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cultivation reached the
Timucua speakers of the St. Johns culture area around 750, although some authorities think the arrival was as late as 1050. The southernmost part of the St. Johns culture area (the Mayacas) had not acquired maize cultivation at the time of first European contact. The St. Johns
20:
369:
The early mounds in the St. Johns culture region were generally 4 feet (1.2 m) high up to an occasional 10 feet (3.0 m). The number of burials in a mound might be as high as 100, but most held fewer than 25. After 1050 influence from the
365:
of each individual were bundled and then buried in a group in the mound. The charnel house would then be destroyed, often by fire. A new layer of sand might then be added to the mound, and a new charnel house build on the top.
394:, which was 15 feet (4.6 m) high and 160 feet (49 m) in diameter, was primarily a burial mound. This mound also contained many items apparently received as trade goods from the region of the Mississippian culture.
333:) in the St. Johns culture are a mixture of styles preserved from the Archaic period with styles representative of neighboring cultures. Wooden artifacts that were preserved in water and wet soils have also been found.
209:, was estimated to be 75 feet (23 m) high before it was reduced by shellrock mining in the 19th and 20th centuries). Some existing mounds extend for as long as a half-mile along the banks of the St. Johns River.
349:) first appeared in the St. Johns culture region around 100 CE. As was common throughout Florida, mounds were used for burials. Some bodies were buried intact, in a flexed position, but most were first placed in
930:
118:. The spicules in the clay helped strengthen the pottery, and created a "chalky" surface, soft enough to be scratched with a fingernail.) "Exotic" ceramic ware is common, especially in
923:
816:
314:, as suitable soil for sustainable maize production was scarce in the wetlands favored for habitation, and abundant wetland resources were available year-round.
329:, which were used for grinding and abrading tools. Tools and implements were more often made of bone and shell, than of stone. Stone artifacts (usually made of
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coast of
Florida from the mouth of the St. Johns River south to a point east of the head of the St. Johns River, near present-day
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provided most of the meat consumed at the site, and that those resources were exploited year-round. Plant foods included
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where St. Johns ware overlapped with
Savannah ware, and another transitional area, the Indian River region (southern
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was removed from, or allowed to rot off of, the bones, and the bones were cleaned. Eventually the accumulated
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386:, eventually reached 190 feet (58 m) along each side of the base, and held 150 burials. Another mound,
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cultures. There was a transitional area from the mouth of the St. Johns River extending into southeastern
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71:. At the time of first European contact, the St. Johns culture area was inhabited by speakers of the
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in the St. Johns culture region did not achieve the size and power of those to the west, from the
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1953:
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through to the
Mississippi valley, and large platform mounds were rare in the St. Johns region.
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Volusia County
Heritage - People of the Shell Mounds: the Earliest Volusians - How They Lived
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378:, which may have been topped by temples and/or chiefs' residences. One of these mounds, the
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Pelotes Island Nature
Preserve - Woodland Period - St. Johns Cultures - 500 BC to 1500 AD
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type. ("Chalky" ware was made from clay taken from fresh water sources, which contained
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Florida
Historical Contexts Chapter 7. EAST AND CENTRAL FLORIDA, 3200 B.P.-A.D. 1565
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and fresh water resources. Villages and camps were located close to rivers, lakes,
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peoples were not as dependent on maize cultivation as were most cultures in the
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and often up to 25 feet (7.6 m) high, accumulated throughout the region (
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counties), where St. Johns ware overlapped with Belle Glade and Glades ware.
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contact in the 17th century. The St. Johns culture was present along the
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were a much larger component of the St. Johns people's diet than were
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596:(1998) "Chapter 3: St. Johns Culture of East and Central Florida",
298:
119:
301:, and various small plants, especially those growing in wetlands.
19:
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1973:
1895:
624:
An
Environmental History of Northeast Florida By Miller, James J.
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494:""Episode 02 Ceramic Pots" by Robert Cassanello and Chip Ford"
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contexts. These "exotic" ceramics represent types from the
23:
Approximate area of the St. Johns culture region in
Florida
317:
Except along the western fringes of the region, the only
44:
189:. During the 2000 years of the St. Johns culture, large
173:
The St. Johns culture was based on the exploitation of
97:
106:
styles. Plain chalky ware was the dominant St. Johns
598:
Florida's
Indians from Ancient Times to the Present.
257:. The St. Johns diet consisted of a wide variety of
221:The people of the St. Johns culture, such as these
668:
2776:
618:Southeastern Prehistory - Middle Woodland Period
353:, which were often built on top of a mound. The
1721:
447:. Florida Division of Historical Resources. At
1636:Protection of Native American sites in Florida
791:University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound
693:List of archaeological periods (North America)
1707:
924:
654:
305:were grown, but probably used as containers.
229:, obtained much of their food from the water.
197:and other debris, sometimes covering several
102:The St. Johns culture is defined in terms of
756:Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve
1631:Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region
947:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida
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2222:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
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16:Archaeological culture in North America
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634:A History of Central Florida Podcast
2693:Norse colonization of North America
249:found in the middens indicate that
98:Defining characters and environment
59:and its tributaries (including the
13:
1124:
14:
2806:
878:Extreme weather events of 535–536
611:
1647:List of shell ring sites#Florida
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670:
2713:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
574:
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321:resources available were soft
1:
600:University Press of Florida.
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374:led some groups to construct
273:. Investigation of a site at
245:shells dominate the middens,
2678:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
2628:Eastern Agricultural Complex
7:
2062:Bandelier National Monument
1936:List of Mississippian sites
1723:Pre-Columbian North America
1164:Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge
1106:North peninsular Gulf coast
781:St. Croix River Access Site
277:indicated that fresh water
43:that lasted from about 500
10:
2811:
2482:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2087:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1796:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
1414:Ortona Prehistoric Village
312:southeastern United States
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2723:Three Sisters agriculture
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626:- Retrieved July 17, 2007
620:- Retrieved July 17, 2007
562:- Retrieved July 17, 2007
474:- Retrieved July 17, 2007
450:- Retrieved July 14, 2007
336:
207:New Smyrna Beach, Florida
2262:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1821:Buttermilk Creek complex
1399:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1204:Cayson Mound and Village
714:Beattie Park Mound Group
418:Milanich. Pp. 40-1 (map)
405:
2462:Town Creek Indian Mound
2432:Sierra de San Francisco
2287:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
847:Suwannee Valley culture
345:of sand (as opposed to
2790:Pre-Columbian cultures
2117:Coso Rock Art District
2004:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1907:List of Hopewell sites
1334:Letchworth-Love Mounds
1279:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
1139:Aqui Esta Burial Mound
1129:
1073:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
837:Princess Point complex
817:Clemson Island culture
677:Late Woodland cultures
230:
51:) until shortly after
33:archaeological culture
24:
2525:Arlington Springs Man
2367:Portsmouth Earthworks
1591:Manasota Key Offshore
1574:Yon Mound and Village
1349:Mark Pardo Shellworks
1319:Kimball Island Midden
1128:
888:Mississippian culture
852:Weeden Island culture
498:stars.library.ucf.edu
372:Mississippian culture
220:
22:
2733:Transoceanic contact
2623:Container Revolution
2197:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2162:Etowah Indian Mounds
1606:Warm Mineral Springs
1179:Bowers Bluff Middens
883:Fort Ancient culture
225:pictured in 1562 by
69:Cocoa Beach, Florida
2653:Green Corn Ceremony
2467:Turkey River Mounds
2257:Lake Jackson Mounds
2077:Blue Spring Shelter
1509:Shell Bluff Landing
1454:Pompano Beach Mound
1394:Myakkahatchee Creek
1344:Madira Bickel Mound
1324:Lake Jackson Mounds
975:Post-Archaic period
873:Belle Glade culture
827:Monongahela culture
594:Milanich, Jerald T.
2738:Underwater panther
2412:Rosenstock Village
2282:Marmes Rockshelter
2267:L'Anse aux Meadows
1559:Waddells Mill Pond
1504:Shark River Slough
1339:Little Salt Spring
1130:
766:Memorial Park Site
580:Milanich. Pp. 50-2
571:Milanich. Pp. 48-9
558:2007-09-28 at the
470:2011-11-12 at the
231:
213:Diet and resources
75:(or Agua Salada),
25:
2785:St. Johns culture
2772:
2771:
2764:Pre-Columbian era
2565:Spirit Cave mummy
2362:Plum Bayou Mounds
2272:Lynch Quarry Site
1791:Ancient Beringian
1689:
1688:
1681:Pre-Columbian era
1626:Beaver Lake point
1519:Third Gulf Breeze
1329:Lake Pithlachocco
1249:Fort Walton Mound
906:
905:
898:St. Johns culture
842:Springwells phase
730:Brinsfield I Site
543:Milanich. P. 44-5
516:Milanich. P. 38-9
400:Florida panhandle
114:from fresh water
29:St. Johns culture
2802:
2708:Projectile point
2545:Leanderthal Lady
2472:Upward Sun River
2447:Stallings Island
2437:Shell ring sites
2387:Recapture Canyon
2302:Moorehead Circle
2147:El Fin del Mundo
2132:Cueva de la Olla
1938:
1925:Maritime Archaic
1909:
1739:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1649:
1229:Devil's Den Cave
1194:Butcherpen Mound
1149:Bear Lake Mounds
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390:, just north of
227:Jacques Le Moyne
88:Timucua language
63:, and along the
47:(the end of the
35:in northeastern
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2759:Genetic history
2747:
2601:Ceremonial pipe
2574:
2555:Minnesota Woman
2512:
2506:
2327:Ocmulgee Mounds
2307:Morrison Mounds
2252:Kolomoki Mounds
2242:Kimball Village
2102:Candelaria Cave
2044:
2038:
2019:Suwannee Valley
1954:Old Cordilleran
1934:
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1564:Wakulla Springs
1544:Upper Tampa Bay
1459:Portavant Mound
1429:Persimmon Mound
1374:Mount Elizabeth
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1113:
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1097:
1083:Suwannee Valley
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979:
957:
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812:Avonlea culture
807:Alachua culture
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786:Sommerheim Park
771:Nottingham Site
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483:Milanich. P. 46
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472:Wayback Machine
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388:Mt. Royal Mound
376:platform mounds
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57:St. Johns River
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2127:Cuarenta Casas
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2043:Archaeological
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1479:Roberts Island
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2157:Effigy Mounds
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740:Clampitt Site
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347:shell middens
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140:Weeden Island
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34:
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21:
2743:Water glyphs
2698:Oasisamerica
2688:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2648:Folsom point
2638:Effigy mound
2618:Clovis point
2586:Aridoamerica
2487:Wickiup Hill
2442:Spiro Mounds
2422:Salmon Ruins
2417:Russell Cave
2212:Helen Blazes
2207:Grimes Point
2187:Fort Juelson
2177:Fort Ancient
2152:El Vallecito
2112:Chaco Canyon
2052:Angel Mounds
2014:Steed-Kisker
2008:
1964:Paleo-Arctic
1886:Glacial Kame
1871:Fort Ancient
1763:Post-Classic
1734:
1534:Turtle Mound
1529:Turner River
1524:Thomas Creek
1514:Spruce Creek
1494:Ross Hammock
1464:Porter's Bar
1444:Platt Island
1409:Ormond Mound
1384:Mount Taylor
1354:Miami Circle
1309:Jungle Prada
1299:J&J Hunt
1274:Helen Blazes
1259:Garden Patch
1184:Bubba Midden
1169:Bird Hammock
1077:
1043:Mount Taylor
965:Paleoindians
958:
897:
832:Oliver phase
776:Ormond Mound
630:Ceramic Pots
597:
576:
567:
548:
539:
530:
521:
512:
501:. Retrieved
497:
488:
479:
444:
414:
384:Duval County
368:
340:
316:
295:cabbage palm
232:
203:Turtle Mound
172:
164:Indian River
101:
28:
26:
2728:Thunderbird
2596:Black drink
2560:Peñon woman
2497:Winterville
2477:Velda Mound
2457:Taos Pueblo
2352:Parkin Park
2337:Orwell site
2322:Nodena site
2217:Holly Bluff
2192:Four Mounds
2182:Fort Center
2107:Casa Grande
2057:Anzick site
1949:Monongahela
1876:Fort Walton
1851:Coles Creek
1816:Belle Glade
1801:Anishinaabe
1655:Shell works
1554:Velda Mound
1539:Twin Mounds
1424:Page-Ladson
1379:Mount Royal
1364:Monroe Lake
1264:Green Mound
1254:Galt Island
1244:Fort Center
1088:Swift Creek
1023:Fort Walton
998:Belle Glade
746:Fisher site
742:(12-LR-329)
735:Brokaw Site
392:Lake George
281:, fish and
152:Fort Walton
136:Swift Creek
132:Belle Glade
90:and by the
77:Agua Fresca
2779:Categories
2673:Metallurgy
2633:Eden point
2530:Buhl Woman
2402:Rock Eagle
2392:River Styx
2317:Mummy Cave
2312:Moundville
2292:Mesa Verde
2277:Marksville
2024:Tchefuncte
1984:Plaquemine
1920:Las Palmas
1836:Calf Creek
1831:Cades Pond
1641:Shell ring
1569:Yent Mound
1484:Rock Mound
1474:River Styx
1389:Mullet Key
1234:Dismal Key
1224:Demere Key
1209:C. J. Ostl
1199:Cayo Pelau
1189:Burns Lake
1003:Cades Pond
726:(12 MA 61)
724:Bowen Site
588:References
503:2016-01-09
359:long bones
181:, coastal
120:ceremonial
2718:Stickball
2407:Rock Hawk
2237:Key Marco
2029:Troyville
2009:St. Johns
1994:Red Ocher
1753:Formative
1419:Otis Hare
1369:Mound Key
1359:Mill Cove
1314:Key Marco
1174:Blueberry
1144:Bay Pines
1099:McKeithen
1078:St. Johns
1063:Pensacola
761:Man Mound
751:Hoye Site
719:Book site
709:Baum Site
396:Chiefdoms
327:sandstone
255:shellfish
223:Timucuans
187:estuaries
168:St. Lucie
2606:Chanunpa
2591:Ballgame
2570:Vero man
2520:Anzick-1
2492:Windover
2452:SunWatch
2382:Rassawek
2202:Glenwood
2092:Brewster
1944:Mogollon
1915:La Jolla
1901:Hopewell
1861:Deptford
1774:cultures
1611:Windover
1601:Vero man
1439:Pineland
1404:Nocoroco
1038:Manasota
1018:Deptford
986:cultures
822:Manahoac
800:Cultures
556:Archived
468:Archived
299:amaranth
263:reptiles
179:wetlands
144:Savannah
124:Deptford
112:spicules
84:dialects
65:Atlantic
53:European
2755:Related
2613:Chunkey
2513:remains
2502:Wupatki
2342:Paquime
2232:Huápoca
2097:Cahokia
2067:Bastian
1974:Patayan
1896:Hohokam
1881:Fremont
1856:Comondú
1811:Baytown
1806:Avonlea
1786:Alachua
1758:Classic
1748:Archaic
1736:Periods
1677:Related
1585:remains
1048:Norwood
993:Alachua
959:Periods
323:coquina
287:berries
283:turtles
267:mammals
251:catfish
205:, near
191:middens
183:lagoons
156:Georgia
116:sponges
108:ceramic
104:pottery
92:Mayacas
86:of the
37:Florida
31:was an
2172:Folsom
2137:Cutler
2072:Benson
1959:Oneota
1891:Glades
1866:Folsom
1846:Clovis
1743:Lithic
1434:Pierce
1219:Cutler
1028:Glades
1013:Clovis
893:Oneota
604:
363:skulls
343:mounds
337:Mounds
303:Gourds
279:snails
243:mussel
235:oyster
233:While
175:marine
162:, and
150:, and
128:Glades
81:Acuera
73:Mocama
2703:Piasa
2511:Human
2142:Eaker
2045:sites
1979:Plano
1781:Adena
1583:Human
1449:Plaza
1120:sites
702:Sites
406:Notes
355:flesh
331:chert
319:stone
307:Maize
271:birds
247:bones
199:acres
195:shell
2663:Kiva
602:ISBN
361:and
325:and
291:nuts
269:and
259:fish
241:and
239:clam
185:and
166:and
79:and
27:The
2167:Eva
632:at
382:in
193:of
45:BCE
41:USA
2781::
496:.
455:^
423:^
297:,
293:,
289:,
265:,
237:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
94:.
39:,
1715:e
1708:t
1701:v
932:e
925:t
918:v
662:e
655:t
648:v
506:.
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