2629:, such an independent corpus delicti as stalking is absent. However, lawyers argue that the persecution of a person in Russia can also be seriously fined. The victim of stalking only needs to use the articles that are already in the code. So, if the persecutor uses threats, then should refer to Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Threats of murder or causing grievous bodily harm". In this case, the offender is punished with compulsory labor for up to 480 hours or forced labor for up to 2 years. Also, the persecutor may face arrest for up to six months or imprisonment (restriction) of freedom for up to two years. "Violation of privacy" (Article 137 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) can also be applied part of stalking. This crime manifests itself in the illegal collection of information about private life and its dissemination (including in public speeches and the media). For this, a criminal can receive a fine of up to 200 thousand rubles, go to compulsory work for up to 360 hours, and even be imprisoned for two years. In addition, persecutors often violate Article 138 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Violation of the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages of citizens. The article provides for punishment ranging from a fine of 80 thousand rubles to correctional labor for up to one year.
1921:, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling discusses how gender plays a role in the difference between stalkers and victims. She says, "gender is associated with the types of emotional reactions that are experienced by recipients of stalking related events, including the degree of fear experienced by the victim." In addition, she hypothesizes that gender may also affect how police handle a case of stalking, how the victim copes with the situation, and how the stalker might view their behavior. She discusses how victims might view certain forms of stalking as normal because of gender socialization influences on the acceptability of certain behaviors. She emphasizes that in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, strangers are considered more dangerous when it comes to stalking than a former partner. Media also plays an important role due to portrayals of male stalking behavior as acceptable, influencing men into thinking it is normal. Since gender roles are socially constructed, sometimes men do not report stalking. She also mentions
2641:
person that constitutes his personal or family secret, without his consent (Article 137 of the
Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); violation of the inviolability of the home (Article 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). To do this, victim need to apply with a statement to law enforcement agencies. Crimes under Art. 137 and 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are being investigated by investigators of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, and criminal cases on the fact of threats are being considered by interrogators of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is necessary to contact the relevant law enforcement agency at the scene of the crime (in this case, it is imperative to obtain a coupon-notification of the KUSP, confirming the fact of filing an application).
2650:
had been harassed would report it or file a complaint, and 12.4% of young female students were found to have been stalked during the interview; the foundation therefore promoted the legislation of the "Stalking
Prevention Act". However, the draft has not been reviewed since its first reviewing in the Legislative in 2015. In 2019, the DPP blocked the third reading of the bill on the grounds that it would "increase police duties." It was only in 2021 that the Stalking Prevention Act was again discussed and passed by the Legislative Yuan due to the murder of women. During the legislative process, the DPP insisted that the definition of stalking be limited to "related to sex or gender".
2654:
commits the crimes stated in the preceding paragraph with lethal weapons or other dangerous objects shall be sentenced to the imprisonment of not more than five years, or short-term imprisonment; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than five hundred thousand New Taiwan
Dollars may be imposed. Violators of a protection order issued by a court in accordance with Article 12, Paragraph 1, Subparagraphs 1 to 3 shall be sentenced to the imprisonment of not more than three years, or detention; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than three hundred thousand New Taiwan Dollars may be imposed.
2633:
of the
Russian Federation "Compulsion to Sexual Actions" (from a fine of 120 thousand rubles to imprisonment for up to one year), article 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Violation of the inviolability of the home" (from a fine in the amount of 40 thousand rubles to imprisonment for two to three years), article 163 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Extortion (imprisonment up to seven years), article 167 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation Intentional destruction or damage to property (up to imprisonment in accordance with the gravity of the offense).
2374:
maximum of 10 years imprisonment in some states, to a fine for the lowest severity of stalking in others. Australian anti-stalking laws have some notable features. Unlike many US jurisdictions they do not require the victim to have felt fear or distress as a result of the behaviour, only that a reasonable person would have felt this way. In some states, the anti-stalking laws operate extra-territorially, meaning that an individual can be charged with stalking if either they or the victim are in the relevant state. Most
Australian states provide the option of a
2083:. Both the vengeance stalker and terrorist stalker (the latter sometimes called the political stalker) do not, in contrast with some of the aforementioned types of stalkers, seek a personal relationship with their victims but rather force them to emit a certain response. While the vengeance stalker's motive is "to get even" with the other person whom he/she perceives has done some wrong to them (e.g., an employee who believes is fired without justification from a job by a superior), the political stalker intends to accomplish a political agenda, also using
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and for years, about a perceived wrong or wrong-doer, when no one else can perceive the injury—and people who cannot or will not "let go" of a person or a place or an idea—comprise a wider group of persons that may be problematic in ways that seem similar to stalking. Some of these people get extruded from their organizations—they may get hospitalized or fired or let go if their behavior is defined in terms of illegal stalking, but many others do good or even excellent work in their organizations and appear to have just one focus of tenacious obsession.
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numbers of victims who claimed to have been stalked by several people individually, and by people acting in concert. A question asked of respondents reporting three or more stalkers by polling personnel about whether the stalking was related to co-workers, members of a gang, fraternities, sororities, etc., did not have its responses indicated in the survey results as released by the DOJ. The data for this report was obtained via the 2006 Supplemental
Victimization Survey (SVS), conducted by the
2489:, introducing stalking as a criminal offence. Stalking has been defined as a man following or contacting a woman, despite clear indication of disinterest by the woman, or monitoring her use of the Internet or electronic communication. A man committing the offence of stalking would be liable for imprisonment up to three years for the first offence, and shall also be liable to fine and for any subsequent conviction would be liable for imprisonment up to five years and with fine.
2722:. The act of stalking under this section is exemplified by contacting, or attempting to contact, a person by any means, publishing any statement or other material relating or purporting to relate to a person, monitoring the use by a person of the Internet, email, or any other form of electronic communication, loitering in any place (whether public or private), interfering with any property in the possession of a person, or watching or spying on a person.
1743:. With time, the meaning of stalking changed and incorporated individuals being harassed by their former partners. Pathé and Mullen describe stalking as "a constellation of behaviours in which an individual inflicts upon another repeated unwanted intrusions and communications". Stalking can be defined as the willful and repeated following, watching or harassing of another person. Unlike other crimes, which usually involve one act, stalking is a
1023:
44:
2694:" was criminalised by the enactment of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997, which came into force on 16 June 1997. It makes it a criminal offence, punishable by up to six months' imprisonment, to make a course of conduct which amounts to harassment of another on two or more occasions. The court can also issue a restraining order, which carries a maximum punishment of five years' imprisonment if breached. In
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the
Russian Federation and sentenced to a fine of 70 thousand rubles. According to some lawyers, the punishment in such cases is not always commensurate with the crime committed, therefore they propose to include in the Criminal Code of Russia an article similar to § 238 of the Criminal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany, according to which a stalker pursuing a person faces up to 3 years in prison.
2746:; either course can still be taken depending on the circumstances of each case. The statutory offence incurs a penalty of twelve months imprisonment or a fine upon summary conviction, or a maximum of five years' imprisonment or a fine upon conviction on indictment; penalties for conviction for breach of the peace are limited only by the sentencing powers of the court, thus a case remitted to the
2445:
life, this type of behavior may even occur when the two parties do not know each other and the stalked person does not know in advance. Through online platforms and other social media, with the help of the convenience of online communication, individuals and institutions directly participate in, promote, and support various "courtship-style" tracing and stalking cases.
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are more likely to be exposed to violence being enacted by their stalker especially if the stalker had a criminal past. In addition, victims who have "date stalkers" are less likely to experience violence by their stalkers. A "date stalker" is considered an individual who had an intimate relationship with the victim but it was short-lived instead of a
2457:(added in 2002) penalizes "Moral harassment," which is: "Harassing another person by repeated conduct which is designed to or leads to a deterioration of his conditions of work liable to harm his rights and his dignity, to damage his physical or mental health or compromise his career prospects," with a year's imprisonment and a fine of EUR15,000.
2504:], or others tied to the victim him/herself by an affective relationship, or; (3), forces the victim(s) to change his/her living habits." If the perpetrator of the offense is a subject tied to the victim by kinship or that is or has been in the past involved in a relationship with the victim (i.e., a current or former spouse or
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illegitimate meals. Many cases across China have shown that ordinary people who have been stalked may still be unable to solve the problem after they seek help from the judicial authorities. In the case of Wuhu, Anhui in March 2018, the entangled woman repeatedly rescued the police to no avail and was eventually killed. In the
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crimes and protect victims, which came into force on
October 21 the same year. The act includes a provision that mandates the victim must approve of punishment for the stalker. A subsequent bill proposes to remove this provision to address situations where the victim may fear retribution from the stalker.
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Indeed, under the listed articles, many
Russian stalkers were convicted. For example, a resident of Ufa, who forced his ex-girlfriend to resume relations by means of threats related to exposing her intimate photographs to the public, was found guilty under Articles 133 and 137 of the Criminal Code of
2543:
However, stalking cases are increasing rather than decreasing, with more than 20,000 people reporting cases to the police in 2013, and civil society organisations estimate that these are only the tip of the iceberg; Japan has seen the highest growth in stalking cases in the world in recent years, and
1801:
research study on the use of the
Protection from Harassment Act stated: "The study found that the Protection from Harassment Act is being used to deal with a variety of behaviour such as domestic and inter-neighbour disputes. It is rarely used for stalking as portrayed by the media since only a small
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The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 also added Section 4(a) into the Protection From Harassment Act 1997 which covered 'Stalking involving fear of violence or serious alarm or distress'. This created the offence of where a person's conduct amounts to stalking and either causes another to fear (on at
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However, these are not all articles of the Criminal Code that can be applied to stalkers. As result, I.A. Yurchenko, author of Crimes Against Information Security, claims that victims of persecution, in the presence of appropriate circumstances, have the right to use Article 133 of the Criminal Code
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South Korea's stalking laws were criticized for weaknesses and led to accusations the country does not treat violence against women seriously enough when a female subway worker in Seoul was stalked and stabbed to death in the subway restroom by her former colleague in September 2022. The stalker had
2584:
Until 2021, simple stalking was treated as a kind of minor offence when it amounted to harassment, so stalkers were usually punished by a small fine or less than 30 days detention under the Minor Offences Act. In April 2021, the National Assembly passed an act intended to address widespread stalking
2444:
In the social culture of mainland China, the "stalker" type of courtship is highly respected, that is, as the saying goes, "good women (martyrs) are afraid of stalkers". Literary works also publicly promote such behaviors, and stalking between opposite sexes is thus beautified as courtship. In real
2431:
According to the Tort Liability Law, infringement of citizens' privacy shall be subject to tort liability. For stalkers to spy on, secretly photograph, eavesdrop on or spread the privacy of others, under Article 42 of the Public Security Administration Punishment Law clearly stipulates that they can
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Stieger, Burger and Schild conducted a survey in Austria, revealing a lifetime prevalence of 11% (women: 17%, men: 3%). Further results include: 86% of stalking victims were female, 81% of the stalkers were male. Women were mainly stalked by men (88%) while men were almost equally stalked by men and
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Also for its specific forms, one can be held criminally liable, for example: a threat to kill or cause grievous bodily harm (Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation); violation of privacy, that is, the illegal collection or dissemination of information about the private life of a
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1. One who unlawfully, systematically, and deliberately intrudes into someone's personal environment with the intention to force the other to act in a way, or to prevent one to act in a certain way or to induce fear, will be prosecuted for harassment, for which the maximal punishment is three years
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special report a significant number of people reporting stalking incidents claim that they had been stalked by more than one person, with 18.2% reporting that they were stalked by two people, 13.1% reporting that they had been stalked by three or more. The report did not break down these cases into
2127:
In addition, the personality characteristics that are often discussed as antecedent to stalking may also produce behavior that is not conventionally defined as stalking. Some research suggests there is a spectrum of what might be called "obsessed following behavior." People who complain obsessively
1847:
Victims who had been in a previous intimate relationship with their stalker. In the article, Mullen and Pathé describe this as being "the largest category, the most common victim profile being a woman who has previously shared an intimate relationship with her (usually) male stalker." These victims
1831:
Stalking has also been described as a form of close relationship between the parties, albeit a disjunctive one where the two participants have opposing goals rather than cooperative goals. One participant, often a woman, likely wishes to end the relationship entirely, but may find herself unable to
2653:
Under the Stalking and Harassment Prevention Act, anyone who conducts stalking and harassment may be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than one year or detention; in lieu thereof, or in addition thereto, a fine of not more than one hundred thousand New Taiwan Dollars may be imposed. Anyone who
2649:
In Taiwan, more than 7,000 cases are reported each year, nearly half of which have been repeatedly harassed for up to a year and a quarter for up to three years, with 80% of the victims being female. A survey conducted by the Modern Women's Foundation in 2014 showed that less than 10% of those who
2497:
Following a series of high-profile incidents that came to public attention, a law was proposed in June 2008 which became effective in February 2009 (D.L. 23.02.2009 n. 11) making a criminal offence under the newly introduced art. 612 bis of the penal code, punishable with imprisonment ranging from
2282:
rate: 2%). To 70% of the victims, the stalker was known, being a prior intimate partner in 40%, a friend or acquaintance in 23% and a colleague at work in 13% of cases. As a consequence, 72% of the victims reported having changed their lifestyle. 52% of former and ongoing stalking victims reported
1905:
also reports that "Males were as likely to report being stalked by a male as by a female offender. 43% of male stalking victims stated that the offender was female, while 41% of male victims stated that the offender was another male. Female victims of stalking were significantly more likely to be
1766:
and meaning affect the way stalking is defined. Scholars note that the majority of men and women admit engaging in various stalking-like behaviors following a breakup, but stop such behaviors over time, suggesting that "engagement in low levels of unwanted pursuit behaviors for a relatively short
2373:
Every Australian state enacted laws prohibiting stalking during the 1990s, with Queensland being the first state to do so in 1994. The laws vary slightly from state to state, with Queensland's laws having the broadest scope, and South Australian laws the most restrictive. Punishments vary from a
1821:
Stalking is a form of mental assault, in which the perpetrator repeatedly, unwantedly, and disruptively breaks into the life-world of the victim, with whom they have no relationship (or no longer have). Moreover, the separated acts that make up the intrusion cannot by themselves cause the mental
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Men were more likely to become stalkers. Out of the women who participated in their study, 9% were cyberstalkers meanwhile only 4% were overt stalkers. In addition, the male participants revealed the opposite, 16% were overt stalkers while 11% were cyberstalkers. Alcohol and physical abuse both
4349:
Collapsing across two studies that examined 40 British and 18 Australian false reporters (as determined by evidence overwhelmingly against their claims), these individuals fell into the following categories: delusional (64%), factitious/attention seeking (15%), hypersensitivity due to previous
2435:
Unfortunately, under the current judicial system in mainland China, there is a lack of judicial protection for individuals facing illegal stalking, harassment, surveillance, and other stalking behaviors. Even celebrities may not be able to solve it for a long time when faced with stalking of
2149:
is the use of computers or other electronic technology to facilitate stalking. In Davis (2001), Lucks identified a separate category of stalkers who instead of a terrestrial means, prefer to perpetrate crimes against their targeted victims through electronic and online means. Amongst college
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stalking has continued to turn into homicide. Many victims say that reporting to the police is ineffective, that the police treat it as a minor domestic dispute, that the process of filing a court order for protection can take months, and that some people have to hire private bodyguards.
2192:
According to a United Kingdom study by Sheridan and Boon, in 5% of the cases they studied there was more than one stalker, and 40% of the victims said that friends or family of their stalker had also been involved. In 15% of cases, the victim was unaware of any reason for the harassment.
1871:
The stalkers of these victims tend to visit them in their workplace which means that they are either an employer, employee, or a customer. When victims have stalkers coming to their workplace, this poses a threat not only to the victims' safety but to the safety of other individuals as
2498:
six months up to five years, any "continuative harassing, threatening or persecuting behaviour which: (1) causes a state of anxiety and fear in the victim(s), or; (2) ingenerates within the victim(s) a motivated fear for his/her own safety or for the safety of relatives, kins [
2775:
2774:
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1716:
The difficulties associated with defining this term exactly (or defining it at all) are well documented. This is due in part to overlapping between accepted courtship behaviors and stalking behaviors. Context must be relied on to determine if a specific action is a stalking behavior.
2123:
One of the uncertainties in understanding the origins of stalking is that the concept is now widely understood in terms of specific behaviors which are found to be offensive or illegal. As discussed above, these specific (apparently stalking) behaviors may have multiple motivations.
2091:
to force the target to refrain or become involved in some particular activity regardless of the victim's consent. For example, most prosecutions in this stalking category have been against anti-abortionists who stalk doctors in an attempt to discourage the performance of abortions.
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1832:
easily do so. The other participant, often but not always a man, wishes to escalate the relationship. It has been described as a close relationship because the duration, frequency, and intensity of contact may rival that of a more traditional conjunctive dating relationship.
1734:
was initially used by media in the 20th century to describe people who pester and harass others, initially with specific reference to the harassment of celebrities by strangers who were described as being "obsessed". This use of the word appears to have been coined by the
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in Laiyuan, Hebei in July of the same year, women and their families who had been stalked and harassed for a long time also helped the police repeatedly to no avail. It did not end until the opponent broke into the home with arms and was killed by victim's parents.
5506:
2229:, stating that "after eight uncertain cases were excluded, the false reporting rate was judged to be 11.5%, with the majority of false victims suffering delusions (70%)." Another study estimated the proportion of false reports that were due to delusions as 64%.
2473:, defined as threatening or seeking proximity or remote contact with another person and thus heavily influencing their lives, with up to three years of imprisonment. The definition is not strict and allows "similar behaviour" to also be classified as stalking.
1925:
theory; "future research will be needed to determine if this theory can predict how changes in social structures and gender-specific norms will result in variations in rates of stalking for men versus women over time in the United States and across the world."
2773:
1796:
stalkers are the most dangerous type. In the UK, for example, most stalkers are former partners, and evidence indicates that stalking facilitated by mental illness (often covered by the media) accounts for only a minority of cases of alleged stalking. A
2906:
2432:
be detained for not more than five days or fined not more than five hundred yuan, and if the circumstances are more serious, they can be detained for not less than five days and not more than ten days, and can be fined not more than five hundred yuan.
2196:
Over a quarter of all stalking and harassment victims do not know their stalkers in any capacity. About a tenth responding to the SVS did not know the identities of their stalkers. 11% of victims said they had been stalked for five years or more.
2107:
delusions. With rejected stalkers, the continual clinging to a relationship of an inadequate or dependent person couples with the entitlement of the narcissistic personality, and the persistent jealousy of the paranoid personality. In contrast,
2395:, titled "criminal harassment", addresses acts which are termed "stalking" in many other jurisdictions. The provisions of the section came into force in August 1993 with the intent of further strengthening laws protecting women. It is a
2221:
In 1999, Pathe, Mullen and Purcell wrote that popular interest in stalking was promoting false claims. In 2004, Sheridan and Blaauw said that they estimated that 11.5% of claims in a sample of 357 reported claims of stalking were false.
2427:
In China, simple stalking was treated as a kind of minor offence when it amounted to harassment, so stalkers were usually punished by a small fine or less than 10 days detention under the Public Security Administration Punishment Law.
2611:
Making phone calls or communication by means of transmission, which by frequent or continuous use, causes fear to a person. This shall be punished with imprisonment from one to three months or a fine if the case is not a more serious
2808:
stalking murders, also in 1989. The first anti-stalking law in the United States, California Penal Code Section 646.9, was developed and proposed by Municipal Court Judge John Watson of Orange County. Watson with U.S. Representative
6005:
Stalking. The term 'stalking' means engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to—(A) fear for his or her safety or the safety of others; or (B) suffer substantial emotional
1906:
stalked by a male (67%) rather than a female (24%) offender." This report provides considerable data by gender and race about both stalking and harassment, obtained via the 2006 Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS), by the
2893:
In 2018, the PAWS Act became law in the United States, and it expanded the definition of stalking to include "conduct that causes a person to experience a reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury to his or her pet".
1864:
These are victims who have been stalked by patients, clients, or students who they have had a professional relationship with. Certain professions such as health care providers, teachers, and lawyers are at a higher risk for
1897:
reported the rate of stalking victimization for female was approximately 2% and for male was approximately 0.7%. As for the perpetrators, many studies have shown that approximately 80-90% of stalking perpetrators are male.
2378:
in cases of stalking, breach of which is punishable as a criminal offence. There has been relatively little research into Australian court outcomes in stalking cases, although Freckelton (2001) found that in the state of
2743:
1750:
Although stalking is illegal in most areas of the world, some of the actions that contribute to stalking may be legal, such as gathering information, calling someone on the phone, texting, sending gifts, emailing, or
1755:. They become illegal when they breach the legal definition of harassment (e.g., an action such as sending a text is not usually illegal, but is illegal when frequently repeated to an unwilling recipient). In fact,
1759:
law states the incident only has to happen twice when the harasser should be aware their behavior is unacceptable (e.g., two phone calls to a stranger, two gifts, following the victim then phoning them, etc.).
1712:
who aggressively pursue their female former partner. Prior to that paper instead of the term "stalking", people more commonly used the terms "female harassment", "obsessive following" or "psychological rape".
2677:
Before 1997, no specific offence of stalking existed in England and Wales. However, in Scotland, incidents could be dealt with under pre-existing law, with life imprisonment available for the worst offences.
2067:
investigated, as a member of the Stalking Case Assessment Team (SCAT), special unit within the San Diego District Attorney's Office, hundreds of cases involving what he called and typed "terrestrial" and
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James, D. V.; Mullen, P. E.; Pathé, M. T.; Meloy, J. R.; Preston, L. F.; Darnley, B.; Farnham, F. R. (September 2009). "Stalkers and harassers of royalty: the role of mental illness and motivation".
1893:
Although stalking is a gender-neutral behavior, studies confirm that the majority of victims are female and that the primary perpetrators are male. As for the victims, a January 2009 report from the
2792:
California was the first state to criminalize stalking in the United States in 1990 as a result of numerous high-profile stalking cases in California, including the 1982 attempted murder of actress
5874:
1840:
Based on work with stalking victims for eight years in Australia, Mullen and Pathé identified different types of stalking victims, characterized by prior relationship with the stalker. These are:
2726:
least two occasions) that violence will be used against them, or conduct that causes another person serious alarm or distress which has a substantial effect on their usual day-to-day activities.
1779:), or that they need rescuing. Stalking can consist of an accumulation of a series of actions which, by themselves, can be legal, such as calling on the phone, sending gifts, or sending emails.
5008:
2753:
Provision is made under the Protection from Harassment Act against stalking to deal with the civil offence (i.e. the interference with the victim's personal rights), falling under the law of
5262:
2360:
Tjaden and Thoennes reported a lifetime prevalence (being stalked) of 8% in females and 2% in males (depending on how strict the definition) in the National Violence Against Women Survey.
2303:
In 1998, Budd and Mattinson found a lifetime prevalence of 12% in England and Wales (16% female, 7% males). In 2010/11, 57% of stalking victims were found to be female, and 43% were male.
2772:
2608:
The act of someone who repeatedly follows, without right or a legitimate interest, a person or his or her home, workplace or other place frequented, thus causing a state of fear.
1858:
Among male stalking victims, most are part of this category. This category of victims also includes neighbor stalking. This may result in the victims' change of residence.
1696:, "virtually any unwanted contact between two people that directly or indirectly communicates a threat or places the victim in fear can be considered stalking", although
6106:
4657:
2039:, to those who do not believe their love is reciprocated but who insist with "delusional intensity" of their eventual success, and to other rigid, obsessive individuals.
5844:
1878:
These victims are typically unaware of how their stalkers began stalking because typically these stalkers form a sense of admiration for their victims from a distance.
4683:
James, David V.; Kerrigan, Thomas R.; Forfar, Robin; Farnham, Frank (21 October 2009). "The Fixated Threat Assessment Centre: preventing harm and facilitating care".
1708:
A 1995 research paper titled "Stalking Strangers and Lovers" was among the first places to use the term "stalking" to describe the common occurrence of males after a
3347:
Given that stalking may often constitute no more than the targeted repetition of ostensibly ordinary or routine behavior, stalking is inherently difficult to define.
5444:
Seoul's new facilities are aimed at providing shelter from threats of stalking such as home invasions, and will offer counseling for trauma. Korea JoongAng Daily, "
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McFarlane, Judith M.; Campbell, Jacquelyn C.; Wilt, Susan; Sachs, Carolyn J.; Ulrich, Yvonne; Xu, Xiao (November 1999). "Stalking and intimate partner femicide".
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to an intimate relationship with those who have attracted their amorous interest. Their victims are most often already in a dating relationship with someone else.
6135:
4817:
3425:
3265:
Jason, Leonard A.; Reichler, Arnold; Easton, Judity; Neal, Angela; Wilson, Midge (1984). "Female harassment after ending a relationship: A preliminary study".
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amount of time, particularly in the context of a relationship break-up, may be normative for heterosexual dating relationships occurring within U.S. culture."
2844:(DPPA) was enacted in 1994 in response to numerous cases of a driver's information being abused for criminal activity, with prominent examples including the
2076:
in August 2001, it is considered the "gold standard" as a reference to stalking crimes, victim protection, safety planning, security and threat assessment.
2310:, a unit established to deal with people with fixations on public figures, 86% of a sample group of 100 people assessed by them appeared to them to have a
6262:
5870:
5445:
6062:
6194:
6040:
5541:
4533:
1884:
Most of these victims are individuals who are portrayed heavily on media outlets but can also include individuals such as politicians and athletes.
7595:
5266:
2742:(not to be confused with the minor English offence of the same description) before the introduction of the statutory offence against s.39 of the
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6291:
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2248:
formed by like-minded individuals who claim their lives are disrupted from being stalked by organized groups intent on causing them harm.
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make a vendetta because of a sense of grievance against the victims – motivated mainly by the desire to frighten and distress the victim.
2674:
criminalised the sending of an indecent, offensive or threatening letter, electronic communication, or other article to another person.
7089:
5157:
3359:
2785:
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women (60% male stalkers). 19% of the stalking victims reported that they were still being stalked at the time of study participation (
5345:
4154:
Ménard, Kim S.; Pincus, Aaron L. (July 2012). "Predicting Overt and Cyber Stalking Perpetration by Male and Female College Students".
2909:
defines and criminalizes stalking, as well as other forms of violence against women. The Convention came into force on 1 August 2014.
2897:
The anti-stalking statute of Illinois is controversial. It is particularly restrictive, by the standards of this type of legislation.
2698:, liability may arise if the victim suffers either mental or physical harm as a result of being harassed (or slang term stalked) (see
2072:" between 1995 and 2002. This research culminated in one of the most comprehensive books written to date on the subject. Published by
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4456:
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Spitzberg, Brian H.; Cupach, William R. (January 2007). "The state of the art of stalking: Taking stock of the emerging literature".
4916:
2063:
In addition to Mullen et al., Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D., an American researcher, crime analyst, and university psychology professor at
7140:
2269:
According to a study conducted by Purcell, Pathé and Mullen (2002), 23% of the Australian population reported having been stalked.
5086:
3924:
3594:
2418:... of the 10,756 incidents of criminal harassment reported to police in 2006, 1,429 of these involved more than one accused.
7401:
4319:
6118:
2592:
In October 2022, the city of Seoul announced the opening of three shelters to house stalking victims and offer free counseling.
2352:
In India, a stalking case is reported every 55 minutes. Most cases are not reported as they are not considered criminal enough.
7406:
7200:
6641:
2437:
1005:
5568:
5950:
4640:
4056:
3788:
3409:
5848:
5230:
5055:
3691:
7346:
6930:
6877:
6299:
4771:"Lifetime prevalence and impact of stalking in a European population: Epidemiological data from a middle-sized German city"
4372:
4197:
Sheridan, Lorraine; Davies, Graham; Boon, Julian (August 2001). "The Course and Nature of Stalking: A Victim Perspective".
3661:
3151:
1693:
5792:
5319:
3146:
1901:
According to one study, women often target other women, whereas men primarily stalk women. A January 2009 report from the
6857:
6238:
6203:
5375:
4368:"Linguistic Analysis of Online Communication About a Novel Persecutory Belief System (Gangstalking): Mixed Methods Study"
3931:
3861:
2719:
2663:
1902:
1894:
7853:
7422:
7180:
6283:
4138:
2841:
2482:
6143:
3222:
Mullen, Paul E.; Pathé, Michele; Purcell, Rosemary (February 2001). "Stalking: New Constructions of Human Behaviour".
2852:
stalking cases. The DPPA prohibits states from disclosing a driver's personal information without permission by State
2711:
stated that the government intended to make another attempt to create a law aimed specifically at stalking behaviour.
7796:
7371:
7366:
7012:
6827:
6183:
6160:
5537:
4073:"National Victim Assistance Academy Textbook – Chapter 22 Special Topics – Section 4, Campus Crime and Victimization"
3517:
3183:
2671:
2155:
1979:
1630:
6867:
5287:
4420:
2035:
seek to establish an intimate, loving relationship with their victim. Such stalkers form a spectrum from those with
7925:
7817:
7376:
7306:
4009:
3623:
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer (March 2012). "Gender and Stalking: Current Intersections and Future Directions".
2880:
2691:
2307:
1782:
Stalkers may use overt and covert intimidation, threats and violence to frighten their victims. They may engage in
641:
405:
2256:
gave figures for lifetime prevalence of perceived gang-stalking at 0.66% for adult women and 0.17% for adult men.
7858:
7381:
7236:
7190:
7074:
6905:
6767:
6397:
2715:
2023:
follow their victims in order to reverse, correct, or avenge a rejection (e.g. divorce, separation, termination).
1975:
1971:
7361:
7301:
7231:
7216:
6274:
4784:
4000:
3526:
2408:
877:
130:
5989:
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created the offence of stalking for the first time in England and Wales, by inserting these offences into the
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7261:
7150:
7130:
7069:
6992:
6671:
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3317:
2822:
2814:
1363:
887:
1814:, residence and phone numbers, take a toll on the victim's well-being and may lead to a sense of isolation.
1775:
People characterized as stalkers may be accused of having a mistaken belief that another person loves them (
400:
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7226:
7114:
6797:
6721:
6253:
5205:
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2244:, and harassed by a large number of people. The term is associated with the "targeted individual" ("T.I.")
1623:
962:
871:
5740:
4317:
Brown, S. A. (December 2008). "The Reality of Persecutory Beliefs: Base Rate Information for Clinicians".
1982:). The nonpsychotic stalkers' pursuit of victims is primarily angry, vindictive, focused, often including
7768:
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7396:
7391:
7356:
7331:
7321:
7311:
7291:
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2781:
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2329:
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5397:
2867:"engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to—
2166:
significantly predicted cyber stalking" while the victims were likely to have an "avoidant attachment".
7930:
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7634:
7546:
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7281:
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7256:
7251:
7104:
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6153:
Stalking crimes and victim protection: prevention, intervention, threat assessment, and case management
6119:"Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence"
4731:
4049:
Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection: Prevention, Intervention, Threat Assessment, and Case Management
3401:
2860:
2575:
2. The prosecution will only take place after a complaint of the person who is the victim of the crime.
2344:, a middle-sized German city, and reported a lifetime prevalence of having been stalked of almost 12%.
2181:
2064:
1911:
1226:
1176:
1027:
998:
561:
209:
2332:
over a period of 15 years, suggested that 83.6% of these letter-writers had a serious mental illness.
7683:
7602:
7581:
7341:
7286:
7221:
7160:
7084:
6997:
6807:
6691:
6631:
4478:"The Phenomenology of Group Stalking ('Gang-Stalking'): A Content Analysis of Subjective Experiences"
3379:
2907:
Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence
2805:
2141:
1999:
1726:
1604:
855:
6335:
6212:
5970:
5901:
4894:
3205:
2314:; 57% of the sample group were subsequently admitted to hospital, and 26% treated in the community.
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6920:
6706:
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1983:
1943:
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902:
125:
31:
5461:
5130:
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4065:
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Purcell, Rosemary; Pathé, Michele; Mullen, Paul E. (December 2001). "A Study of Women Who Stalk".
2739:
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7879:
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6139:
6085:
5690:
5643:
5299:
3881:
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According to Sheridan and Blaauw, 70% of false stalking reports were made by people experiencing
1370:
720:
17:
5715:
4952:
7736:
7711:
7648:
6812:
6330:
6207:
4072:
2818:
2738:, behaviour commonly described as stalking was already prosecuted as the common law offence of
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2319:
2117:
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892:
631:
621:
307:
156:
105:
58:
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or a person with disabilities, the sanction can be elevated up to six years of incarceration.
2288:
6872:
6676:
6491:
6427:
4983:
4851:(Report). National Institute of Justice and National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
4818:"A stalking case is reported every 55 minutes in India. But it's not seen as criminal enough"
4461:
2810:
2210:
2046:
1549:
1462:
1253:
1216:
991:
912:
616:
536:
6019:"United States Code: Title 10,920a. Art. 120a. Stalking – LII / Legal Information Institute"
5153:
5004:
4276:
Sheridan, L. P.; Blaauw, E. (1 February 2004). "Characteristics of False Stalking Reports".
4118:
3935:
2407:, the latter of which may carry a prison term of up to ten years. Section 264 has withstood
7676:
6711:
5595:
5591:
5335:
3029:
2989:
2529:
2466:
2454:
2380:
2325:
2237:
1995:
1967:
1457:
1452:
1239:
706:
626:
611:
395:
5617:
4923:
3945:
3099:
8:
7915:
7641:
7588:
7574:
7475:
7145:
6972:
6940:
6621:
6604:
6548:
6523:
6414:
6390:
6245:
6063:"The PAWS Act Protecting Domestic Violence Survivors & Their Pets Finally Became Law"
5770:
5744:
5206:"Section 3 bis : Du harcèlement moral (Articles 222-33-2 à 222-33-2-2) - Légifrance"
3364:
2150:
students, Ménard and Pincus found that male stalkers were likely to have a high score of
2079:
The 2002 National Victim Association Academy defines an additional form of stalking: The
1963:
1959:
1955:
1939:
1786:
and property damage or make physical attacks that are meant to frighten. Less common are
1599:
1235:
850:
238:
190:
120:
110:
6366:
4225:
2059:
spy on the victim in order to prepare and plan an attack – often sexual – on the victim.
1661:
by an individual or group toward another person. Stalking behaviors are interrelated to
7843:
7690:
7450:
7195:
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6701:
6593:
6543:
6496:
6464:
6447:
6348:
5371:
5179:
5078:
4751:
4704:
4629:
4592:"Lifetime prevalence and impact of stalking: Epidemiological data from Eastern Austria"
4572:
4504:
4477:
4425:
4396:
4367:
4340:
4299:
4255:
4179:
4029:
3994:
Mullen, Paul E.; Pathé, Michele; Purcell, Rosemary; Stuart, Geoffrey W. (August 1999).
3640:
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3546:
3497:
3489:
3338:
3282:
3247:
3193:
3019:
2969:
2924:
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of 2005, amending a United States statute, 108 Stat. 1902 et seq, defined stalking as:
2754:
2404:
2186:
2151:
1907:
1697:
1487:
1417:
954:
771:
761:
410:
390:
342:
323:
253:
150:
5819:
5108:
3736:"Comprehensive Treatment of Stalking Victims: Practical Steps That Help Ensure Safety"
3692:"The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 – An Evaluation of its Use and Effectiveness"
3443:
2761:
against an alleged stalker, or a non-harassment order, breach of which is an offence.
7905:
7863:
6832:
6822:
6783:
6726:
6481:
6352:
6179:
6156:
4798:
4755:
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4636:
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4509:
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4401:
4344:
4287:
4247:
4183:
4171:
4134:
4119:
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4021:
3973:
3965:
3869:
3826:
3784:
3740:
3702:
3644:
3538:
3501:
3405:
3326:
3286:
3239:
3235:
3179:
3049:
3024:
2984:
2849:
2801:
2758:
2695:
2687:
2486:
2375:
2245:
2206:
2163:
2096:
1752:
1589:
1559:
1494:
1221:
1196:
1051:
933:
907:
792:
415:
283:
248:
4708:
4631:
The extent and nature of stalking : findings from the 1998 British Crime Survey
4612:
4591:
4576:
4303:
4259:
4033:
3952:
Kienlen, K. K.; Birmingham, D. L.; Solberg, K. B.; O'Regan, J. T. (September 1997).
3342:
7490:
7460:
7455:
7027:
6977:
6588:
6563:
6474:
6469:
6340:
6321:
6018:
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4788:
4735:
4696:
4607:
4554:
4546:
4499:
4489:
4391:
4381:
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individuals (2%) (Purcell, Pathe, & Mullen, 2002; Sheridan & Blaauw, 2004).
4332:
4291:
4239:
4206:
4163:
4013:
3877:
3818:
3776:
3632:
3550:
3530:
3481:
3439:
3330:
3274:
3251:
3231:
3171:
3121:
3081:
2279:
1922:
1793:
1686:
1413:
1316:
882:
840:
835:
692:
586:
481:
176:
3168:
Stalking Strangers and Lovers: Changing Media Typifications of a New Crime Problem
1938:
and nonpsychotic. Some stalkers may have pre-existing psychotic disorders such as
7920:
7803:
7697:
7655:
7470:
6925:
6656:
6573:
5977:
5419:
5340:
5237:
5051:
3822:
3710:
3564:
3430:
3315:
Sheridan, L. P.; Blaauw, E. (2004). "Characteristics of False Stalking Reports".
2845:
2793:
2400:
2073:
1584:
1499:
1282:
826:
516:
445:
371:
330:
228:
166:
96:
81:
6344:
5922:
4987:
4871:"Stalking: Policing and Prosecuting Practices in three Australian Jurisdictions"
3665:
2558:
1810:
Disruptions in daily life necessary to escape the stalker, including changes in
7910:
7743:
7609:
7521:
7506:
7485:
6958:
6887:
6817:
6731:
6661:
6646:
6636:
6626:
6553:
6457:
6383:
6175:
5796:
5432:
4336:
3004:
2797:
2509:
2396:
2116:", with delusional disorders of the paranoid type, paranoid personalities, and
1798:
1787:
1756:
1380:
1257:
1169:
938:
896:
455:
450:
420:
313:
5484:"Сталкинг в России: как люди преследуют друг друга и что с этим можно сделать"
5367:
4917:"A Review of Section 264 (Criminal Harassment) of the Criminal Code of Canada"
4739:
4700:
3636:
3085:
1991:
7899:
7669:
7531:
7511:
7465:
7155:
6963:
6915:
6900:
6736:
6442:
4434:
4295:
4167:
3969:
3953:
3873:
3780:
3706:
3334:
3009:
2934:
2832:
followed suit to create the crime of stalking, under different names such as
2829:
2708:
2700:
2233:
2216:
2146:
2137:
2069:
1947:
1740:
1736:
1532:
1482:
1385:
1343:
1138:
702:
556:
268:
218:
5990:
Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005
5462:"Сталкинг: какое наказание в России предусмотрено за преследование человека"
4845:
4210:
3515:
Pathe, M.; Mullen, P. E. (1997). "The impact of stalkers on their victims".
3175:
1720:
Having been used since at least the 16th century to refer to a prowler or a
1669:
and may include following the victim in person or monitoring them. The term
7480:
7185:
7064:
7037:
6987:
6862:
6849:
6666:
6598:
6578:
6568:
6558:
6528:
4802:
4747:
4568:
4513:
4494:
4405:
4251:
4175:
4025:
4017:
3830:
3243:
3102:. The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University
3014:
2954:
2284:
2088:
1682:
1666:
1654:
1292:
1277:
1211:
943:
506:
430:
303:
288:
200:
51:
4793:
4770:
4590:
Stieger, Stefan; Burger, Christoph; Schild, Anne (October–December 2008).
4243:
3977:
3542:
2890:
to require reporting on stalking, domestic violence, and dating violence.
2010:. Conversely, only 10% of stalkers had an erotomanic delusional disorder.
7838:
7541:
7536:
7135:
7079:
6982:
6967:
6910:
6895:
6741:
6716:
6538:
6513:
6503:
6486:
6437:
5664:
4661:
4559:
4351:
4328:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3534:
2959:
2537:
2533:
2513:
2113:
1763:
1594:
1579:
1517:
1375:
1306:
1243:
1091:
958:
714:
710:
576:
233:
162:
86:
5946:
4635:. London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.
2414:
The Chief, Policing Services Program, for Statistics Canada has stated:
7526:
7516:
7002:
6696:
6518:
6508:
3749:
3493:
3435:
3278:
3044:
2964:
2939:
2295:
difference between the incidence of stalking in rural and urban areas.
2104:
2036:
1950:. However, most stalkers are nonpsychotic and may exhibit disorders or
1811:
1776:
1678:
1674:
1662:
1544:
1358:
1267:
1231:
1206:
979:
865:
817:
672:
667:
501:
293:
273:
263:
243:
195:
115:
68:
3837:
2201:
False claims of stalking, "gang stalking" and delusions of persecution
4822:
4692:
4542:
4527:
Purcell, Rosemary; Pathé, Michele; Mullen, Paul E. (1 January 2002).
4126:
3034:
2999:
2994:
2944:
2887:
2670:
criminalised indecent, offensive or threatening phone calls, and the
2311:
2226:
1935:
1934:
Psychologists often group individuals who stalk into two categories:
1783:
1539:
1472:
1422:
1348:
1311:
1287:
1201:
1152:
807:
802:
776:
745:
735:
697:
591:
571:
511:
486:
460:
440:
425:
6752:
5871:"Culture of Patriarchy in Law: Violence From Antiquity to Modernity"
4526:
2505:
7099:
7094:
6948:
6432:
6086:"Illinois' Newly Amended Stakling Law: Are All the Problems Solved"
4603:
4529:"The prevalence and nature of stalking in the Australian community"
3951:
3485:
2979:
2919:
2735:
2341:
2007:
1951:
1721:
1467:
1301:
1272:
1157:
1147:
1111:
1055:
928:
860:
812:
766:
730:
682:
657:
595:
531:
496:
380:
357:
335:
298:
278:
75:
4949:"Criminal Harassment: A Handbook for Police and Crown Prosecutors"
4386:
3919:
3917:
1022:
7007:
6533:
4482:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3039:
2241:
2175:
2084:
1709:
1445:
1427:
1408:
1390:
1126:
1096:
1064:
845:
797:
740:
687:
662:
636:
566:
546:
541:
521:
491:
362:
347:
258:
223:
185:
43:
5433:
Seoul subway murder sparks fury over South Korea’s stalking laws
5009:
Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China
3958:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
3853:
Baum, Katrina; Catalano, Shannon; Rand, Michael (January 2009).
3701:, Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate,
2383:, most stalkers received fines or community based dispositions.
2340:
Dressing, Kuehner and Gass conducted a representative survey in
6651:
6370:
4769:
Dressing, H.; Kuehner, Christine; Gass, Peter (1 August 2005).
4476:
Sheridan, Lorraine; James, David; Roth, Jayden (6 April 2020).
3914:
2162:
played a role in predicting women's cyberstalking and in men, "
2003:
1353:
1121:
1101:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
725:
551:
385:
318:
146:
6172:
The psychology of stalking: clinical and forensic perspectives
3618:
3616:
2615:
Criminal action is initiated by prior complaint of the victim.
6953:
6802:
6406:
4100:"People With Delusions or Quasi-Delusions Who 'Won't Let Go'"
3067:
3065:
2879:
As of 2011, stalking is an offense under section 120a of the
2525:
1987:
1572:
1527:
1522:
1432:
581:
526:
476:
3954:"A comparative study of psychotic and nonpsychotic stalking"
3734:
Abrams, Karen M.; Robinson, Gail Erlick (1 September 2008).
3472:
Mullen, Paul E.; Pathé, Michele (January 2002). "Stalking".
4271:
4269:
3613:
3396:
Pathé, Michele; Mullen, Paul E.; Purcell, Rosemary (2000).
3360:"Psychologists Struggle to Explain the Mind of the Stalker"
2528:
enacted a national law to combat this behaviour, after the
1477:
1131:
948:
677:
435:
6318:
4682:
4656:
Chaplin, Rupert; Flatley, John; Smith, Kevin (July 2011).
4412:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3062:
1802:
minority of cases in the survey involved such behaviour."
6681:
6138:. Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse (MINCAVA),
6032:
5947:"DPPA and the Privacy of Your State Motor Vehicle Record"
5665:"Stalking to be made specific criminal offence – Cameron"
4359:
2500:
2240:
in which those affected believe they are being followed,
6375:
6196:
Is stalking legislation effective in protecting victims?
4266:
4104:
Journal of the University and College Ombuds Association
3993:
4974:
Hackett, Karen (November 2000). "Criminal harassment".
4421:"United States of Paranoia: They See Gangs of Stalkers"
3450:
3391:
3389:
3264:
2871:(A) fear for his or her safety or the safety of others;
2532:. Acts of stalking can be viewed as "interfering the
4627:
Budd, Tracey; Mattinson, Joanna; Myhill, Andy (2000).
4350:
stalking (12%), were the stalker themselves (7%), and
3622:
6954:
Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)
5054:(in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网,来源:扬子晚报. 30 March 2018.
4721:
3380:"Crime of Stalking | Office of Justice Programs"
5923:
Nancy K.D. Lemon; Battered Women's Justice Project.
5344:. Tokyo, Japan: The Japan Times, Ltd. 12 June 2003.
5133:(in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网,来源:钱江晚报. 25 August 2011
4895:"Section 264 of the Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46"
3989:
3987:
3386:
4999:
4997:
4768:
4655:
4626:
4589:
2317:A similar retrospective study published in 2009 in
1826:
1805:
4628:
4223:
4196:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3395:
3224:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
3221:
2828:Within three years thereafter, every state in the
2744:Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010
2363:
5982:
4475:
4448:
4365:
3984:
3888:
3424:
2562:(harassment), which is a term used for stalking.
2045:, despite poor social or courting skills, have a
1822:abuse, but do taken together (cumulative effect).
7897:
5839:
5837:
5795:. Privacyrights.org. 6 June 2011. Archived from
4994:
4844:Tjaden, Patricia; Thoennes, Nancy (April 1998).
4534:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
3852:
3769:"The Inapproferiateness of Relational Intrusion"
3767:Spitzberg, Brian H.; Cupach, William R. (2005).
2015:et al. (2000) identified five types of stalkers:
7596:Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
6235:Stalking: Criminal Justice Responses Conference
5971:U.S. Senate Committee: Robert Douglas Testimony
5446:Seoul starts shelters for stalked women and men
4685:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology
4366:Lustig, A; Brookes, G; Hunt, D (5 March 2021).
3797:
3766:
3071:
2883:(UCMJ). The law took effect on 1 October 2007.
2750:can carry a sentence of imprisonment for life.
2600:Article 208 of the 2014 Criminal Code states:-
7804:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
6107:"13 Countries sign new Convention in Istanbul"
5456:
5454:
5186:(in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网. 22 December 2018
5076:
4843:
4275:
3733:
3314:
2813:introduced the law in 1990. Also in 1990, the
2259:
30:"Stalker" redirects here. For other uses, see
6768:
6391:
6292:U.S. National Center for the Victims of Crime
6271:U.S. National Center for the Victims of Crime
5995:(H. R. 3402, Sec.(3)(a)(24)). 5 January 2006
5927:. Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse
5834:
4224:Pathe, M.; Mullen, P. E; Purcell, R. (1999).
3898:. sexualharassmentsupport.org. Archived from
3597:. sexualharassmentsupport.org. Archived from
3217:
3215:
1747:of actions that occur over a period of time.
1631:
999:
7849:National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
5820:"Stalking Stalking From A Legal Perspective"
5398:"Wetboek van Strafrecht | Artikel 285b"
5032:(in Simplified Chinese). 凤凰网. 30 August 2017
4153:
3771:. In Goodwin, Robin; Cramer, Duncan (eds.).
3428:(1996). "Is there a law against stalking?".
5925:"Domestic Violence Stalking by Nancy Lemon"
5451:
3855:Stalking Victimization in the United States
3685:
3683:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3514:
3471:
2874:(B) suffer substantial emotional distress."
2570:and a fine of the fourth monetary category.
2536:of others' lives" and are prohibited under
1770:
1673:is used with some differing definitions in
6775:
6761:
6398:
6384:
5741:"Stalking & Harassment – Criminal Law"
3212:
3165:
2786:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2103:often have delusional disorders involving
1638:
1624:
1006:
992:
6334:
6211:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5464:(in Russian). russian7.ru. 23 August 2021
4792:
4611:
4558:
4503:
4493:
4395:
4385:
4226:"Stalking: false claims of victimisation"
3925:"Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS)"
3760:
3656:
3654:
2886:In 2014, new amendments were made to the
7141:Effects of domestic violence on children
6192:
6090:Southern Illinois University Law Journal
6055:
5644:"Stalking and Harassment Prevention Act"
5111:(in Simplified Chinese). 腾讯网. 6 May 2019
4457:"Paranoid delusions in the police state"
3680:
3662:"CyberStalking: menaced on the Internet"
3582:
3300:Wilcox, B (1982). "Psychological rape".
3166:Lowney, Kathleen S.; Best, Joel (1995).
2817:(LAPD) founded the United States' first
2768:
6284:"Stalking Resource Center Publications"
6246:"Stalking victims in the United States"
6133:
5615:
4973:
4815:
4454:
4418:
4320:Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry
2627:Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
2306:According to a paper by staff from the
2112:demonstrate an almost "pure culture of
1692:According to a 2002 report by the U.S.
14:
7898:
7423:Domestic violence in Christian culture
6642:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
6083:
5889:
4846:National Violence Against Women Survey
4199:The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice
3775:. Psychology Press. pp. 209–236.
3727:
3689:
3651:
3299:
2681:
2589:been harassing the victim since 2019.
6782:
6756:
6379:
6241:and held in Sydney 7–8 December 2000.
6169:
6150:
5951:Electronic Privacy Information Center
5624:from the original on 23 December 2021
5336:"Kin of stalking victim seek justice"
5330:
5328:
5236:. Government of India. Archived from
5160:from the original on 18 February 2019
5089:from the original on 18 February 2019
4316:
4121:Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection
4116:
4046:
2169:
7428:Domestic violence in Islamic culture
6878:Sexual violence by intimate partners
5817:
5571:from the original on 2 December 2020
5544:from the original on 25 October 2017
5513:from the original on 28 January 2022
5231:"Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013"
5085:(in Simplified Chinese). 网易,来源:新京报.
4909:
4816:Miglani, Rakhi (10 September 2022).
4658:"Crime in England and Wales 2010/11"
4373:Journal of Medical Internet Research
4097:
3152:National Center for Victims of Crime
2579:
2556:, Article 285b defines the crime of
2324:based on a sample of threats to the
2298:
1929:
1700:may vary depending on jurisdiction.
1694:National Center for Victims of Crime
6858:Genital modification and mutilation
6239:Australian Institute of Criminology
6204:Australian Institute of Criminology
6038:
5877:from the original on 3 October 2011
5589:
5562:
5531:
5378:from the original on 9 January 2021
5348:from the original on 17 August 2008
5151:
4951:. 18 September 2004. Archived from
4455:Flatley, Joseph (2 February 2017).
3932:United States Department of Justice
3862:United States Department of Justice
2720:Protection from Harassment Act 1997
2664:Protection from Harassment Act 1997
1903:United States Department of Justice
1895:United States Department of Justice
1835:
24:
7854:National Domestic Violence Hotline
6155:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
6127:
6121:, Council of Europe Treaty Office.
5873:. Redorbit.com. 11 December 2004.
5504:
5325:
5077:记者:韩茹雪,实习生:王瑞琪 (25 January 2019).
4596:The European Journal of Psychiatry
3434:. No. 6736. London, England:
2764:
2757:. Victims of stalking may sue for
25:
7942:
7797:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
6360:
6263:"Annotated stalking bibliography"
6136:"Annotated stalking bibliography"
5691:"Protection of Freedoms Act 2012"
5418:Korea JoongAng Daily Editorial, "
4156:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
4117:Davis, Joseph A. (26 June 2001).
4008:(8). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
3518:The British Journal of Psychiatry
3100:"State and Federal Stalking Laws"
2672:Malicious Communications Act 1988
2657:
2095:Stalkers may fit categories with
1856:Casual acquaintances and friends:
6281:
6260:
6193:Dussuyer, Inez (December 2000).
6112:
6100:
6077:
5435:", BBC News, September 23, 2022.
5058:from the original on 3 June 2019
4551:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00985.x
4010:American Psychiatric Association
3236:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00849.x
3122:"18 U.S. Code § 2261A. Stalking"
2881:Uniform Code of Military Justice
2481:In 2013, Indian Parliament made
2355:
2308:Fixated Threat Assessment Centre
2131:
2013:In "A Study of Stalkers" Mullen
1827:Stalking as a close relationship
1806:Psychological effects on victims
1021:
642:Perverting the course of justice
42:
7191:Management of domestic violence
7075:Domestic violence and pregnancy
6906:Domestic violence and pregnancy
6084:Harmon, Brenda K. (Fall 1994).
6011:
5964:
5939:
5916:
5863:
5845:"Bill Analysis by Bill Lockyer"
5811:
5785:
5759:
5733:
5708:
5683:
5657:
5636:
5609:
5583:
5556:
5525:
5498:
5476:
5438:
5425:
5412:
5390:
5360:
5320:"Dei delitti contro la persona"
5313:
5292:
5281:
5255:
5223:
5198:
5172:
5145:
5123:
5101:
5070:
5044:
5022:
4967:
4941:
4887:
4863:
4837:
4809:
4762:
4715:
4676:
4649:
4620:
4613:10.4321/S0213-61632008000400006
4583:
4520:
4469:
4310:
4217:
4190:
4147:
4110:
4091:
4040:
3664:. sociosite.org. Archived from
3557:
3508:
3418:
3372:
3352:
3074:Aggression and Violent Behavior
2842:Driver's Privacy Protection Act
2716:Protection of Freedoms Act 2012
2399:, which may be punishable upon
2364:Laws on harassment and stalking
2189:for the Department of Justice.
2049:, or in some cases, a sense of
1817:According to Lamber Royakkers:
537:Intellectual property violation
6065:. Bustle.com. 21 December 2018
5156:(in Simplified Chinese). 腾讯网.
4922:. 13 June 2007. Archived from
4785:Royal College of Psychiatrists
4419:Mcphate, Mike (10 June 2016).
4001:American Journal of Psychiatry
3811:American Journal of Psychiatry
3565:"Legal Definition of STALKING"
3527:Royal College of Psychiatrists
3308:
3293:
3258:
3159:
3139:
3114:
3092:
2547:
2368:
2236:or group-stalking is a set of
1703:
1698:the rights afforded to victims
13:
1:
7811:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
7719:What's Love Got to Do with It
7151:Parental bullying of children
7131:Adverse childhood experiences
7070:Domestic violence against men
6423:Adverse childhood experiences
6039:New, Jake (20 October 2014).
5904:. Smartvoter.org. 2 June 1998
5400:(in Dutch). Wetboek-online.nl
4776:British Journal of Psychiatry
4279:Criminal Justice and Behavior
4231:British Journal of Psychiatry
3444:10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00068-X
3318:Criminal Justice and Behavior
3056:
2815:Los Angeles Police Department
2800:, the 1989 murder of actress
2707:In 2012, then-Prime Minister
2283:having a currently impaired (
1917:In an article in the journal
27:Criminal unwanted observation
7115:Social emotional development
6254:Bureau of Justice Statistics
6041:"Final Changes to Clery Act"
5616:林育瑄、王承中 (19 November 2021).
5265:(in Italian). Archived from
5052:"芜湖路虎车上烧死男女案:女方家属称其多次遭前男友殴打"
3866:Bureau of Justice Statistics
3823:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2056
2950:Estimates of sexual violence
2854:Department of Motor Vehicles
2662:Before the enactment of the
2460:
2264:
1653:is unwanted and/or repeated
872:Ignorantia juris non excusat
7:
7769:Contemporary Family Therapy
7018:Passive-aggressive behavior
6931:Situational couple violence
6345:10.1177/1088767999003004003
5902:"Judge John Watson profile"
5592:"藍委控民進黨擋法案 呼籲盡速三讀《跟蹤騷擾防制法》"
5420:Protect women from stalkers
4077:Office for Victims of Crime
3773:Inappropriate Relationships
3126:Legal Information Institute
2912:
2784:infographic video from the
2782:public service announcement
2729:
2668:Telecommunications Act 1984
2330:Metropolitan Police Service
2260:Epidemiology and prevalence
2081:vengeance/terrorist stalker
1681:, as well as in some legal
10:
7947:
7181:Domestic violence hotlines
7105:Parental abuse by children
6306:. Stalking Resource Center
5486:(in Russian). 23 June 2021
4732:Cambridge University Press
4691:(4). Manchester, England:
4337:10.1891/1559-4343.10.3.163
3402:Cambridge University Press
3398:Stalkers and Their Victims
2861:Violence Against Women Act
2595:
2476:
2335:
2272:
2214:
2204:
2182:U.S. Department of Justice
2173:
2135:
2065:San Diego State University
1966:, as well as a variety of
1912:U.S. Department of Justice
562:Possessing stolen property
210:Offense against the person
29:
7872:
7831:
7760:
7728:
7619:
7582:The Conspiracy of Silence
7566:
7559:
7499:
7443:
7436:
7415:
7209:
7173:
7161:Stress in early childhood
7123:
7085:Intimate partner violence
7057:
7050:
6998:Major depressive disorder
6939:
6886:
6848:
6841:
6808:Abusive power and control
6790:
6632:Abusive power and control
6614:
6413:
6405:
6151:Davis, Joseph A. (2001).
5716:"Stalking and Harassment"
5618:"跟騷法立院三讀 8類行為最重判5年可預防性羈押"
5368:"Japan's Stalking Crisis"
5030:"被私生饭跟踪堵家门三个月,杨坤实在是忍不住了!"
4897:. Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca
4740:10.1017/S0033291709005443
4730:(9). Cambridge, England:
4701:10.1080/14789941003596981
4047:Davis, Joseph A. (2001).
3860:(Report). Washington DC:
3637:10.1007/s11199-011-0093-3
3086:10.1016/j.avb.2006.05.001
2644:
2620:
2508:), or if the victim is a
2448:
2386:
2252:A 2020 study by Sheridan
2142:Cyberstalking legislation
2101:Intimacy-seeking stalkers
1888:
1727:Oxford English Dictionary
856:Diminished responsibility
650:Crimes against the public
7790:Journal of Family Issues
6921:Murder of pregnant women
6707:Psychological projection
6569:Referee and umpire abuse
5976:14 November 2006 at the
5793:"Are You Being Stalked?"
5563:黃揚明 (11 December 2017).
5263:"Credits – MenteSociale"
5109:"俗话说:好女怕缠郎,你们知道这是说的什么吗?"
4541:(1). Sydney, Australia:
4296:10.1177/0093854803259235
4168:10.1177/0886260511432144
4098:Rowe, Mary (Fall 1994).
4051:. Taylor & Francis.
3781:10.4324/9781410612397-20
3690:Harris, Jessica (2000),
3335:10.1177/0093854803259235
3147:"Stalking Victimization"
2930:Curiosity killed the cat
2900:
2604:Article 208: Harassment
2519:
2492:
2453:Article 222–33–2 of the
2422:
2347:
2289:psychological well-being
2152:sexual abuse as children
1944:schizoaffective disorder
1771:Psychology and behaviors
785:Crimes against the state
705:(such as prohibition of
32:Stalker (disambiguation)
7926:Harassment and bullying
7885:Domestic violence court
7705:Sleeping with the Enemy
6233:Paper presented at the
6170:Meloy, J. Reid (1998).
6140:University of Minnesota
5507:"用重典淪為警察國家? 制裁色狼立跟騷法兩難"
5180:"求爱不得就起诉女孩?网友:别糟蹋一见钟情了"
4211:10.1111/1468-2311.00204
4125:. Boca Raton, Florida:
3748:(10). London, England:
3569:www.merriam-webster.com
3176:10.4324/9781351310284-5
2975:Obsessive love disorder
2825:Captain Robert Martin.
2796:, the 1988 massacre by
2469:(§ 238 StGB) penalizes
469:Crimes against property
159:(also called violation)
7880:Battered woman defense
7818:Violence Against Women
7201:Prevention initiatives
7110:Same-sex relationships
6868:Birth control sabotage
6813:Conflict tactics scale
6300:"Stalking information"
5695:www.legislation.gov.uk
5565:"躺立院2年 跟蹤騷擾防制專法未曾實質審議"
5505:許靖 (26 January 2022).
5448:", September 26, 2022.
5422:", September 22, 2022.
5210:www.legifrance.gouv.fr
5154:"欢乐颂2:"死缠烂打"式求爱是性骚扰吗?"
4783:(2). London, England:
4724:Psychological Medicine
4602:(4). London, England:
4495:10.3390/ijerph17072506
4018:10.1176/ajp.156.8.1244
3426:Lawson-Cruttenden, Tim
3400:. Cambridge, England:
3267:Alternative Lifestyles
2877:
2819:Threat Management Unit
2789:
2618:
2554:Wetboek van Strafrecht
2420:
2320:Psychological Medicine
2164:preoccupied attachment
2118:paranoid schizophrenia
1862:Professional contacts:
1850:long term relationship
1824:
921:Other common-law areas
754:Crimes against animals
622:Miscarriage of justice
604:Crimes against justice
6873:Reproductive coercion
6677:Just-world hypothesis
6428:Anti-social behaviour
6277:on 28 September 2011.
5767:"Offence of Stalking"
5590:戴祺修 (15 March 2019).
4794:10.1192/bjp.187.2.168
4286:(1). Lubbock, Texas:
4244:10.1192/bjp.174.2.170
3996:"A Study of Stalkers"
2865:
2779:
2602:
2416:
2211:Persecutory delusions
1968:personality disorders
1819:
1446:Emotions and feelings
827:Defenses to liability
617:Malfeasance in office
7677:Looking for Angelina
6712:Psychological trauma
5532:吳姿瑩 (11 June 2015).
5509:(in Chinese). 獨家報導.
5374:. 18 December 2014.
4955:on 18 September 2004
4327:(3). New York City:
3756:on 20 November 2008.
3535:10.1192/bjp.170.1.12
3438:. pp. 418–420.
3030:Vexatious litigation
2990:Political repression
2530:murder of Shiori Ino
2467:German Criminal Code
2455:French Criminal Code
1964:substance dependence
673:Censorship violation
396:Cybersex trafficking
7589:Defending Our Lives
7476:Nicola Graham-Kevan
7146:Narcissistic parent
6973:Emotional blackmail
6622:Abusive supervision
6549:Psychological abuse
6524:Institutional abuse
5822:. Stalkingalert.com
5771:Scottish Government
5747:. 14 September 2009
5745:Scottish Government
5620:(in Chinese). 中央社.
5567:(in Chinese). 鏡週刊.
5269:on 22 December 2009
5152:奚应红 (23 May 2017).
5079:"河北涞源反杀案 一场无法摆脱的骚扰"
4660:. London, England:
3896:"Types of stalkers"
3525:. London, England:
3365:Scientific American
3304:: 232–233, 291–296.
2834:criminal harassment
2740:breach of the peace
2391:Section 264 of the
2238:persecutory beliefs
2043:Incompetent suitors
1960:adjustment disorder
1940:delusional disorder
1869:Workplace contacts:
1600:Narcissistic parent
851:Defense of property
703:Illegal consumption
239:Criminal negligence
139:Severity of offense
7844:ManKind Initiative
7691:One Minute to Nine
7684:Once Were Warriors
7451:Jacquelyn Campbell
7023:Setting up to fail
7013:Narcissistic abuse
6702:Playing the victim
6594:Surveillance abuse
6544:Professional abuse
6465:Cruelty to animals
6304:victimsofcrime.org
6043:. Inside Higher Ed
5851:on 13 January 2009
5818:Saunders, Rhonda.
4426:The New York Times
3941:on 28 August 2011.
3716:on 16 October 2010
3279:10.1007/BF01083054
3170:. pp. 33–58.
3020:Surveillance abuse
2970:Obscene phone call
2925:Courtship disorder
2790:
2405:indictable offence
2401:summary conviction
2187:U.S. Census Bureau
2170:Stalking by groups
2110:resentful stalkers
2097:paranoia disorders
2057:Predatory stalkers
2027:Resentful stalkers
1908:U.S. Census Bureau
1418:marital separation
772:Wildlife smuggling
762:Cruelty to animals
391:Child sexual abuse
343:Negligent homicide
254:False imprisonment
151:Indictable offense
95:Scope of criminal
7931:Inchoate offenses
7893:
7892:
7827:
7826:
7555:
7554:
7169:
7168:
7046:
7045:
6833:Traumatic bonding
6823:Cycle of violence
6784:Domestic violence
6750:
6749:
6727:Traumatic bonding
6146:on 3 August 2016.
5431:Jean Mackenzie, "
5300:"Default Desktop"
4642:978-1-84082-535-0
4429:. New York City.
4288:SAGE Publications
4162:(11): 2183–2207.
4058:978-0-8493-0811-6
3930:. Washington DC:
3817:(12): 2056–2060.
3790:978-1-4106-1239-7
3741:Psychiatric Times
3699:Research Findings
3601:on 19 August 2010
3474:Crime and Justice
3411:978-0-521-66950-4
3327:SAGE Publications
3050:Zombie apocalypse
3025:Toxic masculinity
2985:Poison pen letter
2802:Rebecca Schaeffer
2777:
2714:In May 2012, the
2696:England and Wales
2688:England and Wales
2682:England and Wales
2580:Republic of Korea
2487:Indian Penal Code
2376:restraining order
2312:psychotic illness
2299:England and Wales
2246:virtual community
2207:False accusations
2021:Rejected stalkers
1930:Types of stalkers
1753:instant messaging
1648:
1647:
1605:Power and control
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1197:Significant other
1177:Mixed-orientation
1037:
1016:
1015:
416:Indecent exposure
284:Human trafficking
249:Domestic violence
177:Inchoate offenses
16:(Redirected from
7938:
7783:Family Relations
7751:The War on Women
7628:American Tragedy
7564:
7563:
7441:
7440:
7055:
7054:
7028:Silent treatment
6978:False accusation
6846:
6845:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6754:
6753:
6589:Structural abuse
6564:Police brutality
6470:Disability abuse
6400:
6393:
6386:
6377:
6376:
6356:
6338:
6322:Homicide Studies
6315:
6313:
6311:
6295:
6278:
6273:. Archived from
6257:
6237:convened by the
6232:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6216:. Archived from
6215:
6201:
6189:
6166:
6147:
6142:. Archived from
6134:MINCAVA (2000).
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5986:
5980:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5898:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5847:. Archived from
5841:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5458:
5449:
5442:
5436:
5429:
5423:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5332:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5296:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5243:on 17 April 2013
5242:
5235:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5001:
4992:
4991:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4634:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4562:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4497:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4389:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4044:
4038:
4037:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3934:. Archived from
3929:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3902:on 29 March 2010
3892:
3886:
3885:
3859:
3850:
3835:
3834:
3806:
3795:
3794:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3752:. Archived from
3731:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3709:, archived from
3696:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3631:(5–6): 418–426.
3620:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3469:
3448:
3447:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3189:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3155:. February 2002.
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3069:
2778:
2280:point prevalence
2033:Intimacy seekers
1956:major depression
1923:coercive control
1845:Prior intimates:
1836:Types of victims
1794:Intimate-partner
1687:criminal offense
1685:as a term for a
1640:
1633:
1626:
1191:
1190:
1048:
1047:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1001:
994:
965:
836:Actual innocence
693:Ethnic cleansing
587:Trespass to land
482:Arms trafficking
46:
39:
38:
21:
7946:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7868:
7823:
7756:
7737:Life with Billy
7724:
7656:The Burning Bed
7615:
7551:
7495:
7471:David Finkelhor
7432:
7411:
7205:
7196:Women's shelter
7165:
7119:
7042:
6935:
6882:
6837:
6786:
6781:
6751:
6746:
6722:Rationalization
6657:Destabilisation
6610:
6574:Religious abuse
6409:
6404:
6363:
6336:10.1.1.434.4998
6309:
6307:
6298:
6244:
6226:
6224:
6223:on 4 March 2016
6220:
6213:10.1.1.406.5282
6199:
6186:
6163:
6130:
6128:Further reading
6125:
6117:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6044:
6037:
6033:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6012:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5978:Wayback Machine
5969:
5965:
5955:
5953:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5921:
5917:
5907:
5905:
5900:
5899:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5852:
5843:
5842:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5816:
5812:
5802:
5800:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5776:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5748:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5724:
5722:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5689:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5672:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5625:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5588:
5584:
5574:
5572:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5545:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5467:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5452:
5443:
5439:
5430:
5426:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5381:
5379:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5351:
5349:
5341:The Japan Times
5334:
5333:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5112:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5075:
5071:
5061:
5059:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5013:
5011:
5003:
5002:
4995:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4956:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4929:on 13 June 2007
4926:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4826:
4814:
4810:
4767:
4763:
4720:
4716:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4625:
4621:
4588:
4584:
4525:
4521:
4474:
4470:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4417:
4413:
4364:
4360:
4315:
4311:
4274:
4267:
4222:
4218:
4195:
4191:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4115:
4111:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4045:
4041:
3992:
3985:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3857:
3851:
3838:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3765:
3761:
3732:
3728:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3621:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3513:
3509:
3470:
3451:
3431:New Law Journal
3423:
3419:
3412:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3313:
3309:
3298:
3294:
3263:
3259:
3220:
3213:
3201:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3164:
3160:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3070:
3063:
3059:
3054:
2915:
2903:
2838:criminal menace
2794:Theresa Saldana
2769:
2767:
2732:
2701:R. v. Constanza
2684:
2660:
2647:
2623:
2598:
2582:
2550:
2522:
2495:
2479:
2463:
2451:
2425:
2389:
2371:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2338:
2301:
2291:. There was no
2275:
2267:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2219:
2213:
2203:
2180:According to a
2178:
2172:
2158:vulnerability.
2144:
2136:Main articles:
2134:
2074:CRC Press, Inc.
1932:
1891:
1838:
1829:
1808:
1788:sexual assaults
1773:
1706:
1644:
1615:
1614:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1550:Sexual activity
1513:
1505:
1504:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1297:
1283:Mutual monogamy
1164:
1143:
1045:
1030:
1026:
1012:
953:
517:False pretenses
446:Sex trafficking
372:Sexual offenses
331:Preterintention
167:Summary offense
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7944:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7776:Family Process
7772:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7747:
7744:Mommie Dearest
7740:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7638:
7635:Black and Blue
7631:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7613:
7610:Sin by Silence
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7578:
7570:
7568:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7549:
7547:Deborah Tucker
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7522:Elizabeth Celi
7519:
7514:
7509:
7507:Ruahine Albert
7503:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7486:Linda Saltzman
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7447:
7445:
7438:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7402:United Kingdom
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7061:
7059:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6961:
6959:Economic abuse
6956:
6951:
6945:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6892:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6854:
6852:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6818:Cycle of abuse
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6757:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6732:Victim blaming
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6662:Discrimination
6659:
6654:
6649:
6647:Dehumanization
6644:
6639:
6637:Child grooming
6634:
6629:
6627:Abuse of power
6624:
6618:
6616:
6615:Related topics
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6554:Physical abuse
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6484:
6482:Domestic abuse
6479:
6478:
6477:
6475:military draft
6467:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6419:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6403:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6362:
6361:External links
6359:
6358:
6357:
6329:(4): 300–316.
6316:
6296:
6279:
6258:
6242:
6190:
6184:
6176:Academic Press
6167:
6161:
6148:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6111:
6099:
6076:
6054:
6031:
6010:
5981:
5963:
5938:
5915:
5888:
5862:
5833:
5810:
5784:
5758:
5732:
5720:www.cps.gov.uk
5707:
5682:
5671:. 8 March 2012
5656:
5635:
5608:
5594:(in Chinese).
5582:
5555:
5524:
5497:
5475:
5450:
5437:
5424:
5411:
5389:
5359:
5324:
5312:
5291:
5280:
5254:
5222:
5197:
5184:责任编辑:李天白 PQ004
5171:
5144:
5122:
5100:
5083:责任编辑:肖琦_NN6799
5069:
5043:
5021:
5007:(in Chinese).
4993:
4966:
4940:
4908:
4886:
4862:
4836:
4808:
4761:
4714:
4675:
4648:
4641:
4619:
4582:
4519:
4468:
4447:
4411:
4358:
4309:
4265:
4238:(2): 170–172.
4216:
4205:(3): 215–234.
4189:
4146:
4140:978-1420041743
4139:
4109:
4090:
4064:
4057:
4039:
3983:
3964:(3): 317–334.
3944:
3913:
3887:
3836:
3796:
3789:
3759:
3726:
3679:
3650:
3612:
3581:
3556:
3507:
3486:10.1086/652222
3449:
3417:
3410:
3385:
3371:
3351:
3307:
3292:
3273:(4): 259–269.
3257:
3211:
3202:|website=
3184:
3158:
3138:
3113:
3091:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Secret admirer
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2902:
2899:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2798:Richard Farley
2788:about stalking
2766:
2763:
2731:
2728:
2683:
2680:
2659:
2658:United Kingdom
2656:
2646:
2643:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2597:
2594:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2565:Article 285b:
2549:
2546:
2521:
2518:
2510:pregnant woman
2494:
2491:
2478:
2475:
2462:
2459:
2450:
2447:
2424:
2421:
2397:hybrid offence
2388:
2385:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2337:
2334:
2300:
2297:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2232:
2231:
2215:Main article:
2202:
2199:
2174:Main article:
2171:
2168:
2133:
2130:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2040:
2030:
2024:
1931:
1928:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1807:
1804:
1799:UK Home Office
1772:
1769:
1764:Cultural norms
1757:United Kingdom
1705:
1702:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1364:Bachelor's Day
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:Group marriage
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
974:
973:
969:
968:
967:
966:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
923:
922:
918:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
890:
885:
880:
875:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
830:
829:
823:
822:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
787:
786:
782:
781:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
756:
755:
751:
750:
749:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
700:
695:
690:
688:Hostage-taking
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
652:
651:
647:
646:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
606:
605:
601:
600:
599:
598:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
471:
470:
466:
465:
464:
463:
458:
456:Sexual slavery
453:
451:Sexual assault
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
375:
374:
368:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
339:
338:
328:
327:
326:
316:
311:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
213:
212:
206:
205:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
180:
179:
173:
172:
171:
170:
160:
154:
141:
140:
136:
135:
134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
100:
99:
92:
91:
90:
89:
84:
79:
72:
62:
61:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7943:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7832:Organizations
7830:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7806:
7805:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7741:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7688:
7686:
7685:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7672:
7671:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7653:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7603:Silent Voices
7600:
7598:
7597:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7567:Documentaries
7565:
7562:
7558:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7532:Donna Ferrato
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7512:Angela Barker
7510:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7491:Murray Straus
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7466:Mary Ellsberg
7464:
7462:
7461:Emily Douglas
7459:
7457:
7456:Kenneth Dodge
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7407:United States
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7172:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7156:Sibling abuse
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6964:Embarrassment
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6941:Psychological
6938:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6916:Honor killing
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6901:Bride burning
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6773:
6771:
6766:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6737:Victimisation
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6396:
6394:
6389:
6387:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6317:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6198:
6197:
6191:
6187:
6185:9780124905603
6181:
6177:
6174:. San Diego:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6162:9780849308116
6158:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6132:
6131:
6120:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6096:(1): 165–198.
6095:
6091:
6087:
6080:
6064:
6058:
6042:
6035:
6020:
6014:
6007:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5967:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5926:
5919:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5838:
5821:
5814:
5799:on 5 May 1998
5798:
5794:
5788:
5773:. 8 July 2010
5772:
5768:
5762:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5645:
5639:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5597:
5593:
5586:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5512:
5508:
5501:
5485:
5479:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5447:
5441:
5434:
5428:
5421:
5415:
5399:
5393:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5321:
5316:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5284:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5239:
5232:
5226:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5132:
5131:"泡妞有绝招,好女怕缠郎"
5126:
5110:
5104:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5031:
5025:
5010:
5006:
5005:"遭遇跟踪骚扰该怎么办?"
5000:
4998:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4925:
4918:
4912:
4896:
4890:
4872:
4866:
4847:
4840:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4734:: 1479–1490.
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4560:1959.3/374333
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4387:10.2196/25722
4383:
4380:(3): e25722.
4379:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4353:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4012:: 1244–1249.
4011:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3990:
3988:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3684:
3668:on 3 May 2006
3667:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3617:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3195:
3187:
3185:9781351310284
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3101:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:Serial rapist
3008:
3006:
3003:
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2935:Cyberstalking
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2806:Orange County
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2765:United States
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2709:David Cameron
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2538:petty offence
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2438:homicide case
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2402:
2398:
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2393:Criminal Code
2384:
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2356:United States
2353:
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2257:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:Gang stalking
2230:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2217:Gang stalking
2212:
2208:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2147:Cyberstalking
2143:
2139:
2138:Cyberstalking
2132:Cyberstalking
2129:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2086:
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2077:
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2071:
2070:cyberstalking
2066:
2058:
2055:
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2048:
2044:
2041:
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2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:schizophrenia
1945:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
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1741:United States
1738:
1737:tabloid press
1733:
1729:
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1699:
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1683:jurisdictions
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1555:Transgression
1553:
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1521:
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1509:
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1501:
1498:
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1488:Unconditional
1486:
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1386:Singles event
1384:
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1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:Queerplatonic
1225:
1223:
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1215:
1213:
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1198:
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1146:
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1140:
1139:Open marriage
1137:
1133:
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1128:
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1120:
1119:
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1029:
1028:Relationships
1024:
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888:Justification
886:
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747:
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742:
739:
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734:
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724:
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721:Miscegenation
719:
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689:
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583:
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557:Pickpocketing
555:
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406:Homosexuality
404:
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269:Home invasion
267:
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257:
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250:
247:
245:
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237:
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232:
230:
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219:Assassination
217:
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199:
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33:
19:
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7809:
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7647:
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7626:
7608:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7580:
7575:A Better Man
7573:
7481:Denise Hines
7372:South Africa
7367:Saudi Arabia
7186:Duluth model
7065:Bride-buying
7038:Verbal abuse
7032:
6988:Intimidation
6863:Marital rape
6828:Epidemiology
6692:Minimisation
6687:Manipulation
6667:Exaggeration
6603:
6599:Verbal abuse
6583:
6579:Sexual abuse
6559:Social abuse
6529:Intimidation
6326:
6320:
6308:. Retrieved
6303:
6287:
6275:the original
6266:
6249:
6234:
6225:. Retrieved
6218:the original
6195:
6171:
6152:
6144:the original
6114:
6102:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6067:. Retrieved
6057:
6045:. Retrieved
6034:
6022:. Retrieved
6013:
6004:
5997:. Retrieved
5984:
5966:
5954:. Retrieved
5941:
5929:. Retrieved
5918:
5906:. Retrieved
5879:. Retrieved
5865:
5853:. Retrieved
5849:the original
5824:. Retrieved
5813:
5801:. Retrieved
5797:the original
5787:
5775:. Retrieved
5761:
5749:. Retrieved
5735:
5723:. Retrieved
5719:
5710:
5698:. Retrieved
5694:
5685:
5673:. Retrieved
5668:
5659:
5647:. Retrieved
5638:
5626:. Retrieved
5611:
5599:. Retrieved
5585:
5573:. Retrieved
5558:
5546:. Retrieved
5527:
5515:. Retrieved
5500:
5488:. Retrieved
5478:
5466:. Retrieved
5440:
5427:
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5392:
5380:. Retrieved
5362:
5350:. Retrieved
5339:
5315:
5303:. Retrieved
5294:
5288:psicolab.net
5283:
5271:. Retrieved
5267:the original
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5238:the original
5225:
5213:. Retrieved
5209:
5200:
5188:. Retrieved
5183:
5174:
5162:. Retrieved
5147:
5135:. Retrieved
5125:
5113:. Retrieved
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5082:
5072:
5060:. Retrieved
5046:
5034:. Retrieved
5024:
5012:. Retrieved
4982:(11): 1–16.
4979:
4975:
4969:
4957:. Retrieved
4953:the original
4943:
4931:. Retrieved
4924:the original
4911:
4899:. Retrieved
4889:
4877:. Retrieved
4865:
4853:. Retrieved
4839:
4829:10 September
4827:. Retrieved
4821:
4811:
4780:
4774:
4764:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4666:. Retrieved
4664:. p. 66
4651:
4630:
4622:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4538:
4532:
4522:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4460:
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4424:
4414:
4377:
4371:
4361:
4348:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4283:
4277:
4235:
4229:
4219:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4120:
4112:
4103:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4067:
4048:
4042:
4005:
3999:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3936:the original
3904:. Retrieved
3900:the original
3890:
3814:
3810:
3772:
3762:
3754:the original
3745:
3739:
3729:
3718:, retrieved
3711:the original
3698:
3670:. Retrieved
3666:the original
3628:
3624:
3603:. Retrieved
3599:the original
3572:. Retrieved
3568:
3559:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3477:
3473:
3429:
3420:
3397:
3374:
3363:
3354:
3346:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3301:
3295:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3227:
3223:
3167:
3161:
3150:
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3125:
3116:
3104:. Retrieved
3094:
3080:(1): 64–86.
3077:
3073:
3015:Surveillance
2955:Gangstalking
2904:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2866:
2858:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2791:
2752:
2733:
2724:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2685:
2676:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2542:
2523:
2499:
2496:
2480:
2471:Nachstellung
2470:
2464:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2411:challenges.
2390:
2372:
2359:
2351:
2339:
2328:kept by the
2326:royal family
2318:
2316:
2305:
2302:
2285:pathological
2276:
2268:
2253:
2251:
2224:
2220:
2195:
2191:
2179:
2160:
2156:narcissistic
2145:
2126:
2122:
2109:
2100:
2094:
2089:intimidation
2080:
2078:
2062:
2056:
2042:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2000:minimization
1980:narcissistic
1933:
1918:
1916:
1900:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1844:
1839:
1830:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1792:
1781:
1774:
1762:
1749:
1744:
1731:
1730:), the term
1725:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1691:
1670:
1667:intimidation
1655:surveillance
1650:
1649:
1609:
1293:Polyfidelity
1278:Non-monogamy
1222:Life partner
1212:Cohabitation
913:Self-defense
870:
793:Lèse-majesté
507:Embezzlement
431:Prostitution
421:Masturbation
352:
304:Manslaughter
289:Intimidation
201:Solicitation
74:
67:
52:Criminal law
36:
7839:Gulabi Gang
7761:Periodicals
7620:Other films
7542:Erin Pizzey
7537:Ellen Pence
7377:South Korea
7347:Philippines
7307:New Zealand
7136:Child abuse
7080:Elder abuse
6983:Gaslighting
6968:Humiliation
6911:Dowry death
6896:Acid attack
6742:Victimology
6717:Psychopathy
6539:Persecution
6514:Humiliation
6504:Gaslighting
6487:Elder abuse
6438:Child abuse
6069:25 December
6047:23 February
5999:12 February
5649:19 November
5575:20 February
5352:14 February
5164:21 February
5062:21 February
5014:19 November
4787:: 168–172.
4662:Home Office
4606:: 235–241.
4545:: 114–120.
4488:(7): 2506.
4462:The Outline
4352:malingering
4331:: 163–178.
4329:Springer US
4129:. pp.
4079:. June 2002
3480:: 273–318.
3230:(1): 9–16.
2960:Gaslighting
2804:, and five
2548:Netherlands
2534:tranquility
2293:significant
2114:persecution
2051:entitlement
1882:The famous:
1704:Definitions
1518:Bride price
1376:Meet market
1307:Concubinage
1092:Grandparent
908:Provocation
632:Obstruction
612:Compounding
577:Tax evasion
401:Fornication
234:Child abuse
163:Misdemeanor
87:Concurrence
7916:Aggression
7900:Categories
7712:Submission
7649:Bordertown
7527:Anne Cools
7517:Sarah Buel
7382:Tajikistan
7237:Bangladesh
7174:Prevention
7003:Mind games
6697:Narcissism
6519:Incivility
6509:Harassment
6202:. Sydney:
5628:28 January
5534:"給我反跟蹤騷擾法"
5517:28 January
5490:9 November
5468:9 November
5404:25 January
5372:Al Jazeera
5322:, Altalex.
5215:6 November
5190:2 December
5137:2 December
5115:2 December
5093:2 December
5036:2 December
4879:9 November
4106:(1): 1–11.
3906:20 October
3750:UBM Medica
3720:20 October
3605:20 October
3595:"Stalking"
3574:31 October
3436:LexisNexis
3057:References
3045:Zersetzung
2965:Kiwi Farms
2940:Erotomania
2748:High Court
2692:harassment
2483:amendments
2205:See also:
2105:erotomanic
2037:erotomania
1996:dependency
1984:projection
1976:borderline
1972:antisocial
1876:Strangers:
1812:employment
1777:erotomania
1679:psychology
1675:psychiatry
1663:harassment
1560:Repression
1545:Infidelity
1458:Attachment
1359:Engagement
1338:Activities
1232:Friendship
1207:Girlfriend
1185:Partner(s)
866:Entrapment
841:Automatism
818:Subversion
777:Bestiality
746:War crimes
741:Usurpation
668:Corruption
627:Misprision
502:Cybercrime
294:Kidnapping
274:Hate crime
264:Harassment
244:Defamation
196:Incitement
191:Conspiracy
157:Infraction
116:Complicity
111:Accomplice
69:Actus reus
7663:Daughters
7500:Activists
7444:Academics
7302:Lithuania
7232:Australia
7217:Argentina
6993:Isolation
6672:Isolation
6492:Financial
6353:145522253
6331:CiteSeerX
6208:CiteSeerX
6024:28 August
6006:distress.
5538:蘋果日報 (台灣)
4988:216179644
4823:The Print
4756:206250911
4693:Routledge
4543:Routledge
4440:20 August
4435:0362-4331
4345:143659607
4290:: 55–72.
4184:206562459
4127:CRC Press
4083:28 August
3970:120319401
3874:299755614
3707:1364-6540
3645:143722863
3625:Sex Roles
3529:: 12–17.
3502:224799375
3329:: 55–72.
3287:145390121
3204:ignored (
3194:cite book
3035:Voyeurism
3000:Querulant
2995:Predation
2945:Espionage
2888:Clery Act
2850:Schaeffer
2759:interdict
2524:In 2000,
2403:or as an
2369:Australia
2265:Australia
2227:delusions
1992:obsession
1970:(such as
1936:psychotic
1919:Sex Roles
1865:stalking.
1784:vandalism
1540:Hypergamy
1512:Practices
1500:Sexuality
1473:Limerence
1433:Widowhood
1423:Annulment
1349:Courtship
1312:Courtesan
1288:Polyamory
1240:cross-sex
1202:Boyfriend
1153:Polyandry
929:Contracts
903:Necessity
808:Secession
803:Espionage
736:Terrorism
698:Smuggling
592:Vandalism
572:Smuggling
512:Extortion
487:Blackmail
461:Voyeurism
441:Pederasty
426:Obscenity
308:corporate
131:Vicarious
126:Principal
121:Corporate
106:Accessory
97:liability
82:Causation
7906:Stalking
7698:Provoked
7416:Religion
7387:Thailand
7337:Paraguay
7327:Pakistan
7262:Colombia
7124:Children
7100:Misogyny
7095:Misandry
7033:Stalking
6949:Bullying
6888:Physical
6584:Stalking
6497:Marriage
6458:marriage
6453:military
6433:Bullying
6367:Stalking
6288:ncvc.org
6267:ncvc.org
6109:, UNRIC.
5974:Archived
5875:Archived
5700:21 April
5669:BBC News
5622:Archived
5601:14 March
5569:Archived
5542:Archived
5511:Archived
5376:Archived
5346:Archived
5273:24 March
5247:16 April
5158:Archived
5087:Archived
5056:Archived
4984:ProQuest
4976:Juristat
4959:21 April
4933:21 April
4855:28 April
4803:16055829
4748:19335930
4709:59398233
4668:29 March
4604:Elsevier
4577:23411422
4569:11929447
4514:32268595
4406:33666560
4304:11868229
4260:13850054
4252:10211173
4176:22203630
4034:36205131
4026:10450267
3831:11729025
3343:11868229
3244:11270463
2980:Oxytocin
2920:Bullying
2913:See also
2811:Ed Royce
2736:Scotland
2730:Scotland
2612:offense.
2559:belaging
2381:Victoria
2342:Mannheim
2047:fixation
2008:jealousy
1954:such as
1952:neuroses
1910:for the
1671:stalking
1651:Stalking
1610:Stalking
1590:Domestic
1483:Platonic
1468:Jealousy
1463:Intimacy
1453:Affinity
1317:Mistress
1302:Cicisbeo
1273:Monogamy
1254:Intimate
1236:romantic
1217:Same-sex
1158:Polygyny
1148:Polygamy
1112:marriage
1056:adoptive
944:Property
939:Evidence
934:Defenses
883:Insanity
813:Sedition
767:Poaching
731:Regicide
683:Genocide
658:Apostasy
596:Mischief
532:Gambling
497:Burglary
381:Adultery
358:Stabbing
353:Stalking
336:Homicide
299:Menacing
279:Homicide
76:Mens rea
59:Elements
7864:Respect
7642:Blinded
7437:Experts
7352:Romania
7317:Nigeria
7267:Ecuador
7242:Bolivia
7227:Albania
7222:Armenia
7210:Country
7090:Lesbian
7051:Victims
7008:Nagging
6798:Outline
6791:General
6605:more...
6534:Neglect
6443:neglect
6310:3 April
6256:. 2012.
6250:bjs.gov
6227:3 April
5725:15 July
5548:3 March
5382:3 March
5305:2 March
4505:7178134
4397:7980115
3978:9323658
3551:6450961
3543:9068768
3494:1147710
3302:Glamour
3252:9030064
3040:Yandere
2856:(DMV).
2846:Saldana
2780:A 2021
2625:In the
2596:Romania
2552:In the
2485:to the
2461:Germany
2409:Charter
2336:Germany
2273:Austria
2242:stalked
2176:Mobbing
2085:threats
1739:in the
1732:stalker
1722:poacher
1710:breakup
1659:contact
1595:Elderly
1533:service
1495:Passion
1428:Divorce
1409:Breakup
1403:Endings
1391:Wedding
1381:Romance
1344:Bonding
1234: (
1127:Husband
1097:Sibling
1065:Kinship
1052:Genetic
1034:Outline
972:Portals
963:estates
895: (
893:Mistake
878:Infancy
846:Consent
798:Treason
715:smoking
711:alcohol
678:Dueling
663:Begging
637:Perjury
567:Robbery
547:Looting
542:Larceny
522:Forgery
492:Bribery
363:Torture
348:Robbery
306: (
259:Frameup
229:Battery
224:Assault
186:Attempt
18:Stalked
7921:Crimes
7859:Refuge
7670:Enough
7397:Uganda
7392:Turkey
7357:Russia
7332:Panama
7322:Norway
7312:Norway
7292:Mexico
7277:Guyana
7247:Brazil
7058:Adults
6850:Sexual
6652:Denial
6448:sexual
6371:Curlie
6351:
6333:
6282:NCVC.
6261:NCVC.
6210:
6182:
6159:
5956:7 July
5931:7 July
5908:7 July
5881:7 July
5855:7 July
5826:7 July
5803:7 July
5777:14 May
5751:14 May
5675:14 May
4986:
4901:7 July
4801:
4754:
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4707:
4639:
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4433:
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3968:
3882:224527
3880:
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3829:
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3705:
3672:14 May
3643:
3549:
3541:
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3408:
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3250:
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3182:
3131:5 July
3106:5 July
2840:. The
2755:delict
2666:, the
2645:Taiwan
2621:Russia
2540:laws.
2506:fiancé
2449:France
2387:Canada
2254:et al.
2006:, and
2004:denial
1889:Gender
1745:series
1585:Dating
1371:Mating
1354:Dating
1268:Casual
1258:sexual
1122:Spouse
1102:Cousin
1085:mother
1080:father
1075:Parent
1070:Family
959:trusts
897:of law
861:Duress
726:Piracy
713:, and
552:Payola
411:Incest
386:Bigamy
324:felony
319:Murder
314:Mayhem
147:Felony
7911:Abuse
7873:Legal
7729:Books
7560:Media
7362:Samoa
7297:Kenya
7282:India
7272:Ghana
7257:China
7252:Chile
6842:Forms
6803:Abuse
6682:Lying
6415:Types
6407:Abuse
6349:S2CID
6221:(PDF)
6200:(PDF)
5993:(PDF)
5241:(PDF)
5234:(PDF)
4927:(PDF)
4920:(PDF)
4874:(PDF)
4849:(PDF)
4752:S2CID
4705:S2CID
4695:: 1.
4573:S2CID
4341:S2CID
4300:S2CID
4256:S2CID
4180:S2CID
4133:–19.
4030:S2CID
3939:(PDF)
3928:(PDF)
3858:(PDF)
3714:(PDF)
3695:(PDF)
3641:S2CID
3547:S2CID
3498:S2CID
3490:JSTOR
3339:S2CID
3283:S2CID
3248:S2CID
2901:Other
2526:Japan
2520:Japan
2514:minor
2512:or a
2493:Italy
2477:India
2423:China
2348:India
1988:blame
1978:, or
1962:, or
1946:, or
1872:well.
1580:Child
1573:Abuse
1528:dowry
1523:dower
1414:Legal
1044:Types
955:Wills
949:Torts
707:drugs
582:Theft
527:Fraud
477:Arson
7342:Peru
7287:Iran
6926:Sati
6312:2016
6229:2016
6180:ISBN
6157:ISBN
6071:2018
6049:2015
6026:2011
6001:2013
5958:2012
5933:2012
5910:2012
5883:2012
5857:2012
5828:2012
5805:2012
5779:2013
5753:2013
5727:2019
5702:2018
5677:2013
5651:2022
5630:2022
5603:2019
5596:蘋果日報
5577:2018
5550:2017
5519:2022
5492:2022
5470:2021
5406:2014
5384:2017
5354:2008
5307:2009
5275:2010
5249:2013
5217:2020
5192:2019
5166:2019
5139:2019
5117:2019
5095:2019
5064:2019
5038:2019
5016:2022
4961:2018
4935:2018
4903:2012
4881:2022
4857:2013
4831:2022
4799:PMID
4744:PMID
4670:2012
4637:ISBN
4565:PMID
4510:PMID
4442:2016
4431:ISSN
4402:PMID
4248:PMID
4172:PMID
4135:ISBN
4085:2011
4053:ISBN
4022:PMID
3974:PMID
3966:OCLC
3908:2010
3870:OCLC
3827:PMID
3785:ISBN
3722:2010
3703:ISSN
3674:2013
3607:2010
3576:2020
3539:PMID
3406:ISBN
3240:PMID
3206:help
3180:ISBN
3133:2019
3108:2019
2905:The
2859:The
2848:and
2823:LAPD
2465:The
2209:and
2154:and
2140:and
2087:and
1677:and
1665:and
1478:Love
1256:and
1244:zone
1132:Wife
961:and
436:Rape
165:(or
149:(or
6369:at
6341:doi
4789:doi
4781:187
4736:doi
4697:doi
4608:doi
4555:hdl
4547:doi
4500:PMC
4490:doi
4392:PMC
4382:doi
4333:doi
4292:doi
4240:doi
4236:174
4207:doi
4164:doi
4014:doi
4006:156
3878:NCJ
3819:doi
3815:158
3777:doi
3633:doi
3531:doi
3523:170
3482:doi
3440:doi
3331:doi
3275:doi
3232:doi
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3082:doi
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2734:In
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