44:
167:
Reportedly speedballs now account for most of the overdose fatalities in San
Francisco. Many people are not speedballing intentionally. Rather, it has become difficult to avoid because so much of the cocaine, crack and methamphetamine supply is adulterated with fentanyl. As of 2023 it is being called
180:
It is a widespread misconception that taking downers will reduce the risk of adverse cardiac effects from stimulants, or vice versa. Stimulants and opioids are more dangerous when mixed because they work in different ways. Stimulants wear off before opiates. When heart rate changes quickly, first
32:
153:
supply in the country has led to combinations of both fentanyl and heroin with cocaine ("super speedballs"). In addition, the cross-contamination of powdered fentanyl into cocaine supplies has led to reports of cocaine users unknowingly consuming a speedball-like combination.
563:
Wapler, M; Mendelson, J. H.; Teoj, S. K.; Mello, N. K.; Kuehnle, J. C.; Weiss, R. D.; Sholar, S. W.; Hanjra, B; Rhoades, E (1992). "Buprenorphine attenuates drug craving in men with concurrent heroin and cocaine dependence".
181:
increasing rapidly from the effect of the stimulant and then dropping quickly when the stimulant wears off and the full effects of the opiates are felt, this can cause a stroke or heart failure.
1196:
1367:
184:
Speedballs are extremely dangerous. The variations in heart rate and contraction caused by taking the mix of uppers/downers can lead to stroke or death even in young, healthy persons.
1248:
870:
1100:
1444:
479:"The synergistic effects of combining cocaine and heroin ("speedball") using a progressive-ratio schedule of drug reinforcement. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"
970:
1581:
1124:
1490:
1224:
1149:
843:
917:
528:
Hunt, Dana E.; Lipton, Douglas S; Goldsmith, Douglas; Strug, David (1984). "Street pharmacology: Uses of cocaine and heroin in the treatment of addiction".
356:
1036:
1538:
1342:
386:
1357:
1308:
579:
Ochoa, Kristen C.; Hahn, Judith A.; Seal, Karen H.; Moss, Andrew R. (2001). "Overdosing among young injection drug users in San
Francisco".
1408:
1238:
1172:
1075:
1090:
483:
1287:
669:"The relationship between drug use settings, roles in the drug economy, and witnessing a drug overdose in Baltimore, Maryland"
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1016:
760:
458:
429:
1434:
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and death. When compared to single drugs, speedballs are more likely to lead to addiction, and users are more likely to
361:
1382:
1210:
622:
1139:
765:
725:
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O'Driscoll, Peter T.; McGough, Jim; Hagan, Holly; Thiede, Hanne; Critchlow, Cathy; Alexander, E. Russell (2001).
146:
160:
usually includes an unknown mix of uppers and downers and is sometimes called a speedball. Cocaine mixed with
1528:
1332:
331:
817:
308:
suffered a heart attack following a speedball overdose, but survived. According to his autobiography,
1191:
789:
234:
844:"So-Called 'Speedball' Mixtures of Fentanyl and Stimulants Now Account for Most SF Overdose Deaths"
1318:
1215:
112:
716:
Rowlett, K.; Negus, S. S.; Shippenberg, T. S.; Mello, N. K.; Walsh, S. L. & Spealman, R. D.
667:
Latkin, Carl A.; Edwards, Catie; Davey-Rothwell, Melissa A.; Yang, Cui; Tobin, Karin E. (2018).
421:
1186:
284:
264:
1459:
1606:
1461:
Who's Who in
Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History Vol.2: From World War II to the Present Day
1164:
142:
The classic speedball is heroin and cocaine. It could also mean morphine and an amphetamine.
123:
84:
249:
1621:
1439:
239:
304:
after taking a speedball, leaving him with a permanent speech impediment. That same year,
8:
1626:
1032:
581:
413:
312:
experienced cardiac arrest for eight minutes after taking a speedball, but was revived.
1362:
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127:
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1044:
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698:
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618:"Predictors of Accidental Fatal Drug Overdose Among a Cohort of Injection Drug Users"
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1383:"River Phoenix's Tragic Overdose: Dan Aykroyd Warned Him About Heroin Dependency"
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214:
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204:
199:
118:
Speedballs often give stronger effects than either drug when taken alone due to
1600:
1144:
1008:
1000:
366:
1582:"National Trends in Drug Abuse, Summer 1998, Special Section: Speedballing"
1533:
1292:
702:
653:
602:
447:
Healing
Addiction: An Integrated Pharmacopsychosocial Approach to Treatment
408:
Healing
Addiction: An Integrated Pharmacopsychosocial Approach to Treatment
297:
244:
157:
119:
635:
549:
506:
1512:
108:
96:
1041:
Encyclopedia of the
African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture
351:
321:
305:
76:
1288:"House artist DJ Rashad died of a drug overdose, post-mortem confirms"
896:"How the fentanyl crisis' fourth wave has hit every corner of the US"
871:"Stimulant users caught up in fatal 'fourth wave' of opioid epidemic"
287:, died of overdose of a mixture of fentanyl-laced heroin and cocaine.
219:
72:
718:"Combined Cocaine and Opioid Abuse: From Neurobiology to the Clinic"
477:
Duvauchelle, Christine L.; Sapoznik, Tova; Kornetsky, Conan (1998).
404:
Martin, Peter R.; Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2007).
1239:"Philip Seymour Hoffman Killed By Massive OD Heroin, Coke, Rx Meds"
1070:
336:
278:
161:
150:
104:
100:
68:
944:"What Everyone Should Know About the Risks of Speedballs - RAYSAC"
717:
1491:"Medical Examiner Reveals Cause of Death for Michael K. Williams"
1358:"Death of River Phoenix Is Linked To Use of Cocaine and Morphine"
1267:
445:
Martin, Peter; Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2007).
341:
131:
122:, and are a particularly hazardous mixture that can easily cause
88:
615:
666:
301:
92:
80:
43:
918:"Speedballing: The Current Fourth Wave of the Overdose Crisis"
196:, though other sources list his death as heroin overdose only.
971:"Death by Drugs: Fatal Celebrity Drug and Alcohol Addictions"
848:
SFist - San
Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports
187:
1510:
Himmelsbach, Eric (8 July 2004). "Little
Drummer Boy Lost".
476:
346:
31:
1005:
Genius and Heroin: Creativity and
Reckless Abandon Through
1313:
1243:
1458:
Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry (23 November 2000).
715:
562:
818:"Here's What Happens When You Mix Cocaine and Ketamine"
444:
403:
1556:. United States: HarperEntertainment. p. 480.
1410:
The
Billboard Guide to Contemporary Christian Music
1529:"This Much I Know: Dave Gahan, singer, 45, London"
1457:
1309:"Report: Kris Kross' Chris Kelly Autopsy Complete"
405:
357:List of deaths from drug overdose and intoxication
1187:"JAG star died from drug overdose, coroner rules"
578:
277:, died from mixing cocaine, morphine, heroin and
1598:
1435:"Report: Staley Died of Heroin/Cocaine Overdose"
1476:Based on information from Charles Isherwood's
1341:. United Press International. 11 August 1990.
1263:"UK artist Sebastian Horsley dies of overdose"
387:"Drugs slang: what police must learn - I to Q"
1211:"Report: Mitch Hedberg died of drug overdose"
790:"Pink Cocaine: Risks, Effects, and Treatment"
1333:"Grateful Dead Member Died of Drug Overdose"
1115:"Chris Farley's Death Laid to Drug Overdose"
1066:"Jean-Michel Basquiat: The neglected genius"
1031:
1509:
291:
188:Notable deaths attributed to speedball use
692:
643:
496:
175:
1285:
1406:
1380:
1306:
1162:
965:
963:
961:
728:from the original on 24 September 2020.
83:. The most well-known mixture used for
1599:
1551:
1355:
1175:from the original on 19 November 2018.
1152:from the original on 10 December 2020.
1091:"Report Says Overdose Killed Caminiti"
1088:
868:
761:"2019 National Drug Threat Assessment"
484:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
149:warned in 2019 that the rapid rise of
1526:
1447:from the original on 18 January 2021.
1251:from the original on 26 January 2021.
1137:
1127:from the original on 1 December 2020.
1078:from the original on 14 January 2021.
999:
812:
810:
472:
470:
1503:
1063:
958:
787:
1586:U.S. Office of National Drug Policy
1541:from the original on 26 March 2021.
1227:from the original on 20 March 2021.
1199:from the original on 3 August 2019.
1064:Dowd, Vincent (25 September 2017).
1037:"Basquiat, Jean-Michel (1960-1988)"
13:
1381:Edwards, Gavin (17 October 2013).
1370:from the original on 1 March 2021.
1103:from the original on 9 March 2021.
807:
753:
467:
362:List of polysubstance combinations
14:
1643:
1574:
1527:Davis, Johnny (28 October 2007).
1356:Mydans, Seth (13 November 1993).
1089:Litsky, Frank (2 November 2004).
623:American Journal of Public Health
164:is called a CK or Calvin Klein.
1413:. Billboard Books. p. 243.
1345:from the original on 5 May 2021.
1286:Michaels, Sean (8 August 2015).
42:
30:
1545:
1520:
1483:
1451:
1427:
1400:
1374:
1349:
1325:
1300:
1279:
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1203:
1179:
1163:Peacock, Tim (1 October 2002).
1156:
1131:
1107:
1082:
1057:
1025:
993:
936:
910:
888:
862:
836:
781:
766:Drug Enforcement Administration
732:
709:
147:Drug Enforcement Administration
1271:. 18 June 2010. Archived from
1140:"Chrissie Hynde Without Tears"
1138:Henke, James (26 April 1984).
660:
609:
572:
556:
521:
438:
397:
379:
1:
685:10.1080/08897077.2018.1439801
595:10.1016/S0306-4603(00)00115-5
498:10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00098-7
372:
869:Arditi, Lynn (9 July 2024).
542:10.1016/0376-8716(84)90005-X
7:
1307:Markman, Rob (2 May 2013).
566:Problems of Drug Dependence
530:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
315:
107:. A speedball may be taken
10:
1648:
1632:Polysubstance combinations
1464:. Routledge. p. 387.
332:Combined drug intoxication
137:
1192:The Sydney Morning Herald
1043:. ABC-CLIO. p. 150.
740:"Definition of SPEEDBALL"
168:the "fourth wave" of the
1478:Wonder Bread and Ecstasy
1169:Whisperin' and Hollerin'
292:Notable incidents of use
16:Combination of narcotics
1516:. Southland Publishing.
1407:Alfonso, Barry (2002).
99:can also be mixed with
235:Philip Seymour Hoffman
176:Physiological response
134:and also to overdose.
1552:Hudson, Saul (2007).
1165:"Obituary: Zac Foley"
636:10.2105/ajph.91.6.984
85:recreational drug use
1499:. 24 September 2021.
1247:. 28 February 2014.
1223:. 27 December 2005.
1033:Boyce Davies, Carole
194:Jean-Michel Basquiat
1321:on 25 January 2021.
898:. 16 September 2023
582:Addictive Behaviors
414:Hoboken, New Jersey
391:www.telegraph.co.uk
285:Michael K. Williams
1363:The New York Times
1123:. 3 January 1998.
1120:The New York Times
1096:The New York Times
850:. 11 December 2023
418:Wiley-Interscience
393:. 8 November 2009.
145:The United States
128:respiratory arrest
1563:978-0-06-135142-6
1471:978-0-203-99408-5
1420:978-0-8230-7718-2
1338:Los Angeles Times
1195:. 6 August 2003.
1050:978-1-85109-700-5
1018:978-0-06-204369-6
975:Gatehouse Academy
460:978-0-470-08273-7
431:978-0-471-65630-2
327:Brompton cocktail
240:Sebastian Horsley
1639:
1593:
1592:on 13 July 2001.
1588:. Archived from
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1317:. Archived from
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1275:on 14 July 2012.
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981:on 14 March 2011
977:. Archived from
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922:Psychology Today
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453:. p. 122.
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170:opioid epidemic
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1575:External links
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1001:Largo, Michael
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71:mixture of a
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49:Heroin powder
45:
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1607:Drug culture
1590:the original
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1534:The Observer
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1390:. Retrieved
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