Gregory of Tours - Knowledge

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time when he was not", I reject them with curses, and call men to witness that they are separated from the church. I believe that the word of the Father by which all things were made was Christ. I believe that this word was made flesh and by its suffering the world was redeemed, and I believe that humanity, not deity, was subject to the suffering. I believe that he rose again on the third day, that he freed sinful man, that he ascended to heaven, that he sits on the right hand of the Father, that he will come to judge the living and the dead. I believe that the holy Spirit proceeded from the Father and the Son, that it is not inferior and is not of later origin, but is God, equal and always coeternal with the Father and the Son, consubstantial in its nature, equal in omnipotence, equally eternal in its essence, and that it has never existed apart from the Father and the Son and is not inferior to the Father and the Son. I believe that this holy Trinity exists with separation of persons, and one person is that of the Father, another that of the Son, another that of the Holy Spirit. And in this Trinity confess that there is one Deity, one power, one essence. I believe that the blessed Mary was a virgin after the birth as she was a virgin before. I believe that the soul is immortal but that nevertheless it has no part in deity. And I faithfully believe all things that were established at Nicæa by the three hundred and eighteen bishops. But as to the end of the world I hold beliefs which I learned from our forefathers, that Antichrist will come first. An Antichrist will first propose circumcision, asserting that he is Christ; next he will place his statue in the temple at Jerusalem to be worshiped, just as we read that the Lord said: "You shall see the abomination of desolation standing in the holy place." But the Lord himself declared that that day is hidden from all men, saying; "But of that day and that hour knoweth no one not even the angels in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father alone." Moreover we shall here make answer to the heretics who attack us, asserting that the Son is inferior to the Father since he is ignorant of this day. Let them learn then that Son here is the name applied to the Christian people, of whom God says: "I shall be to them a father and they shall be to me for sons." For if he had spoken these words of the only begotten Son he would never have given the angels first place. For he uses these words: "Not even the angels in heaven nor the Son," showing that he spoke these words not of the only-begotten but of the people of adoption. But our end is Christ himself, who will graciously bestow eternal life on us if we turn to him.

382: 1058:), meticulous attention is paid to the local as opposed to universal Christian experience. Within these grandiloquent lives are tales and anecdotes which tie miracles, saints, and their relics to a great diversity of local areas, furnishing his audience with greater knowledge of their local shrine, and providing them with evidence of the work of God in their immediate vicinity, thus greatly expanding their connection with and understanding of their faith. Attacks on heresy also appear throughout his hagiographies; Arianism he took to be the common face of heresy across Europe, exposed to great ridicule. Often, the scenes which expose the weaknesses of heresy focused on images of fire and burning, whilst the Catholics were proved right by the protection lavished on them by God, in Gregory's view. 605:"Many evil things were done at this time", as Gregory writes in Book Eight. It begins with the travels of Guntram to Paris and Orleans and describes numerous confrontations between the king and some bishops. Meanwhile, Guntram becomes ill and fears for his life. Gregory comments that the king's illness is a just punishment since he is planning to send a great number of bishops into exile. Fredegund gives two poisoned daggers to two clerics and sends them away with the order to assassinate Childebert and Brunehild. However, the two clerics are arrested by Childebert, tortured, and executed. Meanwhile, Fredegund is also behind the assassination of bishop Praetextus of Rouen while he is praying in his church. Guntram orders his army to march against Arian-controlled 836: 950:, though, which dominates this book; his great authority and sense of episcopal responsibility which is the focus of Gregory's account as his figure, predestined to be great, bestrode the lives of the others. It is told that he felt a weight on his head, but was unable to see what it was when turning around, though upon smelling its sweet scent he realised that it was the weight of episcopal responsibility. He surmounted the others in the glory of his miracles and was chosen by God to have the entire succession of past and future Frankish kings revealed to him. 61: 319: 985: 866: 2639: 810:, considered the greatest Latin stylist, he cautioned: "We ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death." By contrast, he seems to have thoroughly studied the lengthy and complex Vulgate Bible, as well as numerous religious works and historical treatises, which he frequently quoted, particularly in the earlier books of the 547:; they quarrel for control of the entire realm. A truce between them is maintained until after the death of Charibert I in 567. Clothar's remaining sons fight for the supremacy, with Sigibert showing the strongest military force. Book Four ends with the killing of Sigbert in 575, leaving Chilperic as the dominant king. Gregory of Tours blames 1046:

through them in the way that it did for the fathers. More immediate concerns were at the forefront of his mind as he sought to create a further layer of religious commitment, not only to the Church at Rome, but also to local churches and cathedrals throughout Gaul. Along with his other books (notably the

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by Gregory of Tours is an historical record of great importance. It is a central source for early Frankish history, representing the period of transition from late Roman antiquity to early Medieval times in a nascent Europe. It is believed to be the only reliable source of information to describe the

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focused on Gregory's anecdotes about violence; until recently, historians tended to conclude that Merovingian Gaul was a chaotic, brutal mess. Recent scholarship has refuted that view. Through more careful readings, scholars have concluded that Gregory's underlying purpose was to highlight the vanity

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Gregory of Tours' history is densely written, with numerous narratives and characters. It contains Christian tales of miracles, descriptions of omens and natural events, stories of Christian martyrs, dialogues of church debates, discussions of the lives of holy men, nobility, and eccentric peasants,

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Gregory's hagiographies are also a valuable source of anecdotes and stories which enrich modern understanding of life and belief in Merovingian Gaul. The motivation behind his works was to show readers the importance and strength of Christianity, and this bias should always be remembered. Alongside

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is the only source of that period covering the beginning of the Franks in the decaying Roman Empire from around 397 (the death of Martin of Tours) to 590 (the early reign of king Chlothar II). Gregory's chronology of the Franks is continued with the Fourth Book of Fredegar and its continuations for

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Book Four continues from when the two remaining sons of Clovis die: Childebert in 558 and Clothar in 561. The last years of Clothar's life see the entire realm of the Franks ruled by him. At the time of his demise in 561 (as under Clovis before him), the kingdom is divided equally between four sons

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Ista etenim atque et his similia iugiter intuens dici, pro commemoratione praeteritorum, ut notitiam adtingerint venientum, etsi incultu effatu, nequivi tamen obtegere vel certamena flagitiosorum vel vitam recte viventium; et praesertim his inlicitus stimulis, quod a nostris fari plerumque miratus

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of Tours, where extensive use was made of the cult of St. Martin in establishing the authority of the bishopric with the congregation and in the context of the Frankish church. Gregory's hagiography was an essential component of this. However, this should not be seen as a selfish grab for power on

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In Book Six, the young Childebert betrays his alliance with his adoptive uncle Gunthram, who had protected Childebert and his mother after his father Sigibert's death. Now Childebert forms an alliance with his uncle, Chilperic, who had often been an enemy of Sigibert. In 584, Chilperic is murdered

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his only Son, our Lord God, born of the Father, not created. that he has always been with the Father, not only since time began but before all time. For the Father could not have been so named unless he had a son; and there could be no son without a father. But as for those who say: "There was a

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A further aspect of this work is the appearance of Gregory himself in certain sections, notably in the life of St. Leobardus. This is for two reasons: Firstly, it created a distinct link between the temporal and the spiritual worlds, firmly placing the accounts of the lives in a world which was

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Hearing continually these complaints and others like them I have undertaken to commemorate the past, in order that it may come to the knowledge of the future; and although my speech is rude, I have been unable to be silent as to the struggles between the wicked and the upright; and I have been

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Gregory's avowed aim in writing this book was to "fire others with that enthusiasm by which the saints deservedly climbed to heaven", though this was not his sole purpose, and he most surely did not expect his entire audience to show promise of such piety as to witness the power of God flowing

260:. Relatives of Gregory held the Bishoprics of Tours, Lyon, and Langres at the time of his birth and he claimed that he was related to 13 of the 18 bishops of Tours who preceded him. Gregory's paternal grandmother, Leocadia III, descended from Vettius Epagathus, the illustrious martyr of Lyon. 563:

Book Five begins the part where the author has much personal knowledge about the events in the Frankish kingdom. This book and the ones after are considerably longer and more detailed than the previous, while covering a shorter amount of time. This book also contains Gregory's impressions of

589:. In the future, he will be king of all Franks until his death in 629 – beyond Gregory's narrative, which ends in roughly 593. Fredegund and her son are under the protection of Gunthram. She remains in power until her death in 597. Also in this book is the rebellion of 751:. For example, in book 2, chapters 28–31, he described the pagans as incestuous and weak and then described the process by which newly converted King Clovis led a much better life than that of a pagan and was healed of all the conundrums he experienced as a pagan. 1193:

in his lifetime, Gregory of Tours is the unique historian from the 6th-century Merovingian world; and his extensive literary output is itself a testimony to the preservation of learning and to the lingering continuity of Gallo-Roman civic culture through the

967:), which deals "almost exclusively with the miracles wrought in Gaul by the martyrs of the Roman persecutions". But it also tells the story of one Theodore who made a pilgrimage to India and reported the existence of a large monastery where the body of 806:. It is said that he constantly complained about his use of grammar. He did not understand how to correctly write masculine and feminine phrases, reflecting either a lack of ability or changes in the Latin language. Though he had read 621:

is signed in 587 between Guntram, Brunhilda, and Childebert II. It is a close pact of alliance, wherein Childebert is formally adopted as Guntram's heir. Brunhilda also formally allies with Guntram and comes under his protection.

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Gregory's Latin was relatively poor in comparison with earlier centuries when writers were educated at secular Roman grammar and rhetoric schools. He was self-aware of this and apologized for his poor Latin in his introduction:

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from Gallus. Having contracted a serious illness, Gregory made a visit of devotion to the tomb of St. Martin at Tours. Upon his recovery, he began to pursue a clerical career and was ordained deacon by Avitus. Upon the death of

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of the most prominent religious men of the preceding generation, taking in a wide range the spiritual community of early medieval Gaul, including lives of bishops, clerics, monks, abbots, holy men, and hermits. He praised

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There can be no argument that Gregory deliberately structured his narrative to protect himself from any political attacks and that it was the political circumstances around him that governed what he could and could not

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may find that one royal Frankish house is more generously treated than others. Gregory was also a Catholic bishop, and his writing reveals views typical of someone in his position. His views on perceived dangers of

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The third part, comprising Books VII to X, takes his increasingly personal account to the year 591, and concludes with a plea for further chroniclers to preserve his work in entirety (as indeed would be done). An

354:. As the center for the popular cult of St Martin, Tours was a pilgrimage site, hospital, and a political sanctuary to which important leaders fled during periods of violence and turmoil in Merovingian politics. 466:, and the subsequent spread of the Christian religion into Gaul. Next, Gregory covers the history of Christianity in Gaul and some of the major events in Roman-Gallo relations. It ends with the death of 1084:

includes a declaration of faith with which Gregory aimed to prove his orthodoxy with respect to the heresies of his time ("so that my reader may have no doubt that I am Catholic for they are"). The

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With his fifth book, Gregory embarks (with some relief) on contemporary history, opening: "Here, I am glad to say, begins Book V". This, the second part of his history, Books V and VI, closes with

802:; he referred to all these works in his own. His education, as was typical for the time, did not extend to a broad acquaintance with the pagan classics, but rather progressed to mastery of the 568:, the son of recently slain Sigibert and of the still-living Brunhilda. Childebert is taken along with Brunhilda under the protection of Gunthram, brother and sometime rival of Chilperic. 1070:, but rather as a bid for hegemony of doctrine and control over the practice of worship, which they believed to be in the best interests of their congregation and the wider church. 2597: 684:'s death in 584. During the years that Chilperic held Tours, relations between him and Gregory were tense. After hearing rumours that the bishop of Tours had slandered his wife, 514:

in 523. Eventually, Chlothar becomes the most powerful king in the Frankish realm. After the death of Theuderic I in 534, Book Three ends with the death of his son and successor

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ecclesiastical issues he witnessed and had some bearing on. It describes a possible debate that Gregory had with a rival Arian church leader. Moreover, Book 5 also introduces

1114:. He argued in his writings that wine drinking was defensible when consumed with proper gratitude towards God, but that it was problematic when consumed solely for pleasure. 2162:

Osservazioni sul rapporto tra grafia e fonetica nel latino di Gregorio di Tours, XI Congreso International sobre el Latín Vulgar y Tardío (Oviedo, 1–5 de septiembre de 2014)

510:, quarrel and fight for supremacy over the Frankish realm. Despite their disputes, they occasionally work together against an outside threat, such as their attack of the 688:, Chilperic had Gregory arrested and tried for treason – a charge which threatened both Gregory's bishopric and his life. The most eloquent passage in the 280:, he was chosen as bishop by the clergy and people, who had been charmed with his piety, learning, and humility. Their deputies overtook him at the court of 284:, and being compelled to acquiesce, though much against his will, Gregory was consecrated by Giles, bishop of Rheims, on 22 August 573, at the age of 34. 1869:

is more accessible than Brehaut's, his introduction and commentary are not well regarded by contemporary historians (see "Secondary sources", below).

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especially encouraged because, to my surprise, it has often been said by men of our day: "few understand the rhetorician but many the rustic speaker".

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is in many phrases, each of which refutes a specific Christian heresy. Thus, Gregory's creed presents, in the negative, a virtual litany of heresies:

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He spent most of his career at Tours, although he assisted at the council of Paris in 577. The world in which he lived in was on the cusp between the

832:, and these are studied very closely, historians now generally agree that this contrast itself is the central and ever-present narrative device. 422:

frequent Bible verses and references, and explorations of the complex international relations between numerous tribes and nations including the

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The last book is set around 589. Basina, the daughter of Chilperic I and Clotilda (daughter of Charibert) leads a brief revolt from a nunnery.

1921:(ed. and transl. Alexander Callander Murray; "Readings in medieval Civilisations and Cultures" series, Vol. 5), Toronto, 2000, pp. 287–446. 593:

and its failure. Gundovald claimed to be a lost illegitimate son of dead Chlothar I. Many of the Frankish nobles and the Byzantine emperor

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is the closing chapter of Book VI, in which Chilperic's character is summed up unsympathetically through the use of an invective:

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of secular life and contrast it with the miracles of the saints. Though Gregory conveys political and other messages through the

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understandable and recognisable; or, seen from the other angle, confirming the presence of miracles in the temporal world.

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beyond. At Tours, the Frankish influences of the north and the Gallo-Roman influences of the south had their chief contact

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Liber ineditus De cursu stellarum: Ratio qualiter ad officium implendum debeat observari: Sive de cursibus ecclesiasticis

551:, the wife of Chilperic, for the assassination. Fredegund, he says, had long held a grudge against Sigibert and his wife 334:

At Tours, Gregory was well placed to hear and meet people of influence in Merovingian culture. Tours was situated on the

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The 18 bishops of Tours are named and described. The book ends with a summary of Gregory's previous written works.

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Book Three follows the four sons of Clovis who equally divide his realms after his death in 511. These four kings,

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The following represent key modern texts on Gregory of Tours, including the most recent translations of his work.

2684: 2165:, eds. García Leal, Alfonso; Prieto Entrialgo, Clara Elena. Hildesheim, Zürich: Olms-Weidmann, 2017, pp. 193–206. 1977:, 2nd edition (ed. and transl. James Edward; "Translated Texts for Historians" series, Vol. 1), Liverpool, 1991, 2072:(ed. and transl. Giselle de Nie; "Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library" series, Vol. 39), Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1409:

A History of Histories: Epics, Chronicles, and Inquiries from Herodotus and Thucydides to the Twentieth Century

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and Spain without success and blames his army commanders for having allowed atrocities and random destruction.

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region of central Gaul. He was born into the upper stratum of Gallo-Roman society as the son of Florentius,

2704: 846: 271:, under whom, and his successor St. Avitus, Gregory had his education. Gregory also received the clerical 228:

during the period. Gregory is also known for documenting accounts of religious figures, notably that of

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The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede and Paul the Deacon

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Caires, Valerie Anne, "Evagrius Scholasticus and Gregory of Tours: A Literary Comparison", PhD thesis,

2006: 1487: 1393: 654: 511: 268: 2551: 2179:

Diem, Albrecht, "Gregory's Chess Board: Monastic Conflict and Competition in Early Medieval Gaul", in

2694: 2421: 2108: 1941:, 2nd edition (ed. and transl. Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 3), Liverpool, 2004, 1927:, 2nd edition (ed. and transl. Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 4), Liverpool, 2004, 1744: 1713: 1308: 486:, and ending with his death in 511, after his conquest of large tracts of land in modern-day France. 35: 739:

with a detailed expression of his orthodoxy on the nature of Christ. In addition, his ridiculing of

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Choda, Kamil, "Intellectual Sources of Historian's Legitimization - The Case of Gregory of Tours",

2073: 995: 658: 2235:" series, Vol. 31), eds. Régine Le Jan, Geneviève Bührer-Thierry, and Stefano Gasparri, Turnhout: 2328:

Loseby, S. T., "Marseille and the Pirenne thesis, I: Gregory of Tours, the Merovingian kings and

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the events up to 642. Likewise, the fourth Book of Fredegar and its continuations is [

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sect among other heresies. The narrative history begins with a brief epitome of the biblical

2020: 1915:, 3 vols. (German transl. by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, rev. by Manfred Gebauer), Essen, 1988. 1550: 1543: 1491: 1243: 1190: 936: 347: 1481: 835: 8: 2659: 2654: 2570: 2406:

Views from a Many-windowed Tower: Studies of Imagination in the Works of Gregory of Tours

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Les livres des miracles et autres opuscules de Georges Florent Grégoire évêque de Tours

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usage in both syntax and spelling, although with relatively few changes in inflection.

257: 146: 2066:(ed. and German transl. Wilhelm Giesebrecht and Rudolf Buchner), Darmstadt, 1955–1956. 653:

is made up of ten books. Books I to IV initially recount the world's history from the

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Gregory's writings have also provided valuable evidence for music scholars studying

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Win, Robert (2017). "Gregory of Tours, the Eastern Emperor, and Merovingian Gaul".

1725: 1583: 1486:. Vol. II: The Rise of the Saracens and the Foundation of the Western Empire. 1135: 940: 253: 241: 1729: 2614: 2601: 2170:

Queens, Consorts, Concubines: Gregory of Tours and Women of the Merovingian Elite

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sum, quia: "Philosophantem rethorem intellegunt pauci, loquentem rusticum multi".

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This was of great relevance to Gregory himself as he presided over the important

748: 662: 447: 403: 288: 229: 180: 135: 2619:(in French and Latin). Translated by Bordier, Henri Léonard. Paris: J. Renouard. 1900:(ed. Bruno Krusch), MGH SRM I 2, Hannover, 1969 (reprint from 1885), pp. 211–294 597:

gave some support to this rebellion; however, it is swiftly crushed by Guntram.

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Coopétition: Rivaliser, coopérer dans les sociétés du haut Moyen Âge (500–1100)

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radiated from it, and it was on the main route between the Frankish north and

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Loseby, S. T., "Gregory's cities: Urban functions in sixth-century Gaul", in

1737: 1714:"Representing the mysteries of the vine: Drinking wine with Gregory of Tours" 1591: 1303: 1202: 1062: 803: 695: 565: 463: 459: 370: 2470:

Les monuments religieux de la Gaule d'après les oeuvres de Grégoire de Tours

2420: 438:, not to mention Gregory's personal biography and interpretation of events. 1862: 1587: 1575: 1184:] the only source of any significance for much of the period it covers. 1093: 515: 503: 451: 304: 2590:(in Latin). Bratislava: Jos. Max et Soc. / Dolnośląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa. 2585: 2347:

Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian period: An Ethnographic Perspective

2183:, Philippe Depreux, François Bougard, and Régine Le Jan (eds.), Turnhout: 2152:

Choda, Kamil, "The Religious Other in the Histories of Gregory of Tours",

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Book Two covers the beginnings of the Merovingian dynasty, including King

2510: 2474: 2369: 2350: 2035:(ed. and transl. Seraphim Rose), St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, 1988, 923: 840: 681: 586: 544: 532: 495: 446:

Book One begins with a pronouncement by the author that he is a Frankish

362: 323: 318: 2575:. Translated by Brehaut, Earnest. Internet History Sourcebooks Project, 1697:. Translated by Brehaut, Earnest. Internet History Sourcebooks Project, 263:

His father died while Gregory was young and his widowed mother moved to

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Les livres des miracles et autres opuscules de Georges Florent Grégoire

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the abbot for discipline and determination in study of the scriptures,

890: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 674: 606: 536: 519: 499: 431: 399: 358: 357:

Gregory struggled through personal relations with four Frankish kings,

339: 281: 267:, where she had property. Gregory went to live with his paternal uncle 677:

in 575. At this date, Gregory had been bishop of Tours for two years.

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Keely, A., "Arians and Jews in the 'Histories' of Gregory of Tours",

1131: 730: 685: 548: 507: 427: 343: 277: 102: 2629: 2338:, eds. Richard Hodges and William Bowden, pp. 203–229, Leiden: 2205:

Adlı Yapıtında Hunlara ve Avarlara Dair Kayıtların Değerlendirilmesi

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Compétition et sacré au haut Moyen Âge: Entre médiation et exclusion

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emerging military and political power of the Franks in one kingdom.

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and granddaughter of both Florentinus, Senator of Geneva, and Saint

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St. Gregory of Tours, 19th century statue by Jean Marcellin, in the

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Also reprinted by Knopf (2008), Vintage (2009), and Penguin (2009).

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As an example of Gregory's zeal in his fight against heresy, the

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is particular has many liturgical references relating to music.

657:(as was traditional for such works); but move quickly on to the 2121:

Die Wolfenbütteler Fragmente der Historien des Gregor von Tours

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Cameron, Averil, "The Byzantine Sources of Gregory of Tours",

2058:(ed. and French transl. Léonard Bordier), Vol. 1, Paris, 1857. 2005:(Spanish transl. P. Herrera), Servicio de Publicaciones de la 665:, the conversion of the Franks and the conquest of Gaul under 755: 335: 121: 70: 47: 2220:

Grégoire de Tours: (comment) a-t-il perçu une «coopétition»?

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I believe, then, in God the Father omnipotent. I believe in

2246:(1982). "Foreigners in the Histories of Gregory of Tours". 1223: 1107: 819:

The main impression that historians once retained from the

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In Book Seven, Fredegund assumes regency for her young son

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Wood, Ian N., "The secret histories of Gregory of Tours",

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Moorhead, John, "Gregory of Tours on the Arian kingdoms",

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Gregory of Tours: History and Society in the Sixth Century

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behalf of the bishops who emerge so triumphantly from the

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Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur

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and is known as the "father of French history". He was a

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Liber de passione et virtutibus sancti Iuliani martyris

2555:. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. pp. 181–182. 2336:

The Sixth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand

1750: 1690: 1522: 1510: 1498: 373:, and he personally knew most of the leading Franks. 299:

Europe. Gregory lived also on the border between the

2214:, ed. Tuğba Eray Biber, İstanbul, 2019, pp. 115–122. 1991:(transl. M. Dalton), Oxford University Press, 1927. 2584:Gregory of Tours (1994) . Haase, Friedrich (ed.). 1816: 1774: 1542: 1468: 1438: 971:was first interred and where miracles took place. 939:for unwavering faith in the face of weakness, and 1885:Gregorii episcopi Turonensis. Libri Historiarum X 710:was written in 594, the year of Gregory's death. 252:of Clermont, by his wife Armentaria II, niece of 2646: 2612: 2583: 2568: 2507:, 114. Bd., H. 2 (2nd Quarter, 1985), pp. 89–91. 2483:Grégoire le Grand, lecteur de Grégoire de Tours? 1573: 747:reflected how his works were used to spread the 2626:by Paul Freedman at Yale University (Fall 2011) 2569:Gregory of Tours (1997) . Halsall, Paul (ed.). 2431:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). p. 564565. 2142:, Vol. XXVI, No. 2 (October 1975), pp. 421–426. 1762: 1691:Gregory of Tours (1997) . Halsall, Paul (ed.). 1436: 1330: 34:. For the anonymous 8th-century chronicle, see 2498:Geirom studdo (Vsp. 21,4) und Gregor von Tours 2462:Saints and Their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul 2275:Fear in the Mind and Works of Gregory of Tours 2140:The Journal of Theological Studies, New Series 1969:Saints and their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul 204:('Ten Books of Histories'), also known as the 2446: 2436: 2209: 2203: 2191: 2160: 2087: 2000: 1967:, German transl., in: Raymond Van Dam (ed.), 713: 518:in 548. Theudebert's kingdom is inherited by 454:and abhors heresy like those of the "wicked" 2559: 2528: 2502: 2496: 2481: 2468: 2448:di Gregorio di Tours: Preliminari d'indagine 2367: 2329: 2313: 2307: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2119: 2100: 2061: 2053: 2021: 1957: 1910: 1621: 1331:Noronha-DiVanna, Isabel (19 February 2010). 1106:Gregory's writings make ample references to 844: 2605: 2487: 2452: 2441: 2385: 2197: 2096:, Vol. XXXV, Fasc. 1/2 (1961), pp. 150–166. 2030: 1964:Libri de virtutibus sancti Martini episcopi 1962: 1952: 1895: 1883: 1797: 1795: 1676: 1494:. p. 122 – via Internet Archive. 1312:. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Co 1172: 1152: 1079: 1013:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 962: 827: 820: 811: 793: 779: 767: 734: 719: 689: 648: 389: 224:history and chronicles the accounts of the 211: 205: 199: 162: 2492:, Vol. XCIV, Nos. 3–4 (1976), pp. 225–233. 2390:, Vol. XXXVI, Fasc. 2 (1995), pp. 903–915. 1645: 482:'s conversion to Christianity by his wife 59: 32:Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem 2624:Lecture on Procopius and Gregory of Tours 2309:Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich 1033:Learn how and when to remove this message 906:Learn how and when to remove this message 847:Grandes Chroniques de France de Charles V 191:in the Merovingian kingdom, encompassing 27:6th-century historian and Bishop of Tours 1919:From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: A Reader 1792: 1377:. Vol. XI – via Bartleby.com. 1366: 1364: 1362: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 834: 781:Liber de Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae 409: 380: 317: 2530:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 2415: 2260: 2242: 1843:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11732 1711: 1617: 669:, and the more detailed history of the 14: 2647: 2211:Bozkırın Oğlu: Ahmet Taşağıl'a Armağan 1786: 1604: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1504: 1456: 1406: 1387: 1370: 1138:. According to Robert Win's analysis: 2047: 1822: 1751:Gregory, Brehaut & Halsall (1997) 1359: 1334:Writing History in the Third Republic 1288: 1257: 754:Gregory's education was the standard 2595:Staatsbibliothek Bamberg Msc.Patr.61 2089:Da Gregorio Di Tours a Paolo Diacono 2080: 1011:adding citations to reliable sources 978: 888:adding citations to reliable sources 859: 702:are among the comparisons employed. 625: 2464:, Princeton University Press, 1993. 2325:, Vol. XXIII/2 (1997), pp. 103–115. 1997:(transl. L. Thorpe), Penguin, 1974. 1801: 1130:Gregory has often been compared to 784:, but also other key texts such as 612: 571: 558: 525: 489: 473: 198:Gregory's most notable work is the 24: 2133:University of California, Berkeley 2105:, Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1890. 2063:Zehn Bücher Geschichten. Band I-II 1872: 1817:Bury, Gwatkin & Whitney (1913) 1775:Bury, Gwatkin & Whitney (1913) 1549:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 1073: 974: 959:Book of the Glories of the Martyrs 957:In 587, Gregory began writing the 25: 2741: 2537: 2149:, Vol. XVIII (2015), pp. 111–124. 1337:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 1263: 402:, which frequently departed from 175:– 17 November 594 AD) was a 2637: 2572:History of the Franks, Books I–X 2522:The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751 1694:History of the Franks, Books I–X 1437:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. (1989) . 1390:History of Classical Scholarship 1101: 983: 864: 855: 577:under mysterious circumstances. 2395:A Companion to Gregory of Tours 1904: 1705: 1684: 1670: 1658: 1639: 1627: 1610: 1567: 1534: 946:for justice. It is the life of 875:needs additional citations for 600: 580: 2725:6th-century Gallo-Roman people 2564:(in Latin). The Latin Library. 2533:, LXXII/2 (1993), pp. 253–270. 2288:, trans. Christopher Carroll, 1892:), MGH SRM I 1, Hannover, 1951 1483:The Cambridge Medieval History 1462: 1449: 1430: 1400: 1381: 1324: 269:St. Gallus, bishop of Clermont 13: 1: 2730:Writers from Clermont-Ferrand 2467:Vieillard-Troiekouroff, May, 2422:"Gregory, St, of Tours" 2374:The World of Gregory of Tours 2156:, Vol. XVII (2014), pp. 5–19. 2102:Le Latin de Grégoire de Tours 1753:, "Introduction", pp. ix–xxv. 1730:10.1080/03044181.2023.2228801 1250: 169: 91: 2720:Sources on Germanic paganism 2715:Clergy from Clermont-Ferrand 2690:6th-century writers in Latin 2680:6th-century Frankish writers 2670:6th-century Frankish bishops 1712:Halfond, Gregory I. (2023). 1441:The Barbarian West: 400–1000 522:until his own death in 555. 295:and the sweeping changes of 235: 7: 2675:6th-century Frankish saints 2665:6th-century apocalypticists 2636:(public domain audiobooks) 2546:"St Gregory of Tours" 2323:Journal of Medieval History 2273:Hailstone, Catherine-Rose, 1971:, Princeton, 1993, 153–317. 1877: 1718:Journal of Medieval History 1646:Silverberg, Robert (1972). 1388:Sandys, John Edwin (1903). 1216: 851:, 14th-century illumination 636: 351: 210:('History of the Franks'). 10: 2746: 2613:Gregory of Tours (2011) . 2290:Cambridge University Press 2267:Princeton University Press 2007:Universidad de Extremadura 1853: 1622:Mitchell & Wood (2002) 1488:Cambridge University Press 1394:Cambridge University Press 1320:– via NewAdvent.org. 1189:the most outstanding poet 714:Problems of interpretation 640: 450:clergyman who follows the 416: 282:King Sigebert of Austrasia 29: 2700:Christian anti-Gnosticism 2630:Works by Gregory of Tours 2604:, the primary witness of 2362:The History of the Franks 1995:The History of the Franks 1989:The History of the Franks 1867:The History of the Franks 1650:. Garden City, New York: 1648:The Realm of Prester John 1580:The History of the Franks 1574:Gregory of Tours (1974). 1545:The History of the Franks 1309:The Catholic Encyclopedia 1117: 733:, led him to preface the 729:, still strong among the 441: 163: 145: 131: 108: 86: 81: 58: 45: 36:Liber Historiae Francorum 2318:, Vol. 26, Munich, 2004. 2261:Goffart, Walter (1988). 2128:, XX/1 (1966), pp. 31–40 2074:Harvard University Press 1897:Miracula et opera minora 1586:" series. Translated by 1302:Leclercq, Henri (1910). 964:Liber in gloria martyrum 661:, the life and times of 659:Christianization of Gaul 376: 311:culture of the south of 2552:Encyclopædia Britannica 2457:32 (2010), pp. 157–175. 2428:Encyclopædia Britannica 2301:Oxford University Press 2199:Decem Libri Historiarum 2193:Gregorius Turonensis'in 1925:Glory of the Confessors 1835:Oxford University Press 1374:The Lives of the Saints 1211:Decem Libri Historiarum 1048:Glory of the Confessors 254:Bishop Nicetius of Lyon 213:Decem Libri Historiarum 201:Decem Libri Historiarum 140:Eastern Orthodox Church 2685:6th-century historians 2606: 2529: 2517:, Bangor, Wales, 1994. 2503: 2497: 2488: 2482: 2469: 2453: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2386: 2364:, Harmondsworth, 1974. 2353:; Woodbridge, Sussex: 2330: 2315:Enzyklopädie deutscher 2314: 2308: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2161: 2120: 2113:The Cult of the Saints 2101: 2088: 2062: 2054: 2031: 2022: 2001: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1911: 1896: 1888:(ed. Bruno Krusch and 1884: 1763:Wallace-Hadrill (1989) 1677: 1541:Thorpe, Lewis (1974). 1371:Butler, Alban (1866). 1304:"St. Gregory of Tours" 1229:Brunhilda of Austrasia 1186: 1173: 1167:Win further observed: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1145: 1099: 1080: 963: 852: 845: 828: 821: 812: 794: 780: 768: 735: 720: 690: 649: 643:List of Frankish kings 395: 390: 331: 212: 206: 200: 119:17 November 593 or 594 2480:Vogüé, Adalbert de, " 2393:Murray, A. C. (ed.), 2360:McSheffrey, Shannon, 2284:Heinzelmann, Martin, 2217:Goetz, Hans-Werner, " 2159:Cuzzolin, Pierluigi, 2154:Classica Cracoviensia 2147:Classica Cracoviensia 1912:Fränkische Geschichte 1407:Burrow, John (2007). 1169: 1160: 1150: 1140: 1124:History of the Franks 1090: 948:St. Nicetius of Trier 931:for purity of heart, 838: 673:down to the death of 663:Saint Martin of Tours 641:Further information: 468:Saint Martin of Tours 411:History of the Franks 384: 326:Gaul at the death of 321: 307:to the north and the 2600:8 March 2018 at the 2562:"Historiae, Libri X" 2489:Analecta Bollandiana 2368:Mitchell, Kathleen; 2357:, 1998, pp. 239–270. 2355:Boydell & Brewer 2187:, 2015, pp. 165–191. 1939:Glory of the Martyrs 1829:"Gregory of Tours". 1665:Glory of the Martyrs 1244:Abbey of Saint-Aubin 1191:Venantius Fortunatus 1052:Glory of the Martyrs 1007:improve this section 884:improve this article 839:St Gregory and King 240:Gregory was born in 195:'s historic region. 18:St. Gregory of Tours 2705:Frankish historians 2454:Invigilata Lucernis 2306:Kaiser, Reinhold, " 2023:Histoire des Franks 1975:Life of the Fathers 1804:Northwestern Review 1634:Life of the Fathers 1607:, pp. 203–204. 1396:. pp. 434–435. 1270:Patron Saints Index 1068:Life of the Fathers 920:Life of the Fathers 164:Georgius Florentius 2607:De cursu stellarum 2577:Fordham University 2560:Gregory of Tours. 2495:Wagner, Norbert, " 2460:Van Dam, Raymond, 2417:Pfister, Christian 2279:University of York 2239:, 2018, pp. 49–60. 2070:Lives and Miracles 2048:Bilingual editions 1865:'s translation of 1831:Grove Music Online 1789:, p. 208–289. 1765:, pp. 67, 76. 1699:Fordham University 1678:Historia Francorum 1276:on 10 January 2007 1266:"Gregory of Tours" 1239:Widukind of Corvey 1174:Historia Francorum 1081:Historia Francorum 1056:Life of St. Martin 969:Thomas the Apostle 853: 721:Historia Francorum 650:Historia Francorum 617:In Book Nine, the 396: 391:Historia Francorum 332: 258:Gregory of Langres 207:Historia Francorum 185:Merovingian period 126:Kingdom of Orleans 2435:Serra, Antonio, " 2404:Nie, Giselle de, 2118:Butzmann, Hans, " 2086:Bianchi, Dante, " 2081:Secondary sources 2015:978-84-7723-190-5 1560:978-0-14-044295-3 1344:978-1-4438-2010-3 1196:early Middle Ages 1043: 1042: 1035: 922:comprises twenty 916: 915: 908: 776:Martianus Capella 626:Book 10 (587–591) 619:Treaty of Andelot 398:Gregory wrote in 220:for the study of 155: 154: 132:Venerated in 16:(Redirected from 2737: 2695:Bishops of Tours 2641: 2640: 2620: 2609: 2591: 2580: 2565: 2556: 2548: 2532: 2515:Gregory of Tours 2506: 2500: 2491: 2485: 2472: 2456: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2432: 2424: 2389: 2381: 2333: 2317: 2311: 2270: 2257: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2164: 2123: 2104: 2091: 2065: 2057: 2034: 2025: 2004: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1914: 1899: 1887: 1847: 1846: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1584:Penguin Classics 1571: 1565: 1564: 1548: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1466: 1460: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1434: 1428: 1426: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1368: 1357: 1356: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1299: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1272:. Archived from 1261: 1203:Gallican liturgy 1176: 1157: 1136:Anthony Trollope 1083: 1038: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1018: 987: 979: 966: 911: 904: 900: 897: 891: 868: 860: 850: 831: 824: 815: 797: 783: 773: 738: 723: 693: 652: 613:Book 9 (586–587) 572:Book 6 (581–584) 559:Book 5 (575–581) 526:Book 4 (548–575) 490:Book 3 (511–548) 474:Book 2 (397–511) 393: 353: 216:is considered a 215: 209: 203: 174: 171: 166: 165: 158:Gregory of Tours 118: 116: 96: 93: 63: 53:Gregory of Tours 43: 42: 21: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2645: 2644: 2638: 2602:Wayback Machine 2543: 2540: 2524:, London, 1994. 2387:Studi medievali 2372:, eds. (2002). 2244:Goffart, Walter 2190:Ersoy, Tolga, " 2168:Dailey, E. T., 2115:, London, 1981. 2083: 2050: 1907: 1890:Wilhelm Levison 1880: 1875: 1873:Primary sources 1856: 1851: 1850: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1800: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1710: 1706: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1644: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1616:See especially 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1539: 1535: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1480:, eds. (1913). 1467: 1463: 1454: 1450: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1415:. p. 198. 1405: 1401: 1392:. Vol. I. 1386: 1382: 1369: 1360: 1345: 1329: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1300: 1289: 1279: 1277: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1219: 1120: 1104: 1076: 1074:Gregory's Creed 1039: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1004: 988: 977: 975:Fighting heresy 912: 901: 895: 892: 881: 869: 858: 798:continues, and 749:Christian faith 718:Readers of the 716: 645: 639: 628: 615: 603: 583: 574: 561: 528: 492: 476: 444: 419: 414: 379: 303:culture of the 289:Western culture 238: 230:Martin of Tours 181:Bishop of Tours 172: 138: 136:Catholic Church 120: 114: 112: 97: 94: 82:Bishop of Tours 77: 54: 51: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2743: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2643: 2642: 2627: 2621: 2610: 2592: 2581: 2566: 2557: 2539: 2538:External links 2536: 2535: 2534: 2525: 2520:Wood, Ian N., 2518: 2508: 2493: 2478: 2465: 2458: 2443:ingenium artis 2433: 2413: 2402: 2391: 2382: 2365: 2358: 2343: 2326: 2319: 2304: 2293: 2282: 2277:, PhD thesis, 2271: 2258: 2240: 2232:Haut Moyen Âge 2215: 2188: 2177: 2166: 2157: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2129: 2116: 2106: 2097: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2067: 2059: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2028: 2018: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1972: 1950: 1936: 1922: 1916: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1893: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1821: 1819:, p. 156. 1809: 1791: 1779: 1777:, p. 157. 1767: 1755: 1743: 1724:(4): 427–446. 1704: 1683: 1669: 1657: 1638: 1626: 1618:Goffart (1988) 1609: 1597: 1566: 1559: 1533: 1531:, p. 200. 1521: 1519:, p. 204. 1509: 1507:, p. 210. 1497: 1478:Whitney, J. P. 1474:Gwatkin, H. M. 1461: 1459:, p. 205. 1448: 1429: 1421: 1399: 1380: 1358: 1343: 1323: 1287: 1264:Jones, Terry. 1255: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1207:Gallican chant 1119: 1116: 1103: 1100: 1075: 1072: 1041: 1040: 991: 989: 982: 976: 973: 944:bishop of Lyon 914: 913: 872: 870: 863: 857: 854: 762:, focusing on 760:Late Antiquity 715: 712: 671:Frankish kings 638: 635: 627: 624: 614: 611: 602: 599: 582: 579: 573: 570: 560: 557: 527: 524: 491: 488: 475: 472: 443: 440: 418: 415: 413: 408: 378: 375: 297:early-medieval 293:late antiquity 278:St. Euphronius 237: 234: 218:primary source 179:historian and 168:; 30 November 153: 152: 149: 143: 142: 133: 129: 128: 110: 106: 105: 88: 84: 83: 79: 78: 64: 56: 55: 52: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2742: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2710:Hagiographers 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2635: 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2003: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1983:0-85323-327-6 1980: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1947:0-85323-236-9 1944: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933:0-85323-226-1 1930: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1813: 1805: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1787:Burrow (2007) 1783: 1776: 1771: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1687: 1679: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1654:. p. 27. 1653: 1649: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1606: 1605:Burrow (2007) 1601: 1594:. p. 63. 1593: 1589: 1588:Thorpe, Lewis 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576:Radice, Betty 1570: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1537: 1530: 1529:Burrow (2007) 1525: 1518: 1517:Burrow (2007) 1513: 1506: 1505:Burrow (2007) 1501: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1458: 1457:Burrow (2007) 1452: 1443: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1422:9780713993370 1418: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1384: 1376: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1327: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1260: 1256: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1102:Views on wine 1098: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1037: 1034: 1026: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1002: 1001: 997: 992:This section 990: 986: 981: 980: 972: 970: 965: 960: 955: 951: 949: 945: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 924:hagiographies 921: 910: 907: 899: 889: 885: 879: 878: 873:This section 871: 867: 862: 861: 856:Hagiographies 849: 848: 842: 837: 833: 830: 823: 817: 814: 809: 805: 804:Vulgate Bible 801: 796: 791: 787: 782: 777: 772: 771: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 737: 732: 728: 722: 711: 709: 703: 701: 697: 692: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 644: 634: 631: 623: 620: 610: 608: 598: 596: 592: 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