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believed this integrated educational system also prepared Native
Americans for participation in white society. But as the borders of the Piegan Blackfeet territory shrank over time, St. Peter's Mission found itself standing on non-Indian ground. At the request of Bishop Brondel, Father Damiani made the highly controversial decision in 1889 to segregate the Native American children. Nonetheless, both whites and Native Americans credited the school with providing a clean, safe, warm place to live; three meals a day; and an excellent education. Piegan Blackfeet leaders later credited the mission with giving their tribe well-educated leadership other tribes lacked.
447:, an African American ex-slave who had formerly been employed by the Dunne family as a servant, worked at the convent. When Mother Stanislaus journeyed to Montana to nurse Mother Amadeus, Fields accompanied her. Amadeus recovered, and Fields decided to stay in Montana. For the next eight years, she helped the sisters with farming, constructing buildings, running the laundry, and driving the freight wagon to nearby Cascade. Known as "Stagecoach Mary," she cursed, smoked cigars, drank liquor, carried a loaded firearm, and fought anyone who gave her the slightest insult. In 1894 Bishop Brondel demanded that Fields leave the mission after she fought a duel in
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mission in
Montana had rapidly expanded, there were still too few nuns to do the work. In 1893, six Ursulines from Canada joined the St. Peter's mission on a temporary basis. Mother Amadeus tried to assert jurisdiction over them, claiming them as permanent residents. Angry, the six returned to Canada (even though Mother Amadeus refused to pay for their travel home). In 1898, convinced that mission work in Montana was ending, Mother Amadeus petitioned Bishop Brondel for permission to travel to Alaska to found new Ursuline convents, but he denied her request.
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727:. Leave the interstate highway at exit 256. The first intersection is with Mission Road (also known as the Simms-Cascade Road). Turn right (north) onto Mission Road/Simms-Cascade Road. Drive about 10 miles (16 km) on this gravel road. Mission Road diverges to the left. Drive another 8 miles (13 km) to St. Peter's Mission. (If you reach Trout Creek Road, you have driven too far.) A small sign by the side of the road marks the entrance gate to the site, and provides a limited history of St. Peter's Mission.
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of Great Falls, which was founded in 1883. The
Ursulines decided to continue the mission at St. Peter's, but move the center of their activity to Great Falls. The Great Falls Townsite Company offered them any two city blocks. The Ursulines choose an area bordered by Central Avenue, 25th Street South, 2nd Avenue South, and 23rd Street South. The area was on a slight hill with a good view and relatively distant from the busy downtown commercial district.
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as sleeping quarters for the priests. A second square-log building attached to the chapel was quickly constructed to serve as sleeping quarters and kitchen. This structure doubled the mission's size. By the end of 1881, the priests had constructed several small log cabins to serve as individual priestly residences. They attached these to the west end of the expanded chapel, creating an L-shaped structure.
468:. When Mother Stanislaus complained, Mother Amadeus denied she was making an end-run around the chapterhouse, claiming instead that she was acting under instruction from Bishop Brondel. In February 1886, Bishop Gilmour ordered the Ursulines in Toledo to stop talking about how much they wished to teach in Montana, and ordered the St. Peter's Ursulines separated from the Toledo chapter.
646:, via train. Her east-bound train crashed head-on into a west-bound train. Her hip was broken, and Mother Amadeus spent nine weeks in a hospital in Helena. The primitive system of weights attached to her ankles (used as traction to keep the hip bones in place) did not work properly, and she walked with a severe limp and used a cane for the rest of her life.
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of funding, the
Jesuits and Ursulines concentrated their attention on Holy Family Mission. This mission, founded in the spring of 1886 by Father Damiani but not formally dedicated until October 25, 1890, was located on the Blackfeet reservation about 100 miles (160 km) north of St. Peter's. (For years, Holy Family was dependent on St. Peter's.)
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farming, supplying rock, and timber cutting. In a letter to a colleague, Mother
Amadeus expressed frustration with having to spend so much time taking care of the priests and with the Jesuit priests' refusal to fund-raise for the Ursulines while back east. Some Ursulines were unable to cope with the harsh life. In 1884, Sister St. Gertrude from the
657:, which was formed in 1904. Lenihan was intent on reining in what he saw as unruly nuns. In 1905, Mother Amadeus asked Bishop Lenihan for permission to take some nuns to Alaska to found a convent there. Lenihand refused to allow it. Mother Amadeus then found three Montana Ursulines not yet subject to Lenihan's authority, and escorted them to
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visitors pass through the base of this non-historic bell tower to access the church. The red wooden "opera house" is still standing, although now it is used as a barn. A corral connects the opera house to an original log cabin, which is used for feed storage. A modern building has been constructed adjacent to this log cabin.
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to help them survive, and promised to pay them $ 200 a year to teach boys if more nuns could be brought to the mission. In 1885, the
Jesuits began turning over the educational duties of St. Peter's Mission to the Ursulines, who opened St. Peter's Industrial School for Girls that year with 11 Blackfeet students.
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Two buildings at St. Peter's
Mission remain standing. The expanded chapel is in relatively good condition, and recently has been painted by the owners of the land on whose property it now stands. At some point in the past, a two-story bell tower was built in front of the chapel's entrance so that now
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A major development in the international
Ursuline organization in 1900 gave the St. Peter's nuns the independence of action they sought. For some years, a movement had existed to unify the hundreds of independent Ursuline chapterhouses into a single organization. A union would also give the Ursulines
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In 1896, the federal government began phasing out its financial support for parochial education for Native
Americans. St. Peter's Mission was one of the first schools to lose its federal funding, even though it had more than 100 girls in classes and (just a short time earlier) 102 boys. With the loss
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Mother
Amadeus was still agitating for additional independence. Although the Ursulines at St. Peter's won independence from the Toledo chapterhouse in 1886, the Ursulines were still subject to the authority of the priests and local bishop. Little support came from either source. Although the Ursuline
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arrived in October 1884 and opened a girls' school in 1885. A post office opened at the mission the same year, and farming and cattle ranching began at the site. A four-story stone school/dormitory for boys and a three-story wooden priests' residence were constructed in 1887. A four-story convent and
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In January 1908, the stone boys' school, the wooden priests' residence, the school for Native American girls (formerly the one-story nuns residence), and several outbuildings at St. Peter's Mission burned to the ground. Bishop Lenihan had asked the Ursulines to move their ministry to the nearby city
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With the expansion of these facilities, the girls' education changed as well. In addition to religious instruction, the girls learned "modern" (that is, white) ways to cook, sew, and wash laundry. One of the old residential log cabins was turned into a bakery, and some girls learned how to bake with
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students for the next several years thereafter. Father Philip Rappagliosi joined St. Peter's Mission in mid-1875. By 1877, the mission consisted of two one-room log cabins, one of which functioned as a church. The small size of the establishment was not unusual, since St. Peter's Mission served only
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Changes in federal funding for Native American parochial schools led the Jesuits to abandon St. Peter's Mission in 1898, but the Ursulines continued their educational efforts there. The boys' school, priests' residence, one-story chapel addition, and some outbuildings burned to the ground in January
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The expansion of St. Peter's led to federal approval for a post office at the mission in 1885. After arriving in Montana, Mother Amadeus asked Bishop Brondel to give her control over the Ursulines, but he declined to do so. Amadeus repeatedly asked Mother Stanislaus, head of the Toledo chapterhouse
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in the Toledo chapter, Mother Mary Amadeus (Sarah Therese Dunne), led five Ursulines to St. Peter's in October. They quickly established a boarding school for girls (open to children of settlers and Native Americans). The Jesuits gave the nuns $ 200 in provisions, a farm, some cows, and some wagons
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The first buildings at St. Peter's Mission were spartan. With assistance from some of the Métis and, occasionally, soldiers from nearby Fort Shaw, the priests built a one-story rectangular chapel out of logs, which were stripped of bark and roughly squared off by hand. For a time the chapel doubled
170:. It moved to its final location on Birch Creek in 1881. Within a year the Jesuits constructed a small chapel, a chapel expansion, and log cabin residences. The log cabins were subsequently moved, and a one-story wooden dormitory and three-story wooden bell tower were built adjacent to the chapel.
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architectural style. It featured a mansard roof, dormers, small towers capped with cupolas, and a centrally-located four-story square domed tower over the entrance. The cornerstone for this building was laid on September 9, 1888, and it was occupied on January 1, 1892. The Ursulines called the new
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a teaching position at St. Peter's Mission. Riel, his wife Marguerite, and his son Jean-Louis were living with nomadic Métis. But with Marguerite pregnant with their second child, Riel decided to settle in one place to provide his children with more stability. In December 1883, Riel began teaching
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By 1895, the curriculum taught by the Jesuits and Ursulines was being questioned. Most Piegan Blackeet and A'aninin hated working indoors, no matter how well-constructed or decorated the schools and dormitories. Federal officials in charge of Indian education at the local level were aware of the
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The cemetery is behind and to the right of the chapel, uphill from the ruins of the mission. It was surrounded by a buck fence in 2011 to keep cattle away. Some of the graves in the cemetery are quite tall and others are enclosed by a small, ornate iron fence, but many lie flush in the ground or
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asked for Ursuline delegates to meet in Rome to consider creating an Ursuline Union. Mother Amadeus traveled to Rome to attend the meeting, in part because she advocated a union and in part because she believed she could win approval from the new organization for an expansion into Alaska. Mother
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The educational structure at St. Peter's changed in 1889, and this proved controversial. Most Jesuit missions in Montana were on Indian land, and it was common for white settlers in the area to pay tuition and have their children educated alongside Native Americans at Jesuit schools. The Jesuits
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Construction of the boys' school changed the way boys were educated at St. Peter's. Most instruction was now carried on indoors, in great contrast to the Native American way of life at the time (in which most time was spent outdoors). The boys were responsible for maintaining the kitchen garden,
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Life for the Ursulines was not easy. Their housing was extremely primitive. In addition to their teaching duties, they also cooked, cleaned, sewed, did laundry, nursed the sick, and tried to generate money for their own activities by engaging in for-profit farming, ranching, poultry raising, egg
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The Ursulines took over the boys' educational program from the Jesuits. The refocusing of Jesuit energy on Holy Family Mission did not mean that the Jesuits abandoned St. Peter's Mission. It still acted as a base of operations and a residence until May 1898, when Father Damiani (Superior of St.
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ditches, were also maintained by the boys. The curriculum did not change throughout the year. Boys were expected to work in the fields even in winter, and the amount of time spent indoors did not vary (even during summer, when the growing season demanded that most of the day be spent outdoors).
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wide on its long edge, and the wing was three bays wide. The wood building contained an auditorium and stage for musical performances, and here the girls were taught dancing, embroidery, painting, wood carving, and how to play various musical instruments. The sisters also added a barn, corral,
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as the federal government forced the tribe to give up more and more land, the Jesuits decided to move their mission again to remain close to the tribe they were proselytizing. The mission moved in 1881 to its final location on Birch Creek, at a point 10.5 miles (16.9 km) west-northwest of
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Two factors caused St. Peter's Mission to reopen in 1874. First, the Roman Catholic Church in the United States established a Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions to coordinate, expand, and make more effective missionary work among the Native American tribes in the west. Second, the U.S. federal
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Most of what remains of St. Peter's Mission are the foundations of prior buildings, and many of these are crumbling or in serious disrepair. On the edge of a copse of trees are the remains of the boys' school and dormitory. A portion of some stone walls containing windows and doorways remains
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As of 2012, the mission site was on the Klinker Ranch, about 600 feet (180 m) south of the road. Visitors need to open and close two gates to reach the site. (Cattle graze in the area, so it is important to close the gate.) Roadside (shoulder) parking is available, but very limited.
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were hostile. Three men were killed by the Piegans in early 1866. When a local herder, John Fitzgerald, was killed by the Blackfeet within sight of the mission on April 6, the Jesuits decided to move again. Joined by Father L. B. Palladino, J. H. Vail from the Sun River Agency (an
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to see them off. During her long absence, Bishop Lenihan punished nuns at St. Peter's who supported Mother Amadeus, and encouraged those unhappy with her leadership to accuse her before Ursuline Union of fabricating majority support for the union's formation.
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government moved the border of the Piegan Blackfeet reservation about 60 miles (97 km) northward. Although this deprived St. Peter's Mission of most of its Blackfeet students, it also made the mission much safer. St. Peter's Mission primarily enrolled
378:(known to whites by the mistranslated name "Gros Ventres") boarding students soon outnumbered the Métis day-students, and the Jesuits began to successfully encourage the Piegan Blackfeet to send their children to the school as boarding students as well.
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Mother Amadeus entered the Ursuline convent in Toledo at age 18, and was 38 years old in 1884. Afflicted with arthritis and other health problems due to an accidental poisoning in childhood, she had never spent a single night outside the convent in 20
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with a man who insulted her. Estranged from the church by Brondel's decision, Fields moved to nearby Cascade. Mother Amadeus provided her with funds to open a restaurant. When the restaurant later failed, Mother Amadeus helped Fields win a job as a
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priests in Montana led the priests of St. Peter's Mission to travel widely throughout the area in the summer months to perform weddings, baptisms, and other ceremonies. Father Imoda planned from the beginning to expand the mission to include a
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Amadeus cast her eight convents' votes for the union, which was formed. She won approval to go to Alaska from the Union's new Superior General, Mother St. Julien Aubrey. Additionally, the Ursuline Union divided the United States into two
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Federal funding for the Jesuit boys' school and private donations proved adequate to allow construction of two new buildings in 1887. The first was a boys' school. This four-story stone building featured a
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Mother Amadeus left St. Peter's Mission in 1910, moving to Alaska, where she hoped to found a convent of Ursulines. She died there on November 10, 1919. The Ursulines buried her at St. Ignatius Mission.
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to ask Riel to return with them to assist in the Métis effort to secure treaty enforcement from the Canadian government. Riel agreed, and he and his family left St. Peter's on June 10, never to return.
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grass that (despite its name) is not related to rice. They often ground ricegrass into flour, and were not aware of yeast or other leavening agents. The A'aninin (Gros Ventres) traded with the
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At 2:30 A.M. on November 15, 1918, the stone convent/school burned to the ground. St. Peter's Mission was abandoned, and all Native American girls were transferred to other mission schools.
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herding and feeding the small herd of beef cattle, and feeding and milking the dairy cattle, so some time each day was spent in the barns, corrals, or garden. Small fields, watered by
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In April 1866, the Jesuits abandoned the 1862 site and moved to a location 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Bird Tail Rock (15 miles (24 km) south of the modern town of
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Since their arrival in Montana, the Ursulines had attempted to raise funds for the support of their missionary work at St. Peter's. These efforts bore fruit in 1888 when
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as a base of operations for the priests, most of whom traveled with nomadic bands of Blackfeet throughout the summer. Father Joseph Guidi joined the mission in 1875.
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Peter's since 1892) and the remaining three Jesuit priests announced they would abandon the mission. The diocesan clergy remained to care for the church and conduct
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Illness affected the Ursulines, too. In April 1885, Mother Amadeus fell ill with pneumonia. As her condition worsened, word reached the Ursuline convent in Toledo.
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Native Americans' hearty dislike of the schools, and by the mid-1890s most federal officials believed the indoor curriculum was inappropriate. (Indeed, by 1901,
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shop, and a dining room. A three-story wood frame priests' residence with centrally placed square cupola was attached to the boys' school on the south. A
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Native Americans in Montana did not grow wheat, and it was not naturally occurring. Plains Indians in Montana like Blackfeet harvested naturally growing
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dormitory for priests and male students was built in their place. A three-story clapboard bell tower was built where the chapel and dormitory met.
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to allow for simple business transactions to be undertaken without being cheated. "Book learning" would be supplemented with industrial arts:
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Riel spent his time writing poetry and thinking about politics, in time concluding that he should work toward the establishment of a Métis
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More positively, however, Mother St. Julien Aubrey, the Superior General of the Ursuline Union, visited St. Peter's Mission in June 1906.
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St. Peter's Mission continued to expand in 1882. The log cabins were separated from the chapel and moved south of it, and a one-story
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The stone Ursuline convent/girls' school building at St. Peter's Mission after the fire of 1918 that caused the mission's abandonment
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West, Carroll Van. "Acculturation By Design: Architectural Determinism and The Montana Indian Reservations, 1870–1930."
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The mission's benefactress entered a convent in Pittsburgh in 1889 and in 2000 was canonized as Saint Katherine Drexel.
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Schoenberg, Wilfred P. "Historic St. Peter's Mission: Landmark of the Jesuits and the Ursulines Among the Blackfeet."
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donated $ 5,000 to allow the nuns to build a convent and school. The three-story stone structure was built in a mixed
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The 1887 buildings: The priests' residence (with picket fence) attached to the stone boys' school. In the background (
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school Mount Angela Institute. In 1895, Drexel donated a small herd of cattle to the Ursulines at St. Peter's.
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Uncommon Women, Unmarked Trails: The Courageous Journey of Catholic Missionary Sisters in Frontier Montana.
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1908. The Ursulines closed the boys' school and refocused their educational efforts at the nearby town of
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Remains of the boys' school and dormitory are surveyed in 1887 after the structure burned to the ground.
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girls' school was finished in 1892, and a two-story wooden music building (the "opera house") in 1896.
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Ursuline chapterhouses were not required to join the new Ursuline Union, but about half did so.
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Visitors are advised to wear long pants and hiking boots in the area, due to the presence of
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St. Peter's Mission in 1884, after construction of quarters for the Uruslines. "Stagecoach"
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Aarstad, Rich; Arguimbau, Ellen; Baumler, Ellen; Porsild, Charlene L.; and Shovers, Brian.
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The Ursulines also constructed an "opera house" in 1896. This L-shaped structure was 10
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religious order of women to join the Jesuits at St. Peter's Mission in January 1884. A
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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St. Peter's Mission slowly fell into decay over the next eight years. After the
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wheat flour and yeast. Unlike the boys, the girls spent all their time indoors.
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located on Mission Road 10.5 miles (16.9 km) west-northwest of the town of
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Gerald H. Anderson, ed. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999.
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in Great Falls opened in 1912, the white girls' school at St. Peter's closed.
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above the front entrance. The building contained dormitory space, classrooms,
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Indian and White in the Northwest; or, A History of Catholicity in Montana
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Across God's Frontiers: Catholic Sisters in the American West, 1850–1920.
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A Chronicle of the Catholic History of the Pacific Northwest, 1743–1960.
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School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
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A Chronicle of the Catholic History of the Pacific Northwest, 1743–1960
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and Brother Vincent Magri established a mission at Priest Butte on the
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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Flintham, Lydia Sterling. "Leaves From the Annals of the Ursulines."
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Go With Haste Into the Mountains: A History of the Diocese of Helena.
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407:. On June 4, 1884, a delegation of Métis arrived at St. Peter's from
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The student body at St. Peter's Mission changed over time, however.
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established in 1841 by the Jesuits in what would become Montana was
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National Register of Historic Places in Cascade County, Montana
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St. Peter's Mission was founded in the 1860s by priests of the
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Bishop Brondel died suddenly in 1903. His replacement, Bishop
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Lady Blackrobes: Missionaries in the Heart of Indian Country.
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Montana Campfire Tales, 2nd: Fourteen Historical Narratives.
1627:. Baltimore: J. Murphy & Co., 1894. Accessed 2013-12-26.
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Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
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On Birch Creek, 10.5 miles (16.9 km) west-northwest of
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The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Great Plains.
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Helena, Mont.: American & World Geographic Pub., 1996.
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484:) is the original chapel, nuns' residence, and bell tower.
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standing. A small, decrepit log cabin abuts these ruins.
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The Ursuline convent and girls' school, finished in 1896
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grew around this site. In 1845, the Jesuits established
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William A. Jones announced the curriculum had failed.)
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Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society Press, 2011.
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Helena, Mont.: Montana Historical Society Press, 2009.
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Schoenberg, "Historic St. Peter's Mission...", p. 84.
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In 1883, Father Joseph Damiani offered Métis leader
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
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The Montana Cree: A Study in Religious Persistence.
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1695:Then and Now, or, Thirty-Six Years in the Rockies.
1641:Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
1618:Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2007.
1583:Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971.
1548:Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
225:, on a site just southeast of the current town of
1820:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1655:Spokane, Wash.: Gonzaga Preparatory School, 1962.
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1639:Letters From the Rocky Mountain Indian Missions.
1616:Italian Jesuits in the American West, 1848–1919.
1555:Helena, Mont.: Catholic Diocese of Helena, 1984.
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719:To visit the St. Peter's Mission site, drive on
415:Meanwhile, the new (and founding) Bishop of the
2212:National Register of Historic Places portal
1681:More Than Petticoats: Remarkable Montana Women.
517:was planted west and south of these buildings.
1690:Billings, Mont.: Rocky Mountain College, 1995.
1676:Norman, Okla.: Horse Creek Publications, 2003.
1539:Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions.
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1688:Religion in Montana: Pathways to the Present.
1595:I Do: A Cultural History of Montana Weddings.
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1683:2nd ed. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 1995.
1630:Porter, Francis Xavier and Scott, Kristi D.
1511:Montana Place Names: From Alzada to Zortman.
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699:The St. Peter's post office closed in 1938.
642:In October 1902, Mother Amadeus traveled to
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2310:Religious organizations established in 1874
1634:Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2012.
1604:Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
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817:for corn, which could be ground into flour.
587:
395:Mother Amadeus, photographed in early 1884.
1751:
1737:
1576:New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
1457:
1455:
1428:
1113:
236:, about 8 miles (13 km) upriver from
166:(better known as the Jesuits), a Catholic
49:
1760:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1389:
1311:
1153:
1151:
889:
869:
857:
306:With the relocation of the border of the
38:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2315:1881 establishments in Montana Territory
1637:Rappagliosi, Philip and Bigart, Robert.
1611:Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Publishing, 2006.
1588:Encyclopedia of American Indian History.
1586:Johansen, Bruce E. and Pritzker, Barry.
1299:
1205:
1136:
1063:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
706:
672:
668:
591:
542:
475:
390:
288:
16:Historic site in Cascade County, Montana
1702:African American Women of the Old West.
1518:Montana's Indians: Yesterday and Today.
1452:
232:The Jesuits moved their mission to the
122:St. Peter's Mission Church and Cemetery
30:St. Peter's Mission Church and Cemetery
2267:
1721:Wooten, Dudley G. "A Noble Ursuline."
1697:Helena, Mont.: Farcountry Press, 2001.
1648:Helena, Mont.: Sweetgrass Books, 2009.
1590:Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2008.
1534:Santa Barbara, Calif.: Somerset, 2000.
1148:
637:
621:most of the independence they sought.
382:Arrival of the Ursulines and expansion
2290:Second Empire architecture in Montana
1732:
1667:Montana: Magazine of Western History.
1278:Johansen and Pritzker, pp. 1177–1178.
934:Rappagliosi and Bigart, pp. xli–xlii.
910:
655:Roman Catholic Diocese of Great Falls
387:Bringing the Ursulines to St. Peter's
1711:Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2011.
1662:Portland, Ore.: Oregon-Jesuit, 1960.
1537:Dries, Angelyn. "Amadeus, Mary." In
533:
1669:11:1 (Winter 1967), pp. 68–85.
329:
55:St. Peter's Mission (prior to 1908)
13:
2285:Vernacular architecture in Montana
2280:Queen Anne architecture in Montana
2175:National Historic Preservation Act
1707:Walter, Dave and Schneider, Bill.
1646:The U.S. Army in Frontier Montana.
301:
14:
2331:
952:Rappagliosi and Bigart, p. xxxiv.
297:is sitting in the wagon at right.
261:located near the present town of
189:
2217:
2216:
2205:
1632:Ursuline Sisters of Great Falls.
1602:Gluten-Free Cooking for Dummies.
1600:Korn, Danna and Sarros, Connie.
1569:December 1897, pp. 319–339.
943:Rappagliosi and Bigart, p. xxxv.
854:Federal Writers' Project, p. 44.
472:Construction of the boys' school
417:Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena
355:, farming, and ranching skills.
284:
1562:New York: Hastings House, 1949.
1503:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1380:
1371:
1358:
1345:
1336:
1324:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1241:
1228:
1219:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1127:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1054:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
973:
964:
955:
946:
820:
791:
782:
772:
584:laundry, and workers' housing.
2128:Federated States of Micronesia
1774:Architectural style categories
1725:August 1920, pp. 588–602.
1704:Guilford, Conn.: TwoDot, 2007.
1660:Jesuits in Montana, 1840–1960.
937:
928:
901:
848:
839:
603:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
539:Expansion of Ursuline presence
99:
1:
1551:Erickson, Cornelia Flaherty.
1353:Jesuits in Montana, 1840–1960
1319:Jesuits in Montana, 1840–1960
1249:Jesuits in Montana, 1840–1960
1236:Jesuits in Montana, 1840–1960
1021:Walter and Schneider, p. 100.
833:
743:hidden among the high grass.
630:and appointed Mother Amadeus
1581:Mission Among the Blackfeet.
1560:Montana: A State Guide Book.
1012:Walter and Schneider, p. 99.
711:Map of St. Peter's Mission (
334:In the 1880s, a shortage of
308:Blackfeet Indian Reservation
159:, and several outbuildings.
19:United States historic place
7:
753:
702:
10:
2336:
2305:Churches completed in 1874
2180:Historic Preservation Fund
2159:American Legation, Morocco
1718:7:2 (Spring 1987), 91–102.
1700:Wagner, Tricia Martineau.
1558:Federal Writers' Project.
557:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2200:
2167:
2146:
2121:Lists by associated state
2120:
2079:
1812:
1766:
634:over the North Province.
466:Bishop of Cleveland, Ohio
110:
98:NRHP reference
97:
79:
71:
60:
48:
44:
35:
28:
24:
2102:Northern Mariana Islands
1532:Encyclopedia of Montana.
1449:Porter and Scott, p. 39.
1425:Porter and Scott, p. 38.
1407:Porter and Scott, p. 43.
1342:Porter and Scott, p. 24.
1287:Porter and Scott, p. 25.
765:
588:Departure of the Jesuits
147:and "opera house" and a
80:Architectural style
1716:Great Plains Quarterly.
1658:Schoenberg, Wilfred P.
1651:Schoenberg, Wilfred P.
1621:Palladino, Lawrence B.
1470:Porter and Scott, p. 7.
1269:Korn and Sarros, p. 51.
130:St. Peter's-By-the-Rock
2251:47.30056°N 111.92056°W
2097:Minor Outlying Islands
2080:Lists by insular areas
1794:Keeper of the Register
1296:Flintham, pp. 337–338.
1166:McKevitt, pp. 168–169.
970:Aarstad, pp. 252, 318.
716:
678:
597:
548:
485:
396:
298:
217:In April 1859, Father
1799:National Park Service
1779:Contributing property
710:
676:
669:Fires and abandonment
595:
546:
479:
421:Jean-Baptiste Brondel
394:
292:
2295:Ursuline monasteries
2256:47.30056; -111.92056
2154:District of Columbia
1644:Rockwell, Ronald V.
1488:Butler, pp. 167–168.
1416:Butler, pp. 165–166.
1386:Wooten, pp. 594–595.
1333:Accessed 2013-03-22.
1184:Butler, pp. 164–165.
1133:Butler, pp. 163–164.
760:List of Jesuit sites
748:prairie rattlesnakes
725:Great Falls, Montana
208:St. Ignatius Mission
184:Great Falls, Montana
2247: /
1686:Small, Lawrence F.
1544:Dusenberry, Verne.
1377:Schrems, pp. 95–96.
1051:Schrems, pp. 49–50.
644:Miles City, Montana
638:Leadership problems
632:provincial superior
240:, near what is now
126:St. Peter's Mission
1679:Shirley, Gayle C.
1672:Schrems, Suzanne.
1614:McKevitt, Gerald.
1579:Harrod, Howard L.
1516:Bryan, William L.
1331:Palladino, p. 196.
1110:Wagner, pp. 20–21.
1030:Dusenberry, p. 31.
886:Harrod, pp. 53–55.
717:
679:
598:
549:
486:
438:Brown County, Ohio
397:
299:
263:Sun River, Montana
200:St. Mary's Mission
155:for boys, a stone
2230:
2229:
1784:Historic district
1572:Fowler, Loretta.
1175:McKevitt, p. 174.
1003:McKevitt, p. 165.
991:McKevitt, p. 162.
534:Further expansion
118:
117:
2327:
2300:Ursuline schools
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2220:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2133:Marshall Islands
1753:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1693:Vaughn, Robert.
1607:Mahoney, Irene.
1523:Butler, Anne M.
1498:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:Aarstad, p. 274.
1459:
1450:
1447:
1438:
1437:Schrems, p. 104.
1435:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1225:Erickson, p. 39.
1223:
1217:
1216:West, pp. 95–96.
1214:
1203:
1202:Mahoney, p. 102.
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1146:
1145:West, pp. 94–95.
1143:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:Aarstad, p. 252.
1122:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1001:
992:
989:
980:
979:Kohl, pp. 95–97.
977:
971:
968:
962:
959:
953:
950:
944:
941:
935:
932:
926:
923:
908:
905:
899:
898:Rockwell, p. 69.
896:
887:
884:
867:
866:Rockwell, p. 68.
864:
855:
852:
846:
843:
827:
824:
818:
799:Indian ricegrass
795:
789:
786:
780:
776:
691:Ursuline Academy
561:Katharine Drexel
353:Animal husbandry
330:Early operations
313:Cascade, Montana
254:Piegan Blackfeet
227:Choteau, Montana
164:Society of Jesus
153:parochial school
141:Cascade, Montana
124:, also known as
101:
66:Cascade, Montana
53:
22:
21:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2163:
2142:
2116:
2075:
1808:
1762:
1757:
1723:Catholic World.
1567:Catholic World.
1530:Capace, Nancy.
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:Butler, p. 166.
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:Shirley, p. 32.
1397:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:Schrems, p. 95.
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:Butler, p. 163.
1082:
1078:
1073:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1039:Butler, p. 161.
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
978:
974:
969:
965:
960:
956:
951:
947:
942:
938:
933:
929:
924:
911:
906:
902:
897:
890:
885:
870:
865:
858:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
831:
830:
825:
821:
796:
792:
787:
783:
777:
773:
768:
756:
705:
671:
651:Mathias Lenihan
640:
590:
541:
536:
474:
462:Richard Gilmour
389:
384:
345:boarding school
332:
304:
302:Early buildings
287:
202:. The town of
192:
168:religious order
56:
40:
31:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2112:Virgin Islands
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:American Samoa
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2021:South Carolina
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:North Carolina
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1813:Lists by state
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1804:Property types
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1593:Kohl, Martha.
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1497:Small, p. 305.
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1357:
1344:
1335:
1323:
1310:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1218:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1126:
1112:
1103:
1101:Wagner, p. 20.
1094:
1092:Butler, p. 72.
1085:
1076:
1074:Wagner, p. 19.
1062:
1053:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
993:
981:
972:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
909:
907:Vaughn, p. 75.
900:
888:
868:
856:
847:
845:Capace, p. 35.
837:
835:
832:
829:
828:
819:
790:
781:
770:
769:
767:
764:
763:
762:
755:
752:
704:
701:
670:
667:
639:
636:
589:
586:
540:
537:
535:
532:
515:kitchen garden
473:
470:
423:, invited the
388:
385:
383:
380:
336:Roman Catholic
331:
328:
303:
300:
286:
283:
270:Simms, Montana
242:Simms, Montana
219:Adrian Hoecken
191:
190:Early missions
188:
134:Roman Catholic
132:is a historic
116:
115:
114:August 3, 1984
112:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
41:
36:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2332:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:West Virginia
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:New Hampshire
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Massachusetts
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1383:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1260:Fowler, p. 79
1257:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1060:Dries, p. 15.
1057:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
998:
988:
986:
976:
967:
961:Bryan, p. 56.
958:
949:
940:
931:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
904:
895:
893:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
863:
861:
851:
842:
838:
823:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
794:
785:
775:
771:
761:
758:
757:
751:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
726:
722:
721:Interstate 15
715:) circa 1907.
714:
709:
700:
697:
694:
692:
687:
683:
675:
666:
663:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
635:
633:
629:
624:
623:Pope Leo XIII
618:
616:
610:
606:
604:
594:
585:
582:
577:
573:
570:
569:Second Empire
566:
562:
558:
553:
545:
531:
527:
524:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:, and square
496:
492:
483:
478:
469:
467:
463:
457:
455:
450:
446:
441:
439:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
410:
406:
403:in northwest
402:
393:
379:
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
327:
325:
320:
316:
314:
309:
296:
291:
285:Early history
282:
279:
273:
271:
266:
264:
260:
259:Indian agency
255:
251:
250:Apostle Peter
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
187:
185:
179:
176:
173:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
111:Added to NRHP
109:
106:
103:
96:
93:
92:Second Empire
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
23:
2232:
2026:South Dakota
2016:Rhode Island
2011:Pennsylvania
1991:North Dakota
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1504:Bibliography
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1382:
1373:
1365:
1364:Schoenberg,
1360:
1352:
1351:Schoenberg,
1347:
1338:
1326:
1318:
1317:Schoenberg,
1313:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1248:
1247:Schoenberg,
1243:
1235:
1234:Schoenberg,
1230:
1221:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1157:West, p. 98.
1129:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1056:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
975:
966:
957:
948:
939:
930:
925:West, p. 93.
903:
850:
841:
822:
815:South Dakota
793:
784:
774:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
718:
713:not to scale
712:
698:
695:
688:
684:
680:
664:
648:
641:
619:
611:
607:
599:
578:
574:
554:
550:
528:
519:
507:cobbler shop
491:mansard roof
487:
481:
458:
454:mail carrier
442:
434:
414:
409:Saskatchewan
398:
373:
357:
333:
321:
317:
305:
274:
267:
231:
216:
212:St. Ignatius
204:Stevensville
193:
180:
161:
129:
125:
121:
119:
2254: /
2242:111°55′14″W
2147:Other areas
2107:Puerto Rico
1941:Mississippi
1856:Connecticut
809:of western
803:gluten-free
723:south from
445:Mary Fields
349:mathematics
295:Mary Fields
246:Fort Benton
223:Teton River
2269:Categories
2239:47°18′02″N
2056:Washington
1976:New Mexico
1971:New Jersey
1846:California
834:References
653:, led the
565:Queen Anne
559:, heiress
523:irrigation
360:Louis Riel
341:day school
194:The first
88:Queen Anne
84:Vernacular
2066:Wisconsin
2031:Tennessee
1936:Minnesota
1911:Louisiana
1368:, p. 188.
1321:, p. 129.
628:provinces
511:carpentry
324:clapboard
238:Fort Shaw
234:Sun River
2222:Category
2051:Virginia
2001:Oklahoma
1981:New York
1956:Nebraska
1946:Missouri
1931:Michigan
1921:Maryland
1906:Kentucky
1886:Illinois
1861:Delaware
1851:Colorado
1841:Arkansas
1355:, p. 39.
1251:, p. 44.
1238:, p. 37.
754:See also
703:Location
425:Ursuline
401:republic
376:A'aninin
172:Ursuline
149:cemetery
105:84002452
61:Location
2168:Related
2071:Wyoming
2046:Vermont
1951:Montana
1891:Indiana
1871:Georgia
1866:Florida
1836:Arizona
1826:Alabama
807:Hidatsa
659:Seattle
495:dormers
365:English
196:mission
157:convent
137:mission
128:and as
2006:Oregon
1961:Nevada
1901:Kansas
1876:Hawaii
1831:Alaska
1767:Topics
779:years.
503:smithy
499:cupola
449:Helena
429:sister
405:Canada
369:French
145:church
2138:Palau
2036:Texas
1916:Maine
1881:Idaho
811:North
766:Notes
482:right
278:Métis
72:Built
2092:Guam
2041:Utah
1996:Ohio
1896:Iowa
813:and
801:, a
615:Mass
581:bays
567:and
175:nuns
120:The
75:1874
343:or
100:No.
2271::
1454:^
1442:^
1430:^
1391:^
1301:^
1207:^
1150:^
1138:^
1115:^
1065:^
1044:^
996:^
984:^
912:^
891:^
871:^
859:^
750:.
509:,
505:,
493:,
464:,
456:.
419:,
367:,
315:.
214:.
90:,
86:,
1822::
1752:e
1745:t
1738:v
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