248:
247:
933:
proteins form a soft micelle of several tens of nanometers by self-organization because the hydrophilic terminals are excluded. In ampullate, the concentration of the protein is high. Then, the micelles are squeezed into the duct. The long axis direction of the molecules is aligned parallel to the duct by a mechanical frictional force and partially oriented. The continuous lowering of pH from 7.5 to 8.0 in the tail to presumably close to 5.0 occurs at the end of the duct. Ion exchange, acidification, and water removal all happen in the duct. The shear and elongational forces lead to phase separation. In the acidic bath of the duct, the molecules attain a high concentration liquid crystal state. Finally, the silk is spun from the taper exterior. The molecules become more stable helixes and β-sheets from the liquid crystal.
1299:
254:
Sticky balls drawn in blue are made at equal intervals on the spiral line with viscous material secreted from the aggregate gland. Attachment cement secreted from the piriform gland is used to connect and fix different lines. Microscopically, the spider silk secondary structure is formed of spidroin with the structure shown on the right side. In the dragline and radial line, a crystalline β-sheet and an amorphous helical structure are interwoven. The large amount of β-spiral structure gives elastic properties to the capture part of the orb web. In the structural modules diagram, a microscopic structure of dragline and radial lines is shown, composed mainly of two proteins of MaSp1 and MaSp2, as shown in the upper central part. The spiral line has no crystalline β-sheet region.
43:
142:
3275:
2482:
820:
29:
691:
287:
886:
7329:
1038:
984:, an important factor in fibre formation. This section is lined with cells that exchange ions, reduce the dope pH from neutral to acidic, and remove water from the fibre. Collectively, the shear stress and the ion and pH changes induce the liquid silk dope to undergo a phase transition and condense into a solid protein fibre with high molecular organisation. The spigot at the end has lips that clamp around the fibre, controlling fibre diameter and further retaining water.
8076:
7530:
929:
957:
1811:
8086:
703:
177:) of the nanofibril. Glycine is mostly found in the so-called amorphous matrix consisting of helical and beta turn structures. The interplay between the hard crystalline segments and the strained elastic semi-amorphous regions gives spider silk its extraordinary properties. Various compounds other than protein are used to enhance the fibre's properties.
1286:
Recombinant spider silk proteins can self-assemble at the liquid-air interface of a standing solution to form protein-permeable, strong and flexible nanomembranes that support cell proliferation. Potential applications include skin transplants, and supportive membranes in organ-on-a-chip. These nanomembranes have been used to create a static
1405:
Researchers from Japan's RIKEN Center constructed an artificial gland that reproduced spider silk's molecular structure. Precise microfluidic mechanisms directed proteins to self-assemble into functional fibers. The process used negative pressure to pull (rather than push) a spidroin solution through
652:
venture from shelter and leave a trail of silk, use that as an emergency line in case of falling from inverted or vertical surfaces. Others, even web dwellers, deliberately drop from a web when alarmed, using a silken thread as a drop line by which they can return in due course. Some, such as species
979:
The final length is the tapering duct, the site of most of the fibre formation. This consists of a tapering tube with several tight sharp turns, a valve near the end includes a spigot from which the solid silk fibre emerges. The tube tapers hyperbolically, therefore the unspun silk is under constant
1285:
Silk can be formed into other shapes and sizes such as spherical capsules for drug delivery, cell scaffolds and wound healing, textiles, cosmetics, coatings, and many others. Spider silk proteins can self-assemble on superhydrophobic surfaces into nanowires, as well as micron-sized circular sheets.
1045:
To artificially synthesise spider silk into fibres, two broad tasks are required. These are synthesis of the feedstock (the unspun silk dope in spiders), and synthesis of the production conditions (the funnel, valve, tapering duct, and spigot). Few strategies have produced silk that can efficiently
1314:
bacteria, yeasts, plants, silkworms, and animals other than silkworms have been used to produce spider silk-like proteins, which have different characteristics than those from a spider. Extrusion of protein fibres in an aqueous environment is known as "wet-spinning". This process has produced silk
969:
The leftmost section s the secretory or tail section. The walls of this section are lined with cells that secrete proteins
Spidroin I and Spidroin II, the main components of this spider's dragline. These proteins are found in the form of droplets that gradually elongate to form long channels along
253:
Schematic of the spider's orb web, structural modules, and spider silk structure. On the left is shown a schematic drawing of an orb web. The red lines represent the dragline, radial line, and frame lines. The blue lines represent the spiral line, and the centre of the orb web is called the "hub".
1272:
is an old technique whereby a fluid is held in a container such that it flows out through capillary action. A conducting substrate is positioned below, and a difference in electrical potential is applied between the fluid and the substrate. The fluid is attracted to the substrate, and tiny fibres
932:
Schematic of the spiders spinning apparatus and structural hierarchy in silk assembling related to assembly into fibers. In the process of dragline production, the primary structure protein is secreted first from secretory granules in the tail. In the ampullate (neutral environment, pH = 7), the
509:
All spiders produce silks, and a single spider can produce up to seven different types of silk for different uses. This is in contrast to insect silks, where an individual usually only produces a single type. Spiders use silks in many ways, in accord with the silk's properties. As spiders have
488:
under ambient conditions, become functional immediately, and are usable indefinitely, remaining biodegradable, versatile and compatible with other materials in the environment. The adhesive and durability properties of the attachment disc are controlled by functions within the spinnerets. Some
1054:
The molecular structure of unspun silk is both complex and long. Though this endows the fibres with desirable properties, it also complicates replication. Various organisms have been used as a basis for attempts to replicate necessary protein components. These proteins must then be extracted,
1315:
fibres of diameters ranging from 10 to 60 μm, compared to diameters of 2.5–4 μm for natural spider silk. Artificial spider silks have fewer and simpler proteins than natural dragline silk, and consequently offer half the diameter, strength, and flexibility of natural dragline silk.
732:
Meeting the specification for all these ecological uses requires different types of silk presenting different properties, as either a fibre, a structure of fibres, or a globule. These types include glues and fibres. Some types of fibres are used for structural support, others for protective
4971:
901:
The spinning process occurs when a fibre is pulled away from the body of a spider, whether by the spider's legs, by the spider's falling under its own weight, or by any other method. The term "spinning" is misleading because no rotation occurs. It comes from analogy to the textile
447:
When exposed to water, dragline silks undergo supercontraction, shrinking up to 50% in length and behaving like a weak rubber under tension. Many hypotheses have attempted to explain its use in nature, most popularly to re-tension webs built in the night using the morning dew.
707:
706:
711:
709:
705:
849:
Capturing lines. Sticky, stretchy, and tough. The capture spiral is sticky due to droplets of aggregate (a spider glue) that are placed on the spiral. The elasticity of flagelliform allows enough time for the aggregate to adhere to the aerial prey flying into the web.
2719:
Arakawa, Kazuharu; Kono, Nobuaki; Malay, Ali D.; Tateishi, Ayaka; Ifuku, Nao; Masunaga, Hiroyasu; Sato, Ryota; Tsuchiya, Kousuke; Ohtoshi, Rintaro; Pedrazzoli, Daniel; Shinohara, Asaka; Ito, Yusuke; Nakamura, Hiroyuki; Tanikawa, Akio; Suzuki, Yuya (14 October 2022).
710:
1395:; the milk produced by the goats contained significant quantities of the protein, 1–2 grams of silk proteins per litre of milk. Attempts to spin the protein into a fibre similar to natural spider silk resulted in fibres with tenacities of 2–3 grams per
353:
Consisting of mainly protein, silks are about a sixth of the density of steel (1.3 g/cm). As a result, a strand long enough to circle the Earth would weigh about 2 kilograms (4.4 lb). (Spider dragline silk has a tensile strength of roughly
239:
The fibres' microstructural information and macroscopic mechanical properties are related. Ordered regions (i) mainly reorient by deformation for low-stretched fibres and (ii) the fraction of ordered regions increases progressively for higher fibre
941:. Depending on the complexity of the species, spiders have two to eight spinnerets, usually in pairs. Species have varying specialised glands, ranging from a sac with an opening at one end, to the complex, multiple-section ampullate glands of the
992:, regulating the thickness of the fibre, and/or clamping the fibre as a spider falls upon it. The similarity of the silk worm's silk press and the roles each of these valves play in the silk production in these two organisms are under discussion.
1224:
Although cheap and easy to produce, gland shape and conditions are loosely approximated. Fibres created using this method may need encouragement to solidify by removing water from the fibre with chemicals such as (environmentally undesirable)
5031:
Lazaris, A.; Arcidiacono, S, S; Huang, Y, Y; Zhou, J. F., JF; Duguay, F, F; Chretien, N, N; Welsh, E. A., EA; Soares, J. W., JW; Karatzas, C. N., CN (2002). "Spider silk fibers spun from soluble recombinant silk produced in mammalian cells".
708:
358:. The tensile strength listed for steel might be slightly higher – e.g. 1.65 GPa, but spider silk is a much less dense material, so that a given weight of spider silk is five times as strong as the same weight of steel.)
5317:
Gustafsson L, Tasiopoulos CP, Jansson R, Kvick M, Duursma T, Gasser TC, Wijngaart W, Hedhammar M (2020), "Recombinant Spider Silk Forms Tough and
Elastic Nanomembranes that are Protein-Permeable and Support Cell Attachment and Growth",
1366:
Bolt
Threads produced a recombinant spidroin using yeast, for use in apparel fibers and personal care. They produced the first commercial apparel products made of recombinant spider silk, trademarked Microsilk, demonstrated in ties and
5122:
Arcidiacono, S.; Mello, Charlene M.; Butler, Michelle; Welsh, Elizabeth; Soares, Jason W.; Allen, Alfred; Ziegler, David; Laue, Thomas; Chase, Susan (2002). "Aqueous processing and fiber spinning of recombinant spider silks".
312:
is the resistance to deformation elastically along the tensile force direction. Unlike steel or Kevlar which are stiff, spider silk is ductile and elastic, having lower Young's modulus. According to Spider
Silkome Database,
1260:
have the advantage of being controllable and able to test spin small volumes of unspun fibre, but setup and development costs are high. A patent has been granted and continuously spun fibres have achieved commercial use.
108:
In some cases, spiders may use silk as a food source. While methods have been developed to collect silk from a spider by force, gathering silk from many spiders is more difficult than from silk-spinning organisms such as
897:
Silk production differs in an important aspect from that of most other fibrous biomaterials. It is pulled on demand from a precursor out of specialised glands, rather than continuously grown like plant cell walls.
6103:
Lucas, F.; Shaw, J. T. B. & Smith, S. G. (1960). "Comparative studies of fibroins.I. The amino acid composition of various fibroins and its significance in relation to their crystal structure and taxonomy".
1950:
targets during laser ignition, as it remains considerably elastic and has a high energy to break at temperatures as low as 10–20 K. In addition, it is made from "light" atomic number elements that emit no
733:
structures. Some can absorb energy effectively, whereas others transmit vibration efficiently. These silk types are produced in different glands; so the silk from a particular gland can be linked to its use.
430:
While unlikely to be relevant in nature, dragline silks can hold their strength below -40 °C (-40 °F) and up to 220 °C (428 °F). As occurs in many materials, spider silk fibres undergo a
2047:
1000:, arising in part due to the high protein concentration of silk dope (around 30% in terms of weight per volume). This allows the silk to flow through the duct as a liquid while maintaining molecular order.
987:
Almost at the end is a valve. Though discovered some time ago, its precise purpose is still under discussion. It is believed to assist in restarting and rejoining broken fibres, acting much in the way of a
5086:
Seidel, A.; Liivak, Oskar; Calve, Sarah; Adaska, Jason; Ji, Gending; Yang, Zhitong; Grubb, David; Zax, David B.; Jelinski, Lynn W. (2000). "Regenerated spider silk: Processing, properties, and structure".
5560:
Gustafsson, L.; Jansson, R.; Hedhammar, M. & van der
Wijngaart, W. (2018). "Structuring of Functional Spider Silk Wires, Coatings, and Sheets by Self-Assembly on Superhydrophobic Pillar Surfaces".
1841:
invented a reeling device for harvesting spider silk directly from spiders, allowing it to be spun into threads. Neither Bon nor
Termeyer were successful in producing commercially viable quantities.
910:, similar to extrusion, with the subtlety that the force is induced by pulling at the finished fibre rather than squeezing it out of a reservoir. The fibre is pulled through (possibly multiple) silk
301:
The variability of spider silk fibre mechanical properties is related to their degree of molecular alignment. Mechanical properties also depend on ambient conditions, i.e. humidity and temperature.
5217:
Gustafsson, L.; Jansson, R.; Hedhammar, M.; van der
Wijngaart, W. (2018). "Structuring of Functional Spider Silk Wires, Coatings, and Sheets by Self-Assembly on Superhydrophobic Pillar Surfaces".
1906:
and cover wounds with the inner lining. It reportedly facilitated healing, and connected with the skin. This is believed to be due to the silk's antiseptic properties, and because silk is rich in
4340:
Lefèvre, T.; Boudreault, S.; Cloutier, C. & Pézolet, M. (2008). "Conformational and orientational transformation of silk proteins in the major ampullate gland of
Nephila clavipes spiders".
1399:. Nexia used wet spinning and squeezed the silk protein solution through small extrusion holes to simulate the spinneret, but this was not sufficient to replicate native spider silk properties.
1162:
was engineered to produce a 556 kDa protein. Fibers spun from these synthetic spidroins are the first to fully replicate the mechanical performance of natural spider silk by all common metrics.
5611:
Gustafsson, Linnea; Panagiotis
Tasiopoulos, Christos; Jansson, Ronnie; Kvick, Mathias; Duursma, Thijs; Gasser, Thomas Christian; van der Wijngaart, Wouter; Hedhammar, My (16 August 2020).
4094:
Lefvre, T.; Boudreault, S.; Cloutier, C.; Pezolet, M. (2008). "Conformational and orientational transformation of silk proteins in the major ampullate gland of
Nephila clavipes spiders".
4923:
Elices, M.; Guinea, G. V.; Plaza, G. R.; Karatzas, C.; Riekel, C.; Agulló-Rueda, F.; Daza, R.; Pérez-Rigueiro, J. (2011). "Bioinspired Fibers Follow the Track of Natural Spider Silk".
1943:
used in optical communications. Silk has been used to create biolenses that could be used in conjunction with lasers to create high-resolution images of the inside of the human body.
667:
Some spiders that do not spin actual traps build alarm webs that the feet of their prey (such as ants) can disturb, cueing the spider to pounce on prey or flee a formidable intruder.
7043:; Taylor, T S; Black, A M; Davenport, W E; Varmette, P G (2011). "N-slit interferometer for secure free-space optical communications: 527 m intra interferometric path length".
128:. Observations of male spiders producing silk during sexual interactions are common across widespread taxa. The function of male-produced silk in mating has received little study.
1249:
Self-assembly of silk at standing liquid-gas interphases of a solution tough and strong sheets. These sheets are now explored for mimicking the basal membrane in tissue modeling.
704:
4668:
Elices, M.; Plaza, G.R.; Arnedo, M.A.; Perez-Rigueiro, J.; Torres, F.G. & Guinea, G. (2009). "Mechanical Behavior of Silk During the Evolution of Orb-Web Spinning Spiders".
3726:
Zhao, Yue; Li, Yanrong; Hien, K. T. T.; Mizutani, Goro; Rutt, Harvey N. (2019). "Observation of Spider Silk by Femtosecond Pulse Laser Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy".
2495:
Sapede, D.; Seydel, T.; Forsyth, V. T.; Koza, M. M.; Schweins, R.; Vollrath, F.; Riekel, C. (2005). "Nanofibrillar structure and molecular mobility in spider dragline silk".
2429:
Sponner, A.; Vater, Wolfram, Wolfram; Monajembashi, Shamci, Shamci; Unger, Eberhard, Eberhard; Grosse, Frank, Frank; Weisshart, Klaus, Klaus (2007). Scheibel, Thomas (ed.).
614:). Threads radiate out of the nest to provide a sensory link to the outside. Silk is a component of the lids of spiders that use "trapdoors", such as members of the family
2677:
Plaza, Gustavo R.; Guinea, Gustavo V.; Pérez-Rigueiro, José; Elices, Manuel (2006). "Thermo-hygro-mechanical behavior of spider dragline silk: Glassy and rubbery states".
2625:
Guinea, G.V.; Elices, M.; Pérez-Rigueiro, J. & Plaza, G.R. (2005). "Stretching of supercontracted fibers: a link between spinning and the variability of spider silk".
6681:
Arcidiacono, S.; Mello, C.; Kaplan, D.; Cheley, S. & Bayley, H. (1998). "Purification and characterization of recombinant spider silk expressed in Escherichia coli".
6311:
Simmons, A.; Ray, E. & Jelinski, L. W. (1994). "Solid-State C-13 NMR of Nephila-Clavipes Dragline Silk Establishes Structure and Identity of Crystalline Regions".
973:
The ampulla (storage sac) is next. This stores and maintains the gel-like unspun silk dope. In addition, it secretes proteins that coat the surface of the final fibre.
2144:
Simmons, A. H.; Michal, C. A. & Jelinski, L. W. (1996). "Molecular orientation and two-component nature of the crystalline fraction of spider dragline silk".
5268:
Gustafsson, L.; Kvick, M.; Åstrand, C.; Ponsteen, N.; Dorka, N.; Hegrová, V.; Svanberg, S.; Horák, J.; Jansson, R.; Hedhammar, M.; van der Wijngaart, W. (2023).
224:. Refinements to this model include: semi-crystalline regions were found as well as a fibrillar skin core model suggested for spider silk, later visualised by
1831:
4753:
6346:
Shao, Z.; Vollrath, F.; Sirichaisit, J. & Young, R. J. (1999). "Analysis of spider silk in native and supercontracted states using Raman spectroscopy".
510:
evolved, so has their silks' complexity and uses, for example from primitive tube webs 300–400 million years ago to complex orb webs 110 million years ago.
4305:
Dicko, C.; Porter, D.; Bond, J.; Kenney, J. M. & Vollratht, F. (2008). "Structural disorder in silk proteins reveals the emergence of elastomericity".
1325:
598:
eats the silk of host spider webs. Some daily weavers of temporary webs eat their own unused silk, thus mitigating an otherwise heavy metabolic expense.
124:. Silk produced by females provides a transmission channel for male vibratory courtship signals, while webs and draglines provide a substrate for female
6408:
Knight, D. P.; Knight, M. M. & Vollrath, F. (2000). "Beta transition and stress-induced phase separation in the spinning of spider dragline silk".
4704:
2532:"Relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties in spider silk fibers: identification of two regimes in the microstructural changes"
2294:
Papadopoulos, P.; Ene, R.; Weidner, I.; Kremer, F. (2009). "Similarities in the Structural Organization of Major and Minor Ampullate Spider Silk".
6009:
3593:
Blackledge, TA; Hayashi, CY (2006). "Silken toolkits: Biomechanics of silk fibers spun by the orb web spider Argiope argentata (Fabricius 1775)".
1277:, to the substrate, drying as they travel. This method creates nano-scale fibres from silk dissected from organisms and regenerated silk fibroin.
3176:
Yang, Y.; Chen, X.; Shao, Z.; Zhou, P.; Porter, D.; Knight, D. P.; Vollrath, F. (2005). "Toughness of Spider Silk at High and Low Temperatures".
7202:
4561:
Magoshi, J.; Magoshi, Y. & Nakamura, S. (1985). "Physical properties and structure of silk: 9. Liquid crystal formation of silk fibroin".
677:
Some wandering spiders leave a largely continuous trail of silk impregnated with pheromones that the opposite sex can follow to find a mate.
1826:
who, using a process similar to creating silkworm silk, wove silk derived spider's egg cocoons into stockings and gloves. Fifty years later
7016:
5876:
6443:
Riekel, C. & Vollrath, F. (2001). "Spider silk fibre extrusion: combined wide- and small-angle X- ray microdiffraction experiments".
2569:
Zhao, Yue; Hien, Khuat Thi Thu; Mizutani, Goro; Rutt, Harvey N. (June 2017). "Second-order nonlinear optical microscopy of spider silk".
5846:
1306:
Replicating the complex conditions required to produce comparable fibres has challenged research and early-stage manufacturing. Through
534:(typical orb-weavers); tube webs; tangle webs; sheet webs; lace webs, dome webs; single thread used by the Bolas spiders for "fishing".
6373:
Riekel, C.; Bränden, C; Craig, C; Ferrero, C; Heidelbach, F; Müller, M (1999). "Aspects of X-ray diffraction on single spider fibers".
406:(aromatic nylon) filaments, which themselves are benchmarks of modern polymer fibre technology". According to Spider Silkome Database,
7179:
1298:
3049:
Porter, D.; Vollrath, F.; Shao, Z. (2005). "Predicting the mechanical properties of spider silk as a model nanostructured polymer".
8030:
1402:
Spiber produced a synthetic spider silk (Q/QMONOS). In partnership with Goldwin, a ski parka made from this was in testing in 2016.
7126:
6927:
Jackson, Robert R. (1974). "Effects of D-Amphetamine Sulfate and Diazepam on Thread Connection Fine Structure in a Spider's Web".
5613:"Recombinant Spider Silk Forms Tough and Elastic Nanomembranes that are Protein-Permeable and Support Cell Attachment and Growth"
1213:
Spider silks with comparatively simple molecular structure need complex ducts to be able to form an effective fibre. Approaches:
7087:
1823:
5160:"Native-sized recombinant spider silk protein produced in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli results in a strong fiber"
4969:, Lewis, R. V., "Expression of spider silk proteins", published 2010-05-25, assigned to University of Wyoming
1241:
Placing a solution of spider silk on a superhydrophobic surface can generate sheets, particles, and nanowires of spider silk.
3513:
3480:
3415:
2530:
Plaza, G.R.; Pérez-Rigueiro, J.; Riekel, C.; Perea, G.B.; Agulló-Rueda, F.; Burghammer, M.; Guinea, G.V.; Elices, M. (2012).
6871:
Osaki, Shigeyoshi (2012). "Spider Silk Violin Strings with a Unique Packing Structure Generate a Soft and Profound Timbre".
5906:
Kluge, Jonathan A.; Rabotyagova, Olena; Leisk, Gary G.; Kaplan, David L. (May 2008). "Spider silks and their applications".
7268:
5646:"Fibrillar Nanomembranes of Recombinant Spider Silk Protein Support Cell Co-culture in an in Vitro Blood Vessel Wall Model"
5356:"Fibrillar Nanomembranes of Recombinant Spider Silk Protein Support Cell Co-culture in an In Vitro Blood Vessel Wall Model"
4507:
Vollrath, F. & Knight, D. P. (1998). "Structure and function of the silk production pathway in spider Nephila edulis".
2938:
2916:
1536:
Combined effect of humidity and temperature on mechanical properties. Glass-transition temperature dependence on humidity.
1009:(garden cross spider) consists of many glands shown below. A similar gland architecture appears in the black widow spider.
267:
Most silks, in particular dragline silk, have exceptional mechanical properties. They exhibit a unique combination of high
6217:
Vollrath, F. & Edmonds, D. T. (1989). "Modulation of the Mechanical-Properties of Spider Silk By Coating With Water".
4824:
Wen, H. X.; et al. (2010). "Transgenic silkworms (Bombyx mori) produce recombinant spider dragline silk in cocoons".
4445:
Knight, D. P.; Vollrath, F. (1 April 2001). "Changes in element composition along the spinning duct in a Nephila spider".
4580:
Chen, Xin; Knight, David P.; Vollrath, Fritz (1 July 2002). "Rheological characterization of nephila spidroin solution".
2296:
6028:
2961:
804:
Many species have different glands to produce silk with different properties for different purposes, including housing,
105:, or to glide away from predators. Most spiders vary the thickness and adhesiveness of their silk according to its use.
8115:
6605:
6266:
4166:"Carbonic anhydrase generates CO2 and H+ that drive spider silk formation via opposite effects on the terminal domains"
2386:
42:
2098:"Isolation of a clone encoding a second dragline silk fibroin. Nephila clavipes dragline silk is a two-protein fiber"
1550:"Isolation of a clone encoding a second dragline silk fibroin. Nephila clavipes dragline silk is a two-protein fiber"
948:
Behind each spinneret on the surface of the spider lies a gland, a generalised form of which is shown in the figure.
294:
Strength and toughness are distinct quantities. Weight for weight, silk is stronger than steel, but not as strong as
185:
properties that keep the silk moist while warding off ant invasion. It occurs in high concentration in glue threads.
7566:
7370:
3531:
1977:"Silk feeding as an alternative foraging tactic in a kleptoparasitic spider under seasonally changing environments"
1194:
Genetically modified to produce silk proteins. Patents were granted in 2010, but no fibres have yet been described.
418:
Elongation at break compares initial object length to final length at break. According to Spider Silkome Database,
229:
4870:
Bowen, C.H. (2018). "Recombinant Spidroins Fully Replicate Primary Mechanical Properties of Natural Spider Silk".
4217:"Sequential pH-driven dimerization and stabilization of the N-terminal domain enables rapid spider silk formation"
1563:"Solid-State C-13 Nmr of Nephila-Clavipes Dragline Silk Establishes Structure and Identity of Crystalline Regions"
484:
secretion, spun into patterns (called "attachment discs") using a minimum of silk substrate. The pyriform threads
3431:
Sutherland, TD; Young, JH; Weisman, S; Hayashi, CY; Merritt, DJ (2010). "Insect silk: One name, many materials".
2627:
6556:
Kerkam, K.; Viney, C.; Kaplan, D. & Lombardi, S. (1991). "Liquid Crystallinity of Natural Silk Secretions".
1976:
7484:
5644:
Tasiopoulos, Christos Panagiotis; Gustafsson, Linnea; van der Wijngaart, Wouter; Hedhammar, My (25 June 2021).
2384:
Vollrath, F.; Holtet, T.; Thogersen, H. C. & Frische, S. (1996). "Structural organization of spider silk".
7106:
841:
The web's outer rim and spokes and the lifeline. Can be as strong per unit weight as steel, but much tougher.
264:
Each spider and each type of silk has a set of mechanical properties optimised for their biological function.
6760:
750:
Dragline silk – used for the web's outer rim and spokes, also for lifeline and for ballooning
5703:
3224:"Bioprospecting Finds the Toughest Biological Material: Extraordinary Silk from a Giant Riverine Orb Spider"
2019:
Work, Robert W.; Emerson, Paul D. (1982). "An Apparatus and Technique for the Forcible Silking of Spiders".
976:
The funnel rapidly reduces the large diameter of the storage sac to the small diameter of the tapering duct.
4375:
Heim, M.; Keerl, D. & Scheibel, T. (2009). "Spider Silk: From Soluble Protein to Extraordinary Fiber".
1836:
186:
4002:
Kluge, J. A.; Rabotyagova, O.; Leisk, G. G.; Kaplan, D. L. (2008). "Spider silks and their applications".
1955:
during irradiation that could preheat the target, limiting the pressure differential required for fusion.
1509:
First important paper suggesting the water interplay with spider silk fibroin modulating silk properties.
472:
silk is more than twice as tough as any previously described silk and over 10 times tougher than Kevlar".
7365:
7328:
7227:
5850:
5725:
Xia, Xiao-Xia; Qian, Zhi-Gang; Ki, Chang Seok; Park, Young Hwan; Kaplan, David L.; Lee, Sang Yup (2010).
4966:
1947:
1370:
232:. Sizes of the nanofibrillar structure and the crystalline and semi-crystalline regions were revealed by
93:
traps to catch prey, to entangle and restrain prey before biting, to transmit tactile information, or as
6478:
Gosline, J. M.; DeMont, M. E. & Denny, M. W. (1986). "The structure and properties of spider silk".
4623:
Jeffery, F; La Mattina, C; Tuton-Blasingame, T; Hsia, Y; Gnesa, E; Zhao, L; Franz, A; Vierra, C (2011).
3295:"Spider's super-glue: Thread anchors are composite adhesives with synergistic hierarchical organization"
317:
silk has the highest Young's modulus with 37 GPa, compared to 208 GPa for steel and 112 GPa for Kevlar.
8110:
6643:
2786:
5847:"University of Notre Dame and Kraig Biocraft Laboratories Create Artificial Spider Silk Breakthrough"
5509:
1888:
and extract silk from them. In 2012, spider silk fibres were used to create a set of violin strings.
1495:
First time mechanical properties of spider silk compared with other materials in a scientific paper.
3274:
2481:
1996:
1677:"Molecular orientation and two-component nature of the crystalline fraction of spider dragline silk"
1666:
X-ray evidence presented in this paper; simple model of crystallites embedded in amorphous regions.
970:
the length of the final fibre, hypothesised to assist in preventing crack formation or self-healing.
7318:
7261:
5880:
5799:[Wire strength: spin doctors make super strong fake cobweb] (in Dutch). KIJK. 21 April 2012
1378:
173:. On a secondary level, the short side-chained alanine is mainly found in the crystalline domains (
47:
6954:
Allmeling, Christina; Jokuszies, Andreas; Reimers, Kerstin; Kall, Susanne; Vogt, Peter M. (2006).
6646:(1995). "Construction, Cloning, and Expression of Synthetic Genes Encoding Spider Dragline Silk".
6088:
Lucas, F.; Shaw, J. T. B. & Smith, S. G. (1960). "The Composition of Arthropod Silk Fibrons".
2200:"The molecular structure of spider dragline silk: Folding and orientation of the protein backbone"
1748:"Stretching of supercontracted fibers: a link between spinning and the variability of spider silk"
1633:"The molecular structure of spider dragline silk: Folding and orientation of the protein backbone"
1345:
dragline spidroin, having similar mechanical characteristics as their natural counterparts, i.e.,
52:
8130:
8089:
7198:
6956:"Use of spider silk fibres as an innovative material in a biocompatible artificial nerve conduit"
4985:
Scheller, J. & Conrad, U. (2005). "Plant-based material, protein and biodegradable plastic".
2257:
Liu, Y.; Sponner, A.; Porter, D.; Vollrath, F. (2008). "Proline and Processing of Spider Silks".
2048:"A review of the mechanisms and functional roles of male silk use in spider courtship and mating"
1619:"Spider silk fibre extrusion: combined wide- and small-angle X- ray microdiffraction experiments"
1073:
698:
immobilizing prey by wrapping a curtain of aciniform silk around the insect for later consumption
638:
Some spiders that venture from shelter leave a silk trail by which to find their way home again.
457:
225:
56:
5945:"Spider silks: recombinant synthesis, assembly, spinning, and engineering of synthetic proteins"
4705:"Spider dragline silk: Correlated and mosaic evolution in high-performance biological materials"
4410:
Heinhorst, S.; Cannon, G. (2002). "Nature: Self-Healing Polymers and Other Improved Materials".
3566:
Cunningham, Aimee (2009). "Taken for a spin: Scientists look to spiders for the goods on silk".
3407:
2826:"Kevlar-based Composite Material and its Applications in Body Armour: A Short Literature Review"
5884:
3556:
Holm, Erik, Dippenaar-Schoeman, Ansie; Goggo Guide; LAPA publishers (URL: WWW.LAPA.co.za). 2010
1991:
961:
942:
890:
719:
20:
5994:
1302:
Proposed framework for producing artificial skin from spider silk to help patients with burns.
5854:
4747:
2824:
Nair, Anand Narayanan; Sundharesan, Santhosh; Al Tubi, Issa Saif Mohammed (1 November 2020).
1940:
1605:"Beta transition and stress-induced phase separation in the spinning of spider dragline silk"
1447:"Eine Analyse der Gespinste der Kreuzspinne" (Amino acid composition analysis of spider silk)
1374:
997:
2841:
2428:
1872:. However, due to the difficulties in extracting and processing, the largest known piece of
1783:"Purification and characterization of recombinant spider silk expressed in Escherichia coli"
996:
Throughout the process the silk appears to have a nematic texture, in a manner similar to a
7917:
7879:
7559:
7308:
7052:
6880:
6733:
6724:
Seidel, A.; Liivak, O. & Jelinski, L. W. (1998). "Artificial Spinning of Spider Silk".
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5742:
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5226:
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4932:
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4702:
4454:
4419:
4228:
4050:
3957:
3355:
3344:"Cobweb-weaving spiders produce different attachment discs for locomotion and prey capture"
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2211:
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610:
141:
6853:
6010:"Synthetic spider silk could be the biggest technological advance in clothing since nylon"
866:
Wrap and secure prey. Two to three times as tough as the other silks, including dragline.
8:
8120:
7892:
7775:
7293:
7254:
6641:
5404:"Tunable Silk: Using Microfluidics to Fabricate Silk Fibers with Controllable Properties"
3222:
Agnarsson, Ingi; Kuntner, Matjaž; Blackledge, Todd A. (2010). Lalueza-Fox, Carles (ed.).
2850:
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724:
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576:
102:
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Vollrath, F. & Porter, D. (2006). "Spider silk as an archetypal protein elastomer".
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2508:
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2399:
2362:
2215:
2157:
1765:"Construction, Cloning, and Expression of Synthetic Genes Encoding Spider Dragline Silk"
819:
101:
to protect their offspring. They can use the silk to suspend themselves from height, to
7303:
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7134:
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Vollrath, F. & Knight, D. P. (2001). "Liquid crystalline spinning of spider silk".
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2578:
2465:
2430:
2411:
2177:
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2028:
1848:
spider silk led to the manufacturing of military, medical, and consumer goods, such as
1577:"Analysis of spider silk in native and supercontracted states using Raman spectroscopy"
1005:
938:
549:
465:
309:
233:
190:
34:
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1233:, and also may require later stretching of the fibre to achieve desirable properties.
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2169:
2119:
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1885:
1815:
1533:"Thermo-hygro-mechanical behavior of spider dragline silk: Glassy and rubbery states"
1406:
the device. The resulting fibers matched the hierarchical structure of natural fiber.
531:
422:
silk has the highest strain at break for any spider silk, breaking at 65% extension.
210:
150:
117:
6827:
6710:
6542:
6053:
Fischer, F. & Brander, J. (1960). "Eine Analyse der Gespinste der Kreuzspinne".
5662:
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4952:
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4853:
4739:
4490:
3849:
3622:
3529:
Flying spiders over Texas! Coast to Coast. Chad B., Texas State University Undergrad
3086:
2608:
2181:
2079:
1353:(13.7 ± 3.0 GPa), extensibility (18 ± 6%), and toughness (114 ± 51 MJ/m3).
390:, with some able to stretch up to five times their relaxed length without breaking.
28:
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6113:
6062:
5966:
5956:
5917:
5796:
5768:
5750:
5727:"Native-sized recombinant spider silk protein produced in metabolically engineered
5667:
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5624:
5577:
5537:
5482:
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5423:
5415:
5375:
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4037:
Hijirida, D. H.; Do, K. G.; Michal, C.; Wong, S.; Zax, D.; Jelinski, L. W. (1996).
4011:
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2001:
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690:
432:
326:
286:
268:
5921:
5832:
4015:
3948:
Vollrath, F.; Knight, D. P. (2001). "Liquid crystalline spinning of spider silk".
3816:"The role of terminal domains during storage and assembly of spider silk proteins"
3154:
2529:
2046:
Scott, Catherine E.; Anderson, Alissa G.; Andrade, Maydianne C. B. (August 2018).
116:
All spiders produce silk, although some spiders do not make webs. Silk is tied to
8079:
7902:
7864:
7657:
7552:
7494:
7463:
7337:
7313:
7298:
7151:
4182:
3913:
3579:
3535:
3505:
3248:
3070:
2965:
2455:
2383:
1845:
1350:
1269:
885:
275:). This enables a silk fibre to absorb a large amount of energy before breaking (
7810:
6262:"The effect of spinning conditions on the mechanics of a spider's dragline silk"
6066:
5450:
4339:
2165:
1520:"The effect of spinning conditions on the mechanics of a spider's dragline silk"
1037:
544:"Swathing bands" to envelop prey. Often combined with immobilising prey using a
7950:
7755:
7610:
7515:
7380:
6780:"Sticky Layers and Shimmering Weaves: A Study of Two Human Uses of Spider Silk"
6345:
6145:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5818:
5643:
5457:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5353:
5164:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4922:
4883:
4703:
Swanson, B. O.; Blackledge, T. A.; Summers, A. P. & Hayashi, C. Y. (2006).
4542:
Wilson, R. S. (1962). "The Control of Dragline Spinning in the Garden Spider".
3496:
Nentwig, Wolfgang; Heimer, Stefan (1987). "Ecological Aspects of Spider Webs".
2197:
1857:
1003:
As an example of a complex spinning field, the spinneret apparatus of an adult
964:. Each differently coloured section highlights a discrete section of the gland.
923:
903:
590:
367:
7208:
5267:
5006:
4837:
2600:
2005:
1822:
The earliest recorded attempt to weave fabric from spider silk was in 1709 by
1506:"Modulation of the Mechanical Properties of Spider Silk by Coating with Water"
579:
used by smaller spiders to float through the air, for instance for dispersal.
566:
Male spiders may produce sperm webs; spider eggs are covered in silk cocoons.
145:
Spider silk structure: crystalline beta-sheets separated by amorphous linkages
8125:
8104:
7968:
7940:
7927:
7825:
7740:
7583:
7479:
7403:
7388:
7360:
7355:
7345:
6805:
4601:
4474:
2859:
2810:
2753:
2071:
1884:
in 2009. Eighty-two people worked for four years to collect over one million
1877:
1853:
1460:"The Composition of Arthropod Silk Fibroins; Comparative studies of fibroins"
1385:
1341:
A 556 kDa spider silk protein was manufactured from 192 repeat motifs of the
1257:
1019:
300 aciniform glands for the outer lining of egg sacs, and for ensnaring prey
766:
Capture-spiral silk – used for the capturing lines of the web
355:
221:
125:
98:
7960:
6680:
6165:
5755:
5610:
5477:
5184:
5053:
5030:
4892:
3774:
Rising, A.; Johansson, J. (2015). "Toward spinning artificial spider silk".
2293:
1939:. In 2011, silk fibres were used to generate fine diffraction patterns over
1041:
Single strand of artificial spider silk produced under laboratory conditions
782:
Used to wrap and secure prey; used in male sperm webs; used in stabilimenta
722:. Repeated at variable slow motion to better see silk line. Spider probably
608:
Tube webs used by "primitive" spiders such as the European tube web spider (
481:
290:
An illustration of the differences between toughness, stiffness and strength
8025:
8015:
7945:
7720:
7712:
7170:
7040:
6989:
6900:
6618:
6534:
6464:
6429:
6394:
6297:
6279:
6125:
6074:
5980:
5961:
5929:
5782:
5681:
5629:
5612:
5589:
5581:
5496:
5437:
5389:
5332:
5295:
5286:
5269:
5246:
5238:
5203:
5061:
5014:
4901:
4845:
4802:
4731:
4689:
4654:
4609:
4528:
4482:
4396:
4388:
4361:
4326:
4281:
4250:
4201:
4150:
4115:
4023:
3977:
3931:
3841:
3795:
3676:
3614:
3452:
3377:
3328:
3267:
3197:
3132:
3078:
3022:
2771:
2745:
2648:
2474:
2407:
2316:
2308:
2280:
2243:
2224:
2063:
1694:
New insight and model to spider silk based on Group Interaction Modelling.
989:
981:
494:
6702:
6694:
6667:
6184:
4466:
4080:
3898:"Structure–function–property–design interplay in biopolymers: Spider silk"
3787:
3711:
3694:
2873:
Griffiths, J. R.; Salanitri, V. R. (1980). "The strength of spider silk".
2785:
Chen, Zhong; Gandhi, Umesh; Lee, Jinwoo; Wagoner, R. H. (1 January 2016).
2173:
2143:
2123:
1876:
made of spider silk is an 11-by-4-foot (3.4 by 1.2 m) textile with a
7935:
7785:
7725:
7682:
7615:
7489:
7443:
7433:
7398:
7285:
6796:
6779:
6555:
3896:
Tokareva, O.; Jacobsen, M.; Buehler, M.; Wong, J.; Kaplan, D. L. (2014).
3657:
1274:
1127:
715:
625:
436:
217:
216:
Termonia introduced this first basic model of silk in 1994. He suggested
213:
is believed to prevent the protein from denaturing in the acidic milieu.
178:
110:
7006:, The Sciences, The New York Academy of Sciences, September/October 1995
6813:
6659:
6601:"Liquid crystals and flow elongation in a spider's silk production line"
6332:
5764:
4304:
4266:"Liquid crystals and flow elongation in a spider's silk production line"
4129:
Lewis, R. V. (2006). "Spider silk: Ancient ideas for new biomaterials".
3528:
2370:
2256:
1721:"Liquid crystals and flow elongation in a spider's silk production line"
816:, or for a strand allowing the spider to drop down as silk is extruded).
8005:
8000:
7869:
7735:
7702:
7667:
7592:
7510:
7413:
7408:
7350:
6940:
6477:
5706:. Science Magazine, American Association for the Advancement of Science
5453:"Assembly mechanism of recombinant spider silk proteins (microfluidic)"
5354:
Tasiopoulos CP, Gustafsson L, Wijngaart W, van der Hedhammar M (2021),
4241:
4216:
3368:
3343:
3319:
3294:
2894:
2698:
2555:
2032:
1881:
1389:
928:
907:
805:
649:
615:
553:
403:
182:
174:
154:
86:
7907:
7847:
6745:
6407:
5419:
5144:
5108:
4944:
4681:
4593:
4353:
4318:
4142:
4107:
3832:
3815:
3606:
2640:
2516:
2272:
435:. The glass-transition temperature depends on humidity, as water is a
398:
The combination of strength and ductility gives dragline silks a high
8020:
7815:
7750:
7458:
7418:
7393:
6577:
6526:
6238:
6029:"Artificial spider gland spins scalable spider silk just like nature"
5270:"Scalable Production of Monodisperse Bioactive Spider Silk Nanowires"
4723:
4622:
4431:
3969:
3749:
3124:
2722:"1000 spider silkomes: Linking sequences to silk physical properties"
2349:
Termonia, Y. (1994). "Molecular Modeling of Spider Silk Elasticity".
1932:
1907:
1869:
594:
399:
276:
272:
170:
5451:
Rammensee, S.; Slotta, U.; Scheibel, T. & Bausch, A. R. (2008).
4793:
4768:
3013:
2988:
1134:
Silkworms genetically altered to express spider proteins and fibres.
7988:
7833:
7765:
7448:
7438:
6723:
6102:
6087:
3740:
3293:
Wolff, J. O.; Grawe, I; Wirth, M; Karstedt, A; Gorb, S. N. (2015).
2583:
2531:
2198:
van Beek, J. D.; Hess, S.; Vollrath, F. & Meier, B. H. (2002).
1861:
1810:
1360:
1226:
956:
280:
206:
158:
90:
7600:
4560:
1095:
silk is more than twice as tough as any previously described silk"
8047:
8042:
8037:
7897:
7605:
7428:
7423:
6310:
6259:
5316:
4636:
1865:
1230:
485:
387:
166:
162:
71:
7672:
7228:"Synthetic spider silk stronger and tougher than the real thing"
7039:
5523:
63:) depicts a peasant woman with a thread of gossamer in her hand.
8052:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7795:
7780:
7770:
7745:
7730:
7692:
7625:
7277:
5121:
4093:
3341:
2676:
1920:
1917:
1902:
1652:
First attempt to link structure with properties of spider silk
1476:"Structure of a Protein Superfiber − Spider Dragline Silk"
1381:
to create silkworms genetically altered to produce spider silk.
1356:
1055:
purified, and then spun before their properties can be tested.
338:
334:
295:
121:
82:
60:
7180:"The Tangled Web of Turning Spider Silk into a Super Material"
3342:
Sahni, V; Harris, J; Blackledge, T. A.; Dhinojwala, A (2012).
1975:
Miyashita, Tadashi; Maezono, Yasunori; Shimazaki, Aya (2004).
1745:
Guinea, G.V., Elices, M., Pérez-Rigueiro, J. & Plaza, G.R.
1608:
Secondary structural transition confirmation during spinning.
1530:
Plaza, G.R., Guinea, G.V., Pérez-Rigueiro, J. & Elices, M.
19:"Arachnidium" redirects here. For the genus of bryozoans, see
8057:
8010:
7993:
7912:
7697:
7687:
7662:
7640:
7630:
7575:
6953:
6372:
4625:"Microdissection of Black Widow Spider Silk-producing Glands"
4374:
3430:
1952:
1873:
1756:
Reconstituted /Synthetic Spider Silk and Artificial Spinning
1221:
Feedstock is forced through a hollow needle using a syringe.
911:
545:
498:
330:
202:
74:
7088:"Spider silk used to create lenses for imaging human tissue"
2431:"Composition and hierarchical organization of a spider silk"
1935:
in optical instruments such as telescopes, microscopes, and
1799:
First controlled wet-spinning of reconstituted spider silk.
1680:
Two types of alanine-rich crystalline regions were defined.
1178:
Genetically modified to secrete silk proteins in their milk.
341:
or Kevlar (3000 MPa). According to Spider Silkome Database,
7805:
7790:
7760:
7652:
7647:
7635:
7620:
5905:
5085:
4001:
3895:
2494:
1392:
812:, egg protection, and mobility (fine "gossamer" thread for
809:
490:
198:
94:
78:
7246:
7206:
6216:
6141:"Structure of a Protein Superfiber – Spider Dragline Silk"
3541:
3221:
1091:
Malagasy spider famed for making 25 m long strands. "
456:
The toughest known spider silk is produced by the species
7544:
7018:
Example of use of spider silk for telescopic rifle sights
6598:
4506:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3102:
2095:
1974:
1751:
Explanation of the variability of mechanical properties.
464:): "The toughness of forcibly silked fibers averages 350
5877:"Fraser Research Publicly Announced at Press Conference"
4039:"13C NMR of Nephila clavipes major ampullate silk gland"
3638:
2830:
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
2718:
1158:) is complex, but required for the strongest silk. Here
402:(or work to fracture), which "equals that of commercial
6642:
Prince, J. T.; McGrath, K. P.; Digirolamo, C. M. &
4766:
4409:
3943:
3941:
3538:
Describes the mechanical kiting of Spider "ballooning".
3292:
2787:"Variation and consistency of Young's modulus in steel"
758:
Used for temporary scaffolding during web construction
194:
6504:
6442:
6052:
4984:
3809:
3807:
3805:
2823:
1591:"Aspects of X-ray diffraction on single spider fibers"
1338:. This approach eliminates the need to "milk" spiders.
552:
the silk is combined with venom and squirted from the
169:
blocks, which is why silks are often referred to as a
3769:
3767:
3406:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p.
937:
The gland's visible, or external, part is termed the
798:
Bonds between separate threads for attachment point.
6055:
Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie
4036:
3997:
3995:
3938:
3862:
3813:
2784:
2568:
2045:
1326:
Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology
6854:"1 Million Spiders Make Golden Silk for Rare Cloth"
6260:Vollrath, F.; Madsen, B. & Shao, Z. Z. (2001).
3802:
1154:Synthesising a large and repetitive molecule (~300
774:Egg cocoon silk – used for egg sacs
6138:
5797:"Draadkracht: spindoctors maken supersterk nepweb"
5701:
5524:Eisoldt, L.; Smith, A. & Scheibel, T. (2011).
4579:
3764:
3725:
3695:"control of drag-line spinning in certain spiders"
3399:
3048:
2917:"Overview of materials for AISI 4000 Series Steel"
2872:
2679:Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics
1028:2 coronate glands for the thread of adhesion lines
5555:
5553:
4769:"Materials: Surprising strength of silkworm silk"
4752:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3992:
3592:
2989:"Materials: Surprising strength of silkworm silk"
1708:"Liquid Crystallinity of Natural Silk Secretions"
220:embedded in an amorphous matrix interlinked with
8102:
6913:Heimer, S. (1988). Wunderbare Welt der Spinnen.
3175:
2332:Heimer, S. (1988). Wunderbare Welt der Spinnen.
1691:"Spider silk as an archetypal protein elastomer"
6907:
5789:
5735:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3773:
3217:
3215:
3098:
3096:
1328:succeeded in making spider silk directly using
880:
874:Temporary scaffolding during web construction.
808:construction, defence, capturing and detaining
5550:
5401:
4502:
4500:
4444:
4263:
3947:
3639:Andersson, M; Johansson, J; Rising, A (2016).
3466:
3464:
3462:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2344:
2342:
1663:"Molecular Modeling of Spider Silk Elasticity"
1388:company Nexia produced spider silk protein in
298:. Spider silk is, however, tougher than both.
7560:
7262:
6198:Lucas, F. (1964). "Spiders and their silks".
5724:
5026:
5024:
4541:
3863:Eisoldt, L.; Smith, A.; Scheibel, T. (2011).
3814:Eisoldt, L.; Thamm, C.; Scheibel, T. (2012).
3692:
3495:
3397:
2959:
2193:
2191:
1970:
1968:
1768:First successful synthesis of Spider silk by
1649:"The structure and properties of spider silk"
468:, with some samples reaching 520 MJ/m. Thus,
7129:, a BBC program about silk-producing animals
6758:
5081:
5079:
4965:
4865:
4863:
3470:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3212:
3093:
2986:
2620:
2618:
2348:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
1734:"Liquid crystalline spinning of spider silk"
1236:
333:(450−2000 MPa), and about half as strong as
7207:Victoria and Albert Museum (29 July 2019).
4869:
4497:
3688:
3686:
3645:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3459:
3037:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2339:
2091:
2089:
2018:
7567:
7553:
7269:
7255:
6960:Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
6761:"Spider silk cape goes on show at V&A"
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5650:ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
5360:ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
5157:
5021:
4823:
4544:Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
3565:
2791:Journal of Materials Processing Technology
2188:
1965:
1931:Spider silk has been used as a thread for
1594:First X-ray on single spider silk fibres.
1416:Significant papers (50 or more citations)
1332:modified with certain genes of the spider
618:, and the "water" or "diving bell" spider
329:is comparable to that of high-grade alloy
161:), mainly consisting of highly repetitive
7160:
7150:
6979:
6795:
6626:
6599:Knight, D. P. & Vollrath, F. (1999).
6287:
6197:
6174:
6164:
5970:
5960:
5772:
5754:
5671:
5661:
5628:
5541:
5486:
5476:
5427:
5379:
5331:
5285:
5193:
5183:
5076:
4891:
4860:
4792:
4644:
4289:
4240:
4214:
4191:
4181:
4163:
4070:
3921:
3880:
3831:
3739:
3710:
3666:
3656:
3384:
3367:
3318:
3257:
3247:
3012:
2849:
2761:
2615:
2582:
2464:
2454:
2233:
2223:
2130:
2113:
2096:Hinman, M. B. & Lewis, R. V. (1992).
1995:
1926:
1025:4 aggregate glands for adhesive functions
1013:500 pyriform glands for attachment points
489:adhesive properties of the silk resemble
209:that would otherwise digest the protein.
149:Silks have a hierarchical structure. The
6026:
5942:
5704:"Spinning spider silk into startup gold"
3683:
3641:"Silk Spinning in Silkworms and Spiders"
3634:
3632:
3288:
3286:
3284:
2663:
2523:
2328:
2326:
2086:
1809:
1297:
1293:
1036:
955:
927:
884:
818:
701:
689:
285:
140:
41:
27:
7132:
7085:
6926:
6851:
5688:
4767:Shao, Z. Z. & Vollrath, F. (2002).
4377:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
3522:
1373:used research from the Universities of
1273:jump from their point of emission, the
1032:
657:, hang from a drop line while feeding.
345:silk has the highest tensile strength.
8103:
7177:
6777:
6683:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
5702:Service, Robert F. (18 October 2017).
5151:
2987:Shao, Zhengzhong; Vollrath, F (2002).
2962:"Material Tensile Strength Comparison"
1420:
1069:Average Maximum breaking stress (MPa)
960:Schematic of a generalised gland of a
855:Tubiliform (a.k.a. cylindriform) silk
451:
413:
7548:
7250:
7209:"How was it made? Golden spider silk"
6870:
6852:Leggett, Hadley (23 September 2009).
6027:Thompson, Bronwyn (22 January 2024).
5526:"Decoding the secrets of spider silk"
4128:
3865:"Decoding the secrets of spider silk"
3629:
3281:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2323:
1916:silk was used in research concerning
1755:
1698:
1639:
1540:
1482:
1437:
1216:
89:or other structures that function as
8085:
7107:"Material Properties of Spider Silk"
6007:
5402:Kinahan, M. E.; et al. (2011).
4264:Knight, D. P.; Vollrath, F. (1999).
3475:. London: New Holland. p. 160.
1796:"Artificial Spinning of Spider Silk"
1780:Arcidiacono, S., Kaplan, D.L. et al.
1324:In March 2010, researchers from the
1022:4 tubuliform glands for egg sac silk
1016:4 ampullate glands for the web frame
858:Protective egg sacs. Stiffest silk.
193:in aqueous solution, resulting in a
5853:. 29 September 2010. Archived from
4215:Kronqvist, N.; et al. (2014).
4164:Andersson, M.; et al. (2014).
3595:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1910:, which can aid in clotting blood.
1762:Prince, J. T., Kaplan, D. L. et al.
846:Capture-spiral (flagelliform) silk
442:
370:of dragline spider silk is roughly
320:
13:
7104:
6972:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00436.x
6606:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
6267:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
6139:Xu, M. & Lewis, R. V. (1990).
5943:Scheibel, Thomas (November 2004).
4438:
3445:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085401
2705:
2387:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1580:First Raman study of spider silk.
1264:
605:Nest lining and nest construction
304:
14:
8142:
7120:
4629:Journal of Visualized Experiments
1793:Seidel, A., Jelinski, L.W. et al.
1622:First X-ray on spider silk dope.
1602:Knight, D.P., Vollrath, F. et al.
1503:Vollrath, F. & Edmonds, D. T.
1113:Typical golden orb weaving spider
361:
8084:
8075:
8074:
7529:
7528:
7327:
7133:Meadows, Robin (5 August 2014).
7098:
7079:
7033:
7009:
6996:
6947:
6920:
6864:
6845:
6820:
6771:
6759:Maev Kennedy (24 January 2012).
6752:
6717:
6674:
6635:
6592:
6549:
6498:
6471:
6436:
6401:
6366:
6339:
6304:
6253:
6210:
6191:
6132:
6096:
6081:
6046:
6020:
5883:. 1 October 2010. Archived from
5158:Xia, X. X.; et al. (2010).
4987:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
3273:
2803:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.08.024
2480:
1640:Structure-Property Relationship
1566:First NMR study of spider silk.
1252:
838:Major-ampullate (dragline) silk
246:
7178:Rejcek, Peter (11 April 2019).
6001:
5987:
5936:
5899:
5869:
5839:
5833:"Bolt Threads – B-silk protein"
5825:
5811:
5718:
5663:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00612
5637:
5604:
5517:
5503:
5444:
5395:
5372:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00612
5347:
5310:
5261:
5210:
5115:
4978:
4959:
4916:
4817:
4760:
4696:
4661:
4616:
4573:
4554:
4535:
4403:
4368:
4333:
4298:
4257:
4208:
4157:
4122:
4087:
4030:
3889:
3856:
3719:
3586:
3559:
3489:
3424:
3335:
3169:
3147:
2980:
2953:
2939:"DuPont Kevlar 49 Aramid Fiber"
2931:
2909:
2866:
2817:
2778:
2628:Journal of Experimental Biology
2562:
2488:
2422:
2377:
1731:Vollrath, F. & Knight, D.P.
1718:Knight, D.P. & Vollrath, F.
1280:
7086:Goodyer, Jason (5 July 2020).
6893:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.154301
6828:"V&A · Golden spider silk"
2851:10.1088/1757-899X/987/1/012003
2287:
2250:
2039:
2012:
1946:Silk has been used to suspend
1941:N-slit interferometric signals
1900:used to cut up tubes built by
1844:The development of methods to
1547:Hinman, M.B. & Lewis, R. V
425:
1:
7065:10.1088/2040-8978/13/3/035710
6457:10.1016/S0141-8130(01)00166-0
6422:10.1016/S0141-8130(00)00124-0
6387:10.1016/S0141-8130(98)00084-1
6360:10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00475-3
6118:10.1016/S0022-2836(60)80045-9
5995:"Goldwin x Spiber Ski Jacket"
5922:10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.02.006
5617:Advanced Functional Materials
5543:10.1016/s1369-7021(11)70057-8
5320:Advanced Functional Materials
4726:(inactive 6 September 2024).
4521:10.1016/S0141-8130(98)00095-6
4063:10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79539-5
4016:10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.02.006
3882:10.1016/S1369-7021(11)70057-8
2960:Ganio Mego, Paolo (c. 2002).
2115:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41777-2
1958:
1868:pumps, fashion clothing, and
1805:
1737:Most cited spider silk paper
1705:Kerkam, K., Kaplan, D. et al.
1688:Vollrath, F. & Porter, D.
1616:Riekel, C. & Vollrath, F.
1574:Shao, Z., Vollrath, F. et al.
1517:Vollrath, F. & Shao, Z.Z.
1444:Fischer, F. & Brander, J.
1410:
917:
685:
480:Silk fibre is a two-compound
259:
136:
131:
16:Protein fiber made by spiders
7152:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001922
6492:10.1016/0160-9327(86)90049-9
6106:Journal of Molecular Biology
4183:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001921
3914:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.020
3580:10.1002/scin.2007.5591711509
3506:10.1007/978-3-642-71552-5_15
3249:10.1371/journal.pone.0011234
2875:Journal of Materials Science
2456:10.1371/journal.pone.0000998
2204:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1814:A cape made from Madagascar
1588:Riekel, C., Muller, M.et al.
1541:Structural Characterisation
1191:Tobacco & potato plants
1049:
1046:be synthesised into fibres.
881:Synthesis and fibre spinning
645:Drop lines and anchor lines
393:
381:
201:and thus protecting it from
197:of about 4, making the silk
187:Potassium hydrogen phosphate
7:
7366:List of families of spiders
7276:
7021:. Bonnier Corporation. 1955
6067:10.1515/bchm2.1960.320.1.92
5851:Kraig Biocraft Laboratories
3473:The Private Life of Spiders
3433:Annual Review of Entomology
3051:European Physical Journal E
2166:10.1126/science.271.5245.84
1948:inertial confinement fusion
1891:
1371:Kraig Biocraft Laboratories
1318:
1208:
718:jumps with safety line, on
475:
85:. Spiders use silk to make
10:
8147:
7574:
7004:Field Notes – Spin Control
6832:Victoria and Albert Museum
6008:Bain, Marc (3 July 2016).
5819:"Bolt Threads – Microsilk"
5731:results in a strong fiber"
4884:10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00980
3071:10.1140/epje/e2005-00021-2
2052:The Journal of Arachnology
1788:
1775:
1754:
1740:
1726:
1713:
1697:
1683:
1669:
1655:
1638:
1625:
1611:
1597:
1583:
1569:
1555:
1539:
1525:
1512:
1498:
1481:
1465:
1452:
1436:
1433:Contribution to the field
1419:
921:
672:
662:
643:
633:
603:
584:
571:
561:
539:
525:
514:
348:
157:sequence of its proteins (
18:
8116:Animal glandular products
8070:
7959:
7926:
7878:
7855:
7846:
7824:
7711:
7591:
7582:
7524:
7503:
7472:
7379:
7336:
7325:
7284:
6784:Journal of Design History
5274:Macromolecular Bioscience
5007:10.1016/j.pbi.2005.01.010
4838:10.1007/s11033-009-9615-2
4826:Molecular Biology Reports
2601:10.1007/s00340-017-6766-z
2006:10.1017/S0952836903004540
1896:Peasants in the southern
1492:"Spiders and their silks"
1473:Xu, M. & Lewis, R. V.
1466:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1290:model of a blood vessel.
1244:
1237:Superhydrophobic surfaces
1190:
1174:
1146:
1125:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
530:Orb webs produced by the
6778:Morgan, Eleanor (2016).
5949:Microbial Cell Factories
5881:University of Notre Dame
5510:Spintec Engineering GmbH
4967:US patent 2008109923
3534:26 November 2011 at the
3498:Ecophysiology of Spiders
1349:(1.03 ± 0.11 GPa),
577:"Ballooning" or "kiting"
283:a stress-strain curve).
7371:Lists of spider species
7135:"How Spiders Spin Silk"
6873:Physical Review Letters
6166:10.1073/pnas.87.18.7120
5909:Trends in Biotechnology
5756:10.1073/pnas.1003366107
5478:10.1073/pnas.0709246105
5185:10.1073/pnas.1003366107
5054:10.1126/science.1065780
4447:Die Naturwissenschaften
2842:2020MS&E..987a2003N
2297:Macromol. Rapid Commun.
1937:telescopic rifle sights
943:golden silk orb-weavers
906:. Silk production is a
504:
38:wraps her prey in silk.
6929:Journal of Arachnology
6619:10.1098/rspb.1999.0667
6445:Int. J. Biol. Macromol
6410:Int. J. Biol. Macromol
6375:Int. J. Biol. Macromol
6280:10.1098/rspb.2001.1590
5962:10.1186/1475-2859-3-14
5630:10.1002/adfm.202002982
5582:10.1002/adma.201704325
5333:10.1002/adfm.202002982
5287:10.1002/mabi.202200450
5239:10.1002/adma.201704325
4389:10.1002/anie.200803341
4282:10.1098/rspb.1999.0667
3693:Wilson, R. S. (1969).
3398:Foelix, R. F. (1996).
3198:10.1002/adma.200400344
2746:10.1126/sciadv.abo6043
2408:10.1098/rspb.1996.0023
2309:10.1002/marc.200900018
2225:10.1073/pnas.152162299
2064:10.1636/JoA-S-17-093.1
2021:Journal of Arachnology
1927:Science and technology
1819:
1630:Van Beek, J. D. et al.
1483:Mechanical Properties
1303:
1084:Darwin's bark spider (
1042:
965:
962:Golden silk orb-weaver
934:
894:
824:
729:
699:
410:silk is the toughest.
291:
146:
64:
39:
21:Arachnidium (bryozoan)
6695:10.1007/s002530051133
4467:10.1007/s001140100220
3788:10.1038/nchembio.1789
3471:Hillyard, P. (2007).
3348:Nature Communications
1864:coatings, mechanical
1852:, athletic footwear,
1813:
1421:Area of contribution
1301:
1294:Synthetic spider silk
1040:
959:
952:Gland characteristics
931:
922:Further information:
888:
871:Minor-ampullate silk
822:
714:
693:
289:
144:
103:float through the air
45:
32:A female specimen of
31:
3728:Surf. Interface Anal
3658:10.3390/ijms17081290
3500:. pp. 211–225.
1898:Carpathian Mountains
1646:Gosline, G.M. et al.
1033:Artificial synthesis
648:Spiders such as the
611:Segestria florentina
541:Prey immobilisation
458:Darwin's bark spider
7485:Cultural depictions
7127:"The Silk Spinners"
7057:2011JOpt...13c5710D
7002:Berenbaum, May R.,
6885:2012PhRvL.108o4301O
6738:1998MaMol..31.6733S
6660:10.1021/bi00034a022
6570:1991Natur.349..596K
6519:2006SMat....2..377V
6333:10.1021/ma00096a060
6325:1994MaMol..27.5235S
6231:1989Natur.340..305V
6157:1990PNAS...87.7120X
5747:2010PNAS..10714059X
5574:2018AdM....3004325G
5469:2008PNAS..105.6590R
5231:2018AdM....3004325G
5176:2010PNAS..10714059X
5137:2002MaMol..35.1262A
5101:2000MaMol..33..775S
5046:2002Sci...295..472L
4999:2005COPB....8..188S
4937:2011MaMol..44.1166E
4785:2002Natur.418..741S
4509:Int J Biol Macromol
4459:2001NW.....88..179K
4424:2002JChEd..79...10H
4233:2014NatCo...5.3254K
4055:1996BpJ....71.3442H
3962:2001Natur.410..541V
3712:10.1093/icb/9.1.103
3360:2012NatCo...3.1106S
3311:2015SMat...11.2394W
3240:2010PLoSO...511234A
3190:2005AdM....17...84Y
3117:2001Natur.410..541V
3063:2005EPJE...16..199P
3005:2002Natur.418..741S
2887:1980JMatS..15..491G
2738:2022SciA....8O6043A
2691:2006JPoSB..44..994P
2593:2017ApPhB.123..188Z
2548:2012SMat....8.6015P
2509:2005MaMol..38.8447S
2447:2007PLoSO...2..998S
2400:1996RSPSB.263..147V
2371:10.1021/ma00103a018
2363:1994MaMol..27.7378T
2216:2002PNAS...9910266V
2158:1996Sci...271...84S
1824:François Xavier Bon
1417:
1308:genetic engineering
1059:
914:of multiple types.
725:Misumessus oblongus
621:Argyroneta aquatica
452:Highest-performance
414:Elongation at break
337:filaments, such as
271:and extensibility (
6797:10.1093/jdh/epv019
6092:. Symp. 3: 208–14.
5887:on 10 October 2010
5219:Advanced Materials
5170:(32): 14, 059–63.
4242:10.1038/ncomms4254
3601:(Pt 13): 2452–61.
3402:Biology of Spiders
3369:10.1038/ncomms2099
3320:10.1039/c4sm02130d
3178:Advanced Materials
2968:on 26 October 2009
2895:10.1007/BF00551703
2699:10.1002/polb.20751
2556:10.1039/C2SM25446H
1984:Journal of Zoology
1886:golden orb spiders
1820:
1674:Simmons, A. et al.
1560:Simmons, A. et al.
1415:
1304:
1217:Syringe and needle
1086:Caerostris darwini
1058:
1043:
1006:Araneus diadematus
966:
935:
895:
825:
755:Ampullate (minor)
747:Ampullate (major)
730:
700:
674:Pheromonal trails
462:Caerostris darwini
420:Caerostris darwini
325:A dragline silk's
315:Ariadna lateralisl
292:
234:neutron scattering
147:
65:
40:
35:Argiope bruennichi
8111:Materials science
8098:
8097:
8066:
8065:
7842:
7841:
7542:
7541:
7473:Human interaction
7092:BBC Science Focus
7045:Journal of Optics
6746:10.1021/ma9808880
6274:(1483): 2339–46.
5879:(Press release).
5849:(Press release).
5420:10.1021/bm1014624
5408:Biomacromolecules
5145:10.1021/ma011471o
5109:10.1021/ma990893j
4945:10.1021/ma102291m
4872:Biomacromolecules
4682:10.1021/bm900312c
4670:Biomacromolecules
4594:10.1021/bm0156126
4582:Biomacromolecules
4354:10.1021/bm800390j
4342:Biomacromolecules
4319:10.1021/bm701069y
4307:Biomacromolecules
4143:10.1021/cr010194g
4108:10.1021/bm800390j
4096:Biomacromolecules
4004:Trends Biotechnol
3833:10.1002/bip.22006
3607:10.1242/jeb.02275
3515:978-3-642-71554-9
3482:978-1-84537-690-1
3417:978-0-19-509594-4
2641:10.1242/jeb.01344
2571:Applied Physics B
2517:10.1021/ma0507995
2273:10.1021/bm700877g
2260:Biomacromolecules
1832:Ramón M. Termeyer
1816:golden orb spider
1803:
1802:
1427:Main researchers
1384:Defunct Canadian
1206:
1205:
878:
877:
802:
801:
712:
683:
682:
439:for spider silk.
408:Araneus ishisawai
211:Potassium nitrate
151:primary structure
8138:
8088:
8087:
8078:
8077:
7853:
7852:
7589:
7588:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7546:
7545:
7532:
7531:
7331:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7174:
7164:
7154:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7105:Bonino, Mark J.
7102:
7096:
7095:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7013:
7007:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6983:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6924:
6918:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6799:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6654:(34): 10879–85.
6639:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6613:(1418): 519–23.
6596:
6590:
6589:
6578:10.1038/349596a0
6564:(6310): 596–98.
6553:
6547:
6546:
6527:10.1039/b600098n
6502:
6496:
6495:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6354:(10): 2493–500.
6343:
6337:
6336:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6291:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6239:10.1038/340305a0
6225:(6231): 305–07.
6214:
6208:
6207:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6178:
6168:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6090:Insect Chemistry
6085:
6079:
6078:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5974:
5964:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5758:
5741:(32): 14059–63.
5729:Escherichia coli
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5699:
5686:
5685:
5675:
5665:
5656:(7): 3332–3339.
5641:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5557:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5490:
5480:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5383:
5366:(7): 3332–3339,
5351:
5345:
5344:
5335:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5289:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5197:
5187:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5040:(5554): 472–76.
5028:
5019:
5018:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4895:
4893:2060/20180007385
4867:
4858:
4857:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4796:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4751:
4743:
4724:10.1554/06-267.1
4709:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4432:10.1021/ed079p10
4407:
4401:
4400:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4276:(1418): 519–23.
4261:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4195:
4185:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4034:
4028:
4027:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3970:10.1038/35069000
3956:(6828): 541–48.
3945:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3835:
3811:
3800:
3799:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3750:10.1002/sia.6545
3743:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3660:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3539:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3468:
3457:
3456:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3405:
3395:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3305:(12): 2394–403.
3290:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3157:. chm.bris.ac.uk
3151:
3145:
3144:
3125:10.1038/35069000
3111:(6828): 541–48.
3100:
3091:
3090:
3046:
3035:
3034:
3016:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2964:. Archived from
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2732:(41): eabo6043.
2726:Science Advances
2716:
2703:
2702:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2586:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2468:
2458:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2394:(1367): 147–51.
2381:
2375:
2374:
2346:
2337:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2303:(9–10): 851–57.
2291:
2285:
2284:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2210:(16): 10266–71.
2195:
2186:
2185:
2141:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2108:(27): 19320–24.
2093:
2084:
2083:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1981:
1972:
1850:ballistic armour
1840:
1699:Native Spinning
1457:Lucas, F. et al.
1418:
1414:
1347:tensile strength
1335:Nephila clavipes
1149:Escherichia coli
1109:Nephila clavipes
1060:
1057:
893:spinning its web
827:
826:
790:Sticky globules
736:
735:
713:
548:. In species of
513:
512:
493:, consisting of
443:Supercontraction
433:glass transition
377:
375:
327:tensile strength
321:Tensile strength
269:tensile strength
250:
171:block co-polymer
53:Józef Chełmoński
8146:
8145:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8101:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8062:
7955:
7922:
7874:
7865:Artificial silk
7838:
7820:
7707:
7578:
7573:
7543:
7538:
7520:
7516:Web decorations
7499:
7495:Spider fighting
7468:
7464:Urticating hair
7414:Cheliceral fang
7375:
7332:
7323:
7280:
7275:
7237:
7235:
7226:
7217:
7215:
7203:Wayback Machine
7188:
7186:
7184:Singularity Hub
7145:(8): e1001922.
7123:
7118:
7117:
7109:
7103:
7099:
7084:
7080:
7038:
7034:
7024:
7022:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7001:
6997:
6952:
6948:
6925:
6921:
6912:
6908:
6869:
6865:
6850:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6776:
6772:
6757:
6753:
6732:(19): 6733–36.
6722:
6718:
6679:
6675:
6640:
6636:
6597:
6593:
6554:
6550:
6503:
6499:
6476:
6472:
6441:
6437:
6406:
6402:
6381:(2–3): 179–86.
6371:
6367:
6344:
6340:
6319:(18): 5235–37.
6309:
6305:
6258:
6254:
6215:
6211:
6196:
6192:
6151:(18): 7120–24.
6137:
6133:
6101:
6097:
6086:
6082:
6051:
6047:
6037:
6035:
6025:
6021:
6006:
6002:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5941:
5937:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5860:
5858:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5802:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5707:
5700:
5689:
5642:
5638:
5623:(40): 2002982.
5609:
5605:
5558:
5551:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5463:(18): 6590–95.
5449:
5445:
5400:
5396:
5352:
5348:
5315:
5311:
5280:(4): e2200450.
5266:
5262:
5215:
5211:
5156:
5152:
5120:
5116:
5084:
5077:
5029:
5022:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4964:
4960:
4921:
4917:
4868:
4861:
4822:
4818:
4794:10.1038/418741a
4765:
4761:
4745:
4744:
4718:(12): 2539–51.
4707:
4701:
4697:
4666:
4662:
4621:
4617:
4578:
4574:
4559:
4555:
4540:
4536:
4515:(2–3): 243–49.
4505:
4498:
4443:
4439:
4408:
4404:
4383:(20): 3584–96.
4373:
4369:
4348:(9): 2399–407.
4338:
4334:
4303:
4299:
4270:Proc. R. Soc. B
4262:
4258:
4213:
4209:
4176:(8): e1001921.
4162:
4158:
4127:
4123:
4102:(9): 2399–407.
4092:
4088:
4035:
4031:
4000:
3993:
3946:
3939:
3894:
3890:
3861:
3857:
3812:
3803:
3776:Nat. Chem. Biol
3772:
3765:
3724:
3720:
3691:
3684:
3637:
3630:
3591:
3587:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3542:
3536:Wayback Machine
3527:
3523:
3516:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3469:
3460:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3396:
3385:
3340:
3336:
3291:
3282:
3272:
3220:
3213:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3101:
3094:
3047:
3038:
3014:10.1038/418741a
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2871:
2867:
2822:
2818:
2783:
2779:
2717:
2706:
2675:
2664:
2623:
2616:
2567:
2563:
2542:(22): 6015–26.
2528:
2524:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2427:
2423:
2382:
2378:
2357:(25): 7378–81.
2347:
2340:
2331:
2324:
2292:
2288:
2255:
2251:
2196:
2189:
2152:(5245): 84–87.
2142:
2131:
2094:
2087:
2044:
2040:
2017:
2013:
1997:10.1.1.536.9091
1979:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1929:
1894:
1834:
1808:
1438:Chemical Basis
1413:
1363:using bacteria.
1321:
1296:
1283:
1270:Electrospinning
1267:
1265:Electrospinning
1255:
1247:
1239:
1219:
1211:
1052:
1035:
926:
920:
904:spinning wheels
883:
863:Aciniform silk
720:yellow ironweed
702:
688:
591:kleptoparasitic
507:
478:
454:
445:
428:
416:
396:
384:
373:
371:
364:
351:
323:
310:Young's modulus
307:
305:Young's modulus
262:
255:
251:
241:
139:
134:
57:National Museum
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8144:
8134:
8133:
8131:Spider anatomy
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8082:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7971:
7965:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7932:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7882:
7880:Semi-synthetic
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7861:
7859:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7830:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7717:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7597:
7595:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7572:
7571:
7564:
7557:
7549:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7536:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7385:
7383:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7342:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7314:Classification
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7290:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7274:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7234:. 21 July 2021
7224:
7195:
7175:
7130:
7122:
7121:External links
7119:
7116:
7115:
7097:
7078:
7032:
7008:
6995:
6946:
6919:
6906:
6879:(15): 154301.
6863:
6844:
6819:
6770:
6751:
6726:Macromolecules
6716:
6673:
6634:
6591:
6548:
6497:
6470:
6435:
6400:
6365:
6338:
6313:Macromolecules
6303:
6252:
6209:
6190:
6131:
6095:
6080:
6045:
6019:
6000:
5986:
5935:
5898:
5868:
5857:on 25 May 2011
5838:
5824:
5810:
5788:
5717:
5687:
5636:
5603:
5568:(3): 1704325.
5549:
5516:
5502:
5443:
5414:(5): 1504–11.
5394:
5346:
5309:
5260:
5209:
5150:
5131:(4): 1262–66.
5125:Macromolecules
5114:
5089:Macromolecules
5075:
5020:
4977:
4958:
4931:(5): 1166–76.
4925:Macromolecules
4915:
4878:(9): 3853–60.
4859:
4832:(4): 1815–21.
4816:
4759:
4695:
4676:(7): 1904–10.
4660:
4615:
4572:
4553:
4534:
4496:
4437:
4402:
4367:
4332:
4297:
4256:
4207:
4156:
4137:(9): 3762–74.
4121:
4086:
4049:(6): 3442–47.
4029:
3991:
3937:
3908:(4): 1612–26.
3888:
3855:
3801:
3763:
3718:
3682:
3628:
3585:
3574:(15): 231–34.
3558:
3540:
3521:
3514:
3488:
3481:
3458:
3423:
3416:
3383:
3334:
3280:
3211:
3168:
3146:
3092:
3057:(2): 199–206.
3036:
2979:
2952:
2930:
2908:
2865:
2816:
2777:
2704:
2662:
2614:
2561:
2522:
2497:Macromolecules
2487:
2421:
2376:
2351:Macromolecules
2338:
2322:
2286:
2249:
2187:
2129:
2085:
2058:(2): 173–206.
2038:
2011:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1928:
1925:
1923:regeneration.
1893:
1890:
1858:breast implant
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:Gene Sequence
1464:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1382:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1339:
1320:
1317:
1295:
1292:
1282:
1279:
1266:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1051:
1048:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
998:liquid crystal
994:
993:
985:
977:
974:
971:
954:
953:
924:Spider anatomy
919:
916:
882:
879:
876:
875:
872:
868:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:
852:
851:
847:
843:
842:
839:
835:
834:
831:
800:
799:
796:
792:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
776:
775:
772:
768:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
744:
743:
740:
687:
684:
681:
680:
678:
675:
671:
670:
668:
665:
661:
660:
658:
646:
642:
641:
639:
636:
632:
631:
629:
606:
602:
601:
599:
587:
583:
582:
580:
574:
570:
569:
567:
564:
560:
559:
557:
542:
538:
537:
535:
528:
524:
523:
520:
517:
506:
503:
477:
474:
453:
450:
444:
441:
427:
424:
415:
412:
395:
392:
383:
380:
368:energy density
363:
362:Energy density
360:
350:
347:
343:Clubiona vigil
322:
319:
306:
303:
261:
258:
257:
256:
252:
245:
222:hydrogen bonds
138:
135:
133:
130:
126:sex pheromones
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8143:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8091:
8083:
8081:
8073:
8072:
8069:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7710:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7570:
7565:
7563:
7558:
7556:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7535:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7480:Arachnophobia
7478:
7477:
7475:
7471:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7404:Cephalothorax
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7389:Arthropod leg
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7378:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7361:Opisthothelae
7359:
7357:
7356:Mygalomorphae
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7346:Araneomorphae
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7330:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7272:
7267:
7265:
7260:
7258:
7253:
7252:
7249:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7214:
7210:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7108:
7101:
7093:
7089:
7082:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7036:
7020:
7019:
7012:
7005:
6999:
6991:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6966:(3): 770–77.
6965:
6961:
6957:
6950:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6755:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6677:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6644:Kaplan, D. L.
6638:
6629:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6595:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6513:(5): 377–85.
6512:
6508:
6501:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6451:(3): 203–10.
6450:
6446:
6439:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6416:(3): 205–10.
6415:
6411:
6404:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6342:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6307:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6256:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6213:
6205:
6201:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6112:(6): 339–49.
6111:
6107:
6099:
6091:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6049:
6034:
6030:
6023:
6015:
6011:
6004:
5996:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5916:(5): 244–51.
5915:
5911:
5910:
5902:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5834:
5828:
5820:
5814:
5798:
5792:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5721:
5705:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5554:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5511:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5439:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5095:(3): 775–80.
5094:
5090:
5082:
5080:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5027:
5025:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4993:(2): 188–96.
4992:
4988:
4981:
4968:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4864:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4779:(6899): 741.
4778:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4749:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4588:(4): 644–48.
4587:
4583:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4563:Polym. Commun
4557:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4501:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4453:(4): 179–82.
4452:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4412:J. Chem. Educ
4406:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4313:(1): 216–21.
4312:
4308:
4301:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4010:(5): 244–51.
4009:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3902:Acta Biomater
3899:
3892:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3826:(6): 355–61.
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:(5): 309–15.
3781:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3156:
3155:"Spider Silk"
3150:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:(6899): 741.
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2940:
2934:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:(2): 491–96.
2880:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:(1): 012003.
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2685:(6): 994–99.
2684:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:(1): 116–21.
2266:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:J. Biol. Chem
2099:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1990:(3): 225–29.
1989:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:tint made in
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:personal care
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:biotechnology
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1262:
1259:
1258:Microfluidics
1253:Microfluidics
1250:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1039:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1001:
999:
991:
986:
983:
980:elongational
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
963:
958:
951:
950:
949:
946:
944:
940:
930:
925:
915:
913:
909:
905:
899:
892:
891:garden spider
887:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
853:
848:
845:
844:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
828:
823:Spider cocoon
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:Flagelliform
762:
761:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
745:
741:
738:
737:
734:
727:
726:
721:
717:
697:
696:Argiope picta
692:
679:
676:
673:
669:
666:
663:
659:
656:
651:
647:
644:
640:
637:
634:
630:
627:
624:forms a silk
623:
622:
617:
613:
612:
607:
604:
600:
597:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
568:
565:
563:Reproduction
562:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
527:Prey capture
526:
521:
518:
515:
511:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
449:
440:
438:
434:
423:
421:
411:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
379:
369:
359:
357:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
318:
316:
311:
302:
299:
297:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
249:
244:
243:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:hydrogen ions
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
143:
129:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:
48:Indian Summer
44:
37:
36:
30:
26:
22:
8026:Polyethylene
7800:
7453:
7236:. Retrieved
7231:
7216:. Retrieved
7212:
7199:Ghostarchive
7197:Archived at
7187:. Retrieved
7183:
7142:
7139:PLOS Biology
7138:
7100:
7091:
7081:
7048:
7044:
7041:Duarte F. J.
7035:
7023:. Retrieved
7017:
7011:
7003:
6998:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6935:(1): 37–41.
6932:
6928:
6922:
6914:
6909:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6857:
6847:
6835:. Retrieved
6831:
6822:
6787:
6783:
6773:
6765:the Guardian
6764:
6754:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6689:(1): 31–38.
6686:
6682:
6676:
6651:
6648:Biochemistry
6647:
6637:
6610:
6604:
6594:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6316:
6312:
6306:
6271:
6265:
6255:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6203:
6199:
6193:
6148:
6144:
6134:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6089:
6083:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6036:. Retrieved
6032:
6022:
6013:
6003:
5989:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5889:. Retrieved
5885:the original
5871:
5859:. Retrieved
5855:the original
5841:
5827:
5813:
5801:. Retrieved
5791:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5720:
5708:. Retrieved
5653:
5649:
5639:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5565:
5561:
5536:(3): 80–86.
5533:
5530:Mater. Today
5529:
5519:
5505:
5460:
5456:
5446:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5167:
5163:
5153:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5092:
5088:
5037:
5033:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4961:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4875:
4871:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4748:cite journal
4715:
4711:
4698:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4637:10.3791/2382
4631:(47): 2382.
4628:
4618:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4512:
4508:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4007:
4003:
3953:
3949:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3875:(3): 80–86.
3872:
3869:Mater. Today
3868:
3858:
3823:
3819:
3779:
3775:
3734:(1): 50–56.
3731:
3727:
3721:
3702:
3698:
3648:
3644:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3571:
3568:Science News
3567:
3561:
3524:
3497:
3491:
3472:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3401:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3302:
3298:
3234:(9): 11234.
3231:
3227:
3184:(1): 84–88.
3181:
3177:
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3149:
3108:
3104:
3054:
3050:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2966:the original
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2941:. matweb.com
2933:
2921:. Retrieved
2919:. matweb.com
2911:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2729:
2725:
2682:
2678:
2635:(1): 25–30.
2632:
2626:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2441:(10): e998.
2438:
2434:
2424:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2354:
2350:
2333:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2207:
2203:
2149:
2145:
2105:
2101:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2024:
2020:
2014:
1987:
1983:
1945:
1930:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1846:mass-produce
1843:
1821:
1769:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1311:
1305:
1287:
1284:
1281:Other shapes
1268:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1223:
1220:
1212:
1159:
1147:
1126:
1108:
1092:
1085:
1053:
1044:
1004:
1002:
995:
990:helical pump
982:shear stress
947:
936:
900:
896:
803:
731:
723:
695:
664:Alarm lines
655:Paramystaria
654:
635:Guide lines
619:
609:
593:
508:
501:enclosures.
495:microfibrils
479:
469:
461:
455:
446:
429:
419:
417:
407:
397:
385:
365:
352:
342:
324:
314:
308:
300:
293:
266:
263:
238:
218:crystallites
215:
148:
115:
107:
67:
66:
46:
33:
25:
7857:Regenerated
7801:Spider silk
7490:Spider bite
7444:Palpal bulb
7434:Opisthosoma
7399:Calamistrum
7304:Cannibalism
7286:Arachnology
7051:(3): 5710.
6790:(1): 8–23.
6507:Soft Matter
5710:26 November
5513:(in German)
4221:Nat. Commun
3820:Biopolymers
3651:(8): 1290.
3299:Soft Matter
2797:: 227–243.
2536:Soft Matter
2503:(20): 623.
2027:(1): 1–10.
1913:N. clavipes
1835: [
1830:missionary
1660:Termonia, Y
1343:N. clavipes
1275:Taylor cone
1128:Bombyx mori
771:Tubuliform
716:Crab spider
626:diving bell
437:plasticiser
426:Temperature
376:10 J/m
240:stretching.
183:hygroscopic
179:Pyrrolidine
175:beta sheets
68:Spider silk
8121:Polyamides
8105:Categories
8006:Modacrylic
8001:Microfiber
7918:Triacetate
7870:Milk fiber
7736:Camel hair
7668:Lotus silk
7511:Spider web
7409:Chelicerae
7351:Mesothelae
7294:Ballooning
6061:: 92–102.
6038:8 February
5803:15 October
5562:Adv. Mater
4043:Biophys. J
3741:1812.10390
3439:: 171–88.
2584:1706.03186
2577:(6): 188.
1959:References
1933:crosshairs
1882:Madagascar
1856:products,
1806:Human uses
1390:transgenic
1379:Notre Dame
1359:developed
1131:Silkworms
1093:C. darwini
1079:Reference
918:Silk gland
908:pultrusion
814:ballooning
787:Aggregate
779:Aciniform
686:Silk types
650:Salticidae
616:Ctenizidae
573:Dispersal
554:chelicerae
522:Reference
486:polymerise
470:C. darwini
404:polyaramid
386:Silks are
281:area under
260:Mechanical
155:amino acid
137:Structural
132:Properties
8021:Polyester
7893:Diacetate
7848:Synthetic
7751:Chiengora
7459:Spinneret
7419:Cribellum
7394:Book lung
7309:Evolution
7232:New Atlas
7025:24 August
6837:7 January
6806:0952-4649
6486:: 37–43.
6480:Endeavour
6200:Discovery
6033:New Atlas
5955:(1): 14.
5891:3 January
5861:3 January
5598:205283504
5342:225398425
5304:256032679
5255:205283504
4712:Evolution
4602:1525-7797
4550:: 557–71.
4475:0028-1042
4418:(1): 10.
4170:PLOS Biol
4131:Chem. Rev
3986:205015549
3758:104921418
3206:136693986
3161:18 August
3141:205015549
2972:3 January
2945:18 August
2923:18 August
2903:135628690
2860:1757-8981
2811:0924-0136
2754:2375-2548
2416:136879037
2072:0161-8202
1992:CiteSeerX
1918:mammalian
1908:vitamin K
1870:outerwear
1489:Lucas, F.
1165:1030 ±110
1098:1850 ±350
1063:Organism
1050:Feedstock
939:spinneret
795:Piriform
742:Silk Use
694:A female
595:Argyrodes
532:Araneidae
400:toughness
394:Toughness
382:Ductility
354:1.3
277:toughness
273:ductility
189:releases
118:courtship
111:silkworms
8080:Category
7989:Technora
7951:Metallic
7834:Asbestos
7776:Pashmina
7741:Cashmere
7534:Category
7449:Scopulae
7439:Pedipalp
7338:Taxonomy
7319:Glossary
7299:Behavior
7218:8 August
7201:and the
7189:24 April
7171:25093404
6990:16989736
6901:22587257
6814:43831651
6711:35267049
6543:97234857
6535:32680251
6465:11589973
6430:10828366
6395:10342763
6298:11703874
6206:: 20–26.
6126:13763962
6075:13699837
5981:15546497
5930:18367277
5783:20660779
5765:25708855
5682:34169711
5590:29205540
5497:18445655
5438:21438624
5390:34169711
5296:36662774
5247:29205540
5204:20660779
5062:11799236
5015:15753000
4953:97699665
4910:51930371
4902:30080972
4854:12924107
4846:19633923
4803:12181556
4740:14862626
4732:17263115
4690:19505138
4655:21248709
4610:12099805
4569:: 60–61.
4529:10342771
4491:26097179
4483:11480706
4397:19212993
4362:18702545
4327:18078324
4251:24510122
4227:: 3254.
4202:25093327
4151:16967919
4116:18702545
4024:18367277
3978:11279484
3932:23962644
3850:46685716
3842:22057429
3796:25885958
3705:: 103–.
3699:Am. Zool
3677:27517908
3623:16044608
3615:16788028
3532:Archived
3453:19728833
3378:23033082
3354:: 1106.
3329:25672841
3268:20856804
3228:PLOS ONE
3133:11279484
3087:32385814
3079:15729511
3023:12181556
2772:36223455
2649:15601874
2609:51684427
2475:17912375
2435:PLOS ONE
2317:21706668
2281:18052126
2244:12149440
2182:40043335
2080:53322197
1921:neuronal
1892:Medicine
1862:catheter
1411:Research
1367:beanies.
1361:spidroin
1319:Research
1288:in-vitro
1227:methanol
1209:Geometry
1116:710–1200
1101:33 ±0.08
1072:Average
1066:Details
550:Scytodes
519:Example
482:pyriform
476:Adhesive
207:bacteria
159:spidroin
91:adhesive
81:spun by
8090:Commons
8048:Vinylon
8043:Vectran
8038:Spandex
7969:Acrylic
7961:Polymer
7928:Mineral
7908:Piñatex
7898:Lyocell
7888:Acetate
7826:Mineral
7756:Guanaco
7606:Bagasse
7584:Natural
7429:Exuviae
7424:Epigyne
7381:Anatomy
7278:Spiders
7238:21 July
7213:YouTube
7162:4122354
7073:6086533
7053:Bibcode
6981:3933158
6941:3704994
6917:. p. 14
6881:Bibcode
6734:Bibcode
6703:9487707
6668:7662669
6628:1689793
6586:4348041
6566:Bibcode
6515:Bibcode
6348:Polymer
6321:Bibcode
6289:1088885
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