368:
31:
287:, had proved unsatisfactory enough to inspire its redesign by 1907 as the "St-Étienne" machine gun. However the Mle 1907 "St-Étienne" was only a partial redesign: the original blow-forward gas piston, rack-and-pinion system, and bolt mechanism of the Mle 1905 "Puteaux" machine gun had all been kept only slightly modified inside the newer weapon. Eventually a total of over 39,700 "St-Étienne" Mle 1907 machine guns were manufactured between 1908 and late 1917. They were widely used by French infantry only during the early part of World War I until their replacement by the more reliable
339:
by a spring-loaded rod to a gear rack. This in turn engages a spur gear which is fastened to an actuating lever. When the lever is in the forward horizontal position and engages a cam slot in the bolt, the gun is locked. Upon firing, the gas drives the piston forward, compressing the spring and causing the spur gear to rotate clockwise. The actuating lever turns with the gear for a half revolution, retracting the bolt and stopping at the rear horizontal position. The driving spring then forces the piston rearward, which reverses the action and returns the bolt to battery."
431:
460:
407:
493:
300:
474:
446:
311:. While the tests were technically convincing, following which Hotchkiss machine-guns were purchased for French alpine and colonial troops, it was decided for political reasons that a machine gun for French line infantry had to originate from state-owned arms manufacturers. A first attempt by a French government arsenal near Paris (APX) was the Puteaux M1905 machine gun inspired by the first gas actuated blow forward
392:
846:
338:
notes about the 1907 model that: "While it was gas actuated by means of a piston, the French reversed the conventional principle. Instead of the piston thrust rearward furnishing the source of energy to operate the piece, the gas propels the piston forward to unlock the bolt. The piston is attached
315:
system of 1903. It was a deliberate attempt to develop an infantry machine gun that would be mechanically different from the patented
Hotchkiss Mle 1900 machine gun design. However, the M1905 Puteaux machine gun soon proved to be unsatisfactory. Consequently, the national
342:
Nevertheless, in the muddy environment of trench warfare the mechanically complex St-Étienne Mle 1907 suffered from frequent stoppages and was difficult to maintain by front-line soldiers. A quote from a French post-war military evaluation says it all:
359:
during the 1920s. Altogether 39,700 Mle 1907 St-Étienne machine guns had been manufactured when the decision to close down their last assembly line was taken in
November 1917. The Mle 1907-T was still in service at the beginning of
320:(MAS) thoroughly reworked and modified the Puteaux machine gun resulting in some measure of improvement but also increased complexity—64 component parts for the St-Étienne Mle 1907 vs. only 32 parts for the
324:. Barrel changes on the Mle 1907 St-Étienne were much easier than on the M1905 Puteaux and its firing rate could be set at any point between eight rounds per minute and about 600 rounds per minute. Either
602:
850:
351:
machine gun. Large numbers of the M1907 St-Étienne machine gun were then transferred to military units in the rear, to the French colonies, and to the
895:
347:." In July 1917 the Mle 1907 St-Étienne was gradually withdrawn from front line service and replaced by the distinctly simpler and more reliable
609:
The effort made to ensure the necessary armament, combat equipment and ammunition of the
Romanian army in the years of neutrality (1914–1916)
835:
Includes the most complete and highly detailed technical review in existence of the Mle 1907 St-Etienne machine gun and all its accessories.
604:
Efortul depus în vederea asigurării necesarului de armament, tehnică de luptă şi muniţii al armatei române in anii neutralităţii (1914–1916)
279:
machine gun. Instead, to avoid patent infringement and royalties, it borrowed its gas operated, blow-forward design from the semi-automatic
317:
110:
367:
1117:
828:
740:
689:
662:
635:
30:
888:
375:
Romania contracted 500 machine guns from France in July 1916; 268 were delivered until August when the war started on the
1112:
809:
776:
529:
498:
417:
83:
328:
different from those used on the
Hotchkiss machine gun or else fabric belts, the latter introduced in 1916, for the
612:
967:
1122:
881:
484:
307:
Around the turn of the century the French military evaluated machine guns made by the private French firm of
518:
Esposito, Gabriele, Armies of the
Italian-Turkish War: Conquest of Libya, 1911–1912 Osprey Publishing (2020)
345:
admirable weapon, patented clockwork, but very delicate and sparing its whims only for machine-gun virtuosos
1107:
1076:
713:
1102:
1097:
376:
275:. For “political reasons”, the "St.Etienne Mle 1907" was developed not to derive from the patented
465:
303:
The Mle 1907 was used extensively by French units during the early stages of the first world war.
284:
939:
957:
706:""Une mitrailleuse en action, trois soldats vus de dos." (Image from the Romanian front, 1917)"
972:
904:
705:
652:
325:
242:
1061:
1043:
186:
8:
1071:
1023:
873:
548:
765:
451:
321:
934:
824:
805:
772:
736:
732:
685:
658:
631:
421:
412:
208:
91:
75:
41:
1066:
1028:
916:
436:
308:
276:
611:] (in Romanian). Muzeul Municipiului București. pp. 85–86. Archived from
1000:
995:
679:
348:
335:
288:
256:
228:
962:
299:
859:
1091:
929:
479:
1015:
796:
A 290 page technical review of all the automatic weapons known at the time.
361:
352:
264:
218:
95:
982:
924:
908:
760:
272:
268:
87:
79:
583:
1033:
356:
312:
280:
170:
1051:
329:
191:
1005:
371:
German soldier examining a captured St. Étienne Mle 07 in May 1940.
271:
in 8mm Lebel which was widely used only in the early years of the
1056:
283:
of 1903. The Bang system, first transposed by 1905 to the French
198:
845:
397:
949:
568:(in French) (487). Ministère de la Guerre: 486. April 1933.
903:
868:
Animation showing the mechanism of St. Étienne model 1907.
630:. Men-at-Arms 501. Osprey Publishing. pp. 21–22.
416:: supplied during World War I. Also used during the
819:Huon, Jean & Barrellier, Alain (October 2014).
764:
684:. Men-at-Arms 387. Osprey Publishing. p. 33.
657:. Men-at-Arms 514. Osprey Publishing. p. 19.
1089:
470:
818:
710:POP : la plateforme ouverte du patrimoine
889:
794:] (in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle.
650:
896:
882:
729:China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894–1949
29:
802:La Manufacture Nationale de Chatellerault
651:Athanassiou, Phoebus (30 November 2017).
483:: used as an anti-aircraft weapon by the
442:
785:
527:
403:
388:
366:
298:
857:
823:(in French). Chaumont: Crépin-Leblond.
799:
767:Military Small Arms of the 20th Century
677:
654:Armies of the Greek-Italian War 1940–41
628:Armies of the Greek-Turkish War 1919–22
577:
575:
489:
427:
364:, for instance with second-line units.
1090:
726:
625:
600:
877:
581:
546:
759:
619:
572:
111:Manufacture d'Armes de Saint-Etienne
727:Jowett, Philip (20 November 2013).
582:Segel, Robert G. (25 August 2011).
528:Popenker, Maxim (27 October 2010).
13:
788:L'avenement des armes automatiques
553:. Bureau of Ordnance. p. 194.
14:
1134:
839:
804:(in French). Poitiers: Brissaud.
157:26 kg (57 lb 5 oz)
851:St. Étienne Mle 1907 machine gun
844:
678:Nicolle, David (25 March 2003).
491:
472:
458:
444:
429:
405:
390:
245:or 300-round fabric belts (1916)
792:The advent of automatic weapons
753:
720:
698:
681:The Italian Army of World War I
626:Jowett, Philip (20 July 2015).
584:"French St. Etienne Model 1907"
671:
644:
594:
557:
540:
521:
512:
233:724 m/s (2,375 ft/s)
223:adjustable: 8 to 600 round/min
126:
1:
1118:French World War I small arms
505:
485:American Expeditionary Forces
84:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
821:Les Mitrailleuses Francaises
355:. Many also ended up in the
7:
771:. Arms & Armour Press.
10:
1139:
601:Scafeş, Cornel I. (2013).
590:. Vol. 2, no. 2.
588:Small Arms Defense Journal
332:ammunition could be used.
294:
65:
1042:
1014:
981:
948:
915:
786:Devouges, Marcel (1925).
547:Chinn, George M. (1951).
237:
227:
217:
207:
197:
185:
180:
169:
161:
153:
148:
136:
125:
117:
106:
101:
71:
60:
55:
48:Place of origin
47:
37:
28:
21:
1113:World War I machine guns
858:vbbsmyt (15 July 2020).
800:Lombard, Claude (1987).
382:
318:arsenal at Saint-Étienne
714:Ministère de la Culture
564:"St-Étienne Mle 1907".
550:The Machine Gun, Vol. 1
285:Puteaux APX Machine Gun
261:Mitrailleuse Mle 1907 T
1123:Machine guns of France
958:Lebel Model 1886 rifle
372:
304:
263:) was a controversial
260:
219:Rate of fire
973:Winchester Model 1907
853:at Wikimedia Commons
370:
302:
1062:11mm French Ordnance
991:St. Étienne Mle 1907
940:Modèle 1892 revolver
907:infantry weapons of
731:. General Military.
615:on 22 December 2015.
253:St. Étienne Mle 1907
229:Muzzle velocity
1108:Medium machine guns
1072:8mm French Ordnance
1103:Early machine guns
566:Revue d'Infanterie
530:"St.Etienne M1907"
373:
322:Hotchkiss Mle 1914
305:
102:Production history
23:St. Étienne M1907
1098:8 mm machine guns
1085:
1084:
935:MAS 1873 revolver
860:"St Etienne 1907"
849:Media related to
830:978-2-70300-392-2
742:978-1-78200-407-3
733:Osprey Publishing
716:. 8 January 2020.
691:978-1-84176-398-9
664:978-1-47281-917-8
637:978-1-47280-684-0
422:Greco-Italian War
418:Greco-Turkish War
249:
248:
92:Spanish Civil War
76:Italo-Turkish War
42:Heavy machine gun
16:Heavy machine gun
1130:
1067:12 mm Lefaucheux
1029:VB rifle grenade
898:
891:
884:
875:
874:
867:
848:
834:
815:
795:
782:
770:
747:
746:
724:
718:
717:
702:
696:
695:
675:
669:
668:
648:
642:
641:
623:
617:
616:
598:
592:
591:
579:
570:
569:
561:
555:
554:
544:
538:
537:
525:
519:
516:
501:
497:
495:
494:
482:
478:
476:
475:
466:Spanish Republic
464:
462:
461:
454:
450:
448:
447:
439:
435:
433:
432:
415:
411:
409:
408:
400:
396:
394:
393:
309:Hotchkiss et Cie
238:Feed system
144:Transformée 1916
140:Puteaux Mle 1905
128:
33:
24:
19:
18:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1038:
1010:
1001:Hotchkiss M1914
996:Hotchkiss M1909
977:
944:
911:
902:
842:
831:
812:
779:
756:
751:
750:
743:
735:. p. 129.
725:
721:
704:
703:
699:
692:
676:
672:
665:
649:
645:
638:
624:
620:
599:
595:
580:
573:
563:
562:
558:
545:
541:
534:Modern Firearms
526:
522:
517:
513:
508:
492:
490:
473:
471:
459:
457:
445:
443:
430:
428:
406:
404:
391:
389:
385:
349:Hotchkiss M1914
297:
289:Hotchkiss M1914
273:First World War
181:
143:
141:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
56:Service history
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
987:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
963:Berthier rifle
960:
954:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
919:
913:
912:
901:
900:
893:
886:
878:
870:
869:
841:
840:External links
838:
837:
836:
829:
816:
810:
797:
783:
777:
755:
752:
749:
748:
741:
719:
697:
690:
670:
663:
643:
636:
618:
593:
571:
556:
539:
520:
510:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
487:
468:
455:
440:
425:
401:
384:
381:
377:Romanian front
296:
293:
247:
246:
239:
235:
234:
231:
225:
224:
221:
215:
214:
211:
205:
204:
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
149:Specifications
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
130:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
108:
104:
103:
99:
98:
73:
69:
68:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1135:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
984:
980:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
951:
947:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Star Model 14
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
879:
876:
872:
865:
861:
856:
855:
854:
852:
847:
832:
826:
822:
817:
813:
811:2-902170-55-6
807:
803:
798:
793:
789:
784:
780:
778:0-910676-87-9
774:
769:
768:
762:
758:
757:
744:
738:
734:
730:
723:
715:
712:(in French).
711:
707:
701:
693:
687:
683:
682:
674:
666:
660:
656:
655:
647:
639:
633:
629:
622:
614:
610:
606:
605:
597:
589:
585:
578:
576:
567:
560:
552:
551:
543:
535:
531:
524:
515:
511:
500:
488:
486:
481:
480:United States
469:
467:
456:
453:
441:
438:
426:
423:
419:
414:
402:
399:
387:
386:
380:
378:
369:
365:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
340:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
301:
292:
291:machine gun.
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
244:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
139:
135:
131:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
990:
983:Machine guns
871:
863:
843:
820:
801:
791:
787:
766:
761:Hogg, Ian V.
754:Bibliography
728:
722:
709:
700:
680:
673:
653:
646:
627:
621:
613:the original
608:
603:
596:
587:
565:
559:
549:
542:
533:
523:
514:
374:
362:World War II
353:Italian Army
344:
341:
336:George Chinn
334:
326:metal strips
306:
265:gas operated
252:
250:
243:metal strips
213:Gas-operated
173: length
107:Manufacturer
96:World War II
61:Used by
925:Ruby pistol
909:World War I
269:machine gun
267:air-cooled
251:The French
129: built
88:Warlord Era
80:World War I
1092:Categories
1044:Cartridges
1034:Sauterelle
506:References
357:Greek Army
313:Bang rifle
281:Bang rifle
1052:8mm Lebel
968:RSC M1917
330:8mm Lebel
277:Hotchkiss
241:25-round
192:8mm Lebel
187:Cartridge
121:1907–1916
1077:.351 WSL
1016:Grenades
1006:Chauchat
917:Sidearms
763:(1982).
420:and the
142:Mle 1907
137:Variants
118:Produced
1057:.32 ACP
864:YouTube
452:Romania
295:History
199:Caliber
165:1180 mm
950:Rifles
905:French
827:
808:
775:
739:
688:
661:
634:
496:
477:
463:
449:
434:
413:Greece
410:
398:France
395:
257:French
209:Action
176:710 mm
171:Barrel
162:Length
132:39,700
113:(MAS).
51:France
790:[
607:[
499:China
437:Italy
383:Users
66:Users
825:ISBN
806:ISBN
773:ISBN
737:ISBN
686:ISBN
659:ISBN
632:ISBN
203:8 mm
154:Mass
72:Wars
64:See
38:Type
127:No.
1094::
1024:F1
862:.
708:.
586:.
574:^
532:.
379:.
259::
897:e
890:t
883:v
866:.
833:.
814:.
781:.
745:.
694:.
667:.
640:.
536:.
424:.
343:"
255:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
