale operation by SR standards, an early example is the attack by
1215:
While it is rare for a single man to do a special reconnaissance mission, it does happen. More commonly, the smallest unit is a two-man sniper team. Snipers are skilled in concealment and observation, and can carry out pure reconnaissance missions. The US Marine Corps often detaches sniper teams
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There are some differences between general and SR processes of target acquisition: conventional units typically identify targets that directly affect the performance of their mission, while SR target acquisition may be of a much wider scope and include identifying enemy locations or resources of
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SR units are trained in target analysis which combines both engineer reconnaissance and special forces assessment to identify targets for subsequent attack by fire support, conventional units, or special operations (i.e., direct action or unconventional warfare behind enemy lines). They evaluate
822:
Closer to today's SR-emplaced sensors was the Mini-Seismic
Intrusion Detector (MINISID). Unlike other sensors employed along the trail, it was specifically designed to be hand delivered and implanted. The MINISID and its smaller version the MICROSID were personnel detection devices often used in
468:
Availability of required special skills and expertise: The most basic requirement for SR is to be able to remain unobserved, which may take special skills and equipment. If there is a requirement to collect intelligence, skills anywhere from advanced photography to remote sensor operation may be
1051:
In
Vietnam, the support was usually aircraft-delivered, although in some cases the target might be in range of artillery. Today, the distance to which SR teams penetrate will usually be out of the range of artillery, but ground-launched missiles might support them. In either case, directing any
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scouts in their assigned area of interest. The duration of an LRS mission depends on equipment and supplies the team must carry, movement distance to the objective area, and resupply availability. LRS teams normally operate up to seven days without resupply depending on terrain and weather.
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delivered eight 4-man patrols via helicopter deep into enemy-held territory up to 20 miles (32 km) from their hide sites several weeks before the main conventional force landings. Each man carried equipment needed for up to 25 days due to resupply limitations (cf. the 7-day limits of
1071:, the assumption had been that rapidly changing tactical situations, including sudden changes in geometry between friendly forces and the target, GOT was preferred. If the attack was to be guided from the ground, the target would be directly targeted in some manner, such as a
1013:
On
February 7, US SR teams joined British teams in the hunt for mobile Scud launchers. Open sources contain relatively little operational information about U.S. SOF activities in western Iraq. Some basic elements have emerged, however. Operating at night, Air Force
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patrols discussed above). These patrols surveyed major centers of enemy activity. The patrols reconnoitered
Argentinian positions at night, and then due to the lack of cover moved to distant observation posts (OPs). Information gathered was relayed to the fleet by
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secure radios can be detected and located. One way of shortening messages is to define a set of codes, typically two-letter, for various prearranged packages of equipment. Those starting with "A" might be for ammunition, "F" for food, and "M" for medical.
526:
could go in either place. If air or missile strikes are delivered after the SR team leaves the AO, the SR aspect is intelligence, but if the strikes are to be delivered and possibly corrected and evaluated by the SR team, the SR mission is fires-related.
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riticality: How important, in a strategic context, is the target? What effect will its destruction have on other elements of the target system? Is it more important to have real-time surveillance of the target (e.g., a road junction) than its physical
866:, originally planned as a mission to locate and disable a radar. It turned into an opportunity to capture the radar and, despite overloading the helicopter on its return trip, they were able to bring the entire radar back for TECHINT analysis.
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ecognizability: Can the target be recognized clearly, by SR and attack forces, under the prevailing weather, light, and in its terrain? If there are critical points within the target, they also must be recognizable by the means of destruction
472:
Threat capabilities: This usually relates to the need to stay clandestine, potentially against an opposing force with sophisticated intelligence capabilities. Such capabilities may be organic to a force or be available from a sponsoring third
1022:
helicopters would ferry SOF ground teams and their specially equipped four-wheel-drive vehicles from bases in Saudi Arabia to Iraq. The SOF personnel would patrol during the night and hide during the day. When targets were discovered,
1372:"If I decide that there's no way we can effect your rescue , I'll order the gunships to fire at you to prevent the enemy from getting their hands on you. I can't risk having any of the teams compromised if they take you alive."
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SR commanders need to ensure such missions cannot be performed by organic reconnaissance elements of a maneuver force commander supported by the SR organization or other supporting reconnaissance services such as IMINT.
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ecuperability: When the target is destroyed by fire support or direct action, in the case of DA missions, can the enemy repair, replace, or bypass it quickly using minimum resources? If so, it may not be a viable
200:
both set up special research departments: Section D and "Military
Intelligence (Research)" to investigate possible sabotage and other ways to attack the enemy. These later merged in 1940 with the propaganda unit
1274:
were pioneers in vehicle SR, going back to their operations in North Africa during World War II. In Desert Storm, US SR forces used medium and heavy helicopters to transport ground vehicles for the Scud Hunt.
453:
Since reconnaissance is a basic military skill, "special" reconnaissance refers to the means of operating in the desired area, and the nature of the mission. In US Army doctrine, there are five basic factors:
913:(Close Air Support)), artillery, and other heavy fire support onto targets. The doctrine of bringing increasingly more accurate and potent firepower has evolved significantly since the early days of Vietnam.
410:
While there are obvious risks to doing so, SR-trained units can operate out of uniform. They may use motorcycles, four-wheel-drive vehicles, or multiple helicopter lifts in their area of operations, or have
437:
All these organizations have special operations roles, with SR often being performed by specialists within an organization. Certain organizations are tasked for a response involving areas contaminated by
648:
Basic photography and sketching is usually a skill for any individual performing an SR mission. More advanced photographic technique may require additional training or attaching specialists to a team.
1297:, ladder, or other techniques. Helicopters may make a series of touchdowns; the SR team will disembark on one of the touchdowns while the others are meant to mislead the enemy. Alternatively, they can
1006:, himself a former SAS commander, was well-disposed to use the SAS for such SR and did so. With additional Israeli pressure to send its own SOF teams into western Iraq, US Secretary of Defense
731:
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SR units can engage targets of opportunity, but current doctrine emphasizes avoiding direct engagement, concentrating instead on directing air (e.g., GAPS (Ground-Aided Precision Strikes) and
1392:
One of the more common means of exfiltration is by special operations helicopters. There are a number of techniques that do not require the helicopter to land, including ladders, the
580:
to determine the depth and bottom characteristics of waters are readily available as commercial fishing equipment or more sophisticated devices specific to military naval operations.
517:
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Appropriately trained and equipped SR personnel can infiltrate by water as well. Boats may be delivered by surface ship or even helicopter. Another option is underwater movement, by
843:
analysis is a standard SR mission. Capture of enemy equipment for examination by TECHINT specialists may be a principal part of SR patrols and larger raids, such as the World War II
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1345:
to mislead the enemy. If it is reasonably certain that the enemy knows some patrols are present, the helicopters may even make some touchdowns more easily observed, but leave
69:, in areas deep behind enemy lines, placement of remotely monitored sensors, and preparations for other special forces. Like other special forces, SR units may also carry out
1593:
Debriefing may be done by a unit's HUMINT officers, who are most familiar with their information-gathering techniques. Information from SR patrols is likely to contribute to
950:
ffect: Beyond pure military effect what are the political, economic, legal, and psychological effects of destroying the target? How would the attack affect local civilians?
3273:
2911:
698:
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is considered direct support to the invasion, not SR. SR would determine if a given beach is suitable for any landing, well before the operational decision to invade.
1222:
773:, in 1961. Under CIA direction, Lao nationals were trained to observe and photograph traffic on the Trail. This produced quite limited results, and, in 1964, Project
4071:
4284:
1474:
Modern electronics have redefined communication for SR teams. Human-to-human electronics, however, are not the only critical advance. Navigational systems such as
3807:
715:, with capabilities including direction-finding capability from 2 MHz to 2 GHz, and monitoring from 1 to 1400 MHz. SOT-As also are able to exploit
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1932:
434:, and other means of collecting technical intelligence, and usually at least one skilled medical technician whose proficiency is greater than basic first aid.
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requirement deep behind enemy lines, an appropriate technical detachment may be attached to the SR element. For SIGINT operations, the basic augmentation to
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ccessibility: Can an SR team reach or sense the target, keep it under surveillance for the appropriate time, and then exfiltrate after the target is struck?
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712:
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Every SR mission will collect intelligence, even incidentally. Before a mission, SR teams will usually study all available and relevant information on the
1279:
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devices are usually operated remotely, either by the SR force or, preferably, by remote electronic warfare personnel after the SR team leaves the area.
3606:
2996:"Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Article 29"
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1044:
as a visual reference, but they needed to be in dangerously close range to the enemy to do so. A slightly improved method involved their directing a
819:. These cued monitoring aircraft, which sent the data to a processing center in Thailand, from which target information was sent to the DELTA teams.
465:
insertion also may be a requirement. If there is a requirement to work with local personnel, language skills and political awareness may be critical.
1259:
if the enemy does not have full view of his own lines and skilled soldiers may penetrate those front lines. Such movement is most often by night.
640:
is much more in the SR/DA realm. Clark apparently led numerous SR and DA operations during the Korean War, some of which may still be classified.
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Special forces units that perform SR are usually polyvalent, so SR missions may be intelligence gathering in support of another function, such as
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Most of the same methods used to infiltrate may be used to exfiltrate. Stay-behind forces may wait until friendly forces arrive in their area.
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Assessment, whether by clandestine SR or overt study teams, is a prerequisite for other special operations missions, such as UW or FID. DA or
3687:
4214:
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3096:"Australian Army Training Team Viet Name ,Monthly Reports and Enclosures 1st-30th April 1968, Annex A - AATTV Deployment as at 2 May 1968"
711:
that can operate with an SF team, or independently. This low-level collection team typically has four men. Their primary equipment is the
4305:
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1024:
3245:
730:, and information technology augmentation to operational units. They may be operating in counterterror roles in Iraq in the joint UK/US
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Physical distances: The area of operations may be well beyond the forward line of troops, and require special skills to reach the area.
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Long range surveillance teams operate behind enemy lines, deep within enemy territory, forward of battalion reconnaissance teams and
3555:
189:
While SR has been a function of armies since ancient times, specialized units with this task date from the lead-up to World War II.
2748:
617:
281:
407:. When air support was delayed, however, the patrols might attack key Scud system elements with their own weapons and explosives.
3387:
Department of the Army (30 September 1991). "4: Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Support to Special Forces Group (Airborne)".
2942:
2901:
1978:
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provides SIGINT personnel, including from the 264 (SAS) Signals Squadron and SBS Signals Squadron to provide specialist SIGINT,
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are needed. These however have to be done at the actual site. Beach measurements are often assigned to naval SR units like the
572:(measurement and signature intelligence) sensors exist for most of these requirements. The SR team can place remotely-operated
569:
998:
were opposed to using SOF ground troops to search for Iraqi mobile SCUD launchers. However, the senior British officer of the
4259:
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289:
3209:
3021:"Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949, Article 29"
674:
3908:
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2721:
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2459:
Directorate "V" of the FSB Special Purpose Center (TsSN FSB), is an elite, stand-alone sub-unit of Russia's special forces.
2453:
Directorate "A" of the FSB Special Purpose Center (TsSN FSB), is an elite, stand-alone sub-unit of Russia's special forces.
1849:
1761:
1671:
1251:
Special reconnaissance teams, depending on training and resources, may enter the area of operations in many ways. They may
393:
348:
239:, was set up in Australia. Drawing on personnel from Australian, British, New Zealand and other Allied forces, it included
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in southern Laos. While the FACs immediately helped, air-ground cooperation improved significantly with the use of remote
19:
2936:
2186:
1749:
1401:
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1255:, where the unit deliberately stays hidden in an area that is expected to be overrun by advancing enemy forces. They may
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capability. Most SR units are trained in advanced helicopter movement and at least basic parachuting; some SR will have
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1958:
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57:
teams operate behind enemy lines, avoiding direct combat and detection by the enemy. As a role, SR is distinct from
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1953:
673:. Larger UAVs, which could be under the operational control of the SR team, could use additional sensors including
366:
285:
273:
254:, which was the name of the Finnish theater of World War II active between 1941 and 1944, Finland employed several
1512:
JTRS also closely integrates with target designators so that a separate radio is not required to communicate with
292:
instructors, held an advanced course in the art of patrolling for potential Army and Marine team leaders at their
61:
operations, but both are often carried out by the same units. The SR role frequently includes covert direction of
4219:
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1922:
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265:(OSS), modeled on the British SOE, in June 1942. Following the end of the war OSS became the basis for the CIA.
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which can be launched by an SR team and communicated with may result in fundamentally new tactical doctrines.
796:(FAC) which were instrumental in directing US air attacks by fighter-bombers as well as strategic bombing via
577:
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2238:
1365:
3613:
3409:"Special Operations Forces and Elusive Enemy Ground Targets: Lessons from Vietnam and the Persian Gulf War"
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2626:
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US Marines from 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion practicing Special Purpose Insert and Extraction (SPIE), 2006.
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sensors can be used tactically by the SR mission. SR personnel also may place unmanned MASINT sensors like
694:
335:
soldiers and given selection of advanced training in order to allow them to work in close conjunction with
262:
206:
3795:
2717:
United States Army 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Airborne) (1st SFOD-D) / "Delta Force"
1758:
12nd Airmobile infantry Brigade (12° Brigada de Infantaria aeromovel) with newly created 2° Pathfinder Coy
1662:
various activities on a polar chart centered either on an arbitrary reference or on the principal target.
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305:
193:
1998:
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The original sensors, a dim ancestor of today's technologies, started with air-delivered sensors under
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to determine the trafficability of a beach are experimental. Sometimes, simple observation or use of a
400:
332:
236:
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3242:"Field Manual 31-20-5 - Special Reconnaissance Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Special Forces"
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758:
554:
Mission planners may not know if a given force can move over a specific route. These variables may be
111:
of 1949. However, some countries do not honor these legal protections, as was the case with the Nazi "
3810:(July 2, 2009) by Maj. Jennifer Johnson, 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command Public Affairs
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2nd, 3rd, 10th, 14th, 16th, 22nd, 24th, 346th Spetsnaz Brigade (obrSpN): Ground Forces Special Forces
2257:
1513:
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Current trends in secure communications for SR patrols to carry are based on the evolving concept of
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SR personnel generally report basic information, which may be expressed with the "SALUTE" mnemonic
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510:
498:
481:
108:
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70:
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42nd, 420th, 431st, 561st Naval Reconnaissance Spetsnaz Point (omrpSpN) : Navy Special Forces
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SR operations commonly are built around 12-man "A detachments" or 6-man "split A detachments" and
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ulnerability: do SR (including DA) and supporting units have the capability to destroy the target?
331:
at the battalion level of conventional infantry units. These platoons were most often composed of
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Field Manual 7-93 - Long-Range Surveillance Unit Operations Reconnaissance and Surveillance Units
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792:(LEAPING LENA's replacement), used US-led SR teams. Second, these Army teams worked closely with
727:
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Follow-on special forces missions: This is the concept of preparing for other functions, such as
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SR units are well armed, since they may have to defend themselves if they are detected and their
370:
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They may have mechanical help on the ground, such as tactical four-wheel-drive vehicles (e.g.,
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Units perform combat operations as a part of the Army's new Battlefield Surveillance Brigades.
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PDF downloadable version of the US Army's Long Range Surveillance Unit Operations Field Manual
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430:
SR will have more organic support capabilities, including long-range communications, possibly
365:" – have or will gain reconnaissance squadrons (i.e., "light battalion"-sized units). US Army
4136:
3612:. Centre for Defence and International Security Studies, Lancaster University. Archived from
2319:
2286:
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1506:
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812:
801:
797:
591:
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385:
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Conventional infantry formations have long had dedicated reconnaissance units, such as scout
50:
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International Special Training Center and NATO celebrate 30 years of teaching special forces
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is generally understood to have begun with US operations against the Laotian section of the
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basis within the special reconnaissance organization and the all-source intelligence cell.
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force, limited in its sensors, develop an accurate operational picture of the opposition.
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8:
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2472: : Special Forces of the strategic level: under direct command of the Chief of Staff
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Software-defined radio, along with standard information exchange protocols such as JTIDS
1271:
1240:
1048:
aircraft to fire marking rockets onto the target, but the method was fraught with error.
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539:(AO). On their mission, they then confirm, amplify, correct, or refute this information.
358:
313:
225:
3801:
3556:"Joint Publication 3-05.5: Special Operations Targeting and Mission Planning Procedures"
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357:, that can operate forward of a main line of troops. For example, reorganized US Army
309:
42:
3788:. (FM 7-93) This manual provides doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures on how
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1946:
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1320:, from a submarine or an offshore surface ship. Some highly trained troops, such as
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FM 34-36: Special Operations Forces Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations
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1408:, have benches outside the cabin, which trained soldiers can quickly jump onto.
875:
preferably from a special operations organization may need to augment the team.
103:
if combatants are in proper uniforms, regardless of formation, according to the
4126:
3946:
3776:
Eyes Behind the Lines: US Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and Surveillance Units
3450:
3177:
2586:
2228:
2129:
2039:
1795:
1744:
1278:
SR units may use animals as pack animals or for riding. US Army Special Forces
1229:
1027:
attached to the SR teams would communicate these targets over secure radios to
860:
766:
559:
412:
362:
336:
112:
89:
54:
46:
3721:
3695:
3070:
2932:
United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU) / "SEAL Team 6"
2565:
2065:
4299:
4044:
4024:
4009:
3095:
2907:
United States Marine Corps Surveillance and Target Acquisition (STA) Platoons
2669:
2653:
2330:
2314:
1885:
1041:
1019:
883:
789:
670:
549:
324:
240:
202:
66:
23:
3781:
US Army Field Manual 7-93 Long Range Surveillance Unit Operations. (FM 7-93)
3679:
983:
information that will be needed in targeting by independent attack systems.
680:
4131:
4049:
4039:
3980:
3607:"Scud Hunting: Counter-force Operations against Theatre Ballistic Missiles"
2601:
2475:
2456:
2134:
1614:
1263:
991:
762:
666:
629:
621:
518:
locating targets and planning, guiding, and evaluating attacks against them
220:
volunteers from Allies formed, under the auspices of the British Army, the
116:
93:
3813:
3530:
2788:
United States Army Intelligence Support Activity (USAISA) / "The Activity"
1306:
327:, the US Army began to develop a limited number of special reconnaissance
3941:
3123:
revised ed., Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Lanham, MD (2009)
2906:
2716:
2450:
2274:
2200:
2139:
1393:
1294:
1267:
1252:
1007:
968:
967:
strategic significance. Examples of difficult strategic targets included
342:
269:
232:
3444:"Apollo's Warriors: US Air Force Special Operations during the Cold War"
2892:
United States Marine Corps Light Armored Reconnaissance (LAR) Battalions
404:
4014:
2995:
2826:(CIA Special Activities Division (SAD), Special Operations Group (SOG))
2640:
1821:
Batalhão de Operações Especiais de Fuzileiros Navais, Batalhão Tonelero
1711:
1565: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1483:
1446: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1290:
1183: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1113: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1028:
749:
MASINT (measurement and signature intelligence) and remote surveillance
697:. There is a SIGINT platoon within the Intelligence Company of the new
247:
197:
161: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2166:
185th Parachute Regiment special reconnaissance and target acquisition
1357:
doctrine. A variant described for US personnel was explained to a US
788:
The very limited results from LEAPING LENA led to two changes. First,
765:, and other personnel or vehicle detectors for subsequent remote use.
243:
and "special units" that undertook reconnaissance behind enemy lines.
3995:
3990:
3928:
2510:
2179:
2053:
1685:
1482:
can pinpoint the exact location of a target for fire support. Strong
1346:
1302:
1298:
1216:
organic to combat units, to establish clandestine observation posts.
424:
301:
297:
100:
78:
62:
3754:
3672:
1613:. Some of those techniques may be extremely sensitive and held on a
1540:
1421:
1158:
1088:
136:
3999:
3210:"1996 Annual Defense Report, Chapter 22, Special Operations Forces"
2391:
2307:
2221:
2060:
1354:
824:
396:
units were originally sent behind enemy lines to find mobile Iraqi
389:
58:
3503:"AN/GSQ-187 Improved Remote Battlefield Sensor System (I-REMBASS)"
1979:
Special Paratrooper Department (ETA - Eidiko Tmima Alexiptotiston)
1597:
collection, but, depending on the mission, may also contribute to
2076:
1992:
1868:
1602:
1524:
1313:
1233:
1226:
897:
859:
A mixture of SR, DA, and seizing opportunities characterized the
416:
377:
354:
328:
293:
3755:"Army to preserve its own dignity and institutional pride: COAS"
3673:"Army to preserve its own dignity and institutional pride: COAS"
3121:
Lurps: A Ranger's Diary of Tet, Khe Sanh, A Shau, and Quang Tri,
3590:
The Generals' War: The Inside Story of the Conflict in the Gulf
3182:
SPETSNAZ: The Inside Story Of The Special Soviet Special Forces
2546:
2437:
2365:
2262:
2250:
2144:
2122:
2071:
2024:
1972:
1910:
1842:
1826:
Recon and Surveillance Platoons atteched to Infantry Battalions
1816:
1800:
1737:
1610:
1594:
85:
3267:"U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Special Operations Command(MARSOC)"
2801:
2158:
2012:
1754:
Brigada de Infantaria Pára-quedista) with the Pathfinder Coy.
1718:
1598:
1397:
847:
raid on Saint-Jouin-Bruneval, France which captured a German
708:
3639:
The Commandos: The Inside Story of America's Secret Soldiers
3316:"The AN/PRD-13 (V1) Man Portable Signal Intelligence System"
1289:
SR units may also be transported by air. They can travel by
272:, respective division and brigades in-country trained their
224:
for reconnaissance and raiding behind Italian lines and the
3771:
Long Range Surveillance: True test for 'quiet professional'
2372:
1405:
1010:
proposed using US SR teams to complement the SAS efforts.
971:
trail infrastructures and logistic concentrations, and the
420:
397:
209:(SOE), which would conduct irregular warfare operations in
550:
Hydrographic, meteorological and geographic reconnaissance
2850:
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Hostage Rescue Team
2824:
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Paramilitary Operations
1530:
1475:
681:
SIGINT (signals intelligence) and EW (electronic warfare)
628:. Operation Trudy Jackson, which involved the capture of
2897:
United States Marine Corps Radio Reconnaissance Platoons
657:
or a monitoring headquarters. Potential sensors include
4285:
Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations
3722:"Special Service Group (Navy) - Pakistan - Documentary"
2937:
United States Navy Seabee Engineer Reconnaissance Teams
590:
or weighted cone that measures how deeply weights will
3386:
3313:
2484:
Spetsnaz VDV: Airborne command Special Forces (orpSpN)
1328:
may parachute into open water and swim to the target.
558:, meteorological, or geographic. SR teams can resolve
388:
support will need time to reach them. During the 1991
343:
Long range surveillance units within larger formations
26:
conducting special reconnaissance in Afghanistan, 2002
3713:
3553:
808:, although MASINT had not yet been coined as a term.
3798:
by Staff Sergeants Brent W. Dick and Kevin M. Lydon
2562:(Special Reconnaissance and Intelligence Battalion)
1063:
Go-Onto-Location-in-Space (GOLIS) for fixed targets
834:
737:If the unit needs to conduct offensive clandestine
3587:
3158:
2880:United States Marine Corps Division Reconnaissance
1672:units with an official special reconnaissance role
632:, an island in the mouth of the harbor before the
3636:
3527:"Operation Biting, Bruneval, 27th/28th Feb. 1942"
3172:
3170:
2690:United States Air Force Special Tactics Squadrons
2622:4/73 (Sphinx) Special Observation Post Battery RA
1411:
4297:
3645:
3586:Gordon, Michael R.; Trainor, Bernard E. (1995).
3441:
3406:
2902:United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper Platoons
530:
3473:
3176:
2886:United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance
1494:, aid in reducing the chance of being located.
815:, such as air-delivered Acoubuoy and Spikebuoy
691:United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance
643:
3688:"Commandos from Beyond the Silence of the Sea"
3298:"FM 3-05.102 Army Special Forces Intelligence"
3198:
3167:
2888:(Force Reconnaissance / Force Recon / FORECON)
2695:United States Air Force Special Reconnaissance
636:, by a joint CIA/military team led by Navy LT
3829:
3653:"Joint Combat ID through Situation Awareness"
3585:
1516:launchers. The availability of man-portable
1309:can be used to reduce the risk of discovery.
1078:
675:portable acoustic and electro-optical systems
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3204:
2208:1st New Zealand Special Air Service Regiment
856:equipment to gain information on the radar.
719:, and sophisticated communications systems.
99:In international law, SR is not regarded as
3843:
3549:
3547:
3328:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3015:
3013:
1478:have immense value. Laser rangefinders and
1225:are those in which combat is not expected.
869:
693:(Force Recon) is a 6-man detachment from a
523:
394:Air Force Special Operations Forces (AFSOC)
3836:
3822:
3494:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3290:
3244:. 7 March 1990. FM 31-20-5. Archived from
2998:. International Red Cross. 18 October 1907
2972:List of intelligence gathering disciplines
2882:(Division Reconnaissance / Division Recon)
2855:Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) SWAT
2841:, CIA-NSA Joint Special Collection Service
2651:30 Commando Information Exploitation Group
2533:Sri Lanka Air Force Regiment Special Force
1896:Special Support and Reconnaissance Company
713:AN/PRD-13 SOF SIGINT Manpack System (SSMS)
3336:
3307:
3227:
3038:
2845:National Underwater Reconnaissance Office
2749:reconnaissance and surveillance squadrons
2727:United States Army 75th Ranger Regiment,
1817:Marine Corps Special Operations Battalion
1581:Learn how and when to remove this message
1462:Learn how and when to remove this message
1199:Learn how and when to remove this message
1148:
1129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1034:
392:, British SAS and United States Army and
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
37:) is conducted by small units, such as a
3544:
3380:
3071:"Special Air Service Regiment - Vietnam"
3010:
2988:
1375:
1141:Post-strike reconnaissance, also called
1060:Go-Onto-Target (GOT) for moving targets,
18:
4250:Scientific & Technical intelligence
3731:. Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan: Navy ISPR.
3604:
3520:
3518:
3467:
3437:
3435:
3395:
3356:
2729:Regimental Reconnaissance Company (RRC)
2722:United States Army 75th Ranger Regiment
1341:may also be used to prevent detection.
699:Marine Special Operations Support Group
488:
4298:
3630:
3598:
3579:
3449:. Air University Press. Archived from
3259:
3049:. MacMillan Publishing Company. 1974.
2523:Sri Lanka Army Special Forces Regiment
2465:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
1918:1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment
1815:1st Special Recon Company atteched to
1805:Grupamento de Mergulhadores de Combate
1531:Reporting during and after the mission
606:Beach and shallow water reconnaissance
546:(CT), usually implies clandestine SR.
284:with support from seconded Australian
119:, which was held to be illegal at the
3817:
3720:Khan, Wajahat Saeed (12 April 2011).
3152:
2612:Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR)
961:
917:targets using the "CARVER" mnemonic:
904:
4072:By alliances, nations and industries
3719:
3515:
3500:
3432:
2912:United States Marine Raider Regiment
2819:United States Intelligence Community
2109:Directorate of Military Intelligence
1850:Canadian Special Operations Regiment
1563:adding citations to reliable sources
1534:
1444:adding citations to reliable sources
1415:
1181:adding citations to reliable sources
1152:
1111:adding citations to reliable sources
1082:
1052:support relies on one of two basic
484:(i.e. counter-guerrilla) operations.
401:tactical ballistic missile launchers
349:Special reconnaissance organizations
231:In 1942, following the onset of the
159:adding citations to reliable sources
130:
3134:"Army Wants SF Training for Scouts"
2765:United States Army LRS Detachments
2758:long-range surveillance (LRS) units
1243:operations utilize four-man units.
566:, or locate obstacles or barriers.
13:
4306:Intelligence gathering disciplines
3685:
3414:. RAND Corporation. Archived from
2967:Intelligence collection management
2187:Lithuanian Special Operation Force
1488:electronic counter-countermeasures
1282:when working alongside the Afghan
777:parachuted in teams of Vietnamese
661:and highly magnified photography,
261:The US Government established the
14:
4327:
3764:
3474:John T. Correll (November 2004).
2860:Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)
2793:United States Army Special Forces
2762:United States Army LRS Companies
2739:Battlefield Surveillance Brigades
2528:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)
1404:. Small helicopters, such as the
367:Battlefield Surveillance Brigades
16:Intelligence gathering discipline
3524:
2920:
2867:
2811:
2784:Infantry Reconnaissance Platoons
2704:
2677:
2662:
2634:
2594:
2579:
2539:
2518:Sri Lanka Army Commando Regiment
2503:
2430:
2423:Naval Special Actions Detachment
2384:
2358:
2300:
2214:
2193:
2172:
2151:
2115:
2083:
2046:
2005:
1985:
1965:
1939:
1903:
1861:
1835:
1776:1º Batalhão de Ações de Comandos
1730:
1704:
1678:
1665:
1539:
1509:carried as many as five radios.
1420:
1157:
1087:
835:TECHINT (technical intelligence)
743:electronic countermeasures (ECM)
274:Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol
135:
4220:Words of estimative probability
4082:Operational platforms by nation
3747:
3735:from the original on 2021-12-12
3665:
2556:(Special Operations Task Group)
2419:Destacamento de Ações Especiais
1923:13th Parachute Dragoon Regiment
1786:1º Batalhão de Forças Especiais
1550:needs additional citations for
1431:needs additional citations for
1384:
1246:
1168:needs additional citations for
1098:needs additional citations for
839:Capture of enemy equipment for
827:and other improvised warnings.
800:in northern Laos and Operation
427:advanced parachute capability.
280:units). However, the US Army's
233:Pacific Theater of World War II
146:needs additional citations for
84:In intelligence terms, SR is a
3802:"Riding With the Posse Part I"
3554:Joint Chiefs of Staff (1993).
3126:
3113:
3088:
3063:
2914:(United States Marine Raiders)
1772:1st Commando Actions Battalion
1766:Comando de Operações Especiais
1412:Communications and electronics
1353:feature of Soviet and Russian
1270:) or motorcycles. The British
1025:Air Force Combat Control Teams
482:Foreign Internal Defense (FID)
300:, for the purpose of locating
1:
2982:
2802:Special Operations Team-Alpha
2724:(United States Army Rangers)
2399:Tropas de Operações Especiais
2239:Pathfinder Company (Malaysia)
2066:Combat Reconnaissance Platoon
1040:SR teams could throw colored
709:Special Operations Team-Alpha
584:Remote-viewing MASINT sensors
531:Intelligence-related missions
516:Other missions may deal with
258:("long range patrol") units.
3594:. Little, Brown and Company.
3344:"18 (UKSF) Signals Regiment"
3314:L3/Linkabit Communications.
2768:United States Army LRS Teams
2627:Honourable Artillery Company
2482:45th Guards Spetznaz Brigade
1782:1st Special Forces Battalion
1693:Special Air Service Regiment
990:, the US senior commanders,
695:Radio Reconnaissance Platoon
644:IMINT (imagery intelligence)
339:and US Government Agencies.
263:Office of Strategic Services
207:Special Operations Executive
41:, made up of highly trained
7:
4268:Intelligence cycle security
3796:LRSU: EYES OF THE COMMANDER
2955:
2834:Defense Intelligence Agency
2830:Defense Clandestine Service
2554:Särskilda Operationsgruppen
2378:1 Pułk Specjalny Komandosów
1724:1st Para-Commando Battalion
1503:Joint Tactical Radio System
478:Unconventional Warfare (UW)
405:direct airstrikes onto them
194:Secret Intelligence Service
10:
4332:
3637:Douglas C. Waller (1994).
2875:United States Marine Corps
2839:Special Collection Service
2646:Special Boat Service (SBS)
2409:Precursores Aeroterrestres
2336:Special Service Group Navy
1762:Special Operations Brigade
1750:Parachute Infantry Brigade
1331:
1239:Teams are 6-man teams. UK
1079:Post-strike reconnaissance
806:geophysical MASINT sensors
461:Political considerations:
346:
312:, intelligence gathering,
276:members (now known as the
237:Allied Intelligence Bureau
126:
4258:
4200:
4160:
4105:
4062:
3927:
3889:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3442:Haas, Michael E. (1997).
3407:Rosenau, William (2000).
3047:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2977:Special Activities Center
2607:Special Air Service (SAS)
2470:Special Operations Forces
2403:Special Operations Troops
2258:Royal Malaysian Air Force
1954:Special Operations Forces
1514:precision-guided munition
1501:. The immensely flexible
783:Vietnamese Special Forces
724:18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment
205:to form the basis of the
3159:Department of the Army.
2948:United States Navy SEALs
2488:Russian commando frogmen
2445:Federal Security Service
1928:Commando Parachute Group
1322:United States Navy SEALs
882:For example, during the
870:Specific data collection
654:unmanned aerial vehicles
608:, immediately before an
596:United States Navy SEALs
499:foreign internal defense
369:(BfSB) have specialized
282:5th Special Forces Group
250:(1939–40) and the
109:Fourth Geneva Convention
105:Hague Convention of 1907
4235:Intelligence assessment
4225:All-source intelligence
3845:Intelligence management
3790:Long Range Surveillance
3025:International Red Cross
2685:United States Air Force
2560:Underrättelsebataljonen
2292:Special Task and Rescue
1801:Combat Divers Groupment
1490:, and techniques, like
1237:Long Range Surveillance
794:Forward Air Controllers
574:weather instrumentation
371:Long Range Surveillance
278:Long Range Surveillance
222:Long Range Desert Group
53:organizations. Special
3919:Operational techniques
3874:Special reconnaissance
3529:. Paul. Archived from
3490:on September 30, 2007.
2270:Royal Malaysian Police
2030:Special Frontier Force
1959:State Security Service
1890:two-man arctic patrols
1811:Brazilian Marine Corps
1499:software-defined radio
1381:
1374:
1359:forward air controller
1149:Operational techniques
1143:bomb damage assessment
1046:Forward Air Controller
1035:Directing fire support
988:Operation Desert Storm
977:Operation Desert Storm
618:77th Infantry Division
507:unconventional warfare
318:bomb damage assessment
218:North African Campaign
75:unconventional warfare
31:Special reconnaissance
27:
3501:CACI (9 April 2002).
2320:Special Service Group
2287:Malaysian Coast Guard
1698:2nd Commando Regiment
1379:
1370:
1212:directing the fires.
813:Operation Igloo White
728:secure communications
685:If there is a ground
592:sink into the surface
480:(i.e., guerrilla) or
306:North Vietnamese Army
192:In 1938, the British
51:military intelligence
22:
4240:Medical intelligence
4210:Competing hypotheses
4020:Industrial espionage
4005:Denial and deception
3486:(11). Archived from
2751:(R&S squadrons)
2413:Air-Land Pathfinders
2349:Special Service Wing
2280:Special Actions Unit
2246:Royal Malaysian Navy
2035:Garud Commando Force
1933:2nd Hussars Regiment
1670:Many countries have
1559:improve this article
1440:improve this article
1326:Special Boat Service
1223:Greenside Operations
1177:improve this article
1107:improve this article
1004:Peter de la Billière
864:Operation Rooster 53
831:differentiate them.
663:low-light television
600:Special Boat Service
598:or United Kingdom's
489:Appropriate missions
432:signals intelligence
359:brigade combat teams
216:In 1941, during the
155:improve this article
4273:Counterintelligence
4188:Technical (TECHINT)
4183:Open-source (OSINT)
4173:Geospatial (GEOINT)
4147:Casualty estimation
3456:on October 17, 2004
3119:Ankony, Robert C.,
2574:(Parachute Rangers)
1272:Special Air Service
1241:Special Air Service
888:Special Air Service
705:Army Special Forces
314:forward air control
226:Special Air Service
4245:Military geography
4230:Basic intelligence
4168:Financial (FININT)
4109:signature (MASINT)
4035:One-way voice link
3971:Concealment device
3686:Baloch, Qaim Ali.
3641:. Dell Publishing.
3568:on August 17, 2000
3480:Air Force Magazine
3368:eliteukforces.info
3364:"Task Force Black"
2927:United States Navy
2799:United States Army
2782:United States Army
2755:United States Army
2745:United States Army
2736:United States Army
2712:United States Army
2617:Pathfinder Platoon
2344:Pakistan Air Force
1855:Joint Task Force 2
1492:burst transmission
1382:
1339:Burst transmission
1266:or long-wheelbase
1257:infiltrate by foot
1220:Marine Force Recon
1054:guidance paradigms
996:Norman Schwarzkopf
962:Target acquisition
905:Offensive missions
739:electronic warfare
610:amphibious landing
537:area of operations
495:counter-insurgency
361:– now the army's "
310:artillery spotting
308:units, as well as
298:Nha Trang, Vietnam
228:a commando group.
86:human intelligence
43:military personnel
28:
4293:
4292:
4196:
4195:
4087:Direction finding
4077:In modern history
4058:
4057:
3140:. 31 October 2017
2795:("Green Berets")
2572:Fallskärmsjägarna
2568:(Coastal Rangers)
1591:
1590:
1583:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1293:and disembark by
1284:Northern Alliance
1280:rode on horseback
1209:
1208:
1201:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1069:close air support
771:Ho Chi Minh trail
717:computer networks
444:biological agents
373:(LRS) companies.
187:
186:
179:
4323:
4092:Traffic analysis
4064:Signals (SIGINT)
3899:Asset recruiting
3867:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3726:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3694:. Archived from
3683:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3561:. Archived from
3560:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:on 27 March 2022
3522:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3404:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3272:. Archived from
3271:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3212:. Archived from
3206:William J. Perry
3202:
3196:
3195:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3138:www.military.com
3130:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3075:en.wikipedia.org
3067:
3061:
3060:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2992:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2816:
2815:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2098:Army Ranger Wing
2089:
2087:
2086:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1543:
1535:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1424:
1416:
1318:delivery vehicle
1204:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1161:
1153:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1091:
1083:
1073:laser designator
861:Sayeret Matkal's
845:Operation Biting
817:acoustic sensors
732:Task Force Black
634:Battle of Inchon
616:elements of the
440:chemical weapons
333:Ranger-qualified
252:Continuation War
182:
175:
171:
168:
162:
139:
131:
121:Nuremberg Trials
4331:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4254:
4192:
4178:Imagery (IMINT)
4156:
4117:Electro-optical
4108:
4107:Measurement and
4101:
4054:
4030:Numbers station
3959:Black operation
3923:
3885:
3847:
3842:
3804:by Mike Gifford
3767:
3762:
3757:. 7 April 2014.
3753:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3729:www.youtube.com
3724:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:www.youtube.com
3684:
3680:
3675:. 7 April 2014.
3671:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3584:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3536:
3534:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3396:
3385:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3178:Suvorov, Viktor
3175:
3168:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2962:Combat tracking
2958:
2921:
2919:
2868:
2866:
2810:
2705:
2703:
2678:
2676:
2663:
2661:
2635:
2633:
2595:
2593:
2580:
2578:
2540:
2538:
2504:
2502:
2431:
2429:
2385:
2383:
2359:
2357:
2301:
2299:
2234:Grup Gerak Khas
2215:
2213:
2194:
2192:
2173:
2171:
2152:
2150:
2116:
2114:
2084:
2082:
2047:
2045:
2006:
2004:
1986:
1984:
1966:
1964:
1940:
1938:
1904:
1902:
1881:Frømandskorpset
1862:
1860:
1836:
1834:
1731:
1729:
1705:
1703:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1587:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1556:
1544:
1533:
1468:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1437:
1425:
1414:
1387:
1334:
1249:
1205:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1174:
1162:
1151:
1135:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1104:
1092:
1081:
1037:
1016:MH-53J Pave Low
964:
907:
872:
837:
751:
683:
667:thermal imagers
646:
552:
533:
524:Target analysis
491:
417:combat swimming
351:
345:
304:and main force
302:enemy guerrilla
211:occupied Europe
183:
172:
166:
163:
152:
140:
129:
45:, usually from
17:
12:
11:
5:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4316:Reconnaissance
4313:
4311:Special forces
4308:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4215:Target-centric
4212:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4139:
4137:Radiofrequency
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3870:
3864:
3862:Human (HUMINT)
3855:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3765:External links
3763:
3761:
3760:
3746:
3712:
3678:
3664:
3644:
3629:
3597:
3578:
3543:
3514:
3493:
3466:
3431:
3421:on 6 June 2006
3394:
3379:
3355:
3335:
3306:
3289:
3258:
3226:
3197:
3190:
3166:
3151:
3125:
3112:
3100:www.awm.gov.au
3087:
3062:
3055:
3037:
3009:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2827:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2719:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2587:United Kingdom
2576:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2324:"Black Storks"
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2229:Malaysian Army
2211:
2210:
2190:
2189:
2169:
2168:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:Sayeret Matkal
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2043:
2042:
2040:Ghatak Platoon
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:Para Commandos
2002:
2001:
1982:
1981:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1883:
1878:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1808:
1796:Brazilian Navy
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1759:
1756:
1745:Brazilian Army
1727:
1726:
1721:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1589:
1588:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1470:
1469:
1428:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1386:
1383:
1333:
1330:
1248:
1245:
1230:Special Forces
1207:
1206:
1165:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1095:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1042:smoke grenades
1036:
1033:
963:
960:
959:
958:
951:
945:
939:
932:
926:
906:
903:
871:
868:
849:Würzburg radar
836:
833:
767:Remote sensing
750:
747:
682:
679:
645:
642:
560:trafficability
551:
548:
544:counter-terror
532:
529:
490:
487:
486:
485:
474:
470:
466:
459:
413:mountaineering
363:unit of action
344:
341:
337:Special Forces
294:Recondo School
196:(MI6) and the
185:
184:
143:
141:
134:
128:
125:
113:Commando Order
55:reconnaissance
47:special forces
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4328:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4278:organizations
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4260:Dissemination
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Steganography
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Interrogation
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Eavesdropping
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Direct action
3912:
3910:
3909:Covert action
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3879:organizations
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3756:
3750:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3701:on 2020-04-21
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3654:
3648:
3640:
3633:
3619:on 2008-02-27
3615:
3608:
3605:Ripley, Tim.
3601:
3592:
3591:
3582:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3548:
3532:
3528:
3525:Paul, James.
3521:
3519:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3476:"Igloo White"
3470:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3383:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3345:
3339:
3331:
3325:
3317:
3310:
3299:
3293:
3279:on 2007-12-16
3275:
3268:
3262:
3248:on 4 May 2008
3247:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3216:on 2007-07-05
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3193:
3191:0-671-68917-7
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3155:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3014:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:United States
2655:
2654:Royal Marines
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:Pakistan Navy
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:Pakistan Army
2313:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:Cavalry Corps
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1886:Sirius Patrol
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
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1716:
1715:
1713:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1675:
1674:, including:
1673:
1666:Example units
1663:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
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1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1585:
1582:
1574:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1548:This section
1546:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1466:
1463:
1455:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1429:This section
1427:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1360:
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1296:
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1287:
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1273:
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1260:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
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1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1200:
1192:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1166:This section
1164:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1133:
1130:
1122:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1096:This section
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
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978:
974:
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936:
933:
930:
927:
923:
920:
919:
918:
914:
912:
902:
899:
894:
891:conventional
889:
885:
884:Falklands War
880:
876:
867:
865:
862:
857:
855:
850:
846:
842:
832:
828:
826:
820:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:Project DELTA
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
746:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
678:
676:
672:
671:imaging radar
668:
664:
660:
655:
650:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
601:
597:
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589:
585:
581:
579:
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571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
547:
545:
540:
538:
528:
525:
521:
519:
514:
512:
511:direct action
508:
504:
500:
496:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:
460:
457:
456:
455:
451:
449:
448:radioactivity
445:
441:
435:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
408:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
350:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:War on Terror
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
241:Coastwatchers
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
203:Department EH
199:
195:
190:
181:
178:
170:
160:
156:
150:
149:
144:This section
142:
138:
133:
132:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
71:direct action
68:
67:indirect fire
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:units and/or
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
24:US Navy SEALs
21:
4050:Surveillance
4040:Resident spy
3981:Cryptography
3873:
3749:
3737:. Retrieved
3728:
3715:
3703:. Retrieved
3696:the original
3691:
3681:
3667:
3656:. Retrieved
3647:
3638:
3632:
3621:. Retrieved
3614:the original
3600:
3589:
3581:
3570:. Retrieved
3563:the original
3535:. Retrieved
3531:the original
3506:. Retrieved
3496:
3488:the original
3483:
3479:
3469:
3458:. Retrieved
3451:the original
3423:. Retrieved
3416:the original
3388:
3382:
3371:. Retrieved
3367:
3358:
3347:. Retrieved
3338:
3309:
3303:. July 2001.
3292:
3281:. Retrieved
3274:the original
3261:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:the original
3218:. Retrieved
3214:the original
3200:
3181:
3160:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3137:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3074:
3065:
3046:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3000:. Retrieved
2990:
2660:
2602:British Army
2577:
2537:
2501:
2493:
2476:Spetsnaz GRU
2457:Vympel Group
2428:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2382:
2356:
2323:
2298:
2212:
2191:
2170:
2149:
2135:Shaldag Unit
2113:
2081:
2068:(Ton Taipur)
2044:
2003:
1983:
1963:
1937:
1901:
1889:
1876:Jægerkorpset
1859:
1833:
1820:
1804:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1753:
1728:
1702:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1615:need-to-know
1592:
1577:
1568:
1557:Please help
1552:verification
1549:
1522:
1511:
1507:Son Tay raid
1496:
1473:
1458:
1449:
1438:Please help
1433:verification
1430:
1391:
1388:
1385:Exfiltration
1371:
1351:
1347:boobytrapped
1343:
1335:
1311:
1288:
1277:
1264:dune buggies
1261:
1250:
1247:Infiltration
1218:
1214:
1210:
1195:
1186:
1175:Please help
1170:verification
1167:
1140:
1125:
1116:
1105:Please help
1100:verification
1097:
1066:
1050:
1038:
1012:
992:Colin Powell
985:
981:
965:
953:
947:
941:
934:
928:
925:destruction?
921:
915:
908:
898:secure radio
886:of 1982, UK
881:
877:
873:
858:
838:
829:
821:
810:
787:
775:LEAPING LENA
752:
736:
722:The British
721:
703:
684:
652:Lightweight
651:
647:
638:Eugene Clark
630:Yeongheungdo
622:Kerama Retto
614:
604:
588:penetrometer
582:
568:
556:hydrographic
553:
541:
534:
522:
515:
492:
452:
436:
429:
409:
386:exfiltration
383:
375:
352:
322:
267:
260:
255:
245:
230:
215:
191:
188:
173:
164:
153:Please help
148:verification
145:
117:World War II
98:
94:surveillance
83:
81:operations.
77:, including
38:
34:
30:
29:
4122:Geophysical
3904:Cell system
3891:Clandestine
3739:10 February
3705:10 February
3105:13 November
3080:13 November
3045:"Finland".
3030:11 November
3002:11 November
2566:Kustjägarna
2451:Alpha Group
2275:69 Commando
2201:New Zealand
2140:Shayetet 13
1480:designators
1394:McGuire rig
1324:or British
1295:fast roping
1268:Land Rovers
1253:stay behind
1008:Dick Cheney
969:Ho Chi Minh
802:STEEL TIGER
798:BARREL ROLL
779:Montagnards
626:main battle
624:before the
576:. Portable
564:fordability
463:Clandestine
323:During the
270:Vietnam War
268:During the
256:kaukopartio
246:During the
4300:Categories
4151:earthquake
4015:False flag
3853:Collection
3658:2010-08-05
3623:2007-11-11
3572:2007-11-13
3537:2007-11-10
3508:2007-10-15
3460:2007-11-16
3425:2007-11-11
3373:2007-11-16
3349:2007-11-16
3283:2007-11-17
3252:2007-11-11
3220:2007-11-11
3184:. Pocket.
3144:2 December
3056:0028800109
2983:References
2641:Royal Navy
1999:Fernspäher
1712:Bangladesh
1484:encryption
1349:supplies.
1291:helicopter
707:(SF) have
659:stabilized
347:See also:
248:Winter War
198:War Office
63:airstrikes
39:recon team
4142:Materials
3996:Defection
3991:Dead drop
3964:black bag
3929:Espionage
2943:Navy SWCC
2511:Sri Lanka
2180:Lithuania
2054:Indonesia
1686:Australia
1400:rig, and
1368:officer,
1299:parachute
1018:and Army
1000:Coalition
973:Scud hunt
825:tripwires
509:(UW), or
503:guerrilla
469:required.
107:, or the
101:espionage
79:guerrilla
4202:Analysis
4000:Turncoat
3947:handling
3733:Archived
3725:(.watch)
3699:(.watch)
3324:cite web
3180:(1990).
2956:See also
2741:(BfSBs)
2494:Razvedka
2392:Portugal
2308:Pakistan
2222:Malaysia
2061:Kopassus
1657:quipment
1571:May 2014
1452:May 2014
1402:SPIE rig
1355:Spetsnaz
1314:swimming
1189:May 2014
1119:May 2014
763:magnetic
753:Passive
473:country.
390:Gulf War
355:platoons
329:platoons
167:May 2014
90:scouting
59:commando
4149: (
4127:Nuclear
4097:TEMPEST
2939:(SERTs)
2832:of the
2091:Ireland
2077:Kopaska
1993:Germany
1947:Georgia
1869:Denmark
1639:ocation
1633:ctivity
1603:TECHINT
1525:Link 16
1361:, by a
1332:Support
1234:US Army
1227:US Army
986:During
975:during
938:target.
841:TECHINT
781:led by
759:seismic
578:devices
501:(FID),
378:cavalry
127:History
96:units.
3986:Cutout
3937:Agents
3188:
3053:
2872:
2817:
2709:
2682:
2667:
2599:
2584:
2547:Sweden
2544:
2508:
2447:"FSB"
2438:Russia
2435:
2389:
2366:Poland
2363:
2338:(SSGN)
2322:(SSG)
2305:
2263:PASKAU
2251:PASKAL
2219:
2198:
2177:
2156:
2145:Maglan
2123:Israel
2120:
2088:
2072:Taifib
2051:
2025:MARCOS
2010:
1990:
1973:Greece
1970:
1944:
1911:France
1908:
1866:
1843:Canada
1840:
1738:Brazil
1735:
1709:
1683:
1611:MASINT
1609:, and
1607:SIGINT
1595:HUMINT
1020:MH-47E
755:MASINT
741:, any
687:SIGINT
570:MASINT
513:(DA).
316:, and
235:, the
4161:Other
4132:Radar
3976:Cover
3954:Asset
3942:field
3617:(PDF)
3610:(PDF)
3566:(PDF)
3559:(PDF)
3454:(PDF)
3447:(PDF)
3419:(PDF)
3412:(PDF)
3301:(PDF)
3277:(PDF)
3270:(PDF)
2747:BfSB
2351:(SSW)
2159:Italy
2100:(ARW)
2013:India
1719:SWADS
1599:IMINT
1398:STABO
1029:AWACS
957:used.
854:ELINT
446:, or
290:AATTV
115:" of
3741:2019
3707:2019
3330:link
3186:ISBN
3146:2017
3107:2021
3082:2021
3051:ISBN
3032:2007
3004:2007
2373:GROM
1518:UAVs
1406:MH-6
1363:MACV
1307:HAHO
1303:HALO
1067:For
994:and
669:and
425:HALO
423:and
421:HAHO
403:and
398:Scud
288:and
286:SASR
92:and
73:and
65:and
2368:::
2310:::
1651:ime
1645:nit
1627:ize
1561:by
1476:GPS
1442:by
1366:SOG
1316:or
1305:or
1179:by
1109:by
1056::
911:CAS
893:LRS
620:on
562:or
415:or
296:in
213:.
157:by
4302::
3998:/
3727:.
3690:.
3546:^
3517:^
3484:87
3482:.
3478:.
3434:^
3397:^
3366:.
3326:}}
3322:{{
3229:^
3208:.
3169:^
3136:.
3098:.
3073:.
3023:.
3012:^
2672::
2589::
2549::
2513::
2440::
2394::
2224::
2203::
2182::
2161::
2125::
2093::
2056::
2015::
1949::
1913::
1871::
1845::
1768:)
1740::
1714::
1688::
1605:,
1601:,
1486:,
1396:,
1301:;
1286:.
1075:.
1031:.
1002:,
979:.
785:.
761:,
734:.
701:.
677:.
665:,
602:.
520:.
497:,
450:.
442:,
320:.
123:.
35:SR
4153:)
3837:e
3830:t
3823:v
3743:.
3709:.
3661:.
3626:.
3575:.
3540:.
3511:.
3463:.
3428:.
3391:.
3376:.
3352:.
3332:)
3318:.
3286:.
3255:.
3223:.
3194:.
3163:.
3148:.
3109:.
3084:.
3059:.
3034:.
3006:.
2425:)
2421:(
2415:)
2411:(
2405:)
2401:(
1898:.
1892:)
1888:(
1823:)
1819:(
1807:)
1803:(
1788:)
1784:(
1778:)
1774:(
1764:(
1752:(
1655:E
1649:T
1643:U
1637:L
1631:A
1625:S
1584:)
1578:(
1573:)
1569:(
1555:.
1465:)
1459:(
1454:)
1450:(
1436:.
1202:)
1196:(
1191:)
1187:(
1173:.
1132:)
1126:(
1121:)
1117:(
1103:.
954:R
948:E
942:V
935:R
929:A
922:C
505:/
180:)
174:(
169:)
165:(
151:.
33:(
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