103:
146:, programs had to explicitly connect to the appropriate input and output devices. OS-specific intricacies caused this to be a tedious programming task. On many systems it was necessary to obtain control of environment settings, access a local file table, determine the intended data set, and handle hardware correctly in the case of a
121:
Streams may be used to chain applications, meaning that the output stream of one program can be redirected to be the input stream to another application. In many operating systems this is expressed by listing the application names, separated by the vertical bar character, for this reason often called
180:
Another Unix breakthrough was to automatically associate input and output to terminal keyboard and terminal display, respectively, by default — the program (and programmer) did absolutely nothing to establish input and output for a typical input-process-output program (unless it chose a different
422:
is involved. For example, in common situations the standard error stream is unbuffered but the standard output stream is line-buffered; in this case, text written to standard error later may appear on the terminal earlier, if the standard output stream buffer is not yet full.
2166:
Some GUI programs, primarily on Unix, still write debug information to standard error. Others (such as many Unix media players) may read files from standard input. Popular
Windows programs that open a separate console window in addition to their GUI windows are the emulators
766:# ALGOL 68 example # main:( REAL number; getf(stand in,($ g$ ,number)); printf(($ "Number is: "g(6,4)"OR "$ ,number)); # OR # putf(stand out,($ " Number is: "g(6,4)"!"$ ,number)); newline(stand out) )
110:
Users generally know standard streams as input and output channels that handle data coming from an input device, or that write data from the application. The data may be text with any encoding, or
169:, which removed the need for a program to know or care what kind of devices it was communicating with. Older operating systems forced upon the programmer a record structure and frequently
407:
is redirected to input of the next program or a text file, but errors from each program still go directly to the text terminal so they can be reviewed by the user in real time.
1182:(stdout, stderr) objects, which only allow access to the underlying standard streams on a text basis. Full binary access to the standard streams must be performed through the
2159:, is also analogous to standard streams. On these operating systems, graphical applications can provide functionality through a system-wide menu that operates on the current
491:
Standard error was added to Unix in the 1970s after several wasted phototypesetting runs ended with error messages being typeset instead of displayed on the user's terminal.
173:
data semantics and device control. Unix eliminated this complexity with the concept of a data stream: an ordered sequence of data bytes which can be read until the
2513:
2503:
2331:", edited by A. van Wijngaarden, B.J. Mailloux, J.E.L. Peck, C.H.A. Koster, M. Sintzoff, C.H. Lindsey, L.G.L.T. Meertens and R.G. Fisker, Section 10.3.
2128:(GUIs) do not always make use of the standard streams; they do when GUIs are wrappers of underlying scripts and/or console programs, for instance the
2168:
233:, standard input is inherited from the parent process. In the case of an interactive shell, that is usually associated with the input device of a
2426:
2136:
project make use of stdin, stdout, and stderr, and are based on simple scripts rather than a complete GUI programmed and compiled in C/C++ using
2307:
2132:
package manager GUI, which wraps apt commands in Debian and/or Ubuntu. GUIs created with scripting tools like Zenity and KDialog by
803:, the standard input, output, and error streams are attached to the existing Unix file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 respectively. In a
1148:(for stderr). Basic read and write capabilities for the stdin and stdout streams are also accessible directly through the class
857:
to accept "-" as representing standard input, which spread to other utilities and became a part of the operating system as a
70:(input via keyboard, output via monitor), but standard streams abstract this. When a command is executed via an interactive
2376:
2328:
418:
to the same destination, such as the text terminal. Messages appear in the same order as the program writes them, unless
899:
893:
887:
206:
Standard input is a stream from which a program reads its input data. The program requests data transfers by use of the
2246:
2527:
193:
299:
Standard output is a stream to which a program writes its output data. The program requests data transfer with the
391:, allowing output and errors to be distinguished, and is analogous to a function returning a pair of values – see
334:, standard output is inherited from the parent process. In the case of an interactive shell, that is usually the
392:
284:
2349:
1129:
177:. A program may also write bytes as desired and need not, and cannot easily declare their count or grouping.
2500:
1840:
2479:
2259:
507:
has the equivalent of Unix file descriptors: By convention, many
Fortran implementations use unit numbers
462:, the former being unbuffered and the latter using the same buffering mechanism as all other C++ streams.
882:
223:
2281:
2418:
828:
192:
runtime environment was obliged to support it as well. As a result, most C runtime environments (and
2448:
2303:
2125:
1813:
189:
118:, its standard error stream is redirected into a log file, typically for error analysis purposes.
2393:
2197:
384:
or diagnostics. It is a stream independent of standard output and can be redirected separately.
331:
230:
79:
2483:
2533:
1817:
800:
734:
388:
35:
1843:, shows how to redirect the standard input both to the standard output and to a text file.
288:
242:
182:
27:
185:
to establish connections, or the equivalent burden had to be orchestrated by the program.
8:
2212:
2181:
can use stdin as a communication interface with an interpreted program to realize a GUI.
2129:
151:
181:
paradigm). In contrast, previous operating systems usually required some—often complex—
170:
2299:
2202:
305:
115:
2523:
870:
234:
147:
71:
485:
to be redirected to the same destination that standard output is directed to using
472:
to be redirected to the same destination that standard output is directed to using
134:, providing the user control over the display of the output stream on the display.
106:
The standard streams for input, output, and error in a common default configuration
38:
between a computer program and its environment when it begins execution. The three
2369:
A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the
Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986
2507:
2226:
427:
404:
342:
253:
123:
83:
287:. Similar abstractions exist in the standard I/O libraries of practically every
2453:
2367:
1133:
866:
862:
854:
403:
is redirected (so not readily observed). For example, output of a program in a
317:
238:
131:
91:
67:
19:
This article is about standard I/O file descriptors. For System V streams, see
2286:
The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6—IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition
2160:
733:'s input and output facilities were collectively referred to as the transput.
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2569:
2148:
2137:
396:
381:
380:
Standard error is another output stream typically used by programs to output
335:
323:
212:
87:
75:
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2559:
2547:
2363:
2207:
858:
846:
465:
399:
which started the program to provide the best chance of being seen even if
159:
39:
849:(designer and implementer of the original Unix operating system) modified
850:
419:
196:), regardless of the operating system, provide equivalent functionality.
174:
111:
2178:
155:
127:
222:
programs (which display file names contained in a directory) may take
311:
102:
2249:, AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, 68(8), October 1984.
2188:
paradigm "presents" GUI elements sent to an extended output stream.
454:
standard header provides two variables associated with this stream:
2341:
2156:
2152:
810:
730:
719:
210:
operation. Not all programs require stream input. For example, the
2449:"Adding graphic elements to your scripts with Zenity and KDialog"
504:
478:
20:
303:
operation. Not all programs generate output. For example, the
2221:
2172:
226:, but perform their operations without any stream data input.
2217:
1831:
of that class to access the standard streams of the process.
804:
431:
346:
257:
249:
2260:"What are stdin, stdout and stderr in Linux? | CodePre.com"
2185:
143:
1857:# Save the current stdout so that we can revert sys.stdout
2141:
2133:
16:
Connected input and output streams for computer programs
741:
standard. The model included three standard channels:
523:
module was standardized to include the named constants
218:
78:
on which the shell is running, but can be changed with
2497:, Control Data Corporation, Part Number 60436000, 1978
2491:, Control Data Corporation, Part Number 60407000, 1974
2304:"[TUHS] Graphic Systems C/A/T phototypesetter"
1735:"The specified value is not a valid number!"
1437:"The specified value is not a valid number!"
66:). Originally I/O happened via a physically connected
2144:, or other equivalent proprietary widget framework.
2329:
1136:languages, the standard streams are referred to by
865:. Diagnostics were part of standard output through
722:was criticized for having no standard file access.
2100:# Restore sys.stdout to our old saved file handler
165:One of Unix's several groundbreaking advances was
2342:"Stdin(3): Standard I/O streams - Linux man page"
2567:
126:character. A well-known example is the use of a
2501:Level 68 Introduction to Programming on MULTICS
2495:NOS Version 1 Applications Programmer's Instant
1995:") this is to the redirected --->"
188:Since Unix provided standard streams, the Unix
74:, the streams are typically connected to the
2419:".NET Framework 4.7.1, mscorlib, console.cs"
2227:Standard streams in the Files-11 file system
2040:") this is to the actual --->"
1780:"The specified number is too big!"
1485:"The specified number is too big!"
519:for stderr. In Fortran-2003, the intrinsic
275:global variable. Similarly, the global C++
2534:Console Class, .NET Framework Class Library
2163:in the GUI, no matter in what application.
2019:# Prints to the actual saved stdout handler
1834:
393:Semi-predicate problem: Multi valued return
294:
2375:(Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
885:, the standard streams are referred to by
375:
241:) which is ultimately linked to a user's
201:
101:
2520:Lions' Commentary on UNIX Sixth Edition
2446:
2362:
2298:
873:created the concept of standard error.
787:Number is: +3.142 OR Number is: +3.142!
162:, card punch, or interactive terminal.
2568:
535:to portably specify the unit numbers.
410:It is acceptable and normal to direct
2514:Evolution of the MVS Operating System
2356:
90:inherits the standard streams of its
1968:# Prints to the redirected stdout ()
794:
345:for standard output is 1 (one); the
256:for standard input is 0 (zero); the
142:In most operating systems predating
1860:# after we complete our redirection
1648:' If Parse() threw an exception
1192:System.Console.OpenStandardOutput()
827:should be used instead rather than
13:
2562:- by The Linux Information Project
2556:- by The Linux Information Project
2550:- by The Linux Information Project
2382:from the original on Dec 15, 2023.
1839:The following example, written in
1690:"No number was entered!"
1389:"No number was entered!"
1196:System.Console.OpenStandardError()
1188:System.Console.OpenStandardInput()
737:coordinated the definition of the
34:are preconnected input and output
14:
2587:
2541:
2429:from the original on Dec 10, 2017
2352:from the original on Jun 8, 2023.
1893:# Redirect sys.stdout to the file
725:
714:
499:
430:for standard error is defined by
1344:// If Parse() threw an exception
438:header file provides the symbol
271:abstraction is provided via the
2440:
2310:from the original on 2020-09-25
1513:' Visual Basic .NET example
395:. The usual destination is the
2411:
2386:
2334:
2321:
2292:
2274:
2252:
2247:"A Stream Input-Output System"
2239:
1158:System.Console.Out.WriteLine()
1123:
97:
1:
2536:, Microsoft Corporation, 2008
2510:, Honeywell Corporation, 1981
2394:"System (Java Platform SE 7)"
2232:
2186:Common Lisp Interface Manager
1835:2000 - : Python (2 or 3)
1630:"Number is: {0:F3}"
1323:"Number is: {0:F3}"
876:
338:which initiated the program.
137:
114:. When a program is run as a
42:(I/O) connections are called
2423:Reference Source - Microsoft
283:provides an abstraction via
7:
2489:KRONOS 2.1 Reference Manual
2191:
494:
10:
2592:
2554:Standard Output Definition
2471:
2447:Kißling, Kristian (2009).
1811:System.Diagnostics.Process
1154:System.Console.WriteLine()
775:
772:
309:command (variously called
18:
2560:Standard Error Definition
2548:Standard Input Definition
2126:Graphical user interfaces
1816:one can use the instance
763:
1845:
1510:
1200:
905:
764:
619:
537:
327:) is silent on success.
295:Standard output (stdout)
2516:, IBM Corporation, 1981
2288:. The Open Group. 2004.
2198:Redirection (computing)
2120:
1156:can be used instead of
376:Standard error (stderr)
1914:"myfile.txt"
1046:"Number is:"
801:C programming language
622:! Fortran 2003 example
606:' NUMBER IS: '
442:; the corresponding C
389:semi-predicate problem
356:; the corresponding C
267:; the corresponding C
224:command-line arguments
202:Standard input (stdin)
107:
36:communication channels
1848:#!/usr/bin/env python
1666:ArgumentNullException
1356:ArgumentNullException
700:'Number is: '
364:; similarly, the C++
130:application, such as
105:
2151:, as implemented on
1186:objects returned by
1180:System.IO.TextWriter
1176:System.IO.TextReader
1172:System.Console.Error
1146:System.Console.Error
540:! FORTRAN 77 example
481:-style shells allow
468:-style shells allow
289:programming language
183:job control language
86:. More generally, a
28:computer programming
2213:C file input/output
897:(for stdout), and
843:are also provided.
760:
152:magnetic tape drive
2506:2021-02-25 at the
2398:Oracle Help Center
2282:"<unistd.h>"
2203:Stream (computing)
1809:When applying the
1168:System.Console.Out
1142:System.Console.Out
1097:"Error:"
831:. File pointers
756:
108:
2484:The GNU C Library
2262:. 2 December 2021
1756:OverflowException
1452:OverflowException
1164:System.Console.In
1144:(for stdout) and
1138:System.Console.In
962:InputStreamReader
871:Dennis M. Ritchie
795:1970s: C and Unix
792:
791:
279:variable of type
148:punch card reader
2583:
2480:Standard Streams
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2306:(Mailing list).
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2079:# Close the file
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452:<iostream>
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436:<unistd.h>
434:as 2 (two); the
387:This solves the
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366:<iostream>
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:<unistd.h>
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281:<iostream>
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261:<unistd.h>
167:abstract devices
32:standard streams
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2508:Wayback Machine
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2245:D. M. Ritchie,
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1713:
1711:FormatException
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512:
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52:standard output
24:
17:
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5:
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2542:External links
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2522:, John Lions,
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2454:Linux Magazine
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2364:McIlroy, M. D.
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2302:(2013-12-11).
2300:Johnson, Steve
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953:BufferedReader
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855:Version 5 Unix
796:
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416:standard error
382:error messages
377:
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296:
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171:non-orthogonal
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68:system console
60:standard error
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1920:"w"
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1944:stdin_fileno
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1178:(stdin) and
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859:special file
847:Ken Thompson
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817:STDIN_FILENO
816:
815:definitions
808:
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475:2>&1
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435:
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362:FILE* stdout
360:variable is
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160:line printer
141:
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31:
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1124:2000s: .NET
1016:parseDouble
709:end program
688:OUTPUT_UNIT
529:OUTPUT_UNIT
511:for stdin,
306:file rename
285:C++ streams
273:FILE* stdin
175:end of file
112:binary data
98:Application
80:redirection
2460:2021-04-11
2433:2017-12-10
2314:2020-11-07
2233:References
2179:GTK-server
1818:properties
1132:and other
1109:getMessage
900:System.err
894:System.out
877:1995: Java
751:stand back
661:INPUT_UNIT
533:ERROR_UNIT
525:INPUT_UNIT
488:>&
450:. The C++
332:redirected
231:redirected
156:disk drive
138:Background
128:pagination
2161:selection
1774:WriteLine
1729:WriteLine
1684:WriteLine
1624:WriteLine
1479:WriteLine
1431:WriteLine
1383:WriteLine
1317:WriteLine
1067:Exception
888:System.in
867:Version 6
863:Version 8
747:stand out
460:std::clog
456:std::cerr
420:buffering
370:std::cout
2570:Category
2504:Archived
2427:Archived
2377:Archived
2366:(1987).
2350:Archived
2308:Archived
2192:See also
2157:Mac OS X
2153:NeXTSTEP
2130:Synaptic
1804:Function
1567:ReadLine
1519:Function
1266:ReadLine
995:readLine
811:unistd.h
776:Output:
743:stand in
739:transput
731:ALGOL 68
720:ALGOL 60
625:program
549:INTEGER
543:PROGRAM
495:Timeline
405:pipeline
277:std::cin
243:keyboard
235:terminal
124:pipeline
84:pipeline
2472:Sources
2403:20 July
2346:die.net
2266:8 April
1765:Console
1720:Console
1675:Console
1612:Console
1558:Console
1531:Integer
1467:Console
1419:Console
1371:Console
1305:Console
1254:Console
1091:println
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799:In the
782:3.14159
773:Input:
758:Example
640:integer
505:Fortran
330:Unless
229:Unless
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2530:, 1977
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2109:stdout
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1851:import
1841:Python
1827:, and
1792:Return
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911:static
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517:UNIT=0
513:UNIT=6
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466:Bourne
116:daemon
64:stderr
58:) and
56:stdout
2380:(PDF)
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2218:SYSIN
2094:close
2028:write
1983:write
1875:stdin
1814:class
1741:Catch
1696:Catch
1651:Catch
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1446:catch
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1398:catch
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1350:catch
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1061:catch
833:stdin
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676:write
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432:POSIX
347:POSIX
321:, or
301:write
258:POSIX
250:POSIX
82:or a
72:shell
48:stdin
2576:Unix
2524:ISBN
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2121:GUIs
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2034:ctrs
2001:inps
1989:ctrs
1950:ctrs
1938:inps
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1170:and
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883:Java
851:sort
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