278:
45:
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185:, which represents the shape having the lowest potential energy for a rotating, fluid body. This ellipsoid is slightly fatter around the equator than a perfect sphere would be. Earth's shape is also slightly lumpy because it is composed of different materials of different densities that exert slightly different amounts of gravitational force per volume.
580:
These include the visibility of distant objects on Earth's surface; lunar eclipses; appearance of the Moon; observation of the sky from a certain altitude; observation of certain fixed stars from different locations; observing the Sun; surface navigation; grid distortion on a spherical surface;
333:, has been interpreted as stating that the contemporary Brahmans of India believed in a spherical Earth as the center of the universe. The knowledge of the Greeks was inherited by Ancient Rome, and Christian and Islamic realms in the Middle Ages.
180:
A sphere is the only stable shape for a non-rotating, gravitationally self-attracting liquid. The outward acceleration caused by Earth's rotation is greater at the equator than at the poles (where is it zero), so the sphere gets deformed into an
321:
The spherical shape of the Earth was known and measured by astronomers, mathematicians, and navigators from a variety of literate ancient cultures, including the
Hellenic World, and Ancient India. Greek ethnographer
683:
Ancient India as described by
Megasthenês and Arrian; being a translation of the fragments of the Indika of Megasthenês collected by Dr. Schwanbeck, and of the first part of the Indika of Arrian
814:, Vol. 15 (1978), pp. 533–633 (554f.); Glick, Thomas F., Livesey, Steven John, Wallis, Faith (eds.): "Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, New York 2005,
255:
Earth undulates as the shape of its lowest potential energy changes daily due to the gravity of the Sun and Moon as they move around with respect to Earth. This is what causes
499:
Geodesy is primarily concerned with positioning and the gravity field and geometrical aspects of their temporal variations, although it can also include the study of Earth's
188:
The liquidity of a hot, newly formed planet allows heavier elements to sink down to the middle and forces lighter elements closer to the surface, a process known as
341:
provided direct evidence. Improvements in transportation and other technologies refined estimations of the size of the Earth, and helped spread knowledge of it.
559:
1148:
731:(2015), "That before Columbus, geographers and other educated people knew the Earth was flat", in Numbers, Ronald L.; Kampourakis, Kostas (eds.),
157:. Grains of matter accreted through electrostatic interaction. As they grew in mass, gravity took over in gathering yet more mass, releasing the
448:
834:
146:
1419:
574:, ranging from ground level, flight, or orbit. The spherical shape causes a number of effects and phenomena that combined disprove
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17:
399:, the world was portrayed as a disk floating in the ocean with a hemispherical sky-dome above, and this forms the premise for
1664:
1141:
942:
791:
757:
712:
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1409:
876:
Cullen, C. (1976). "A Chinese
Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮 南 子".
461:
31:
835:"Space and Time in Chinese Texts of Astronomy and of Mathematical Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries"
770:
Jamil, Jamil (2009). "Astronomy". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
537:
measured Earth more accurately, the shape of the geoid was first found not to be a perfect sphere but to approximate an
344:
The earliest documented mention of the concept dates from around the 5th century BC, when it appears in the writings of
1083:
484:, also called geodetics, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of Earth, its
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Materialien und
Dokumente zur mittelalterlichen Erdkugeltheorie von der Spätantike bis zur Kolumbusfahrt (1492)
546:
452:. In the early 19th century, the flattening of the earth ellipsoid was determined to be of the order of 1/300 (
1546:
453:
169:
also had a greater proportion of radioactive elements than Earth today because, over time, those elements
611:
1644:
349:
1343:
575:
240:
and surrounding ridges. However, if the energy release from these processes halts, then they tend to
189:
511:("Erdmessung" or "höhere Geodäsie"), which is concerned with measuring Earth on a global scale, and
357:
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artistic representation of a spherical Earth – with compartments representing
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Science and
Civilization in China: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
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maintains its roughly spherical shape. Most of its deviation from spherical stems from the
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545:. More recent measurements have measured the geoid to unprecedented accuracy, revealing
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away over time and return toward the lowest potential-energy curve of the ellipsoid.
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of the planet is still hot enough to remain liquid. Energy is still being released;
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Early
Astronomy and Cosmology: A Reconstruction of the Earliest Cosmic System, Etc
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173:. Their decay heated the early Earth even further, and continue to contribute to
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Pigafetta, Antonio (1906). Magellan's Voyage around the World. Arthur A. Clark.
655:
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as the shape of Earth's land surface as it rises above and falls below the sea.
515:("Ingenieurgeodäsie"), which is concerned with measuring parts of the surface.
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Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London
71:. The concept of a spherical Earth gradually displaced earlier beliefs in a
1399:
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1114:
606:
489:
443:
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44:
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1005:. Vol. 3 (reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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can also move water, rock, and soil to make Earth slightly out of round.
228:
activity has pushed rocks into hills and mountains and blown them out of
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from a dust cloud that was at least partially the remnant of one or more
80:
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Though the surface rocks of Earth have cooled enough to solidify, the
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411:. Other speculations on the shape of Earth include a seven-layered
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around its north-south axis. This force deforms the sphere into an
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NASA – Most
Changes in Earth's Shape Are Due to Changes in Climate
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48:
Image from space: The curved surface of the spherical planet Earth
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Continuation into Roman and medieval thought: Reinhard Krüger: "
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The concept of a spherical Earth displaced earlier beliefs in a
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496:, and crustal motion) in three-dimensional time-varying space.
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263:' water, which can flow freely along the changing potential.
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707:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 72–198.
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Earth's shape can be thought of in at least two ways:
360:. This knowledge was gradually adopted throughout the
266:
317:, the oldest surviving terrestrial globe (1492/1493)
560:
Empirical evidence for the spherical shape of Earth
1071:
771:
211:
30:"Round world" redirects here. For other uses, see
679:
470:
1636:
1027:
810:: "History of Mathematical Astronomy in India",
581:weather systems; gravity; and modern technology.
111:Hydrostatic equilibrium § Planetary geology
27:Approximation of the figure of Earth as a sphere
1142:
1069:
1055:. Whitegishm MT, US.: Kessinger Publishing.
737:, Harvard University Press, pp. 16–24,
734:Newton's Apple and Other Myths about Science
566:The roughly spherical shape of Earth can be
1156:
1031:Janice VanCleave's Science Through the Ages
935:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
526:, the mean sea level of the world ocean; or
442:dates to the 17th century, as described by
1149:
1135:
1048:
929:
923:
196:; the most abundant heavier elements were
177:. The early Earth was thus mostly liquid.
1121:Top 10 Ways to Know the Earth is Not Flat
832:
460:). The modern value as determined by the
115:Earth is massive enough that the pull of
1115:The Round Earth and Christopher Columbus
969:suggest that Earth is actually slightly
831:Adoption by China via European science:
507:speaking world, geodesy is divided into
306:
276:
43:
1074:How Did We Find Out the Earth is Round?
1000:
979:, (New York: Springer-Verlag), p. 119.
727:
612:Earth's rotation § Empirical tests
372:. A practical demonstration of Earth's
14:
1637:
965:for details. Recent measurements from
875:
467:since the 1960s is close to 1/298.25.
356:as a physical fact and calculated the
161:of their collisions and in-falling as
1130:
1001:Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling (1995) .
769:
700:
1100:You say the earth is round? Prove it
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592:Shapes of other astronomical bodies
438:is more accurately described as an
87:is more accurately described as an
24:
1021:
812:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
704:Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle
267:History of concept and measurement
25:
1686:
1093:
963:Earth radius § Global radii
558:This section is an excerpt from
488:field and geodynamic phenomena (
354:roughly spherical shape of Earth
153:that produced heavy elements by
951:
833:Martzloff, Jean-Claude (1993).
784:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22652
212:Later shape changes and effects
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471:Measurement and representation
348:. In the 3rd century BC,
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1:
1547:Inferior and superior planets
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297:
192:. This event is known as the
1665:Early scientific cosmologies
175:Earth's internal heat budget
134:
91:, which was realized in the
7:
937:. Birkhäuser. p. 577.
585:
570:by many different types of
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10:
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1624:Medieval Islamic astronomy
1421:On the Sizes and Distances
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680:E. At. Schwanbeck (1877).
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1614:Medieval European science
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1344:Sosigenes the Peripatetic
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1034:. John Wiley & Sons.
1028:Janice VanCleave (2002).
890:10.1017/S0041977X00052137
851:10.1163/26669323-01101005
549:beneath Earth's surface.
434:The realization that the
190:planetary differentiation
1123:, science education site
973:-shaped. Hugh Thurston,
656:"Why Are Planets Round?"
98:
37:Not to be confused with
1650:Ancient Greek astronomy
1339:Sosigenes of Alexandria
1158:Ancient Greek astronomy
18:Sphericity of the Earth
1411:On Sizes and Distances
1117:, educational web site
774:Encyclopaedia of Islam
622:Myth of the flat Earth
397:Mesopotamian mythology
318:
304:
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1522:Deferent and epicycle
1451:Antikythera mechanism
1070:Isaac Asimov (1972).
617:Geographical distance
568:empirically evidenced
541:, a specific type of
465:World Geodetic System
382:Juan Sebastián Elcano
358:Earth's circumference
350:Hellenistic astronomy
310:
280:
271:Further information:
204:, which now form the
139:Further information:
47:
1593:Babylonian astronomy
1284:Hippocrates of Chios
1078:. New York, Walker.
701:Dicks, D.R. (1970).
522:as the shape of the
503:. Especially in the
419:, alluded to in the
409:Hecataeus of Miletus
337:of the world in the
1364:Theon of Alexandria
1049:Menon, CPS (2003).
959:Figure of the Earth
931:Neugebauer, Otto E.
547:mass concentrations
436:figure of the Earth
167:protoplanetary disk
147:Solar System formed
93:early modern period
85:figure of the Earth
77:classical antiquity
65:figure of the Earth
1598:Egyptian astronomy
1512:Circle of latitude
729:Cormack, Lesley B.
576:flat Earth beliefs
533:As the science of
378:Ferdinand Magellan
346:Greek philosophers
331: 300 BC
319:
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273:History of geodesy
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32:The World is Round
1645:Ancient astronomy
1632:
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1507:Celestial spheres
1104:The Straight Dope
944:978-3-540-06995-9
793:978-90-04-17852-6
714:978-0-8014-0561-7
602:Celestial spheres
121:centrifugal force
57:Earth's curvature
16:(Redirected from
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1572:Sublunary sphere
1542:Hipparchic cycle
1481:Mural instrument
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386:circumnavigation
376:was achieved by
352:established the
339:Age of Discovery
335:Circumnavigation
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159:potential energy
141:History of Earth
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105:Equatorial bulge
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1655:Cartography
1532:Geocentrism
1444:Instruments
1434:(Aristotle)
1239:Cleostratus
1204:Aristarchus
1184:Anaximander
1166:Astronomers
994:Works cited
572:observation
405:Anaximander
395:: In early
370:Middle Ages
324:Megasthenes
301: 1400
248:powered by
236:also cause
81:Middle Ages
1639:Categories
1607:Influenced
1586:Influences
1557:Octaeteris
1486:Triquetrum
1374:Timocharis
1359:Theodosius
1319:Posidonius
1279:Hipparchus
1269:Heraclides
1209:Aristyllus
1194:Apollonius
1189:Andronicus
967:satellites
869:2021-10-12
808:D. Pingree
686:. p.
666:2019-08-31
643:References
393:flat Earth
374:sphericity
218:outer core
151:supernovas
123:caused by
109:See also:
73:flat Earth
39:Earth ball
1461:Astrolabe
1394:(Ptolemy)
1314:Philolaus
1304:Oenopides
1289:Hypsicles
1234:Cleomedes
1229:Callippus
1219:Autolycus
1174:Aglaonice
906:171017315
543:ellipsoid
513:surveying
449:Principia
440:ellipsoid
362:Old World
183:ellipsoid
135:Formation
89:ellipsoid
1562:Solstice
1495:Concepts
1391:Almagest
1334:Seleucus
1294:Menelaus
1254:Euctemon
933:(1975).
859:43290474
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586:See also
553:Evidence
492:, Earth
454:Delambre
413:ziggurat
368:and the
314:Erdapfel
282:Medieval
230:calderas
226:tectonic
222:volcanic
125:rotation
79:and the
1675:Spheres
1670:Geodesy
1466:Dioptra
1329:Pytheas
1324:Ptolemy
1274:Hicetas
1264:Geminus
1259:Eudoxus
1214:Attalus
1179:Agrippa
535:geodesy
482:Geodesy
477:Geodesy
458:Everest
425:Persian
364:during
259:in the
246:Weather
234:Meteors
171:decayed
117:gravity
75:during
63:of the
1577:Zodiac
1527:Equant
1476:Gnomon
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1660:Earth
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1244:Conon
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894:JSTOR
855:JSTOR
524:geoid
494:tides
294:water
286:earth
257:tides
242:erode
99:Cause
67:to a
1224:Bion
1080:ISBN
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