24:
630:) after victories in Macedonia requested a triumph and right to dedicate spolia opima due to his slaying of an enemy chieftain in hand-to-hand combat. Dedication rights were denied by Augustus. Crassus' illustrious political lineage made him a potential rival to Augustus. While Crassus' triumph was granted, it was required to be a joint triumph with Augustus who may have argued he deserved it due to his also holding
650:
464:
640:, a Roman general of the first century BC and member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, sought out Germanic chieftains to face in single combat during his campaigns. Sources suggest that he eventually may have been able to take the spolia opima.
587:
that was supposed to emulate the archaic ceremonies carried out by the founder
Romulus. The victor affixed the stripped armor to the trunk of an oak tree, carried it himself in a procession to the
537:
For the majority of the city's existence, the Romans recognized only three instances when spolia opima were taken. The precedent was imagined in Rome's mythical history, which tells that in 752 BC
838:
challenged enemy leaders and killed them, but because they had performed these deeds under the auspices of their general, they did not present their spoils as an offering to
Jupiter Feretrius.
908:
960:
492:
485:
270:
166:
522:
82:
58:
526:
224:
623:
478:
144:
861:
776:
970:
599:
823:
694:
32:
610:, though they all slew enemy leaders in single combat (the first two against Gauls and Aemilianus against a king in
370:
48:
126:
240:
201:
152:
654:
356:
289:
77:
751:
722:
546:
592:
175:
945:
Lindsay Powell, "Eager for Glory: The Untold Story of Drusus the Elder, Conqueror of
Germania", p. 104
569:
584:
385:
40:
627:
598:
To dedicate the spoils to
Jupiter Feretrius, one needed be the commander of a Roman army. Thus,
603:
550:
252:
101:
351:
87:
881:
637:
341:
283:
8:
468:
192:
745:
572:(consul 222 BC) galloped forward beyond his battle line and speared the Celtic warrior
437:
928:
857:
829:
819:
782:
772:
700:
690:
607:
444:
310:
299:
965:
920:
809:
565:
421:
410:
325:
44:
851:
588:
415:
393:
336:
521:. The spolia opima were regarded as the most honourable of the several types of
554:
542:
430:
400:
361:
786:
121:
954:
932:
666:
518:
405:
377:
305:
833:
704:
513:
for 'rich spoils') were the armour, arms, and other effects that an ancient
766:
514:
924:
876:
813:
573:
315:
206:
346:
111:
67:
331:
661:
611:
577:
815:
Memorable deeds and sayings: one thousand tales from ancient Rome
538:
517:
general stripped from the body of an opposing commander slain in
96:
649:
186:
853:
Commanders and
Command in the Roman Republic and Early Empire
818:. Translated by Walker, Henry. Indianapolis: Hackett. 3.2.6.
564:
The third and most historically grounded occurred before the
510:
771:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 101.
717:
558:
684:
622:
During the early years of the imperial regime, in 27 BC,
580:, before stripping him of his armour on the battlefield.
687:
The fall of
Carthage : the Punic Wars, 265-146 BC
888:
614:), were not considered to have won the spolia opima.
561:, during Rome's semi-legendary fifth century BC.
952:
808:
961:Military awards and decorations of ancient Rome
532:
486:
799:Rich, "Drusus and the Spolia Opima," p. 545.
768:Spare no one: mass violence in Roman warfare
525:a commander could obtain, including enemy
493:
479:
541:defeated and stripped Acron, king of the
894:
849:
583:The ceremony of the spolia opima was a
16:Highest war trophy for an Ancient Roman
953:
764:
906:
856:. UNC Press Books. pp. 352–3.
685:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith. (2003).
13:
735:
617:
14:
982:
843:
648:
462:
22:
939:
900:
553:obtained the spolia opima from
870:
850:Drogula, Fred K (2015-04-13).
802:
793:
758:
729:
711:
678:
1:
909:"Drusus and the spolia opima"
672:
357:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
533:Royal and Republican periods
271:Frontiers and fortifications
7:
971:Processions in ancient Rome
643:
593:Temple of Jupiter Feretrius
529:and the peaks of warships.
83:Decorations and punishments
10:
987:
591:, and dedicated it at the
549:. In the second instance,
570:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
750:: CS1 maint: location (
585:ritual of state religion
547:Rape of the Sabine Women
386:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
371:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
41:Military of ancient Rome
913:The Classical Quarterly
765:Baker, Gabriel (2021).
600:Titus Manlius Torquatus
469:Ancient Rome portal
551:Aulus Cornelius Cossus
657:at Wikimedia Commons
352:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
167:Technological history
882:The Roman Revolution
638:Nero Claudius Drusus
342:Lower Germanic Limes
241:Strategy and tactics
176:Military engineering
78:Unit types and ranks
925:10.1093/cq/49.2.544
689:. London: Cassell.
337:Lauter Valley Limes
624:M Licinius Crassus
527:military standards
438:Limes Tripolitanus
59:Structural history
907:Rich, JW (1999).
863:978-1-4696-2127-2
778:978-1-5381-1220-5
653:Media related to
626:(grandson of the
608:Scipio Aemilianus
503:
502:
454:
453:
445:Limes Mauretaniae
300:Limes Britannicus
261:
260:
225:Political history
215:
214:
135:
134:
978:
946:
943:
937:
936:
904:
898:
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886:
874:
868:
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847:
841:
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810:Valerius Maximus
806:
800:
797:
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762:
756:
755:
749:
741:
733:
727:
715:
709:
708:
682:
652:
576:, a king of the
566:Second Punic War
545:, following the
495:
488:
481:
467:
466:
465:
326:Limes Germanicus
276:
275:
253:Infantry tactics
246:
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202:Triumphal arches
172:
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153:Wars and battles
145:Campaign history
64:
63:
26:
25:
19:
18:
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848:
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826:
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779:
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759:
743:
742:
738:Ab Urbe Condita
736:Livius, Titus.
734:
730:
723:Ab urbe condita
716:
712:
697:
683:
679:
675:
646:
620:
618:Imperial period
604:Valerius Corvus
535:
499:
463:
461:
456:
455:
450:
422:Limes Sarmatiae
416:Anastasian Wall
394:Pannonian Limes
273:
263:
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257:
243:
233:
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211:
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51:
23:
17:
12:
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5:
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948:
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938:
919:(2): 544–555.
899:
897:, p. 353.
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728:
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634:in Macedonia.
619:
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557:, king of the
555:Lars Tolumnius
534:
531:
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483:
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458:
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431:Limes Arabicus
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401:Limes Alutanus
397:
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362:Wetterau Limes
359:
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334:
321:
320:
319:
318:
313:
311:Hadrian's Wall
308:
295:
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2:
983:
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839:
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827:
825:0-87220-675-0
821:
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805:
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780:
774:
770:
769:
761:
753:
747:
739:
732:
725:
724:
719:
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706:
702:
698:
696:0-304-36642-0
692:
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681:
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667:Roman triumph
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519:single combat
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428:
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411:Trajan's Wall
409:
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406:Limes Moesiae
404:
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383:
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379:
378:Norican Limes
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338:
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309:
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306:Antonine Wall
304:
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193:Siege engines
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55:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
21:
20:
941:
916:
912:
902:
895:Drogula 2015
890:
880:
872:
852:
845:
837:
814:
804:
795:
767:
760:
737:
731:
721:
713:
686:
680:
655:Spolia opima
647:
636:
631:
621:
597:
582:
563:
536:
523:war trophies
507:spolia opima
506:
504:
443:
436:
429:
420:
384:
324:
298:
282:
185:
877:Ronald Syme
574:Viridomarus
543:Caeninenses
316:Saxon Shore
955:Categories
787:1182021748
673:References
589:Capitoline
347:Main Limes
933:1471-6844
746:cite book
332:Alb Limes
885:, p. 308
834:53231884
812:(2004).
705:59290332
662:Tropaion
644:See also
632:imperium
628:triumvir
612:Hispania
578:Gaesatae
559:Veientes
127:Admirals
102:Generals
33:a series
31:Part of
966:Victory
740:. 4:20.
568:, when
539:Romulus
97:Auxilia
88:Legions
931:
860:
832:
822:
785:
775:
726:, 1:10
703:
693:
230:
187:Castra
122:Fleets
49:AD 476
45:753 BC
35:on the
515:Roman
511:Latin
290:Walls
284:Limes
207:Roads
929:ISSN
858:ISBN
830:OCLC
820:ISBN
783:OCLC
773:ISBN
752:link
718:Livy
701:OCLC
691:ISBN
606:and
505:The
112:Navy
68:Army
921:doi
957::
927:.
917:49
915:.
911:.
879:,
836:.
828:.
781:.
748:}}
744:{{
720:,
699:.
602:,
595:.
47:–
935:.
923::
866:.
789:.
754:)
707:.
509:(
494:e
487:t
480:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.