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degrees, but less than 40 to 45 might choose to get bracing. Braces, also known as corsets, hold the spine in a specific position from the outside. These devices are tight, and can get even tighter with the straps. Whether bracing is effective or not is still studied today. In addition to bracing, many patients choose to partake in hydrotherapy. Studies show that water environment positively affects the curvature of different types, and increases mobility as well as flexibility in the shoulders and bending. There are also other physical therapy methods to improving curvature through
Schroth therapy. Some experiments have been conducted to determine whether or not this strategy is useful. One study done shows that the Schroth group had improved posture, while the control worsened. Another double-blind experiment was conducted, which did not show outstanding results. The very last treatment option is surgery. There are certain goals that surgery aims to reach. For children, the point of the operation is to stop the curve from getting worse and minimize spinal deformity. On the other hand, adults usually have this surgery due to nerve damage, or if they have serious bladder and bowel issues. Surgery is only recommended to those who have curves greater than 40-50 degrees. There have been some experiments done to determine which surgical method is the most beneficial. One study shows that those who have short segment decompression/ fusion are least likely to suffer from postoperative complications. Moreover, short segment patients had a shorter hospital stay compared to long segment. However, the short segment group did lose more blood, resulting in less blood volume after their operation.
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cancerous, and also primary or secondary. Primary spinal tumors begin in either the spinal cord or spinal column, whereas secondary spinal tumors begin elsewhere and spread to the spinal region. Symptoms for spinal tumors may vary due to factors such as the type of tumor, the region of the spine, and the health of the patient. Back pain is the most common symptom and it can be a problem if the pain is severe, has a time frame that lasts longer than it would for a normal injury, and becomes worse while laying down or at rest. Other symptoms, excluding back pains, are loss of muscle function, loss of bowel or bladder function, pain in the legs, scoliosis, or even unusual sensations in the legs. The primary tumor has no known cause, although there are possible answers that scientists have researched. Cancer may be linked to genes because research shows that in certain families, the incidents of spinal tumors are higher. Two of the genetic disorders that may affect spinal tumors, include Von Hippel-Lindau disease and
Neurofibromatosis 2. Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a non-cancerous tumor of blood vessels that occur in the brain, spinal cord, or even tumors in the kidneys. The Neurofibromatosis 2 is a non-cancerous tumor that usually affects the nerves for hearing. Loss of hearing in one or both ears, is a common effect of this genetic disorder.
104:"fetal movements." Those who have type 0 also have other health issues, most of which are respiratory-related. SMA type 1 is diagnosed to infants with symptoms similar to that of type 0. Those who have type 1 are more likely to have trouble swallowing, controlling the tongue, and sitting up on their own. Moreover, infants with type 1 are likely to develop respiratory issues. Additionally, their thinking and comprehension is unaffected and they are conscientiousness. SMA type 2 is diagnosed to young children. Unlike those with type 1, these children can sit without assistance, but are unable to walk. This type mostly concerns the legs and arms. Some other problems that SMA type 2 patients might encounter are orthopedic, bone, and joint complications. SMA type 3 is typically diagnosed to kids and adults. Those with SMA 3 might be able to walk, and are more likely to experience weakness in the legs compared to the arms. Type 3 patients are most likely to have symptoms of scoliosis with little to no respiratory issues. Unlike types 0, 1, and 2, those with type 3 do not have to worry about comprehension and learning. Lastly, SMA type 4 is diagnosed to elderly individuals, and is the most uncommon version of SMA next to type 0. SMA type 4 is the least severe, and is sort of similar to type 3, but most common in adults.
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area, especially over a long period of time. Some of the common cervical spine diseases include degenerative disc disease, cervical stenosis, and cervical disc herniation. Degenerative disc disease occurs over time when the discs within each vertebra in the neck begin to fall apart and begin to disintegrate. Because each vertebra can cause pain in different areas of the body, the pain from the disease can be sensed in the back, leg, neck area, or even the arms. When the spinal canal begins to lose its gap and gets thinner, it can cause pain in the neck, which can also cause a numb feeling in the arms and hands. Those are symptoms of cervical stenosis disease. The discs between each vertebra have fibers that can begin to deteriorate, and this can occur in cervical disc herniation. This disease is less common in younger people as it is usually a function of aging.
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patient agrees with. As mentioned before, patients with SMA also suffer from respiratory issues, which is the number one issue that must be prevented. Treating patients while they actively have the issues is not as effective as planning beforehand. It is also important for SMA patients to consider vaccinations as that could aid in the prevention of developing harmful respiratory problems. Some patients choose to use ventilation and other pulmonary-related tools. Taking care of gastrointestinal health is also important, as such issues are also common with SMA patients. Additionally, SMA patients might use G-tubes, also known as gastronomy tubes for feeding. Overall, the best treatment method is to find a plan that works with both the doctors and the patient to ensure that future problems are prevented and handled properly before becoming too severe.
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disc height and bulging of the disc. Lumbar spinal stenosis is very prevalent with 9.3% of the general population producing symptoms and the number is continuing to rise in patients older than 60. It's generally an indication for spinal surgery in patients older than 65 years of age. However, there is a myth and fear among most patients that only surgery is the cure for such conditions and spine surgery is very risky. There are many non-surgical treatments available to prevent, halt and even reverse many spine diseases. Also, some surgery patients can be operated on in a daycare procedure or with minimum length of stay in hospital, with statistically good outcomes.
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the patients' symptoms first arise. Most patients start considering surgery when the symptoms such as bladder incontinence, bowel movement issues, limb weakness, and pain first begin. The most common surgical procedure is a laminectomy, with microdiscectomies and discectomies also being options. With the lack of research regarding this spinal disorder, however, it is unclear as to when the best time have the operation is. One study shows that overnight versus daytime lumbar decompression surgery does not have much significance in terms of complications. However, those who do have overnight surgery are more likely to suffer from complications.
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Generally, if the hips or shoulders are uneven, or if the spine curves, it is due to scoliosis and should be seen by a doctor. When assessing scoliosis, it is important for the physician to assess for neurological issues. Anything from weakness, difficulty with balance and coordination, and bladder and bowel problems should be considered. Curvature advancement is largely dependent "on remaining spinal growth," as well as signs of puberty, indicating the beginning of early adulthood.
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Surgery is the best treatment option for those who have CES. If left untreated, patients might develop paralysis and bladder incontinence. Moreover, the timing of the surgery is crucial, but it is unknown as to when the best time to have it done is. When it comes to timing, it really depends on when
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Depending on the level of curvature, there are different treatment options. For those who have curves less than 10 degrees, there is no need to get into treatment. Curves between 10-25 degrees must keep a close eye on it by having X-rays to maintain it. However, those who have curves greater than 25
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Physicians must perform physical and neurological examinations, which includes looking at height, asymmetry in the back, chest, ribs, and other areas of the torso, balance and coordination, and even pain. In addition to physical examinations, physicians may order X-ray or MRI scans. These tests will
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is a common spinal disease in which the spine has a curvature usually in the shape of the letter "C" or "S". This is most common in girls, but there is no specific cause for scoliosis. Only a few symptoms occur for one with this disease, which include feeling tired in the spinal region or backaches.
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is classified as a narrowing of the spinal canal in the lumbar region of the vertebrae. This may lead to compression of the nerve root of the spinal cord and result in pain of the lower back and lower extremities. Other symptoms include impaired walking and a slightly stooped posture due to loss of
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is a category of spinal disease that in linked with genetic disorders. More specifically, it is caused by an autosomal recessive disorder due to a homozygous mutation of a motor neuron gene. There are different types of SMA. Type 0 is diagnosed to newborns who have muscle weakness, and little to no
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Molecular genetic testing is the tool used to assess SMA. However, this test might not be needed if signs such as hypotonia are present. MRI scans and muscle biopsies used to be the standard testing method, but molecular testing is much more efficient. There are advanced forms of SMA that require
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There are many recognized spinal diseases, some more common than others. Spinal disease also includes cervical spine diseases, which are diseases in the vertebrae of the neck. A lot of flexibility exists within the cervical spine and because of that, it is common for an individual to damage that
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As of right now, there are no successful treatments. However, many patients opt to go into physical and rehabilitation therapy designed to help with specific needs, similar to
Schroth therapy. The most important and best way to manage SMA is to come up with a plan that both the medical team and
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is when unusual tissue begins growing and spreading in the spinal columns or spinal cords. The unusual tissue builds up from abnormal cells that multiply quickly in a specific region. Tumors generally are broken down into categories known as benign, meaning non-cancerous, or malignant, meaning
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is a rare syndrome that affects the spinal nerves in the region of the lower back called the cauda equine (Latin for "horses tail"). Injury to the cauda equina can have long lasting ramifications for the individual. Symptoms include lower back pain, bladder disturbances, bowel dysfunction, and
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is the most common defect impacting the
Central Nervous System (CNS). The most common and most severe form of Spina Bifida is Myelomeningocele. Individuals with Myelomeningocele are born with an incompletely fused spine, and therefore exposing the spinal cord through an opening in the back. In
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general, the higher the spinal lesion, the greater the functional impairment to the individual. Symptoms may include bowel and bladder problems, weakness and/or loss of sensation below the level of the lesion, paralysis, or orthopedic issues. Severity of symptoms can vary per situation.
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Ishii, Ken; Watanabe, Goichi; Tomita, Takashi; Nikaido, Takuya; Hikata, Tomohiro; Shinohara, Akira; Nakano, Masato; Saito, Takanori; Nakanishi, Kazuo; Morimoto, Tadatsugu; Isogai, Norihiro; Funao, Haruki; Tanaka, Masato; Kotani, Yoshihisa; Arizono, Takeshi (2022-08-18).
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665:"The effect of Schroth exercises added to the standard of care on the quality of life and muscle endurance in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis—an assessor and statistician blinded randomized controlled trial: "SOSORT 2015 Award Winner""
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626:"The influence of corrective exercises in a water environment on the shape of the antero-posterior curves of the spine and on the functional status of the locomotor system in children with Io scoliosis"
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anesthesia or paresthesia between the thighs. In order to prevent progressive neurological changes surgery can be a viable option. CT scans, myelograms, and MRIs are used to diagnose cauda equina.
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Ishimoto, Y.; Yoshimura, N.; Muraki, S.; Yamada, H.; Nagata, K.; Hashizume, H.; Takiguchi, N.; Minamide, A.; Oka, H.; Kawaguchi, H.; Nakamura, K.; Akune, T.; Yoshida, M. (2012).
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Schreiber, Sanja; Parent, Eric C.; Moez, Elham
Khodayari; Hedden, Douglas M.; Hill, Doug; Moreau, Marc J.; Lou, Edmond; Watkins, Elise M.; Southon, Sarah C. (2015-09-18).
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Hao-Cong, Zhang 1; Hai-Long, Yu 1; Hui-Feng, Yang 1; Peng-Fei, Sun 1; Hao-Tian, Wu 1; Yang, Zhan 1; Wang, Zheng 2; Liang-Bi, Xiang 1 1 Department of
Orthopaedics (2019).
900:"Prevalence of symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis and its association with physical performance in a population-based cohort in Japan: theWakayama Spine Study"
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884:
829:"Short-segment decompression/fusion versus long-segment decompression/fusion and osteotomy for Lenke-Silva type VI adult degenerative scoliosis"
1127:
Curley, A.E.; Kelleher, C.; Shortt, C.P.; Kiely, P.J. (2016-01-01). "Cauda Equina
Syndrome: A case study and review of the literature".
724:"The Effect of Schroth Therapy on Thoracic Kyphotic Curve and Quality of Life in Scheuermann's Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial"
624:
Barczyk, Katarzyna; Zawadzka, Dominika; Hawrylak, Arletta; Bocheńska, Anna; Skolimowska, Beata; Małachowska-Sobieska, Monika (2009).
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1258:"Lumbar decompression surgery for cauda equina syndrome — comparison of complication rates between daytime and overnight operating"
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gene. Patients who have SMA that is caused by the SMN gene is likely due to the compound heterozygotes with only one of the
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298:
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Schott, Cordelia; Zirke, Sonja; Schmelzle, Jillian Marie; Kaiser, Christel; Fernández, Lluis
Aguilar i (2018-12-06).
988:"Minimally Invasive Spinal Treatment (MIST)-A New Concept in the Treatment of Spinal Diseases: A Narrative Review"
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other testing concerning the peripheral nervous system. On another note, SMA is due to the malfunctioning
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gene. Medical screenings, such as scans, should only be used for patients who "are negative for both
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Mustafa, Mohammad; Richardson, George; Gillespie, Conor; Islim, Abdurrahman; Wilby, Martin (2023).
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569:"Effectiveness of lumbar orthoses in low back pain: Review of the literature and our results"
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Skeleton and bones - Vertebral column disorders - Normal
Scoliosis Normal Lordosis Kyphosis
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8:
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Micheli, Lyle; Stein, Cynthia; O'Brien, Michael; d’Hemecourt, Pierre (23 November 2013).
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1191:"Definition and surgical timing in cauda equina syndrome–An updated systematic review"
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Francis, Jibin; Goacher, Edward; Fuge, Joshua; Hanrahan, John; Zhang, James (2022).
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refers to a condition impairing the backbone. These include various diseases of the
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322:"Spinal Muscular Atrophy | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"
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Katz, Jeffrey N.; Harris, Mitchel B. (2008-02-21). "Lumbar Spinal
Stenosis".
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350:"Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Diagnosis and Management in a New Therapeutic Era"
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407:"Gender differences in degenerative lumbar scoliosis spine flexibilities"
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genes being mutated. SMA is diagnosed by the deletion of the homozygous
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Zheng, Jie; Cheng, Boyle; Cook, Daniel; Yang, Yonghong (2021-12-15).
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Bezalel, Tomer; Carmeli, Eli; Levi, Dror; Kalichman, Leonid (2019).
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An MRI of the lumbar spine with abscess that resulted in CES.
1051:"Introduction: Spina bifida—A multidisciplinary perspective"
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Arnold, W. David; Kassar, Darine; Kissel, John T. (2015).
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Philadelphia, The Children's Hospital of (2014-03-30).
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Janicki, Joseph A; Alman, Benjamin (November 2007).
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1347:Spinal Injuries and Conditions in Young Athletes
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1166:"American Association of Neurological Surgeons"
804:"Scoliosis – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment"
543:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
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480:"Scoliosis: Review of diagnosis and treatment"
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535:Menger, Richard P.; Sin, Anthony H. (2024),
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125:Molecular look into spinal muscular atrophy.
1055:Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
883:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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630:Ortopedia, Traumatologia, Rehabilitacja
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46:. Some other spinal diseases include
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285:"MedlinePlus: Spinal Diseases"
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91:Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)
1696:Intervertebral disc disorder
1216:10.1371/journal.pone.0285006
992:Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
907:Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
845:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000474
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299:"Cervical Spinal Disorders"
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1740:Vertebral column disorders
1274:10.1007/s00701-022-05173-2
920:10.1016/j.joca.2012.06.018
1709:Degenerative disc disease
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1005:10.3390/medicina58081123
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833:Chinese Medical Journal
48:spinal muscular atrophy
1714:Spinal disc herniation
1572:Ankylosing spondylitis
740:10.31616/asj.2018.0097
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210:Lumbar spinal stenosis
205:Lumbar spinal stenosis
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196:Spinal fusion surgery.
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60:lumbar spinal stenosis
52:ankylosing spondylitis
42:. Dorsalgia refers to
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1719:Facet joint arthrosis
1533:Scheuermann's disease
1349:. Springer New York.
1292:– via ProQuest.
956:10.1056/NEJMcp0708097
873:– via ProQuest.
242:Cauda equina syndrome
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229:Cauda equina syndrome
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184:verify any concerns.
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76:cauda equina syndrome
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1326:Reynolds, Gretchen.
1262:Acta Neurochirurgica
585:10.4081/or.2018.7791
496:10.1093/pch/12.9.771
454:Reynolds, Gretchen.
38:("dorso-"), such as
1207:2023PLoSO..1885006M
1045:Fletcher, Jack M.;
728:Asian Spine Journal
417:(12): 13959–13966.
154:mutation testing."
1141:10.3233/ppr-160077
573:Orthopedic Reviews
354:Muscle & Nerve
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1332:New York Times
1328:"Spinal Tumor"
1318:
1295:
1248:
1181:
1154:
1135:(2): 111–117.
1119:
1108:"Spina Bifida"
1098:
1049:(2010-01-01).
1037:
977:
950:(8): 818–825.
934:
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784:ucsfhealth.org
771:
734:(3): 490–499.
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28:Spinal disease
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68:spinal tumors
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1579:Sacroiliitis
1560:inflammatory
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1173:. Retrieved
1170:www.aans.org
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1101:
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879:cite journal
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811:. Retrieved
808:www.aans.org
807:
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329:. Retrieved
325:
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264:spinal tumor
261:
252:
240:
222:Spina bifida
220:
217:Spina bifida
208:
199:
182:
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143:
139:
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131:
128:
99:
85:
72:osteoporosis
64:spina bifida
27:
26:
1610:Spondylosis
1567:Spondylitis
1538:Torticollis
998:(8): 1123.
579:(4): 7791.
456:"Scoliosis"
1674:Coccydynia
1290:2658411471
1243:2809480320
1175:2024-04-15
1113:2017-04-04
1061:(1): 1–5.
871:2502605382
813:2024-04-18
789:2024-04-25
554:2024-04-21
541:StatPearls
331:2024-04-18
271:References
249:Management
188:Management
158:Management
1659:Neck pain
1651:Back pain
1517:Scoliosis
1491:Deforming
1149:2213-0683
1075:1940-5529
1014:1648-9144
964:0028-4793
748:1976-1902
691:1748-7161
669:Scoliosis
642:1509-3492
593:2035-8237
504:1205-7088
423:1943-8141
374:0148-639X
179:Diagnosis
172:Scoliosis
167:Scoliosis
96:SMA types
56:scoliosis
44:back pain
1734:Category
1679:Sciatica
1584:Discitis
1512:Lordosis
1507:Kyphosis
1286:ProQuest
1282:35237869
1239:ProQuest
1235:37141301
1226:10159340
1195:PLOS ONE
1093:20419765
1032:36013590
972:18287604
929:22796511
867:ProQuest
863:31652142
766:30669825
709:26413145
650:19777685
611:30662686
549:29763083
522:19030463
441:35035737
392:25346245
40:kyphosis
1441:D013122
1203:Bibcode
1084:3046545
1023:9413482
854:6846257
757:6547400
700:4582716
602:6315306
513:2532872
432:8748112
383:4293319
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258:Tumors
1526:Other
903:(PDF)
82:Types
36:spine
1436:MeSH
1421:9-CM
1359:ISBN
1278:PMID
1231:PMID
1145:ISSN
1089:PMID
1071:ISSN
1028:PMID
1010:ISSN
968:PMID
960:ISSN
925:PMID
885:link
859:PMID
762:PMID
744:ISSN
705:PMID
687:ISSN
646:PMID
638:ISSN
607:PMID
589:ISSN
545:PMID
518:PMID
500:ISSN
437:PMID
419:ISSN
388:PMID
370:ISSN
152:SMN1
148:SMN1
144:SMN2
140:SMN1
136:SMN1
132:SMN1
74:and
32:back
1430:724
1426:720
1417:ICD
1411:M54
1407:M40
1398:ICD
1351:doi
1270:doi
1266:164
1221:PMC
1211:doi
1137:doi
1079:PMC
1063:doi
1018:PMC
1000:doi
952:doi
948:358
915:doi
849:PMC
841:doi
837:132
752:PMC
736:doi
695:PMC
677:doi
597:PMC
581:doi
508:PMC
492:doi
427:PMC
378:PMC
362:doi
101:SMA
34:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
