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1212:, operates Svea Nord in Sveagruva and Mine 7 in Longyearbyen. The former produced 3.4 million tonnes in 2008, while the latter sends 35% of its output to Longyearbyen Power Station. Since 2007, there has not been any significant mining by the Russian state-owned Arktikugol in Barentsburg. There has previously been some test drilling for petroleum on land, but this did not give results good enough to justify permanent operation. The Norwegian authorities do not allow offshore petroleum drilling activities for environmental reasons, and the land formerly test-drilled on has been protected as nature reserves or national parks.
1238:(EEZ) around Svalbard in 1977, Norway retains a restrictive fisheries policy in the zone, and the claims are disputed by Russia. Tourism is focused on the environment and is centered on Longyearbyen. Activities include hiking, kayaking, walks through glacier caves and snow-scooter and dog-sled safaris. Cruise ships generate a significant portion of the traffic, including stops by both offshore vessels and expeditionary cruises starting and ending in Svalbard. Traffic is strongly concentrated between March and August; overnight stays have quintupled from 1991 to 2008, when there were 93,000 guest-nights.
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tourism NOK 317 million and research NOK 142 million. In 2006, the average income for economically active people was NOK 494,700—23% higher than on the mainland. Almost all housing is owned by the various employers and institutions and rented to their employees; there are only a few privately owned houses, most of which are recreational cabins. Because of this, it is almost impossible to live on
Spitsbergen without working for an established institution.
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1438:, but only 1% of the time in July. In summer, particularly away from land, fog is common, with visibility under 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) registered 20% of the time in July. Precipitation is frequent but falls in small quantities, typically less than 400 millimetres (16 in) annually in western Spitsbergen. More rain falls in the uninhabited east side, where there can be more than 1,000 millimetres (39 in) annually.
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the mountains, have larger temperature differences than the coast, giving about 2 °C (4 °F) lower summer temperatures and 3 °C (5 °F) higher winter temperatures. On the south of
Spitsbergen, the temperature is slightly higher than further north and west. During winter, the temperature difference between south and north is typically 5 °C (9 °F), while about 3 °C (5 °F) in summer.
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moderates
Spitsbergens's temperatures, particularly during winter, giving it up to 20 °C (36 °F) higher winter temperature than similar latitudes in Russia and Canada. This keeps the surrounding waters open and navigable most of the year. The interior fjord areas and valleys, sheltered by
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Longyearbyen is the largest settlement on the island, the seat of the governor, and the only incorporated town. It features a hospital, primary and secondary school, university, sports centre with a swimming pool, library, cultural centre, cinema, bus transport, hotels, a bank, and several museums.
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The three main industries on
Spitsbergen are coal mining, tourism and research. In 2007, there were 484 people working in the mining sector, 211 people working in the tourism sector and 111 people working in the education sector. The same year, mining produced a revenue of NOK 2,008 million,
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was abandoned in 1998. A company town, all facilities are owned by
Arktikugol, which operates a coal mine. In addition to the mining facilities, Arktikugol has opened a hotel and souvenir shop, catering to tourists taking day trips or hikes from Longyearbyen. The village has facilities such as a
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Residents of
Spitsbergen do not need visas for Schengen but are prohibited from reaching Svalbard from mainland Norway without them. People without a means of income can be rejected as residents by the governor. Citizens of any treaty signatory country may visit the island without a visa. Russia
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of 1920 established full
Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard. All 40 signatory countries of the treaty have the right to conduct commercial activities on the archipelago without discrimination, although all activity is subject to Norwegian legislation. The treaty limits Norway's right to collect
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are used extensively during winter—both for commercial and recreational activities. Transport from
Longyearbyen to Barentsburg (45 km or 28 mi) and Pyramiden (100 km or 62 mi) is possible by snowmobile during winter, or by ship all year round. All settlements have ports, and
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opened fire against the two 3-inch guns which comprised the defences of
Barentsburg, and the destroyers ran inshore with landing parties, destroying a supply dump and wrecking a landing station. By noon, the hostilities had ended, with the landing parties returning to the ships, along with some
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of 9 February 1920, recognises the full and absolute sovereignty of Norway over all the arctic archipelago of
Svalbard. The exercise of sovereignty is, however, subject to certain stipulations, and not all Norwegian law applies. Originally limited to nine signatory nations, over 40 are now
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From 1617 onwards, a Danish-chartered company began sending whaling fleets to Spitsbergen. This successful expansion by Denmark into the North Atlantic has recently been cited by historians as the first step of the Danish–Norwegian state into overseas colonialism. It eventually built
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The primary and most profitable whaling grounds of this joint-stock company came to be centered on Spitsbergen in the early 17th century, and the company's 1613 Royal Charter from the English Crown granted a monopoly on whaling in Spitsbergen, based on the (erroneous) claim that
544:). In this way, the English hoped to head off expansion in the region by the Dutch, at the time their major rival. Initially, the English tried to drive away competitors, but after disputes with the Dutch (1613–24), they, for the most part, only claimed the bays south of
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Spitsbergen Island coins were issued in 1946, with Russian Cyrillic lettering, in the USSR denomination of 10 and 20 kopecks. Then in 1993, coins were again minted in Russian values of 10, 20, 50 and 100 roubles. Both series have the motto "Arctic coal".
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determining the status of the islands was entitled the "Spitsbergen Treaty". The islands were generally referred to in the United States as "Spitsbergen" from that time, although the spelling "Spitzbergen" also commonly occurred through the 20th century.
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Spitsbergen is the meeting place for cold polar air from the north and mild, wet sea air from the south, creating low pressure and changing weather and fast winds, particularly in winter; in January, a strong breeze is registered 17% of the time at
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653:. Since this date, it has been a region of Norway, with a Norwegian-appointed governor resident at the administrative centre of Longyearbyen. Limitations on the imposition of certain Norwegian laws are outlined in the Spitsbergen Treaty.
1144:. While there is some tourism at the village, Norwegian authorities limit the access to the outpost to minimise impact on the scientific work. Ny-Ålesund has a winter population of 35 and a summer population of 180. Poland operates the
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The climate of Svalbard is dominated by its high latitude, with the average summer temperature at 4 °C (39 °F) to 6 °C (43 °F) and January averages at −12 °C (10 °F) to −16 °C (3 °F). The
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signatories of the treaty. Citizens of any of the signatory countries may settle in the archipelago. Once named Spitsbergen after its largest island, the Svalbard archipelago was made a part of Norway—not a dependency—by the
1782:”… the Archipelago of Spitsbergen, comprising, with Bear Island… all the islands situated between 10deg. and 35deg. longitude East of Greenwich and between 74deg. and 81 deg. latitude North, especially West Spitsbergen…”
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expeditions to Svalbard in general and Spitsbergen in particular tended, because of currents and fauna, to cluster on the western coast of Spitsbergen and the islands off shore. Shortly after whaling began (1611), the
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until 22 June 1941. Once the non-aggression pact was ended, the United Kingdom and Canada sent military forces to the island to destroy German installations, both the Soviet coal mines and the German weather station.
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had discovered the land in 1553. Not only had they wrongly assumed a 1553 English voyage had reached the area, but on 27 June 1607, during his first voyage in search of a "northeast passage" on behalf of the company,
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1914:"Spitsbergen is the only correct spelling; Spitzbergen is a relatively modern blunder. The name is Dutch, not German. The second S asserts and commemorates the nationality of the discoverer." – Sir Martin Conway,
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school, library, sports center, community center, swimming pool, farm and greenhouse. Pyramiden has similar facilities; both are built in typical Soviet style and are the site of the world's two most northerly
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hunters as early as the 14th or 15th century, although solid evidence preceding the 17th century is lacking. Following the English whalers and others in referring to the archipelago as Greenland, they named it
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Polar bears are the iconic symbol of Spitsbergen and one of the main tourist attractions. While they are protected, persons going outside settlements are required to carry a rifle to kill polar bears in
1265:. Courses are provided to supplement studies at the mainland universities; there are no tuition fees and courses are held in English, with Norwegian and international students equally represented.
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Research on Svalbard centers on Longyearbyen and Ny-Ålesund, the most accessible areas in the high Arctic. Norway grants permission for any nation to conduct research on Svalbard, resulting in the
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in 1940. Germany took control of the coal fields and the weather station during this time, although most of the inhabitants on the island were Russian and Germany and the Soviet Union had a
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from 1814 to 1905, independent Norway from 1905), remained a source of riches for fishery and whaling vessels from many nations. The islands also became the launching point for a number of
1635:. One hundred and sixty-five species of plants have been found on the archipelago. Only those areas which defrost in the summer have vegetation. Vegetation is most abundant in
668:. (This was sold by the Netherlands in 1932 to the Soviet company Arktikugol.) Other settlements on the island include the former Russian mining communities of Grumantbyen and
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base in the 17th and 18th centuries, after which it was abandoned. Coal mining started at the end of the 19th century, and several permanent communities were established. The
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1007:, as the treaty prohibits the establishment of military installations. The treaty requires Norway to protect the natural environment. The island is administered by the
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to store seeds from as many of the world's crop varieties and their botanical wild relatives as possible. A cooperation between the government of Norway and the
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climate, plants still have good access to water because the cold climate reduces evaporation. The growing season is very short, and may last only a few weeks.
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1756:"Of this Spitsbergen archipelago, the main island (the biggest) had the Norwegian name 'Vest Spitsbergen' ('West Spitsbergen' in English).” Umbreit,
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of East Indian trade posts, North Atlantic possessions (such as Greenland and Iceland), and a small Atlantic trade route between possessions on the
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are the only mining companies at Spitsbergen. Research and tourism have become the important supplementary industries, featuring among others the
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272:. Spitsbergen was covered in 21,977 km (8,485 sq mi) of ice in 1999, which was approximately 58.5% of the island's total area.
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in 2005 were from Thailand, Sweden, Denmark, Russia and Germany. Spitsbergen is among the safest places on Earth, with virtually no crime.
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Portion of 1599 map of Arctic exploration by the Dutch explorer Willem Barentsz. Spitsbergen, here mapped for the first time, appears as
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in Barentsburg and Pyramiden, and helicopters are frequently used by the governor and to a lesser extent the mining company Arktikugol.
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crown in 1616 claimed ownership of Jan Mayen and the Spitsbergen islands, as all of Svalbard was then known, but in 1613, the English
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1083:(or Svea) where Store Norske operates a mine. Sveagruva is a dorm town, with workers commuting from Longyearbyen on a weekly basis.
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1686:. All human traces dating from before 1946 are automatically protected. Svalbard is on Norway's tentative list for nomination as a
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Journael, of Dagh-register, gehouden by seven matrossen, in haer overwinteren op Spitsbergen in Maurits-Bay [1633-34], etc
3369:"Characterizing neutral and adaptive genomic differentiation in a changing climate: The most northerly freshwater fish as a model"
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in Longyearbyen offers undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate courses to 350 students in various arctic sciences, particularly
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No Man's Land: A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country
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with all infrastructure owned by Kings Bay and Arktikugol, respectively. Other public offices with presence on Svalbard are the
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2397:"Lov om gjennomføring i norsk rett av hoveddelen i avtale om Det europeiske økonomiske samarbeidsområde (EØS) m.v. (EØS-loven)"
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Henry Hudson the Navigator: The Original Documents in which His Career is Recorded, Collected, Partly Translated, and Annotated
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prisoners. The German ships returned safely to Altenfjord and Kåfjord on 9 September 1943. This was the last operation for the
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The first recorded sighting of the island was by Willem Barentsz, a Dutch explorer who came across it while searching for the
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at that time. The "Spitzbergen" spelling was used in English during the 19th century, for instance by Beechey, Laing, and the
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1522:) is a distinct sub-species. While it was previously almost extinct, hunting is permitted for both it and the Arctic fox.
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Since the resettlement of Spitsbergen in the early 20th century, coal mining has been the dominant commercial activity.
252:. Spitsbergen covers an area of 37,673 km (14,546 sq mi), making it the largest island in Norway and the
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is published weekly. Only a small fraction of the mining activity remains at Longyearbyen; instead, workers commute to
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1769:"Spitsbergen… an Arctic archipelago… comprising the five large islands of West Spitsbergen…". Hugh Chisholm (ed.),
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Within Longyearbyen, Barentsburg and Ny-Ålesund, there are road systems, but they do not connect with each other.
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sighted "Newland" (i.e. Spitsbergen), near the mouth of the great bay Hudson later named the Great Indraught (
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Knowles, Daniel (2018) Tirpitz:The Life And Death of Germany's Last Great Battleship (Stroud:Fonthill Media)
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2524:"Non-Norwegian population in Longyearbyen, by nationality. Per 1 January. 2004 and 2005. Number of persons"
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archipelago, with Spitsbergen emphasized in solid red. Inset shows the islands' place in Northern Europe.
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pp. 18-20 in Már Jónsson. "Denmark-Norway as a Potential World Power in the Early Seventeenth Century",
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In Search of Het Behouden Huys: A Survey of the Remains of the House of Willem Barentsz on Novaya Zemlya
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in June 1596. The first good map, with the east coast roughly indicated, appeared in 1623, printed by
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for Kings Bay and Store Norske; these flights are in general not available to the public. There are
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and 322 were non-Norwegians living in Norwegian settlements. The largest non-Norwegian groups in
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353:. Six national parks protect the largely untouched, yet fragile environment. The island has many
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and Kåfjord and headed for Spitsbergen, to attack the Allied base. At dawn on 8 September 1943,
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is a permanent settlement based entirely on research. Formerly a mining town, it is still a
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referred to the islands as "Greenland", a practice still followed in 1780 and criticized by
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Journal, of Daily-Register, kept by seven sailors, in winter on Spitsbergen in Maurits-Bay
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Trying-out: An anatomy of Dutch Whaling and Sealing in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1885
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Constituting the westernmost bulk of the archipelago, it borders the Arctic Ocean, the
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This article is about the island. For the archipelago of which it is a part, see
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In 2009, Spitsbergen had a population of 2,753, of whom 423 were Russian or
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Pernille Ipsen and Gunlög Fur. "Introduction to Scandinavian Colonialism",
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and fishing. Norway claimed a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi)
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and an escort flotilla shelled and destroyed the Allied weather station in
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About thirty types of bird are found on Spitsbergen, most of which are
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Spitsbergen – Svalbard. A complete guide around the arctic archipelago
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1732:. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p.
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337:. Svalbard is a breeding ground for many seabirds, and also supports
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3046:"Technical solution and implementation of the Svalbard fibre cable"
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taxes to that of financing services on Svalbard. Spitsbergen is a
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gave Spitsbergen its name when he discovered it in 1596. The name
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estimated to be almost 15 m (49 ft) long. Svalbard has
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provides regular corporate charter services from Longyearbyen to
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276:
3455:"Enormous Jurassic Sea Predator, Pliosaur, Discovered in Norway"
3120:"Keep your data safe from the apocalypse in an Arctic mineshaft"
446:. By the end of the 20th century, this usage had become common.
5511:
5349:
5328:
5230:
5210:
5128:
4880:
4701:
4681:
4467:
3715:
3616:
3573:
3183:
1644:
1628:
1491:
1479:
1326:
1099:
656:
The largest settlement on Spitsbergen is the Norwegian town of
597:
438:
The Norwegian administrating authorities named the archipelago
39:
4915:
4742:
3367:
O'Malley, Kathleen G.; Vaux, Felix; Black, Andrew N. (2019).
3235:"11 Sjø og luft – transport, sikkerhet, redning og beredskap"
2310:
1640:
1502:
inhabit Linne´vatn and other freshwater lakes on the island.
1474:, which are only found in Grumant. Attempts to introduce the
478:
16:
Largest island of the Svalbard archipelago in northern Norway
1462:
Three terrestrial mammalian species inhabit the island: the
4732:
3833:
3821:
3265:"Temperaturnormaler for Spitsbergen i perioden 1961 - 1990"
1643:. While there is little precipitation, giving the island a
1383:
1355:, are a common way for scientists to get around the island.
1577:. Only two songbirds migrate to Spitsbergen to breed: the
1195:
polar base of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
588:
The entire Svalbard archipelago, nominally ruled first by
4523:
3672:(in English, German, Dutch, and Norwegian). Rolf Stange.
2103:
721:
980:
crashed on the island, killing all 141 people on board.
560:
A 1906 photograph of the Norwegian whaling factory ship
1482:
have both failed. There are fifteen to twenty types of
1386:; there are also irregular charter services to Russia.
494:
of the 10th and 11th centuries, but this may have been
3625:(in Norwegian). Longyearbyen: Svalbard Samfunnsdrift.
1363:
motorized transport is prohibited on bare ground, but
5606:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
3366:
1724:
Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980).
660:, while the second-largest settlement is the Russian
4766:
4654:
3748:
3431:
3429:
636:
Hornsund Polish Arctic Station, photographed in 2003
474:. Around 1660 and 1728, better maps were produced.
2918:Report No. 9 to the Storting (1999–2000): Svalbard
2856:Report No. 9 to the Storting (1999–2000): Svalbard
2371:Report No. 9 to the Storting (1999–2000): Svalbard
1725:
1612:period were discovered in 2008. It is the largest
3426:
640:Between 1913 and 1920, Spitsbergen was a neutral
5630:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
2852:"7 Industrial, mining and commercial activities"
1784:Treaty concerning the Archipelago of Spitsbergen
1158:is the only remaining Russian settlement, after
915:were stationed on the island in 1941 to prevent
3716:Tjomsland, Audun & Wilsberg, Kjell (1995).
3146:"Github Code - Storing Code for the Apocalypse"
2975:"Norway Reveals Design of Doomsday' Seed Vault"
1098:, while the airport is operated by state-owned
1090:has had many of the same responsibilities of a
477:The archipelago may have been known to Russian
3786:
2263:"Tirpitz - The History - Operation "Sizilien""
1723:
1253:, plus Russian facilities in Barentsburg. The
919:from occupying the islands. Norway came under
672:(abandoned in 1961 and 1998, respectively), a
4967:
4640:
3849:
3540:"Verneområder i Svalbard sortert på kommuner"
3310:
2113:. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. clix–clx.
1717:
1230:Spitsbergen was historically a base for both
707:
3360:
3243:Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police
2922:Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police
2860:Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police
2846:
2844:
2733:Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police
2675:Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police
2575:Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police
2516:
2469:"Diplomatic and consular missions of Russia"
2424:
2422:
2375:Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police
1682:; some of the northeastern coast is part of
3797:] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: G. J. Saeghman
3544:Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management
3514:Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management
3333:Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management
2192:, Volume 33, Issue 02, July 2009, pp 17-27.
2149:. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, 27.
1573:has the furthest migration, all the way to
941:. On 6 September, a squadron consisting of
318:provides the main point of entry and exit.
200:
5425:
4974:
4960:
4647:
4633:
3856:
3842:
3753:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Forlaget Det Beste.
3749:Torkildsen, Torbjørn; et al. (1984).
3740:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3043:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2486:
2214:, Volume 33, Issue 02, July 2009, pp 7-16.
1533:is among the areas in the world with most
714:
700:
403:. In the 17th and 18th centuries, English
38:
5610:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
4981:
3645:Pyramiden: portrett av ein forlaten utopi
3400:
2992:
2841:
2494:"Population in the settlements. Svalbard"
2419:
2039:"Old World Auctions - Auction Lot Detail"
1795:
1639:, around Isfjorden and where effected by
3639:
2759:Norwegian National Courts Administration
2567:"10 Longyearbyen og øvrige lokalsamfunn"
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
1591:
1451:
1415:
1346:
1321:and the state-owned coal-mining company
1218:
1210:Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry
1184:
1046:
987:
951:, and nine destroyers weighed anchor in
680:, and the remote northern settlement of
631:
555:
505:
453:
385:, meaning "pointed mountains" (from the
373:(Dutch for "the New Land"), center-left.
364:
3767:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3137:
3117:
3111:
2697:"From the cradle, but not to the grave"
2650:
1987:
1011:, who holds the responsibility as both
891:British occupation of the Faroe Islands
581:(in modern Ghana) and what are now the
121:37,673 km (14,546 sq mi)
5654:Maritime history of the Dutch Republic
5631:
3690:
3665:
3143:
2972:
2944:"Arctic science for global challenges"
2303:
2089:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1929:"The Conway expedition to Spitzbergen"
1140:operated by the Norwegian state-owned
5458:
5410:
5256:
4993:
4955:
4628:
3837:
3669:Spitsbergen. Cold Beauty (Photo book)
3597:
3239:St.meld. nr. 22 (2008–2009): Svalbard
3144:Linder, Courtney (15 November 2019).
2811:
2729:St.meld. nr. 22 (2008–2009): Svalbard
2671:St.meld. nr. 22 (2008–2009): Svalbard
2571:St.meld. nr. 22 (2008–2009): Svalbard
2550:
2473:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia
2239:magazine, 10 (September 2006), pp.2-5
2170:. Cambridge, At the University Press.
2145:pp.1-22. Georg Michael Asher,(1860).
723:Military operations, Arctic 1941–1945
695:
627:
221:
4665:(38,610 sq mi) and greater
4448:Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower
3296:
3083:"Why and how Svalbard got the fibre"
3080:
2936:
2260:
1947:British documents on foreign affairs
426:spelling as incorrect; he preferred
5598:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
3718:Braathens SAFE 50 år: Mot alle odds
2874:
2625:. Svalbard Reiseliv. Archived from
2599:. Svalbard Reiseliv. Archived from
2273:
1420:Snow is common throughout the year.
1323:Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani
1291:is a 1,440-kilometre (890 mi)
1206:Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani
1096:University Hospital of North Norway
551:
13:
5258:Colonies and trading posts of the
4995:Colonies and trading posts of the
3269:Norwegian Meteorological Institute
2367:"5 The administration of Svalbard"
2279:
2123:Schokkenbroek, Joost C.A. (2008).
458:Dutch whalers near Spitsbergen by
442:in 1925, the main island becoming
14:
5665:
3810:
3602:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug.
2914:"8 Research and higher education"
2500:. 22 October 2009. Archived from
2233:"Northern Townships: Spitsbergen"
1802:H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard)
1680:Festningen Geotope Protected Area
1631:, with both low, middle and high
1310:and installations in Ny-Ålesund.
1102:. Ny-Ålesund and Barentsburg are
329:benefits from the long period of
4769:
4458:Dirigibile Italia Arctic Station
2403:. 10 August 2007. Archived from
2013:Chart of historical usage trends
1684:Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve
1589:is the only bird to overwinter.
1378:has daily scheduled services to
1299:, needed for communicating with
1152:, with ten permanent residents.
5319:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
4851:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
4614:2011 Svalbard polar bear attack
4562:Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben
4557:Barentsburg Heliport, Heerodden
3751:Svalbard: vårt nordligste Norge
3623:Fra company town til folkestyre
3591:
3562:
3532:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3447:
3438:
3417:
3351:
3287:
3257:
3227:
3202:
3172:
3163:
3118:Vincent, James (4 April 2017).
3074:
3037:
3009:
2973:Hopkin, M. (15 February 2007).
2966:
2906:
2802:
2772:
2747:
2717:
2689:
2641:
2615:
2589:
2541:
2461:
2452:
2389:
2359:
2329:
2254:
2242:
2226:
2217:
2204:
2195:
2182:
2173:
2166:William Martin Conway, (1906).
2160:
2139:
2117:
2097:
2057:
2031:
2017:
2006:
1981:
1969:
1955:
1940:
1921:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1392:Ny-Ålesund Airport, Hamnerabben
1368:Longyearbyen has a bus system.
1108:Norwegian Directorate of Mining
931:In 1943, the German battleship
687:
594:Union between Sweden and Norway
592:, and later the Norwegians (as
501:
275:The island was first used as a
256:. The administrative centre is
4789:(7,722–38,610 sq mi)
3959:Longyearbyen Community Council
3787:Van der Brugge, Jacob (1634).
2107:; Georg Michael Asher (1860).
1872:
1856:
1844:
1820:, LOUWRENS HACQUEBORD, p. 250"
1808:
1789:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1486:, including whales, dolphins,
1470:, and accidentally introduced
1289:Svalbard Undersea Cable System
1088:Longyearbyen Community Council
1027:, Svalbard is not part of the
316:Svalbard Airport, Longyearbyen
287:and established Svalbard as a
1:
3329:"Protected Areas in Svalbard"
2948:University Centre in Svalbard
1710:
1553:. Sixteen species are on the
1255:University Centre in Svalbard
1042:
983:
308:University Centre in Svalbard
283:of 1920 recognized Norwegian
4519:Kongsfjord Telemetry Station
3863:
1728:Natural Wonders of the World
1336:
1116:Norwegian Tax Administration
978:Vnukovo Airlines Flight 2801
583:United States Virgin Islands
418:In 1906 the Arctic explorer
360:
333:, which compensates for the
268:, and the mining outpost of
264:, the research community of
223:[ˈvɛ̂stˌspɪtsbærɡn̩]
25:Spitzbergen (disambiguation)
7:
4453:Arctic Yellow River Station
2892:Central Intelligence Agency
2201:Már Jónsson (2009) passim.,
1693:
1678:. The island also features
1282:Global Crop Diversity Trust
1251:Arctic Yellow River Station
139:1,717 m (5633 ft)
10:
5670:
5462:Kingdom of the Netherlands
3044:Gjesteland, Eirik (2004).
2147:Henry Hudson the Navigator
1863:"Account of a voyage 1780"
1796:Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969).
1688:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1445:
1409:
1405:
1372:Svalbard Airport, Longyear
1340:
1308:Svalbard Satellite Station
1270:Svalbard Global Seed Vault
1178:
1174:
1130:, both located in Tromsø.
1128:Hålogaland Court of Appeal
1122:. Svalbard is subordinate
971:
896:Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive
449:
312:Svalbard Global Seed Vault
237:in northern Norway in the
18:
5649:1590s in the Dutch Empire
5589:
5573:
5552:
5536:
5520:
5504:
5473:
5469:
5454:
5421:
5406:
5378:
5342:
5271:
5267:
5252:
5190:
5137:
5111:
5085:
5024:
5008:
5004:
4989:
4786:
4764:
4662:
4606:
4590:
4547:
4501:
4473:Norwegian Polar Institute
4435:
4399:
4351:
4235:
4139:
4111:
4030:
3982:
3944:
3871:
3768:Umbreit, Andreas (2005).
1990:The British Whaling Trade
1965:NORWAY: Formal Annexation
1602:Two partial skeletons of
1520:R. tarandus platyrhynchus
1441:
1124:Nord-Troms District Court
1112:Norwegian Polar Institute
729:
254:36th largest in the world
226:, also sometimes spelled
183:
178:
167:
158:
153:
143:
135:
125:
117:
107:
70:
62:
57:
53:
37:
5560:Curaçao and Dependencies
5294:Curaçao and Dependencies
5272:Colonies in the Americas
5260:Dutch West India Company
4997:Dutch East India Company
3017:"Life in the cold store"
1988:Jackson, Gordon (1978).
1037:consulate in Barentsburg
357:, mountains and fjords.
202:[ˈspɪ̀tsˌbærɡn̩]
5343:Trading posts in Africa
5077:Northeast coast of Java
4656:World's largest islands
4361:Forlandet National Park
3827:14 January 2006 at the
3598:Arlov, Thor B. (1996).
3510:"Norges nasjonalparker"
3293:Torkilsen (1984): 98–99
2808:Umbreit (2005): 194–203
2290:Aviation Safety Network
2249:"Spitsbergen Operation"
1771:Encyclopædia Britannica
1448:Environment of Svalbard
1236:exclusive economic zone
674:Polish research station
614:Alfred Gabriel Nathorst
606:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
575:a small overseas empire
4896:Prince of Wales Island
3647:(in Norwegian). Oslo:
3423:Torkildsen (1984): 174
1950:British Foreign Office
1881:Aston Barker, Beechey,
1867:Philosophical Magazine
1800:(in Norwegian). Oslo:
1599:
1551:black-legged kittiwake
1459:
1427:North Atlantic Current
1421:
1356:
1295:line from Svalbard to
1227:
1208:, a subsidiary of the
1197:
1054:
1021:European Economic Area
995:
901:Liberation of Finnmark
637:
569:
511:
490:is first mentioned in
463:
374:
174: (pop. 2,417)
136:Highest elevation
23:. For other uses, see
5596:constituent countries
5129:West coast of Sumatra
4983:Dutch colonial empire
4787:20,000–99,999 km
4577:Svalbard Rocket Range
4381:Northwest Spitsbergen
4376:Nordre Isfjorden Land
3691:Stange, Rolf (2012).
3666:Stange, Rolf (2011).
3490:Umbreit (2005): 29–30
3481:Torkilsen (1984): 144
3444:Torkilsen (1984): 162
3373:Ecology and Evolution
3307:Torkilsen (1984): 101
3169:Umbriet (1997): 63–67
2755:"Nord-Troms tingrett"
2667:"9 Næringsvirksomhet"
2430:"Entry and residence"
2267:www.bismarck-class.dk
2251:, Lone Sentry website
2179:Schokkenbroek, p. 28.
1850:Fotherby, (1613) P45
1664:Nordre Isfjorden Land
1595:
1455:
1419:
1376:Scandinavian Airlines
1350:
1343:Transport in Svalbard
1222:
1188:
1050:
991:
635:
600:explorers, including
559:
509:
472:Willem Janszoon Blaeu
457:
368:
198:Urban East Norwegian:
5608:Netherlands Antilles
4478:Polish Polar Station
4443:Arctic World Archive
4323:Wedel Jarlsberg Land
3817:Governor of Svalbard
3770:Guide to Spitsbergen
3711:on 10 December 2012.
3520:on 14 September 2010
3339:on 27 September 2011
2434:Governor of Svalbard
2341:Governor of Svalbard
2132:21 July 2011 at the
2027:. CUP Archive. 1982.
1804:. pp. 301, 356.
1668:Nordvest-Spitsbergen
1563:Nordvest-Spitsbergen
1315:Arctic World Archive
1243:Polish Polar Station
1146:Polish Polar Station
1009:Governor of Svalbard
939:Operation Zitronella
651:Svalbard Act of 1925
602:William Edward Parry
486:(Грумант). The name
377:The Dutch navigator
205:; formerly known as
5644:Islands of Svalbard
5414:Noordsche Compagnie
5412:Settlements of the
5390:Society of Suriname
5236:Vietnam (1637–1643)
5009:Governorate General
4856:Axel Heiberg Island
4598:Longyearbyen School
4407:Arctic Coal Company
4202:Prins Karls Forland
3686:on 9 December 2012.
3617:Arlov, Thor B. and
3435:Umbriet (2005): 132
3385:2019EcoEv...9.2004O
3092:(3). Archived from
3081:Skår, Rolf (2004).
3055:(3). Archived from
2829:on 13 November 2011
2819:"Focus on Svalbard"
2647:Umbreit (2005): 179
2547:Umbreit (2005): 117
2458:Umbreit (2005): 106
2407:on 10 December 2000
2286:aviation-safety.net
1412:Climate of Svalbard
1181:Economy of Svalbard
976:On 29 August 1996,
925:non-aggression pact
885:Associated articles
527:had done the same.
88: /
34:
5384:Society of Berbice
4866:Southampton Island
4567:Pyramiden Heliport
4502:Telecommunications
4386:Sassen–Bünsow Land
4366:Indre Wijdefjorden
4031:Former settlements
3600:Svalbards historie
3499:Umbreit (2005): 32
3463:. 29 February 2008
3357:Umbreit (2005): 33
3025:. 26 February 2008
2954:on 6 February 2012
2725:"6 Administrasjon"
2629:on 25 January 2010
1905:Royal Society 1863
1903:Proceedings vol 12
1853:by Haven, S (1860)
1798:Norsk Uttaleordbok
1672:Sassen-Bünsow Land
1656:Indre Wijdefjorden
1652:six national parks
1600:
1569:for seabirds. The
1547:thick-billed murre
1460:
1422:
1357:
1351:Ships, such as MS
1329:, a subsidiary of
1249:, and the Chinese
1228:
1223:Abandoned mine at
1198:
1055:
1025:Schengen Agreement
1005:demilitarized zone
996:
646:Spitsbergen Treaty
638:
628:Spitsbergen Treaty
610:Otto Martin Torell
570:
512:
510:Map of Spitsbergen
468:Northern Sea Route
464:
409:Sigismund Bacstrom
375:
321:The island has an
293:demilitarized zone
289:free economic zone
168:Largest settlement
144:Highest point
32:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5604:full independence
5544:Dutch East Indies
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5243:
4949:
4948:
4622:
4621:
4529:Satellite Station
4488:University Centre
4371:Nordenskiöld Land
4333:Gustav Adolf Land
4288:Nordenskiöld Land
3704:978-3-937903-14-9
3679:978-3-937903-10-1
3658:978-82-430-0398-9
3641:Fløgstad, Kjartan
3550:on 24 August 2011
3393:10.1002/ece3.4891
3210:"Charterflygning"
3150:Popular Mechanics
2924:. 29 October 1999
2894:. 15 January 2010
2862:. 29 October 1999
2823:Statistics Norway
2704:Statistics Norway
2528:Statistics Norway
2498:Statistics Norway
2377:. 29 October 1999
2337:"Svalbard Treaty"
2317:. 9 February 1920
2311:"Svalbard Treaty"
2045:on 10 August 2016
1660:Nordenskiöld Land
1637:Nordenskiöld Land
1633:Arctic vegetation
1605:Pliosaurus funkei
1597:Svalbard reindeer
1583:northern wheatear
1516:Svalbard reindeer
1512:Franz Joseph Land
1169:socialist realism
993:Lilliehöökfjorden
945:, the battleship
921:German occupation
909:
908:
622:Ernest Shackleton
420:Sir Martin Conway
191:
190:
92:78.750°N 16.000°E
5661:
5611:
5471:
5470:
5460:Colonies of the
5456:
5455:
5423:
5422:
5408:
5407:
5388:Governed by the
5382:Governed by the
5269:
5268:
5254:
5253:
5006:
5005:
4991:
4990:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4953:
4952:
4911:Vancouver Island
4841:Alexander Island
4779:
4774:
4773:
4718:Ellesmere Island
4649:
4642:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4572:Svalbard Airport
4493:Zeppelin Station
4329:
4244:
4222:Thousand Islands
4147:Amsterdam Island
3858:
3851:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3822:Svalbard Tourism
3806:
3804:
3802:
3783:
3772:. Bucks: Bradt.
3764:
3745:
3739:
3731:
3712:
3707:. Archived from
3687:
3682:. Archived from
3662:
3636:
3613:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3546:. Archived from
3542:(in Norwegian).
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3516:. Archived from
3512:(in Norwegian).
3506:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3379:(4): 2004–2017.
3364:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3335:. Archived from
3331:(in Norwegian).
3325:
3308:
3305:
3294:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3271:. Archived from
3267:(in Norwegian).
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3212:(in Norwegian).
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3186:. Archived from
3182:(in Norwegian).
3176:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3099:on 10 April 2008
3098:
3087:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3062:on 10 April 2008
3061:
3050:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2950:. Archived from
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2825:. Archived from
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2790:on 10 March 2009
2786:. Archived from
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2663:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2603:on 12 April 2010
2597:"Shops/services"
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2563:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2436:. Archived from
2426:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2399:(in Norwegian).
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:. Archived from
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2261:Asmussen, John.
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2067:. Archived from
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2041:. Archived from
2035:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1832:on 27 March 2009
1831:
1825:. Archived from
1824:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1731:
1721:
1654:on Spitsbergen:
1120:Church of Norway
733:Continuation War
724:
716:
709:
702:
693:
692:
552:Danish expansion
521:Danish–Norwegian
302:and the Russian
225:
215:Vest Spitsbergen
207:West Spitsbergen
204:
199:
103:
102:
100:
99:
98:
93:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
42:
35:
31:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5614:
5593:
5585:
5569:
5548:
5532:
5516:
5500:
5465:
5442:
5417:
5394:
5374:
5338:
5263:
5240:
5186:
5133:
5107:
5081:
5020:
5000:
4985:
4980:
4950:
4945:
4926:Somerset Island
4861:Melville Island
4788:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4762:
4707:Victoria Island
4664:
4663:100,000 km
4658:
4653:
4623:
4618:
4602:
4586:
4543:
4497:
4463:Himadri Station
4431:
4395:
4391:Sør-Spitsbergen
4347:
4327:
4268:Haakon VII Land
4242:
4231:
4177:Kong Karls Land
4135:
4131:Protected areas
4107:
4026:
3978:
3940:
3867:
3862:
3829:Wayback Machine
3813:
3800:
3798:
3780:
3761:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3705:
3697:. Rolf Stange.
3680:
3659:
3633:
3610:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3311:
3306:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3275:on 17 July 2012
3263:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3245:. 17 April 2009
3233:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3190:on 2 March 2009
3178:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2994:10.1038/445693a
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2887:World Fact Book
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2735:. 17 April 2009
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2677:. 17 April 2009
2665:
2664:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2577:. 17 April 2009
2565:
2564:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2504:on 28 July 2011
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2440:on 23 July 2011
2428:
2427:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2347:on 23 July 2011
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2280:Ranter, Harro.
2278:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2144:
2140:
2134:Wayback Machine
2122:
2118:
2102:
2098:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2071:on 24 July 2011
2065:"Archived copy"
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2025:"No Man's Land"
2023:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1956:
1945:
1941:
1926:
1922:
1918:, 1906, p. vii.
1913:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1696:
1676:Sør-Spitsbergen
1567:breeding ground
1557:. Particularly
1543:northern fulmar
1466:, the Svalbard
1450:
1444:
1414:
1408:
1345:
1339:
1247:Himadri Station
1193:, Spitsbergen;
1189:Skottehytta in
1183:
1177:
1045:
1017:chief of police
1013:county governor
1000:Svalbard Treaty
986:
974:
913:Allied soldiers
910:
905:
882:
725:
722:
720:
690:
630:
554:
533:Hugh Willoughby
525:Muscovy Company
504:
492:Icelandic sagas
452:
379:Willem Barentsz
371:Het Nieuwe Land
363:
281:Svalbard Treaty
219:Vestspitsbergen
197:
163:
96:
94:
90:
87:
82:
79:
77:
75:
74:
49:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5467:
5466:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5386:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5334:Virgin Islands
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5309:New Netherland
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5265:
5264:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5002:
5001:
4987:
4986:
4979:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4931:Kotelny Island
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4846:Severny Island
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4777:Islands portal
4765:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4539:Undersea Cable
4536:
4534:Svalbard Radio
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:IndARC Station
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4353:National parks
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4328:Nordaustlandet
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4227:Wilhelm Island
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4197:Nordaustlandet
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3819:
3812:
3811:External links
3809:
3808:
3807:
3784:
3778:
3765:
3759:
3746:
3726:
3713:
3703:
3688:
3678:
3663:
3657:
3637:
3631:
3614:
3608:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3561:
3531:
3501:
3492:
3483:
3474:
3446:
3437:
3425:
3416:
3359:
3350:
3309:
3295:
3286:
3256:
3226:
3201:
3180:"Direkteruter"
3171:
3162:
3136:
3110:
3073:
3036:
3008:
2965:
2935:
2905:
2873:
2840:
2810:
2801:
2771:
2746:
2716:
2688:
2649:
2640:
2614:
2588:
2549:
2540:
2515:
2485:
2460:
2451:
2418:
2388:
2358:
2328:
2302:
2272:
2253:
2241:
2225:
2216:
2203:
2194:
2181:
2172:
2159:
2138:
2116:
2096:
2056:
2030:
2016:
2005:
1998:
1980:
1968:
1954:
1939:
1920:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1855:
1843:
1807:
1788:
1775:
1773:(1911), p. 708
1762:
1760:(2009), p. ix.
1749:
1742:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:Einar Lundborg
1702:
1700:Cape Amsterdam
1695:
1692:
1617:marine reptile
1587:Rock ptarmigan
1565:are important
1484:marine mammals
1457:Svalbard poppy
1446:Main article:
1443:
1440:
1410:Main article:
1407:
1404:
1341:Main article:
1338:
1335:
1301:polar orbiting
1261:, geology and
1179:Main article:
1176:
1173:
1076:Svalbardposten
1073:The newspaper
1044:
1041:
1023:(EEA) and the
985:
982:
973:
970:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
881:
880:
873:
858:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
806:
805:
798:
791:
768:
767:
766:
765:
758:
751:
730:
727:
726:
719:
718:
711:
704:
696:
689:
686:
664:settlement of
629:
626:
618:Roald Amundsen
590:Denmark–Norway
553:
550:
503:
500:
460:Abraham Storck
451:
448:
362:
359:
351:marine mammals
323:Arctic climate
298:The Norwegian
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
169:
165:
164:
159:
156:
155:
154:Administration
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
129:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
97:78.750; 16.000
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
50:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5666:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5453:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5360:Loango-Angola
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5251:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
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5142:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5127:
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5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Banda Islands
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Yuzhny Island
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
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4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
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4809:
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4778:
4772:
4767:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:Great Britain
4711:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Baffin Island
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4638:
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4631:
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4627:
4615:
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4609:
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4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:Isfjord Radio
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
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4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
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4405:
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4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Gustav V Land
4336:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Oscar II Land
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4283:Nathorst Land
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Albert I Land
4246:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
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4145:
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4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4103:Ytre Norskøya
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4068:Isfjord Radio
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
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4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
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4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
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3951:
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3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
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3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3781:
3779:1-84162-092-0
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3760:82-7010-167-2
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3729:
3727:82-990400-1-9
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3632:82-996168-0-8
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3609:82-03-22171-8
3605:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3462:
3461:
3460:Science Daily
3456:
3450:
3441:
3432:
3430:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3354:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3215:
3214:Lufttransport
3211:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3166:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2987:(7129): 693.
2986:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2969:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2893:
2889:
2888:
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2877:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2705:
2698:
2692:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2644:
2628:
2624:
2623:"Attractions"
2618:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2544:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2503:
2499:
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2439:
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2431:
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2406:
2402:
2398:
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2368:
2362:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:"29 Aug 1996"
2276:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2237:Hidden Europe
2234:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2156:
2155:1-4021-9558-3
2152:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:Hudson, Henry
2100:
2092:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1999:0-208-01757-7
1995:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1962:TIME magazine
1958:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1916:No Man's Land
1911:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1786:(1920), p. 1.
1785:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1745:
1743:0-89577-087-3
1739:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:ever found—a
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:IUCN Red List
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:southern vole
1469:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1436:Isfjord Radio
1431:
1428:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:Lufttransport
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
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1298:
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1279:
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1239:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:Lenin statues
1161:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:company towns
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1029:Schengen Area
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
994:
990:
981:
979:
969:
967:
962:
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867:
866:
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828:
827:
823:
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813:
811:
804:
803:
799:
797:
796:
792:
790:
789:
785:
784:
783:
782:
781:
780:Fleet Air Arm
777:
773:
764:
763:
759:
757:
756:
752:
750:
749:
745:
744:
743:
742:
738:
737:
736:
734:
728:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
697:
694:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
647:
643:
634:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
576:
568:, Spitsbergen
567:
563:
558:
549:
547:
543:
539:
534:
528:
526:
522:
517:
508:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
475:
473:
469:
461:
456:
447:
445:
441:
436:
433:
429:
425:
422:regarded the
421:
416:
414:
413:Royal Society
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
372:
367:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
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328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Greenland Sea
247:
246:Norwegian Sea
242:
240:
236:
233:
229:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
195:
186:
182:
177:
173:
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166:
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157:
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134:
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110:
106:
101:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
5112:Commandments
5086:Directorates
5025:Governorates
4875:
4836:Devon Island
4821:Banks Island
4748:Newfoundland
4738:North Island
4728:South Island
4582:Svea Airport
4427:Store Norske
4313:Sørkapp Land
4293:Ny-Friesland
4278:James I Land
4263:Dickson Land
4211:
4162:Danes Island
4073:Kobbefjorden
4017:Isbjørnhamna
4000:Longyearbyen
3909:Newtontoppen
3799:. Retrieved
3794:
3789:
3769:
3750:
3717:
3709:the original
3693:
3684:the original
3668:
3644:
3622:
3619:Arne O. Holm
3599:
3592:Bibliography
3577:. Retrieved
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3548:the original
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3518:the original
3504:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3458:
3449:
3440:
3419:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3273:the original
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3238:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3188:the original
3174:
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3123:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3094:the original
3089:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3057:the original
3052:
3039:
3027:. Retrieved
3020:
3011:
2984:
2978:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2952:the original
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2917:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2885:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2855:
2831:. Retrieved
2827:the original
2813:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2788:the original
2780:"Ny-Ålesund"
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2728:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2670:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2627:the original
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2601:the original
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2570:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:the original
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2463:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:the original
2409:. Retrieved
2405:the original
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2370:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:the original
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2285:
2275:
2266:
2256:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2146:
2141:
2125:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2075:15 September
2073:. Retrieved
2069:the original
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2033:
2019:
2008:
1989:
1983:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1942:
1933:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1846:
1836:10 September
1834:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1817:
1810:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1727:
1719:
1649:
1603:
1601:
1579:snow bunting
1524:
1519:
1508:self-defence
1504:
1500:Arctic charr
1461:
1432:
1423:
1396:Svea Airport
1370:
1358:
1352:
1312:
1286:
1267:
1240:
1229:
1225:Longyearbyen
1214:
1203:
1199:
1191:Petuniabukta
1154:
1138:company town
1132:
1092:municipality
1086:Since 2002,
1085:
1074:
1071:
1067:Longyearbyen
1056:
1052:Longyearbyen
1033:
997:
975:
965:
960:
956:
947:
942:
932:
930:
917:Nazi Germany
911:
884:
883:
876:
869:
860:
859:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
808:
807:
801:
794:
787:
770:
769:
761:
754:
747:
740:
731:
688:World War II
658:Longyearbyen
655:
639:
587:
579:Guinea Coast
571:
561:
546:Kongsfjorden
538:Henry Hudson
529:
513:
502:Early claims
476:
465:
443:
439:
437:
427:
423:
417:
393:
389:
382:
376:
370:
343:arctic foxes
331:midnight sun
320:
300:Store Norske
297:
274:
258:Longyearbyen
243:
239:Arctic Ocean
227:
218:
214:
206:
193:
192:
187:2,884 (2020)
179:Demographics
172:Longyearbyen
160:
148:Newtontoppen
66:Arctic Ocean
29:
5639:Spitsbergen
5464:(1815–1975)
5438:Smeerenburg
5426:Settlements
5416:(1614–1642)
5370:Slave Coast
5262:(1621–1792)
5194:settlements
5152:Banjarmasin
5139:Residencies
5042:Cape Colony
4999:(1602–1798)
4891:New Britain
4876:Spitsbergen
4509:Hopen Radio
4318:Torell Land
4308:Sabine Land
4298:Olav V Land
4258:Bünsow Land
4253:Andrée Land
4243:Spitsbergen
4212:Spitsbergen
4157:Bear Island
4113:Environment
4093:Smeerenburg
4038:Advent City
3995:Hopen Radio
3990:Barentsburg
3983:Settlements
3974:Visa policy
3884:Archaeology
3879:Agriculture
3219:9 September
3194:9 September
3090:Telektronic
3053:Telektronic
1927:Lockyer, N
1879:Description
1758:Spitsbergen
1571:Arctic tern
1559:Storfjorden
1531:Barents Sea
1496:polar bears
1476:Arctic hare
1365:snowmobiles
1293:fibre optic
1156:Barentsburg
961:Scharnhorst
948:Scharnhorst
862:Lapland War
812:(1941–1945)
755:Platinfuchs
741:Silberfuchs
735:(1941–1944)
666:Barentsburg
662:coal-mining
642:condominium
444:Spitsbergen
428:Spitsbergen
424:Spitzbergen
398:archipelago
392:- pointed,
383:Spitsbergen
339:polar bears
335:polar night
285:sovereignty
262:Barentsburg
235:archipelago
228:Spitzbergen
194:Spitsbergen
108:Archipelago
95: /
71:Coordinates
44:Map of the
33:Spitsbergen
5633:Categories
5581:New Guinea
5574:Until 1962
5553:Until 1954
5537:Until 1949
5528:Gold Coast
5521:Until 1872
5505:Until 1853
5486:Coromandel
5474:Until 1825
5365:Senegambia
5355:Gold Coast
5192:Opperhoofd
5057:Coromandel
4811:Hispaniola
4687:Madagascar
4677:New Guinea
4483:Seed Vault
4412:Arktikugol
4343:Orvin Land
4236:Land areas
4152:Barentsøya
4098:Virgohamna
4078:Lægerneset
4063:Hiorthhamn
4043:Bölscheøya
4005:Ny-Ålesund
3936:In fiction
3570:"Svalbard"
2882:"Svalbard"
2315:Wikisource
2212:Itinerario
2190:Itinerario
1992:. Archon.
1893:Laing 1822
1711:References
1650:There are
1625:permafrost
1575:Antarctica
1539:little auk
1464:Arctic fox
1263:geophysics
1167:and other
1134:Ny-Ålesund
1061:, 10 were
1043:Population
1035:retains a
984:Government
953:Altenfjord
847:Zitronella
840:Gearbox II
762:Polarfuchs
682:Ny-Ålesund
401:as a whole
304:Arktikugol
266:Ny-Ålesund
184:Population
5433:Jan Mayen
5304:Essequibo
5216:Mauritius
5182:Pontianak
5172:Palembang
4826:Sri Lanka
4672:Greenland
4591:Education
4549:Transport
4422:Kings Bay
4400:Companies
4273:Heer Land
4217:Svenskøya
4088:Pyramiden
4083:Ny-London
4022:Sveagruva
3931:Transport
3921:Languages
3904:Geography
3736:cite book
3649:Spartacus
3155:13 August
3129:13 August
3124:The Verge
2784:Kings Bay
2295:26 August
2049:4 January
1608:from the
1527:migratory
1400:heliports
1337:Transport
1331:Microsoft
1304:satellite
1245:, Indian
1171:artwork.
1160:Pyramiden
1142:Kings Bay
1081:Sveagruva
1059:Ukrainian
1031:nor EEA.
877:Nordlicht
670:Pyramiden
562:Bucentaur
542:Isfjorden
496:Jan Mayen
361:Etymology
270:Sveagruva
211:Norwegian
127:Area rank
58:Geography
5600:Suriname
5314:Pomeroon
5299:Demerara
5177:Preanger
5162:Cheribon
5072:Moluccas
4936:Sardinia
4831:Tasmania
4816:Sakhalin
4806:Hokkaido
4796:Mindanao
4723:Sulawesi
4709:(Canada)
4436:Research
4417:Bjørnøen
4207:Sjuøyane
4182:Kongsøya
4053:Gåshamna
4048:Finneset
3964:Governor
3946:Politics
3889:Cannabis
3865:Svalbard
3825:Archived
3720:. Oslo.
3643:(2007).
3621:(2001).
3579:24 March
3554:24 March
3524:24 March
3467:24 March
3411:30847088
3343:24 March
3279:24 March
3249:24 March
3103:24 March
3066:24 March
3029:24 March
3022:BBC News
3003:17301757
2958:24 March
2928:24 March
2898:24 March
2866:24 March
2833:24 March
2794:24 March
2764:24 March
2739:24 March
2709:24 March
2681:24 March
2633:24 March
2607:24 March
2581:24 March
2533:24 March
2508:24 March
2478:24 March
2444:24 March
2411:24 March
2381:24 March
2351:24 March
2321:24 March
2136:, p. 27.
2130:Archived
2085:cite web
1891:A Voyage
1694:See also
1621:pliosaur
1614:Mesozoic
1610:Jurassic
1581:and the
1535:seabirds
1492:walruses
1478:and the
1468:reindeer
1361:Off-road
1353:Horyzont
1306:through
1278:seedbank
1274:doomsday
1150:Hornsund
1118:and the
854:Haudegen
819:Gauntlet
810:Svalbard
788:Benedict
678:Hornsund
566:Bellsund
488:Svalbard
440:Svalbard
355:glaciers
347:reindeer
310:and the
248:and the
232:Svalbard
112:Svalbard
63:Location
46:Svalbard
21:Svalbard
5602:gained
5594:Became
5565:Surinam
5496:Suratte
5491:Malacca
5324:Surinam
5289:Cayenne
5279:Berbice
5201:Myanmar
5157:Batavia
5124:Malabar
5103:Suratte
5067:Malacca
5062:Formosa
5047:Celebes
5016:Batavia
4941:Bananal
4801:Ireland
4758:Iceland
4697:Sumatra
4607:History
4187:Kvitøya
4167:Edgeøya
4140:Islands
4121:Climate
4058:Grumant
4010:history
3926:Museums
3916:History
3899:Economy
3894:Outline
3872:General
3402:6392408
3381:Bibcode
2401:Lovdata
1976:Hansard
1406:Climate
1297:Harstad
1259:biology
1232:whaling
1175:Economy
972:Postwar
966:Tirpitz
957:Tirpitz
943:Tirpitz
934:Tirpitz
833:Gearbox
826:Fritham
748:Rentier
516:whaling
484:Grumant
450:History
405:whalers
277:whaling
83:16°00′E
80:78°45′N
5512:Dejima
5481:Bengal
5350:Arguin
5329:Tobago
5284:Brazil
5231:Tonkin
5211:Dejima
5206:Canton
5167:Malang
5147:Bantam
5119:Bantam
5098:Persia
5093:Bengal
5052:Ceylon
4921:Sicily
4906:Hainan
4886:Taiwan
4881:Kyushu
4871:Marajó
4702:Honshu
4682:Borneo
4192:Lågøya
3969:Treaty
3801:23 May
3776:
3757:
3724:
3701:
3676:
3655:
3629:
3606:
3574:UNESCO
3409:
3399:
3184:Avinor
3001:
2980:Nature
2153:
1996:
1978:(1977)
1952:(1908)
1937:(1896)
1934:Nature
1869:, 1799
1740:
1645:steppe
1629:tundra
1529:. The
1514:. The
1480:muskox
1442:Nature
1380:Tromsø
1327:GitHub
1272:is a "
1114:, the
1110:, the
1100:Avinor
1063:Polish
802:Orator
644:. The
598:Arctic
514:Early
462:(1690)
432:treaty
394:bergen
291:and a
161:Norway
5226:Timor
5032:Ambon
4916:Timor
4743:Luzon
4172:Hopen
4126:Flora
3793:[
3097:(PDF)
3086:(PDF)
3060:(PDF)
3049:(PDF)
2700:(PDF)
1830:(PDF)
1823:(PDF)
1641:guano
1488:seals
870:Birke
479:Pomor
390:spits
387:Dutch
327:flora
5221:Siam
4753:Cuba
4733:Java
3803:2022
3774:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3742:link
3722:ISBN
3699:ISBN
3674:ISBN
3653:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3604:ISBN
3581:2010
3556:2010
3526:2010
3469:2010
3407:PMID
3345:2010
3281:2010
3251:2010
3221:2009
3196:2009
3157:2020
3131:2020
3105:2010
3068:2010
3031:2010
2999:PMID
2960:2010
2930:2010
2900:2010
2868:2010
2835:2010
2796:2010
2766:2010
2741:2010
2711:2010
2683:2010
2635:2010
2609:2010
2583:2010
2535:2010
2510:2010
2480:2010
2446:2010
2413:2010
2383:2010
2353:2010
2323:2010
2297:2010
2151:ISBN
2091:link
2077:2010
2051:2019
1994:ISBN
1838:2010
1738:ISBN
1674:and
1627:and
1561:and
1549:and
1494:and
1394:and
1384:Oslo
1382:and
1319:Piql
1313:The
1287:The
1268:The
1126:and
1015:and
998:The
959:and
620:and
349:and
131:36th
118:Area
4524:.sj
3954:Act
3397:PMC
3389:doi
2989:doi
2985:445
1734:355
1148:at
772:RAF
676:at
564:in
217:or
5635::
3738:}}
3734:{{
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2890:.
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