2695:
367:
466:. These castes were originally bonded to the service of the state, however, they were often illegally turned to be bonded to individual Vellalars as their dominance started growing. The growing power of the Vellalars was counterbalanced by removing the Madapallis from earlier suspicion and equally appoint them to the administrative office by the Dutch in the 1690s.
618:
caste. The LTTE did not have caste distinctions and one of their ideologies were anti-casteism, seeking a united Tamil identity through recruiting of other castes and achieving a mixed-caste leadership. Following the old order, where the
Vellalars formed partners with the Karaiyars, the LTTE gained
221:
and Pallar are descendants of two farmer brothers. The property of the younger brother Pallan was destroyed by a storm. The older brother
Vellalan gave Pallan shelter. After the death of Vellalan, his wife became the owner of the property and forced Pallan and his family to become agricultural
417:
and
Madapallis to administrative offices. Karaiyars and Madapallis revolted against the new Dutch rule in September 1658, consequently leading to the Dutch favoring the Vellalars to administrative positions. The Dutch interpreted the local laws, later codified as
297:
mentioned in Tolkāppiyam was a generic term for all agriculturists. In Tamil Nadu, however, the
Vellalars gradually phased out their name with the generic one, thus, blurring its original meaning. There were two types of the Vellalars, the cultivators called
916:
Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Ceylon Branch, Colombo: "'Vellalar' is also said to be a contract form of 'Vella-Alar', meaning 'the lords of the Vellam',
473:
as descendant of the
Vellalars, and intermarriage between them was not uncommon. According to historians, the Vellalar population increased between the 17th and 19th-century due to other castes and communities
310:. The Vellalar tribes are described as a landed gentry who irrigated the wet lands and the Karalar (use Vellalar as title) were the landed gentry in the dry lands. Karalar means "
2151:
190:("lordship" or "management"); thus the word literally means "those who manage water" or "lords of the floods". Dutch archives registered the Vellalar and the
146:
They are reputed as a ritually and numerically dominant caste in the
Northern Sri Lankan society, who have contributed among the political elites of the
2301:
623:
1927:
2286:
1391:
2096:
2332:
2291:
2193:
1224:
Arasaratnam, S. (1 July 1981). "Social
History of a Dominant Caste Society: The Vellalar of North Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the 18th Century".
631:
2210:
1361:
2276:
2034:
1629:
1306:
Fernando, A. Denis N. (1987). "PENINSULAR JAFFNA FROM ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL TIMES: Its
Significant Historical and Settlement Aspects".
2268:
2070:
2352:
2657:
2452:
2188:
1971:
1900:
2205:
1920:
574:, the conversion to Christianity of many Hindu Vellalars was prevented. They became under his patronage, strict followers of
2377:
2727:
2306:
2258:
2183:
2111:
634:(EROS) were Vellalar dominated organizations, with several Vellalar cadres of these organization later joining the LTTE.
627:
2678:
2438:
2248:
1203:
741:
2673:
1876:
1849:
1806:
1779:
1752:
1725:
1698:
1671:
1607:
1580:
1550:
1523:
1480:
1453:
1344:
1171:
1145:
1073:
1046:
1005:
980:
940:
901:
857:
830:
798:
714:
684:
536:, where the Chinna Vellalan was a subdivision compromising the castes who had assimilated in the Vellalar identity.
2717:
2698:
2296:
2253:
2121:
1913:
607:
2281:
643:
591:
2645:
2612:
2238:
2014:
2091:
1866:
2650:
2443:
2412:
2178:
653:
155:
123:, predominantly found in the Jaffna peninsula and adjacent Vanni region, who comprise about half of the
2554:
2200:
1336:
The
Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change
2589:
2521:
2233:
2228:
2136:
2116:
1966:
1945:
1771:
S.J.V. Chelvanayakam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism, 1947-1977: A Political Biography
140:
116:
2638:
2597:
2347:
1868:
Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
1798:
Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
1445:
Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
422:, as allowing landlords to own slaves. Thus the Vellalar chiefs and other landlord castes had the
2722:
2433:
2342:
2327:
2243:
2065:
1744:
Life Beyond Survival: Social Forms of Coping After the Tsunami in War-affected Eastern Sri Lanka
918:
849:
Life Beyond Survival: Social Forms of Coping After the Tsunami in War-affected Eastern Sri Lanka
2126:
2019:
1597:
611:
560:
507:
706:
The Intra-Group Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Learning to Read Between the Lines
2628:
2607:
2075:
2029:
1385:
1038:
Essays on Indian History and Culture: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali
2602:
2564:
2322:
2146:
603:
151:
1895:
8:
2633:
2044:
2024:
1981:
487:
445:
269:
110:
932:
The Adaptable Peasant: Agrarian Society in Western Sri Lanka under Dutch Rule, 1740-1800
2569:
2337:
2106:
1991:
1315:
1249:
766:
619:
support and recruitment from the Vellalars who also contributed as leaders and cadres.
548:
543:. These conversions allowed them to hold land, properties and government offices. The
2529:
1986:
1936:
1872:
1845:
1802:
1775:
1748:
1721:
1694:
1667:
1603:
1576:
1546:
1519:
1476:
1449:
1373:
1340:
1281:
1253:
1241:
1199:
1167:
1141:
1069:
1042:
1001:
976:
936:
897:
853:
826:
794:
737:
710:
680:
602:
Vellalar political and ritual dominance was severely restricted due to the post-1983
587:
440:
410:
386:
147:
124:
74:
2559:
2539:
2101:
1996:
1976:
1233:
575:
564:
556:
511:
378:
354:(ca. 1280 AD). The Vellalars who were village headmen and landlords bore the title
335:
239:
78:
2579:
2549:
2534:
2049:
1839:
1822:
1796:
1769:
1742:
1715:
1688:
1661:
1644:
1624:
1570:
1540:
1513:
1496:
1470:
1443:
1423:
1406:
1334:
1193:
1161:
1135:
1093:
1063:
1036:
930:
891:
874:
847:
820:
788:
731:
704:
674:
648:
571:
370:
178:
is derived from their art of irrigation and cultivation. The word comes from the
1137:
History of People and Their Environs: Essays in Honour of Prof. B.S. Chandrababu
2466:
2006:
1237:
559:. Under Dutch rule in the 18th century, some Vellalars earned fortunes through
525:
479:
402:
331:
251:
179:
101:
46:
275:
2711:
2574:
2544:
1566:
1377:
1245:
327:
893:
Converting Women: Gender and Protestant Christianity in Colonial South India
2417:
2407:
1841:
Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood
1109:
544:
540:
419:
406:
82:
36:
1905:
1362:"In Need of Translation: An Analysis of Sri Lankan Tamil Dalit Literature"
578:, and achieved dominance through ritual design. Well-to-do Vellalars from
2494:
2480:
2131:
958:
Harijan Subculture and Self-esteem Management in a South Indian Community
873:
Rangaswamy, M. A. Dorai; Araṅkacāmi, Mor̲appākkam Appācāmi Turai (1968).
339:
163:
128:
1599:
Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife [3 volumes]
1319:
790:
The Rise of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka: From Communalism to Secession
158:
are the Vellalars as other prominent castes there, further divided into
2508:
2487:
2141:
1827:. University of Bombay: Indian Sociological Society. 1989. p. 133.
770:
390:
350:
clans were appointed to administrative office by the first Jaffna king
235:
16:
An agrarian Sri Lankan Tamil caste traditionally involved as husbandmen
2459:
501:
398:
136:
120:
1289:
International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review
555:
and Madapallis as the most influential classes of Christians on the
2473:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2039:
615:
552:
515:
457:
414:
374:
231:
207:
191:
132:
86:
32:
1110:"'வேளாளர்' என்பவர்கள் உண்மையில் யார்? சர்ச்சையாகும் சாதி அடையாளம்"
366:
2501:
2397:
583:
493:
433:
394:
230:
The Sri Lankan Vellalars share partially common origins with the
1472:
Sojourners to citizens: Sri Lankan Tamils in Malaysia, 1885-1965
2387:
579:
470:
451:
423:
154:, a high colonial rank, were drawn from the Vellalar caste. In
2372:
1596:
Lee, Jonathan H. X.; Nadeau, Kathleen M. (21 December 2010).
1448:. University of British Columbia Press. pp. 17, 18, 20.
462:
working under them as domestic servants altogether known as
334:, narrates the migration of Vellalar Nattar chiefs from the
1282:"The Administration of Jaffna Kingdom – A Historical View"
676:
The karmic theater: self, society, and astrology in Jaffna
563:. The Vellalars started to become a dominant caste in the
551:
of the 17th century, described the Christian Vellalars,
787:
Welhengama, Gnanapala; Pillay, Nirmala (5 March 2014).
970:
818:
971:
Manogaran, Chelvadurai; Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1994).
876:
The surnames of the Caṅkam age: literary & tribal
819:
Manogaran, Chelvadurai; Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1994).
606:
domination of Tamil politics by the main rebel group
872:
757:
Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1985). "Vellalar domination".
1717:
Pathways of Dissent: Tamil Nationalism in Sri Lanka
1690:
Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India
262:
539:During colonial rule, some Vellalars converted to
1308:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka
1024:. University of Oxford: Mouton. 1993. p. 69.
679:. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 26.
2709:
1646:Indian Antiquary, A Journal of Oriental Research
1195:The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics
960:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 385.
786:
567:and also the most numerous in the Dutch census.
127:population. They were traditionally involved in
1901:Chronology ofevents in Sri Lankan Tamil society
1663:The Bible and Empire: Postcolonial Explorations
1542:The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia
1501:. Cambridge University Press. 1990. p. 81.
1428:. Tamil Cultural Society of Ceylon. p. 59.
1408:Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction
1226:The Indian Economic & Social History Review
1198:. Duke University Press. pp. 84, 85, 518.
998:The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia
624:People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam
274:'Agriculturist', is attested to in the
139:and temple patrons. They also form part of the
1844:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 109.
1686:
1511:
1061:
733:Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka
672:
278:, which divided the society into four classes
1921:
1659:
1545:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 189, 190, 204.
1000:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 189, 190, 204.
975:. Westview Press. pp. 35, 43, 147, 149.
973:The Sri Lankan Tamils: ethnicity and identity
955:
929:Dewasiri, Nirmal Ranjith (12 December 2007).
825:. Westview Press. pp. 35, 43, 147, 149.
822:The Sri Lankan Tamils: ethnicity and identity
756:
570:Due to the effort of the religious reformer,
2333:Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America
1896:Sri Lankan Tamil society and politics-series
1425:The laws and customs of the Tamils of Ceylon
1390:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1091:
632:Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students
413:. The Portuguese had appointed the affluent
56:Historically; currently non-existent :
1935:
1666:. Cambridge University Press. p. 165.
1223:
782:
780:
238:. The Vellalar traditionally inhabited the
1928:
1914:
1565:
1740:
1687:Bergunder, Michael; Frese, Heiko (2011).
1630:International Quarterly for Asian Studies
1595:
1068:. CSC and Pearson Education. p. 34.
845:
698:
696:
405:, Vellalar dominance was strengthened by
1518:. Oxford University Press. p. 274.
1468:
1404:
1305:
928:
777:
365:
2353:Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
1837:
1720:. SAGE Publications India. p. 50.
1649:. Popular Prakashan. 1873. p. 229.
1622:
1498:The Journal of Asian Studies, Volume 49
1421:
1332:
1055:
896:. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
2710:
1864:
1794:
1767:
1713:
1575:. New Century Book House. p. 20.
1515:Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History
1441:
1034:
729:
693:
478:in Vellalar society after the fall of
212:
186:("flood", "water" or "abundance") and
1909:
1660:Sugirtharajah, R. S. (16 June 2005).
1572:Sri Lankan Tamil society and politics
1538:
1437:
1435:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1087:
1085:
995:
846:Thurnheer, Katharina (30 June 2014).
1191:
889:
879:. University of Madras. p. 152.
814:
812:
810:
702:
482:, which included castes such as the
2184:Government of the Northern Province
1788:
1616:
1273:
1260:
1140:. Indian Universities Press. 2011.
1098:. University of Madras. p. 58.
1095:Ahananuru in Its Historical Setting
1062:Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal (2009).
989:
964:
628:Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization
95:
13:
2249:Democratic Tamil National Alliance
1532:
1462:
1432:
1422:Tambiah, Henry Wijayakone (1954).
1359:
1212:
1180:
1082:
852:. Transcript Verlag. p. 143.
610:(LTTE) whose top leaders, such as
389:, the Vellalars were described as
302:and the wealthy landowners called
14:
2739:
1889:
1747:. transcript Verlag. p. 32.
1539:David, Kenneth (1 January 1977).
1279:
1166:. Oxford University Press. 1998.
1035:Murthy, H. V. Sreenivasa (1990).
1022:Contributions to Indian Sociology
996:David, Kenneth (1 January 1977).
807:
703:Bush, Kenneth (9 December 2003).
528:). There used to be a concept of
115:'Ilaṅkai veḷḷāḷar') is a
2694:
2693:
2439:Representations in Indian cinema
2259:Tamil People's National Alliance
1280:K, Arunthavarajah (March 2014).
608:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
432:("the fives") consisting of the
246:. The earliest reference to the
225:
2112:Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact
1858:
1831:
1815:
1761:
1734:
1707:
1680:
1653:
1637:
1589:
1559:
1505:
1489:
1469:Ramasamy, Rajakrishnan (1988).
1415:
1398:
1353:
1326:
1299:
1154:
1128:
1102:
1065:A Social History of Early India
1028:
1014:
949:
922:
910:
890:Kent, Eliza F. (1 April 2004).
644:Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family
592:Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family
361:
317:
1865:Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (2000).
1795:Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (2000).
1768:Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (1994).
1442:Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (2000).
1360:A., Geetha, K. (1 July 2010).
1295:(3). University of Jaffna: 32.
883:
866:
839:
750:
723:
673:Perinbanayagam, R. S. (1982).
666:
590:elites, one of such being the
469:The Thesavalamai mentions the
377:scholar and reputed patron of
1:
2254:Tamil National People's Front
2239:Tamil United Liberation Front
1801:. UBC Press. pp. 18–24.
1741:Thurnheer, Katharina (2014).
1512:Wickramasinghe, Nira (2015).
1411:. Kalai Nilayam. p. 167.
1333:Gerharz, Eva (3 April 2014).
659:
597:
1714:Cheran, R. (11 April 2009).
1268:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
1192:Holt, John (13 April 2011).
1092:Ramachandran, C. E. (1974).
956:Vincentnathan, Lynn (1987).
730:Derges, Jane (20 May 2013).
586:formed one of the political
169:
7:
2651:Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu
2179:Northern Provincial Council
654:List of Vellalar sub castes
637:
342:. Vellalar chiefs from the
263:
10:
2744:
2728:Social groups of Sri Lanka
2201:Eastern Provincial Council
2152:NPC Resolution on Genocide
2071:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
1838:Krishna, Sankaran (1999).
1602:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1044.
1238:10.1177/001946468101800306
793:. Routledge. p. 168.
205:
201:
2691:
2666:
2621:
2588:
2520:
2426:
2365:
2315:
2267:
2229:All Ceylon Tamil Congress
2221:
2171:
2164:
2137:Burning of Jaffna library
2084:
2058:
2005:
1972:Tissamaharama inscription
1967:History of Eastern Tamils
1959:
1952:
1946:List of Sri Lankan Tamils
1943:
255:
141:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
105:
70:
52:
42:
28:
23:
2639:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
2348:Tamil Youth Organisation
1633:. Weltform Verlag.: 266.
1405:Raghavan, M. D. (1971).
709:. Springer. p. 52.
2718:Sri Lankan Tamil castes
2343:Tamils Against Genocide
2328:Canadian Tamil Congress
2244:Tamil National Alliance
2066:American Ceylon Mission
1937:Sri Lankan Tamil people
1623:Seeland, Klaus (1993).
1041:. Mittal Publications.
614:, were mostly from the
393:, who were involved in
217:According to myth, the
2590:Languages and dialects
2127:Vaddukoddai Resolution
1871:. Hurst. p. 126.
1774:. Hurst. p. 140.
1567:Civattampi, Kārttikēcu
935:. BRILL. p. 189.
612:Velupillai Prabhakaran
409:after the fall of the
382:
2076:Jaffna Youth Congress
2030:Kotagama inscriptions
1824:Sociological Bulletin
369:
2323:British Tamils Forum
604:Sri Lankan civil war
250:however, written in
150:. Many of the Tamil
131:, but also included
2634:Naguleswaram temple
2035:Portuguese conquest
2025:Jaffna Palace ruins
1982:Ketheeswaram temple
1475:. R. Rajakrishnan.
1163:India's Communities
561:tobacco cultivation
500:(temple managers),
486:(palace servants),
213:Mythological origin
24:Sri Lankan Vellalar
2338:Global Tamil Forum
1992:Munneswaram temple
549:Philippus Baldaeus
399:cattle cultivation
383:
222:laborers for her.
2705:
2704:
2687:
2686:
2361:
2360:
2222:Political parties
2160:
2159:
1987:Koneswaram temple
387:Portuguese Ceylon
373:, a 19th-century
330:, the founder of
273:
261:
156:Eastern Sri Lanka
148:Sri Lankan Tamils
114:
92:
91:
75:Sri Lankan Tamils
2735:
2697:
2696:
2598:Batticaloa Tamil
2424:
2423:
2169:
2168:
2102:Sinhala Only Act
1997:Tenavaram temple
1977:Annaicoddai seal
1957:
1956:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1693:. Primus Books.
1684:
1678:
1677:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1232:(3–4): 377–391.
1221:
1210:
1209:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1012:
1011:
993:
987:
986:
968:
962:
961:
953:
947:
946:
926:
920:
914:
908:
907:
887:
881:
880:
870:
864:
863:
843:
837:
836:
816:
805:
804:
784:
775:
774:
754:
748:
747:
727:
721:
720:
700:
691:
690:
670:
588:Sri Lankan Tamil
576:Shaiva Siddhanta
565:Jaffna Peninsula
407:Dutch colonizers
379:Shaiva Siddhanta
336:Coromandel Coast
326:, an account on
268:
266:
260:romanized:
259:
257:
240:Sangam landscape
125:Sri Lankan Tamil
109:
107:
106:இலங்கை வெள்ளாளர்
97:
21:
20:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2683:
2662:
2658:Village deities
2617:
2584:
2516:
2453:Saturday Review
2422:
2378:Genetic studies
2357:
2311:
2269:Militant groups
2263:
2217:
2211:Chief Ministers
2194:Chief Ministers
2156:
2117:Standardisation
2080:
2054:
2050:Demala Hatpattu
2001:
1948:
1939:
1934:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1836:
1832:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1658:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1440:
1433:
1420:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1383:
1382:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1304:
1300:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1266:Gunasingam, M.
1265:
1261:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1190:
1181:
1174:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1008:
994:
990:
983:
969:
965:
954:
950:
943:
927:
923:
915:
911:
904:
888:
884:
871:
867:
860:
844:
840:
833:
817:
808:
801:
785:
778:
755:
751:
744:
728:
724:
717:
701:
694:
687:
671:
667:
662:
649:Arumuga Navalar
640:
600:
572:Arumuka Navalar
534:Chinna Vellalan
530:Periya Vellalan
526:skilled workers
401:. According to
385:In the time of
371:Arumuka Navalar
364:
320:
228:
215:
210:
204:
194:under the term
172:
98:Lankan Vellalar
66:
63:Chinna Vellalar
60:Periya Vellalar
17:
12:
11:
5:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2723:Vellalar clans
2720:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:United Kingdom
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2467:Tamil Guardian
2463:
2456:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:Aryacakravarti
2017:
2011:
2009:
2007:Jaffna kingdom
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1890:External links
1888:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1857:
1850:
1830:
1814:
1807:
1787:
1780:
1760:
1753:
1733:
1726:
1706:
1699:
1679:
1672:
1652:
1636:
1615:
1608:
1588:
1581:
1558:
1551:
1531:
1524:
1504:
1488:
1481:
1461:
1454:
1431:
1414:
1397:
1352:
1345:
1325:
1298:
1272:
1259:
1211:
1205:978-0822349822
1204:
1179:
1172:
1153:
1146:
1127:
1114:BBC News தமிழ்
1101:
1081:
1074:
1054:
1047:
1027:
1013:
1006:
988:
981:
963:
948:
941:
921:
909:
902:
882:
865:
858:
838:
831:
806:
799:
776:
749:
743:978-1136214882
742:
722:
715:
692:
685:
664:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
651:
646:
639:
636:
599:
596:
480:Jaffna Kingdom
403:S. Arasaratnam
363:
360:
332:Jaffna Kingdom
319:
316:
312:lord of clouds
300:Velkudi Ulavar
227:
224:
214:
211:
203:
200:
171:
168:
90:
89:
72:
71:Related groups
68:
67:
65:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2740:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Negombo Tamil
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2580:United States
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Federal Party
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:Post-colonial
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1880:
1878:9781850655190
1874:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1851:9781452903873
1847:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1808:9780774807593
1804:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1781:9781850651307
1777:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1754:9783839426012
1750:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1727:9788132104322
1723:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1700:9789380607214
1696:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1673:9780521824934
1669:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1609:9780313350672
1605:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1582:9788123403953
1578:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1554:
1552:9783110807752
1548:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1525:9780190225797
1521:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1482:9789839953503
1478:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1455:9781850655190
1451:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1346:9781317692799
1342:
1339:. Routledge.
1338:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1173:9780195633542
1169:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1147:9789380325910
1143:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1075:9788131719589
1071:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1048:9788170992110
1044:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1009:
1007:9783110807752
1003:
999:
992:
984:
982:9780813388458
978:
974:
967:
959:
952:
944:
942:9789047432821
938:
934:
933:
925:
919:
913:
905:
903:9780198036951
899:
895:
894:
886:
878:
877:
869:
861:
859:9783839426012
855:
851:
850:
842:
834:
832:9780813388458
828:
824:
823:
815:
813:
811:
802:
800:9781135119713
796:
792:
791:
783:
781:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
745:
739:
736:. Routledge.
735:
734:
726:
718:
716:9780230597822
712:
708:
707:
699:
697:
688:
686:9780870233746
682:
678:
677:
669:
665:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
635:
633:
629:
625:
620:
617:
613:
609:
605:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
524:(foreigners,
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
495:
492:(merchants),
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
472:
467:
465:
461:
460:
455:
454:
449:
448:
443:
442:
437:
436:
431:
428:and also the
427:
426:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
376:
372:
368:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Kalinga Magha
325:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
271:
265:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
226:Early history
223:
220:
209:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
112:
103:
99:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
62:
59:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
38:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2603:Jaffna Tamil
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2408:Thesavalamai
2097:Colonisation
1867:
1860:
1840:
1833:
1823:
1817:
1797:
1790:
1770:
1763:
1743:
1736:
1716:
1709:
1689:
1682:
1662:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1628:
1618:
1598:
1591:
1571:
1561:
1541:
1534:
1514:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1471:
1464:
1444:
1424:
1417:
1407:
1400:
1386:cite journal
1369:
1365:
1355:
1335:
1328:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1229:
1225:
1194:
1162:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1113:
1104:
1094:
1064:
1057:
1037:
1030:
1021:
1016:
997:
991:
972:
966:
957:
951:
931:
924:
912:
892:
885:
875:
868:
848:
841:
821:
789:
762:
758:
752:
732:
725:
705:
675:
668:
621:
601:
569:
541:Christianity
538:
533:
529:
521:
516:
502:
497:
496:(soldiers),
488:
483:
476:assimilating
475:
468:
463:
458:
452:
446:
439:
434:
429:
424:
420:Thesavalamai
384:
362:Colonial era
355:
352:Cinkaiariyan
351:
347:
343:
324:Kailayamalai
323:
321:
318:Medieval era
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
247:
243:
229:
218:
216:
195:
187:
183:
175:
173:
159:
145:
94:
93:
53:Subdivisions
37:Christianity
18:
2646:Catholicism
2565:New Zealand
2495:Thinakkural
2481:Tamil Times
2132:Tamil Eelam
2092:Nationalism
1625:"Volume 24"
630:(TELO) and
498:Thanakkarar
484:Agampadiyar
340:South India
276:Tolkāppiyam
164:Patrilineal
129:agriculture
2712:Categories
2509:Virakesari
2488:Thinakaran
2444:Literature
2172:Government
2142:Black July
1116:(in Tamil)
765:(1): 158.
660:References
598:Modern era
503:Madapallis
464:Kudimakkal
411:Portuguese
391:husbandmen
308:Kodikkalar
236:Tamil Nadu
206:See also:
152:Mudaliyars
137:landowners
79:Sinhaleses
2613:Loanwords
2530:Australia
2460:Sudar Oli
2206:Governors
2189:Governors
2147:Civil War
2122:Militancy
1378:0004-1327
1254:143603755
1246:0019-4646
917:flood..."
626:(PLOTE),
557:peninsula
553:Karaiyars
547:minister
522:Paradesis
517:Malayalis
459:Ambattars
447:Paraiyars
430:Panchamar
415:Karaiyars
304:Kaniyalar
248:Vellalar,
232:Vellalars
174:The word
170:Etymology
133:merchants
121:Sri Lanka
43:Languages
29:Religions
2699:Category
2679:Football
2629:Hinduism
2622:Religion
2570:Pakistan
2560:Malaysia
2522:Diaspora
2474:TamilNet
2413:Vellalar
2403:Paraiyar
2393:Mukkuvar
2383:Karaiyar
2316:Diaspora
2165:Politics
2059:Colonial
2040:Vannimai
1569:(1995).
1320:23731055
638:See also
616:Karaiyar
512:stewards
506:(palace
489:Chettiar
435:Nalavars
375:Shaivite
348:Gangeyar
295:Vellalar
291:Vellalar
244:Marutham
219:Vellalar
208:Vellalar
196:Bellalas
192:Govigama
176:Vellalar
87:Vellalar
33:Hinduism
2674:Cricket
2545:Germany
2502:Uthayan
2427:Culture
2398:Nalavar
2366:Society
2045:Vanniar
2015:History
1960:Ancient
1953:History
1372:(3–4).
1270:, p. 62
1120:26 June
771:2802228
584:Colombo
494:Maravar
471:Koviars
453:Vannars
441:Pallars
425:Koviars
395:tillage
356:Udaiyar
344:Malavar
287:Vanigar
283:Andanar
280:Arasar,
272:
264:Vēḷāḷar
256:வேளாளர்
202:History
166:clans.
113:
2540:France
2535:Canada
2434:Cinema
2388:Koviar
1875:
1848:
1805:
1778:
1751:
1724:
1697:
1670:
1606:
1579:
1549:
1522:
1479:
1452:
1376:
1343:
1318:
1314:: 84.
1252:
1244:
1202:
1170:
1144:
1072:
1045:
1004:
979:
939:
900:
856:
829:
797:
769:
740:
713:
683:
580:Jaffna
520:, and
456:, and
293:. The
289:, and
184:veḷḷam
182:words
83:Tamils
2667:Sport
2555:India
2550:Italy
2448:News
2418:Vedar
2373:Eelam
2302:PLOTE
2287:EPRLF
2277:ENDLF
2107:Riots
1366:ARIEL
1316:JSTOR
1285:(PDF)
1250:S2CID
767:JSTOR
545:Dutch
508:cooks
252:Tamil
188:āṇmai
180:Tamil
160:kudis
117:caste
102:Tamil
47:Tamil
2307:TELO
2297:LTTE
2292:EORS
2282:ENLF
1873:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1392:link
1374:ISSN
1341:ISBN
1242:ISSN
1200:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1122:2024
1070:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1002:ISBN
977:ISBN
937:ISBN
898:ISBN
854:ISBN
827:ISBN
795:ISBN
738:ISBN
711:ISBN
681:ISBN
622:The
582:and
532:and
510:and
397:and
346:and
322:The
270:lit.
111:lit.
1234:doi
759:Man
514:),
338:of
314:".
306:or
242:of
234:of
162:or
119:in
96:Sri
2714::
1627:.
1434:^
1388:}}
1384:{{
1370:41
1368:.
1364:.
1312:32
1310:.
1291:.
1287:.
1248:.
1240:.
1230:18
1228:.
1214:^
1182:^
1112:.
1084:^
809:^
779:^
763:20
761:.
695:^
594:.
450:,
444:,
438:,
358:.
285:,
267:,
258:,
254::
198:.
143:.
135:,
108:,
104::
85:,
81:,
77:,
35:,
1929:e
1922:t
1915:v
1881:.
1854:.
1811:.
1784:.
1757:.
1730:.
1703:.
1676:.
1612:.
1585:.
1555:.
1528:.
1485:.
1458:.
1394:)
1380:.
1349:.
1322:.
1293:2
1256:.
1236::
1208:.
1176:.
1150:.
1124:.
1078:.
1051:.
1010:.
985:.
945:.
906:.
862:.
835:.
803:.
773:.
746:.
719:.
689:.
381:.
100:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.