537:. In that context, "specified" meant what in later work he called "pre-specified", that is specified by the unnamed designer before any information about the outcome is known. The value of the universal probability bound corresponds to the inverse of the upper limit of "the total number of specified events throughout cosmic history", as calculated by Dembski. Anything below this bound has CSI. The terms "specified complexity" and "complex specified information" are used interchangeably. In more recent papers Dembski has redefined the universal probability bound, with reference to another number, corresponding to the total number of bit operations that could possibly have been performed in the entire history of the universe.
1301:: CSI cannot occur naturally because Dembski has defined it thus. They argue that to successfully demonstrate the existence of CSI, it would be necessary to show that some biological feature undoubtedly has an extremely low probability of occurring by any natural means whatsoever, something which Dembski and others have almost never attempted to do. Such calculations depend on the accurate assessment of numerous contributing probabilities, the determination of which is often necessarily subjective. Hence, CSI can at most provide a "very high probability", but not absolute certainty.
40:
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607:(1984) "to describe the weaker claim that deterministic laws cannot produce novel information." The actual validity and utility of Dembski's proposed law are uncertain; it is neither widely used by the scientific community nor cited in mainstream scientific literature. A 2002 essay by Erik Tellgren provided a mathematical rebuttal of Dembski's law and concludes that it is "mathematically unsubstantiated."
1249:
properties of things of different types: Complexity measures how hard it is to describe an object (such as a bitstring), information is how much the uncertainty about the state of an object is reduced by knowing the state of another object or system, and improbability measures how unlikely an event is given a probability distribution.
1281:
differently modified while others remain the same, allowing information to increase. These increasing and reductional mappings were not modeled by
Dembski. In other words, Dembski's calculations do not model birth and death. This basic flaw in his modeling renders all of Dembski's subsequent calculations and reasoning in
553:, with the whole being greater than the sum of the parts, and that this decisively eliminates Darwinian evolution as a possible means of its "creation". Dembski maintains that by process of elimination, CSI is best explained as being due to intelligence, and is therefore a reliable indicator of design.
1330:
Other commentators have noted that evolution through selection is frequently used to design certain electronic, aeronautic and automotive systems which are considered problems too complex for human "intelligent designers". This contradicts the argument that an intelligent designer is required for the
1315:
that any one player would win is not the same as proving that there is the same chance that no one will win. Similarly, it has been argued that "a space of possibilities is merely being explored, and we, as pattern-seeking animals, are merely imposing patterns, and therefore targets, after the fact."
1248:
The soundness of
Dembski's concept of specified complexity and the validity of arguments based on this concept are widely disputed. A frequent criticism (see Elsberry and Shallit) is that Dembski has used the terms "complexity", "information" and "improbability" interchangeably. These numbers measure
1314:
probability (probabilitly as observed after event occurs) of its happening is exactly one, since we observed it happening. This is similar to the observation that it is unlikely that any given person will win a lottery, but, eventually, a lottery will have a winner; to argue that it is very unlikely
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To arrive at the ranking upper bound of 10 patterns, Dembski considers a specification pattern for the flagellum defined by the (natural language) predicate "bidirectional rotary motor-driven propeller", which he regards as being determined by four independently chosen basic concepts. He furthermore
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Whereas Orgel used the term for biological features which are considered in science to have arisen through a process of evolution, Dembski says that it describes features which cannot form through "undirected" evolution—and concludes that it allows one to infer intelligent design. While Orgel
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Dembski argues that it is impossible for specified complexity to exist in patterns displayed by configurations formed by unguided processes. Therefore, Dembski argues, the fact that specified complex patterns can be found in living things indicates some kind of guidance in their formation, which is
1318:
Apart from such theoretical considerations, critics cite reports of evidence of the kind of evolutionary "spontanteous generation" that
Dembski claims is too improbable to occur naturally. For example, in 1982, B.G. Hall published research demonstrating that after removing a gene that allows sugar
1346:
The field of artificial life evidently poses a significant challenge to
Dembski's claims about the failure of evolutionary algorithms to generate complexity. Indeed, artificial life researchers regularly find their simulations of evolution producing the sorts of novelties and increased complexity
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cannot gain information. He therefore concludes that there must be a designer to obtain CSI. However, natural selection has a branching mapping from one to many (replication) followed by pruning mapping of the many back down to a few (selection). When information is replicated, some copies can be
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Think of S as trying to determine whether an archer, who has just shot an arrow at a large wall, happened to hit a tiny target on that wall by chance. The arrow, let us say, is indeed sticking squarely in this tiny target. The problem, however, is that there are lots of other tiny targets on the
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Dembski asserts that specified complexity is present in a configuration when it can be described by a pattern that displays a large amount of independently specified information and is also complex, which he defines as having a low probability of occurrence. He provides the following examples to
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and chance, or by their combination. He argues that this is so because laws can only shift around or lose information, but do not produce it, and because chance can produce complex unspecified information, or simple specified information, but not CSI; he provides a mathematical analysis that he
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complexity. Crystals are usually taken as the prototypes of simple well-specified structures, because they consist of a very large number of identical molecules packed together in a uniform way. Lumps of granite or random mixtures of polymers are examples of structures that are complex but not
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Dembski's critics note that specified complexity, as originally defined by Leslie Orgel, is precisely what
Darwinian evolution is supposed to create. Critics maintain that Dembski uses "complex" as most people would use "absurdly improbable". They also claim that his argument is
1081:" (IC), which leads him to assume that the flagellum could not come about by any gradual or step-wise process. The validity of Dembski's particular calculation is thus wholly dependent on Behe's IC concept, and therefore susceptible to its criticisms, of which there are many.
1304:
Another criticism refers to the problem of "arbitrary but specific outcomes". For example, if a coin is tossed randomly 1000 times, the probability of any particular outcome occurring is roughly one in 10. For any particular specific outcome of the coin-tossing process, the
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most complex systems. Such evolutionary techniques can lead to designs that are difficult to understand or evaluate since no human understands which trade-offs were made in the evolutionary process, something which mimics our poor understanding of biological systems.
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According to
Dembski, the number of such "replicational resources" can be bounded by "the maximal number of bit operations that the known, observable universe could have performed throughout its entire multi-billion year history", which according to Lloyd is 10.
815:
can be bounded by 10. This number is supposedly justified by a result of Seth Lloyd in which he determines that the number of elementary logic operations that can have been performed in the universe over its entire history cannot exceed 10 operations on 10 bits.
522:. Specified complexity is fundamental to his approach to intelligent design, and each of his subsequent books has also dealt significantly with the concept. He has stated that, in his opinion, "if there is a way to detect design, specified complexity is it".
1173:
From the standpoint of
Kolmogorov complexity theory, this calculation is problematic. Quoting Ellsberry and Shallit "Natural language specification without restriction, as Dembski tacitly permits, seems problematic. For one thing, it results in the
428:
states: "Dembski's work is riddled with inconsistencies, equivocation, flawed use of mathematics, poor scholarship, and misrepresentation of others' results." Another objection concerns
Dembski's calculation of probabilities. According to
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When
Tellgren investigated Dembski's "Law of Conservation of Information” using a more formal approach, he concluded it is mathematically unsubstantiated. Dembski responded in part that he is not "in the business of offering a strict
999:. This structure can be described by the pattern "bidirectional rotary motor-driven propeller". Dembski estimates that there are at most 10 patterns described by four basic concepts or fewer, and so his test for design will apply if
900:
1178:". These authors add: "We have no objection to natural language specifications per se, provided there is some evident way to translate them to Dembski's formal framework. But what, precisely, is the space of events Ω here?"
526:
demonstrate the concept: "A single letter of the alphabet is specified without being complex. A long sentence of random letters is complex without being specified. A Shakespearean sonnet is both complex and specified."
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These methods assume that all of the constituent parts of the flagellum must have been generated completely at random, a scenario that biologists do not seriously consider. He justifies this approach by appealing to
1064:
978:
However, according to
Elsberry and Shallit, " has not been defined formally in any reputable peer-reviewed mathematical journal, nor (to the best of our knowledge) adopted by any researcher in information theory."
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probability (probability measured before event happens) that this pattern occurred is thus one in 10, which is astronomically smaller than Dembski's universal probability bound of one in 10. Yet we know that the
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According to Martin Nowak, a Harvard professor of mathematics and evolutionary biology "We cannot calculate the probability that an eye came about. We don't have the information to make the calculation".
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The specified complexity in a closed system of natural causes either has been in the system eternally or was at some point added exogenously (implying that the system, though now closed, was not always
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digestion in certain bacteria, those bacteria, when grown in media rich in sugar, rapidly evolve new sugar-digesting enzymes to replace those removed. Another widely cited example is the discovery of
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However, Dembski says that the precise calculation of the relevant probability "has yet to be done", although he also claims that some methods for calculating these probabilities "are now in place".
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assumes that English has the capability to express at most 10 basic concepts (an upper bound on the size of a dictionary). Dembski then claims that we can obtain the rough upper bound of
385:
the inability of evolutionary algorithms to select or generate configurations of high specified complexity. Dembski states that specified complexity is a reliable marker of design by an
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Kolmogorov complexity provides a measure of the computational resources needed to specify a pattern (such as a DNA sequence or a sequence of alphabetic characters). Given a pattern
273:
433:, a Harvard professor of mathematics and evolutionary biology, "We cannot calculate the probability that an eye came about. We don't have the information to make the calculation."
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In particular any closed system of natural causes that is also of finite duration received whatever specified complexity it contains before it became a closed system.
1986:
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where they discussed "design detection" and redefined "specified complexity" as a way of measuring information. Another contribution to the book was written by
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Dembski's expression σ is unrelated to any known concept in information theory, though he claims he can justify its relevance as follows: An intelligent agent
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1258:"In this section I will present an in-principle mathematical argument for why natural causes are incapable of generating complex specified information."
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specified. The crystals fail to qualify as living because they lack complexity; the mixtures of polymers fail to qualify because they lack specificity.
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employed the concept in a qualitative way, Dembski's use is intended to be quantitative. Dembski's use of the concept dates to his 1998 monograph
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This strong proscriptive claim, that natural causes can only transmit CSI but never originate it, I call the Law of Conservation of Information.
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pattern is one that is unlikely to occur by chance. An example cited by Dembski is a poker hand, where for example the repeated appearance of a
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1005:
623:. In general terms, Dembski proposes to view design inference as a statistical test to reject a chance hypothesis P on a space of outcomes Ω.
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The concept of specified complexity is widely regarded as mathematically unsound and has not been the basis for further independent work in
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will raise suspicion of cheating. Proponents of intelligent design use specified complexity as one of their two main arguments, along with
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Thus far, Dembski's only attempt at calculating the specified complexity of a naturally occurring biological structure is in his book
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wall. Once all those other targets are factored in, is it still unlikely that the archer could have hit any of them by chance?
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and assigns it to some reference class of events Ω and within this reference class considers it as satisfying a specification
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that applies to the configuration and whose specified complexity exceeds 1. This condition can be restated as the inequality
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and in other functional biological molecules, and argues that it cannot be generated by the only known natural mechanisms of
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819:
Dembski's main claim is that the following test can be used to infer design for a configuration: There is a target pattern
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In a more recent paper, Dembski provides an account which he claims is simpler and adheres more closely to the theory of
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claims demonstrates that law and chance working together cannot generate CSI, either. Moreover, he claims that CSI is
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states that Demski's mathematical argument has multiple problems, for example; a crucial calculation on page 297 of
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that produce enzymes only useful for digesting synthetic materials that did not exist prior to the invention of
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393:. Specified complexity is what Dembski terms an "explanatory filter": one can recognize design by detecting
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Living organisms are mysterious not for their complexity per se, but for their tightly specified complexity
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533:(CSI) as being present in a specified event whose probability did not exceed 1 in 10, which he calls the
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686:) thus provides a ranking of patterns from the simplest to the most complex. For example, for a pattern
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was criticised for not addressing the work of researchers who use computer simulations to investigate
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353:. According to Dembski, the concept can formalize a property that singles out patterns that are both
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corresponds roughly to repeated attempts to create and discern a pattern. Dembski then asserts that
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by Rich Baldwin, from Information Theory and Creationism, compiled by Ian Musgrave and Rich Baldwin
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2084:- open-source software that demonstrates evolution in artificial life, written by Gerald de Jong
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Possible targets with complexity ranking and probability not exceeding those of attained target
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466:. Orgel used the phrase in discussing the differences between life and non-living structures:
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1482:"Information Theory, Evolutionary Computation, and Dembski's 'Complex Specified Information"
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The specified complexity in a closed system of natural causes remains constant or decreases.
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s descriptive complexity and improbability by multiple agents witnessing multiple events.
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In addition, we need to factor in what I call the replicational resources associated with
8:
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895:{\displaystyle 10^{120}\times \varphi (T)\times \operatorname {P} (T)<{\frac {1}{2}}.}
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Dembski notes that the term "Law of Conservation of Information" was previously used by
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The specified complexity cannot be generated spontaneously, originate endogenously or
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1400:
Olofsson, P., "Intelligent design and mathematical statistics: a troubled alliance",
674:, the number of other patterns may have Kolmogorov complexity no larger than that of
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463:
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might be the composite event consisting of all die tosses that land on an even face.
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Committee for Skeptical Inquiry - Reality Check, The Emperor's New Designer Clothes
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Dembski asserts that CSI exists in numerous features of living things, such as in
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indicative of intelligence. Dembski further argues that one can show by applying
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2014:
Not a Free Lunch But a Box of Chocolates - A critique of William Dembski's book
1946:
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The Design Revolution: Answering the Toughest Questions About Intelligent Design
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irrelevant because his basic model does not reflect reality. Since the basis of
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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401:). Dembski argues that the unguided emergence of CSI solely according to known
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2013:
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If Only Darwinists Scrutinized Their Own Work as Closely: A Response to "Erik"
1661:"Searching Large Spaces: Displacement and the No Free Lunch Regress (356k PDF)
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William Dembski's treatment of the No Free Lunch theorems is written in jello
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is the number of "replicational resources" available "to witnessing agents".
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for the inability of material mechanisms to generate specified complexity".
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relies on this flawed argument, the entire thesis of the book collapses.
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1059:{\displaystyle \operatorname {P} (T)<{\frac {1}{2}}\times 10^{-140}.}
1979:
B.G. Hall (1982). "Evolution of a regulated operon in the laboratory",
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1160:{\displaystyle 10^{20}=10^{5}\times 10^{5}\times 10^{5}\times 10^{5}}
691:
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The Mathematical Intelligencer, Vol. 23, No. 4, Fall 2001, pp. 3–8.
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for the set of patterns described by four basic concepts or fewer.
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Dembski claims he can demonstrate his thesis mathematically:
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Immediate corollaries of the proposed law are the following:
966:, that is, all the opportunities to bring about an event of
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How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God
1453:
Dembski "displaces Darwinism" mathematically -- or does he?
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The Evolution List - Genetic ID and the Explanatory Filter
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Adami, Christoph; Ofria, Charles; Collier, Travis (2000).
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459:
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The term "specified complexity" was originally coined by
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pattern is one that admits short descriptions, whereas a
1746:(2002-05-24). "Computational Capacity of the Universe".
495:, who took this up as the basis of his subsequent work.
1702:
Specification: The Pattern that Signifies intelligence
982:
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In brief, living organisms are distinguished by their
1551:"Salk Chemical Evolution Scientist Leslie Orgel Dies"
1428:"Information Theory and Creationism: William Dembski"
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Dissecting Dembski's "Complex Specified Information"
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Dissecting Dembski's "Complex Specified Information"
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Dembski defines specified complexity of the pattern
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The Origins of Life: Molecules and Natural Selection
1998:
Evolutionary algorithms now surpass human designers
2023:Information Theory and Creationism William Dembski
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1902:"On Dembski's Law Of Conservation Of Information"
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1826:
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1690:Erik Tellgren. talkreason.org, 2002. (PDF file)
1688:On Dembski's law of conservation of information
1479:
502:to qualify the complexity of living organisms:
487:in a chapter they contributed to the 1994 book
799:) is the probability of observing the pattern
1899:
1670:", pp. 15-16, describing an argument made by
1649:Intelligent Design as a Theory of Information
1358:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
906:Dembski's explanation of specified complexity
694:, Dembski claims to obtain the upper bound φ(
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1519:
1517:
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479:The phrase was taken up by the creationists
1480:Elsberry, Wesley; Shallit, Jeffrey (2003).
1938:
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1731:Introduction to the Theory of Computation
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1276:Dembski's calculations show how a simple
1236:Learn how and when to remove this message
498:The term was later employed by physicist
1467:How Anti-Evolutionists Abuse Mathematics
1273:is off by a factor of approximately 10.
1216:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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930:) (where P is the "chance" hypothesis):
626:Dembski's proposed test is based on the
341:is a creationist argument introduced by
1933:
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1498:
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662:might be a die toss that lands six and
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16:Creationist argument by William Dembski
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2054:by No Free Lunch theorems co-founder,
529:In his earlier papers Dembski defined
441:
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1555:Salk Institute for Biological Studies
646:specifies a set of outcomes in Ω and
462:could have evolved through Darwinian
217:International Society for Complexity,
1841:"Evolution of biological complexity"
1347:that Dembski claims are impossible.
1185:
361:, where in Dembski's terminology, a
2103:Creationist objections to evolution
2069:- The writing of William A. Dembski
983:Calculation of specified complexity
785:{\displaystyle \sigma =-\log _{2},}
638:that has occurred. Mathematically,
345:, used by advocates to promote the
13:
1388:"Specified Complexity Made Simple"
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861:
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561:Dembski formulates and proposes a
557:Law of conservation of information
14:
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2019:by Richard Wein, from TalkOrigins
2007:
1511:, printed 15 August 2005, page 32
705:under the chance hypothesis P as
405:and chance is highly improbable.
274:Scientific bodies that explicitly
1917:William A. Dembski, (Aug 2002).
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295:
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1991:
1973:
1954:
1911:
1900:Erik Tellgren (June 30, 2002).
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219:Information, and Design (ISCID)
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1419:
1416:, retrieved December 18, 2017)
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922:. Now consider the quantity φ(
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690:which describes the bacterial
642:is a subset of Ω, the pattern
634:that is exhibited by an event
617:statistical hypothesis testing
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206:Center for Science and Culture
1:
1778:10.1103/physrevlett.88.237901
1699:William A. Dembski (2005).
531:complex specified information
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395:complex specified information
211:Centre for Intelligent Design
142:Discovery Institute campaigns
1960:Thomas D. Schneider. (2002)
1181:
583:(as these terms are used in
7:
2000:New Scientist, 28 July 2007
1827:Elsberry & Shallit 2003
1815:Elsberry & Shallit 2003
1629:William A. Dembski (2004).
1616:William A. Dembski (1999).
1601:William A. Dembski (2002).
1351:
565:of information as follows:
535:universal probability bound
235:Physicians and Surgeons for
10:
2129:
1647:William A. Dembski (1998)
1464:Jason Rosenhouse, (2001).
1368:Texas sharpshooter fallacy
391:modern evolutionary theory
228:Evolution Awareness Center
1733:, PWS Publishing Company.
1525:"Review: Origins of Life"
1410:10.1007/s10539-007-9078-6
276:reject intelligent design
2067:Design Inference Website
1507:Wallis, Claudia (2005).
1342:. According to Shallit:
585:origins-of-life research
2048:by Thomas D. Schneider.
1947:A review of Dembski's
1748:Physical Review Letters
1729:Michael Sipser (1997).
1402:Biology and Philosophy
489:The Creation Hypothesis
2035:from the Boston Review
1868:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4463
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1079:irreducible complexity
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597:
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458:, which proposed that
383:no-free-lunch theorems
375:irreducible complexity
226:Intelligent Design and
61:Irreducible complexity
1575:Leslie Orgel (1973).
1450:Mark Perakh, (2005).
1426:Rich Baldwin (2005).
1363:Teleological argument
1344:
1321:nylon eating bacteria
1203:synthesis of material
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956:
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897:
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656:
628:Kolmogorov complexity
605:The Limits of Science
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468:
148:Teach the controversy
2082:Darwin@Home Web site
1588:Paul Davies (1999).
1374:Notes and references
1092:
1006:
830:
712:
519:The Design Inference
511:Dembski's definition
339:Specified complexity
237:Scientific Integrity
76:Intelligent designer
66:Specified complexity
1985:, 101(3-4):335-44.
1770:2002PhRvL..88w7901L
1577:The Origins of Life
1432:TalkOrigins Archive
1390:. 26 February 2024.
993:bacterial flagellum
943:set-theoretic union
914:witnesses an event
563:law of conservation
442:Orgel's terminology
412:, in the theory of
201:Discovery Institute
122:Kitzmiller v. Dover
71:Fine-tuned universe
2098:Intelligent design
2063:by Allen MacNeill.
2044:2017-03-17 at the
1967:2005-10-26 at the
1926:2013-02-26 at the
1708:2007-07-28 at the
1666:2015-01-04 at the
1618:Intelligent Design
1404:, (2008) 23: 545.
1263:mathematical proof
1213:to the main topic.
1207:verifiably mention
1201:possibly contains
1157:
1056:
955:
945:does not exceed φ(
892:
782:
654:. Quoting Dembski
493:William A. Dembski
410:information theory
351:intelligent design
175:Phillip E. Johnson
170:William A. Dembski
45:Watchmaker analogy
32:Intelligent design
2077:Victor J. Stenger
1720:(loc. cit. p. 16)
1678:, 2nd ed. (2003).
1590:The Fifth Miracle
1557:. 30 October 2007
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941:. Probability of
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619:as formulated by
464:natural selection
454:in his 1973 book
387:intelligent agent
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1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1521:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1495:
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1491:
1486:
1477:
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1462:
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1398:
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1230:
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1186:
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901:
899:
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893:
888:
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842:
841:
791:
789:
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733:
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682:). The number φ(
678:is denoted by φ(
658:Thus, the event
606:
485:Walter L Bradley
328:
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314:
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243:Truth in Science
185:Stephen C. Meyer
81:Theistic science
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1969:Wayback Machine
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1955:
1943:Jeffrey Shallit
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1449:
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1434:
1424:
1420:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1354:
1340:artificial life
1334:Dembski's book
1278:smooth function
1267:Jeffrey Shallit
1252:On page 150 of
1242:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1205:which does not
1195:
1191:
1184:
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1147:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1121:
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1108:
1099:
1095:
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1077:'s concept of "
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1007:
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831:
828:
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728:
724:
713:
710:
709:
650:is a subset of
613:
604:
581:organize itself
559:
513:
481:Charles Thaxton
444:
439:
426:Jeffrey Shallit
422:Wesley Elsberry
414:complex systems
343:William Dembski
332:
278:
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239:
236:
230:
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127:
90:
86:Neo-creationism
47:
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2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:No Free Lunch
2027:
2024:
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2018:
2017:
2016:No Free Lunch
2012:
2011:
1999:
1994:
1988:
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1949:No Free Lunch
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1888:
1884:
1879:
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1854:
1851:(9): 4463–8.
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1829:, p. 12.
1828:
1823:
1817:, p. 14.
1816:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
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1606:
1605:
1604:No Free Lunch
1598:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1556:
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1546:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:Time Magazine
1504:
1502:
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1341:
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1336:No Free Lunch
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:No Free Lunch
1284:
1283:No Free Lunch
1279:
1274:
1272:
1271:No Free Lunch
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1254:No Free Lunch
1250:
1240:
1237:
1229:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:This section
1197:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1176:Berry paradox
1171:
1152:
1148:
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1135:
1131:
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1122:
1118:
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1041:
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1018:
1012:
1002:
1001:
1000:
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990:
989:No Free Lunch
980:
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969:
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931:
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715:
708:
707:
706:
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699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
665:
661:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
630:of a pattern
629:
624:
622:
621:Ronald Fisher
618:
608:
602:
601:Peter Medawar
593:
589:
586:
582:
578:
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420:. A study by
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403:physical laws
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55:
51:
50:
46:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2030:
2029:Critique of
2015:
1993:
1980:
1975:
1956:
1948:
1919:
1913:
1895:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1751:
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1612:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1531:. 2015-12-15
1528:
1488:. Retrieved
1475:
1465:
1460:
1451:
1446:
1435:. Retrieved
1421:
1401:
1396:
1382:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1295:
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1275:
1270:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1232:
1223:
1200:
1172:
1169:
1083:
1075:Michael Behe
1071:
1068:
988:
986:
977:
973:
967:
963:
961:
957:
950:
946:
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675:
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631:
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603:in his book
598:
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560:
546:physical law
539:
530:
528:
524:
517:
514:
505:
497:
488:
478:
471:
469:
455:
452:Leslie Orgel
445:
431:Martin Nowak
407:
398:
394:
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366:
362:
358:
354:
338:
337:
180:Michael Behe
120:
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1744:Lloyd, Seth
949:) × P(
926:) × P(
611:Specificity
500:Paul Davies
450:researcher
371:royal flush
286:Creationism
2092:Categories
1987:In PubMed.
1490:20 October
1437:2010-05-10
991:, for the
437:Definition
2108:Denialism
1786:0031-9007
1579:, p. 189.
1327:in 1935.
1218:talk page
1182:Criticism
1145:×
1132:×
1119:×
1046:−
1038:×
1013:
865:
859:×
847:φ
844:×
765:
759:×
747:φ
744:×
735:
722:−
716:σ
692:flagellum
472:specified
363:specified
355:specified
251:Reactions
133:Campaigns
2042:Archived
1982:Genetics
1965:Archived
1924:Archived
1887:10781045
1794:12059399
1706:Archived
1664:Archived
1635:, p. 85.
1620:, p. 47.
1607:, p. 19.
1352:See also
1312:post hoc
1307:a priori
1299:circular
1226:May 2012
795:where P(
698:) ≤ 10.
591:closed).
551:holistic
416:, or in
300:Category
116:Politics
106:Timeline
96:Movement
52:Concepts
24:a series
22:Part of
1945:(2002)
1802:6341263
1766:Bibcode
1592:p. 112.
997:E. coli
418:biology
367:complex
359:complex
157:Authors
1885:
1875:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1561:1 June
1535:1 June
1211:relate
260:Jewish
1905:(PDF)
1878:18257
1853:arXiv
1798:S2CID
1756:arXiv
1485:(PDF)
1325:nylon
1883:PMID
1790:PMID
1782:ISSN
1563:2016
1537:2016
1529:NCSE
1492:2017
1025:<
877:<
483:and
424:and
357:and
1873:PMC
1863:doi
1774:doi
1674:in
1414:pdf
1406:doi
1209:or
1049:140
995:of
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726:log
542:DNA
460:RNA
399:CSI
349:of
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660:E
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644:T
640:E
636:E
632:T
397:(
327:e
320:t
313:v
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146:"
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