Stanisław Ulam - Knowledge

1286:, but he was deeply involved in the development of thermonuclear weapons as a consultant. In 1954, he wrote an article on the history of the H-bomb, which presents his opinion that both men contributed very significantly to the breakthrough. This balanced view is shared by others who were involved, including Mark and Fermi, but Teller persistently attempted to downplay Ulam's role. "After the H-bomb was made," Bethe recalled, "reporters started to call Teller the father of the H-bomb. For the sake of history, I think it is more precise to say that Ulam is the father, because he provided the seed, and Teller is the mother, because he remained with the child. As for me, I guess I am the midwife." 1042: 1250: 44: 6950: 1369: 501: 6962: 767: 6382: 1328:, a programmer in the MANIAC group, joined him to study a variation of the classic problem of a string of masses held together by springs that exert forces linearly proportional to their displacement from equilibrium. Fermi proposed to add to this force a nonlinear component, which could be chosen to be proportional to either the square or cube of the displacement, or to a more complicated "broken linear" function. This addition is the key element of the 601:, a thick notebook provided by Banach's wife. Ulam was a major contributor to the book. Of the 193 problems recorded between 1935 and 1941, he contributed 40 problems as a single author, another 11 with Banach and Mazur, and an additional 15 with others. In 1957, he received from Steinhaus a copy of the book, which had survived the war, and translated it into English. In 1981, Ulam's friend R. Daniel Mauldin published an expanded and annotated version. 1320:, who helped Metropolis to bring MANIAC on line in March 1952, he explored these ideas in a report "Heuristic Studies in Problems of Mathematical Physics on High Speed Computing Machines", which was submitted on 9 June 1953. It treated several problems that cannot be addressed within the framework of traditional analytic methods: billowing of fluids, rotational motion in gravitating systems, magnetic lines of force, and hydrodynamic instabilities. 1760: 7019: 1181: 6974: 1203:, while others had moral and economic grounds for not proceeding. Consequently, several senior people of the Manhattan Project opposed development, including Bethe and Oppenheimer. To clarify the situation, Ulam and von Neumann resolved to do new calculations to determine whether Teller's approach was feasible. To carry out these studies, von Neumann decided to use electronic computers: ENIAC at Aberdeen, a new computer, 6938: 7002: 6926: 1336:

to transfer gradually to other modes, and eventually, to be distributed equally among all modes. This is roughly what began to happen shortly after the system was initialized with all its energy in the lowest mode, but much later, essentially all the energy periodically reappeared in the lowest mode. This behavior is very different from the expected

1010:; Rota also cites Ulam's former collaborator Paul Stein as noting that Ulam was sloppier in his clothing afterwards, and John Oxtoby as noting that Ulam before the encephalitis could work for hours on end doing calculations, while when Rota worked with him, was reluctant to solve even a quadratic equation. This assertion was not accepted by 904:. He realized that the symmetry and speed with which implosion compressed the plutonium were critical issues, and enlisted Ulam to help design lens configurations that would provide nearly spherical implosion. Within an implosion, because of enormous pressures and high temperatures, solid materials behave much like fluids. This meant that 1861:, and biometrics generally (David Sankoff, however, challenged conclusions of Walter by writing that Ulam had only modest influence on early development of sequence alignment methods.). Colleagues noted that some of his greatest contributions were in clearly identifying problems to be solved and general techniques for solving them. 1453: 1231:

In January 1951, Ulam had another idea: to channel the mechanical shock of a nuclear explosion so as to compress the fusion fuel. On the recommendation of his wife, Ulam discussed this idea with Bradbury and Mark before he told Teller about it. Almost immediately, Teller saw its merit, but noted that

1420:

as research advisors to the laboratory director in 1957. These newly created positions were on the same administrative level as division leaders, and Ulam held his until he retired from Los Alamos. In this capacity, he was able to influence and guide programs in many divisions: theoretical, physics,

1335:

A classical spring system can be described in terms of vibrational modes, which are analogous to the harmonics that occur on a stretched violin string. If the system starts in a particular mode, vibrations in other modes do not develop. With the nonlinear component, Fermi expected energy in one mode

1060:

during his recovery from surgery, Ulam had thought about playing hundreds of games to estimate statistically the probability of a successful outcome. With ENIAC in mind, he realized that the availability of computers made such statistical methods very practical. John von Neumann immediately saw the

917:

Nevertheless, with the primitive facilities available at the time, Ulam and von Neumann did carry out numerical computations that led to a satisfactory design. This motivated their advocacy of a powerful computational capability at Los Alamos, which began during the war years, continued through the

734:

at Harvard, received a letter from George Volsky, who hid in Józef Ulam's house after deserting from the Polish army. This reminiscence gave a chilling account of Lwów's chaotic scenes in late 1939. In later life Ulam described himself as "an agnostic. Sometimes I muse deeply on the forces that are

1587:

ears ago... I was in the Society of Fellows at Harvard along with the mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. Ulam, who was to become an originator of the Monte Carlo method and co-discoverer of the hydrogen-bomb,... used to tease me by saying, 'Name me one proposition in all of the social sciences which is

1500:

appointed Ulam as Professor of Biomathematics, and he held this position until his death. With his Los Alamos colleague Robert Schrandt he published a report, "Some Elementary Attempts at Numerical Modeling of Problems Concerning Rates of Evolutionary Processes", which applied his earlier ideas on

1241:

rod or cylinder at the center of the fusion fuel. The detonation of this "spark plug" would help to initiate and enhance the fusion reaction. The design based on these ideas, called staged radiation implosion, has become the standard way to build thermonuclear weapons. It is often described as the

1281:

In September 1951, after a series of differences with Bradbury and other scientists, Teller resigned from Los Alamos, and returned to the University of Chicago. At about the same time, Ulam went on leave as a visiting professor at Harvard for a semester. Although Teller and Ulam submitted a joint

1476:

from 1961 to 1962 and 1965 to 1967. In 1967, the last of these positions became permanent, when Ulam was appointed Professor and Chairman of the Department of Mathematics at the University of Colorado. He kept a residence in Santa Fe, which made it convenient to spend summers at Los Alamos as a

912:

The hydrodynamical problem was simply stated, but very difficult to calculate – not only in detail, but even in order of magnitude. In this discussion, I stressed pure pragmatism and the necessity to get a heuristic survey of the problem by simple-minded brute force, rather than by massive

1227:

to analyze the chain reaction in deuterium, which was much more complicated than the ones in uranium and plutonium, and he concluded that no self-sustaining chain reaction would take place at the (low) densities that Teller was considering. In late 1950, these conclusions were confirmed by von

1061:

significance of this insight. In March 1947 he proposed a statistical approach to the problem of neutron diffusion in fissionable material. Because Ulam had often mentioned his uncle, Michał Ulam, "who just had to go to Monte Carlo" to gamble, Metropolis dubbed the statistical approach "The

1236:

from the fission bomb would compress the thermonuclear fuel more strongly than mechanical shock and suggested ways to enhance this effect. On 9 March 1951, Teller and Ulam submitted a joint report describing these innovations. A few weeks later, Teller suggested placing a

1596:... That it is logically true need not be argued before a mathematician; that it is not trivial is attested by the thousands of important and intelligent men who have never been able to grasp the doctrine for themselves or to believe it after it was explained to them. 1029:, rather than toward development of a practical fission bomb. After extensive discussion, the participants reached a consensus that his ideas were worthy of further exploration. A few weeks later, Ulam received an offer of a position at Los Alamos from Metropolis and 1323:

Soon, Pasta and Ulam became experienced with electronic computation on MANIAC, and by this time, Enrico Fermi had settled into a routine of spending academic years at the University of Chicago and summers at Los Alamos. During these summer visits, Pasta, Ulam, and

1613:

nuclear project. From the publication of his first paper as a student in 1929 until his death, Ulam was constantly writing on mathematics. The list of Ulam's publications includes more than 150 papers. Topics represented by a significant number of papers are:

1749:

Ulam played pivotal role in the development of thermonuclear weapons. According to Françoise Ulam: "Stan would reassure me that, barring accidents, the H-bomb rendered nuclear war impossible." In 1980, Ulam and his wife appeared in the television documentary

433:, which became the inspiration for the field of nonlinear science. He is probably best known for realizing that electronic computers made it practical to apply statistical methods to functions without known solutions, and as computers have developed, the 1223:. Ulam and Fermi collaborated on further analysis of these scenarios. The results showed that, in workable configurations, a thermonuclear reaction would not ignite, and if ignited, it would not be self-sustaining. Ulam had used his expertise in 1080:. The device performed a mechanical simulation of random diffusion of neutrons. As computers improved in speed and programmability, these methods became more useful. In particular, many Monte Carlo calculations carried out on modern 1393:

at a congressional committee hearing on "Outer Space Propulsion by Nuclear Energy", on January 22, 1958, Ulam replied that "the future as a whole of mankind is to some extent involved inexorably now with going outside the globe."

1302:. This device, which used liquid deuterium as its fusion fuel, was immense and utterly unusable as a weapon. Nevertheless, its success validated the Teller–Ulam design, and stimulated intensive development of practical weapons. 480:

family of bankers, industrialists, and other professionals. Ulam's immediate family was "well-to-do but hardly rich". His father, Józef Ulam, was born in Lwów and was a lawyer, and his mother, Anna (née Auerbach), was born in

1289:

With the basic fusion reactions confirmed, and with a feasible design in hand, there was nothing to prevent Los Alamos from testing a thermonuclear device. On 1 November 1952, the first thermonuclear explosion occurred when

1384:

of aircraft and rockets. This is an attractive possibility, because the nuclear energy per unit mass of fuel is a million times greater than that available from chemicals. From 1955 to 1972, their ideas were pursued during

922:

remembered Ulam as "a brilliant Polish topologist with a charming French wife. At once he told me that he was a pure mathematician who had sunk so low that his latest paper actually contained numbers with decimal points!"

1771:

has become a ubiquitous and standard approach to computation, and the method has been applied to a vast number of scientific problems. In addition to problems in physics and mathematics, the method has been applied to

1006:, asserted in a 1987 article that the attack changed Ulam's personality: afterwards, he turned from rigorous pure mathematics to more speculative conjectures concerning the application of mathematics to physics and 4610: 1002:, who remarked: "Stan, you are just like before." This was encouraging, because Ulam was concerned about the state of his mental faculties, for he had lost the ability to speak during the crisis. Another friend, 5191: 1157:, and Ulam. Soon, these three became members of a short-lived committee appointed by Bradbury to study the problem, with Teller as chairman. At this time, research on the use of a fission weapon to create a 2091: 6257: 1822:

The fiftieth anniversary of the original FPUT paper was the subject of the March 2005 issue of the journal Chaos, and the topic of the 25th Annual International Conference of CNLS. The

1536:

from 1980 to 1984, this pattern of spending summers in Colorado and Los Alamos and winters in Florida continued until Ulam died of an apparent heart attack in Santa Fe on 13 May 1984.

7114: 7079: 7179: 7089: 7069: 1830:, which was active from 1992 to 1996, and which was one of the first online mathematical journals. Florida's Department of Mathematics has sponsored, since 1998, the annual 1207:, at Princeton, and its twin, which was under construction at Los Alamos. Ulam enlisted Everett to follow a completely different approach, one guided by physical intuition. 3090: 1056:

at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. Shortly after returning to Los Alamos, Ulam participated in a review of results from these calculations. Earlier, while playing

6319: 5592: 1316:

When Ulam returned to Los Alamos, his attention turned away from weapon design and toward the use of computers to investigate problems in physics and mathematics. With

516:

In 1919, Ulam entered Lwów Gymnasium Nr. VII, from which he graduated in 1927. He then studied mathematics at the Lwów Polytechnic Institute. Under the supervision of

5203: 1052:

Late in the war, under the sponsorship of von Neumann, Frankel and Metropolis began to carry out calculations on the first general-purpose electronic computer, the

793:, its scientific director. Knowing nothing of the area, he borrowed a New Mexico guide book. On the checkout card, he found the names of his Wisconsin colleagues, 974:

group, of which Ulam was a part, was transferred to a new division headed by Fermi. Fermi and Ulam formed a relationship that became very fruitful after the war.

1282:

report on their design and jointly applied for a patent on it, they soon became involved in a dispute over who deserved credit. After the war, Bethe returned to

7169: 1169:

in close proximity to a fission bomb, with the hope that the heat and intense flux of neutrons released when the bomb exploded, would ignite a self-sustaining

857:

material suitable for use in bombs. To respond, Oppenheimer implemented, in August, a sweeping reorganization of the laboratory to focus on development of an

1200: 1025:, and others. Throughout his participation in the Manhattan Project, Teller's efforts had been directed toward the development of a "super" weapon based on 7094: 6416: 958:'s attention was focused on the use of reactors to produce plutonium. In September 1944, he arrived at Los Alamos, shortly after breathing life into the 2717: 686:

and occupied eastern Poland. Within two years, Józef Ulam and the rest of his family, including Stanislaw's sister Stefania Ulam, were victims of the

7174: 4785: 735:

for me invisible. When I am almost close to the idea of God, I feel immediately estranged by the horrors of this world, which he seems to tolerate".

485:. His uncle, Michał Ulam, was an architect, building contractor, and lumber industrialist. From 1916 until 1918, Józef's family lived temporarily in 7099: 1588:

both true and non-trivial.' This was the test that I always failed. But now, some thirty years later ... an appropriate answer occurs to me: The

1872:. Similarly, in 1990, the University of California Press issued a compilation of mathematical reports by Ulam and his Los Alamos collaborators: 7104: 4945: 842: 994:, which put his life in danger, but which was alleviated by emergency brain surgery. During his recuperation, many friends visited, including 6272: 4117: 1212: 395: 1552:. She continued to live in Santa Fe until she died in 2011, at the age of 93. Both Françoise and her husband were buried with her family in 3147: 1784: 1329: 1311: 430: 148: 1583:" was only a footnote. In later editions, it became the central theme. As Samuelson remembers, all this was challenged by Stanislaw Ulam: 7124: 7059: 5837: 5699: 1787:

is credited not only as "the birth of experimental mathematics", but also as inspiration for the vast field of Nonlinear Science. In his

1177:

are of interest because the energy per unit mass of fuel released by their fusion is much larger than that from fission of heavy nuclei.

4532: 3035: 777:

In early 1943, Ulam asked von Neumann to find him a war job. In October, he received an invitation to join an unidentified project near

4752: 1902:

Ulam is the grandfather of Rebecca Weiner, the New York Police Department’s deputy commissioner of intelligence and counterterrorism.

7164: 6164: 2126: 2121: 1497: 908:

calculations were needed to predict and minimize asymmetries that would spoil a nuclear detonation. Of these calculations, Ulam said:

5651: 621:, for a few months. In December of that year, Ulam sailed to the US. At Princeton, he went to lectures and seminars, where he heard 6409: 3871:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 554–556. 3609:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 380–385. 5431: 3780: 699: 256:; 13 April 1909 – 13 May 1984) was a Polish mathematician, nuclear physicist and computer scientist. He participated in the 1161:

had been ongoing since 1942, but the design was still essentially the one originally proposed by Teller. His concept was to put

7109: 2411: 7129: 4326: 2200: 1424:

In addition to these activities, Ulam continued to publish technical reports and research papers. One of these introduced the

5543: 5289: 4694: 4022: 3876: 3851: 3747: 3728: 3614: 3589: 3553: 3333: 3133: 2904: 2490: 2180: 2066: 2039: 2007: 1955: 1928: 1567:

and his disciples dominated economic theory until the end of WWII. With the Cold War, the theory changed, emphasizing that a

1478: 1188: 261: 2634: 1819:

program, which provides an annual award that enables a noted scientist to spend a year carrying out research at Los Alamos.

1689: 4982: 1540:

noted that "he died suddenly of heart failure, without fear or pain, while he could still prove and conjecture." In 1987,

1505:, and M. L. Stein, titled "Metrics in Biology", introduced new ideas about numerical taxonomy and evolutionary distances. 590: 7159: 7139: 6990: 6402: 5567: 3545: 1469: 739: 344: 195: 1823: 1409:

of 1963 banned nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere and in space. Work on this project was spearheaded by physicist

1402: 418: 2687: 943:

and Ulam addressed this problem in a report entitled "Theory of Multiplicative Processes". This report, which invokes

7134: 7119: 5717: 4301: 3920: 3692: 3655: 3366: 3222: 3181: 2992: 2830: 2789: 2603: 2541: 2306: 2271: 1473: 983: 679: 387: 203: 5593:"POLICE COMMISSIONER CABAN APPOINTS REBECCA WEINER AS NYPD DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERTERRORISM" 5533: 7154: 5619: 5100: 2100: 1892: 858: 454: 371: 1492:

In Colorado, where he rejoined his friends Gamow, Richtmyer, and Hawkins, Ulam's research interests turned toward

1372:

An artist's conception of the NASA reference design for the Project Orion spacecraft powered by nuclear propulsion

5692: 1777: 1529: 1512:, where he was a graduate research professor. In 1976, he was awarded the Commander's Cross with the Star of the 1406: 971: 944: 379: 7054: 6780: 5333: 3787: 1773: 1545: 1486: 1353: 1349: 1128: 869: 786: 771: 199: 17: 5625: 707: 7144: 7084: 6564: 5023: 4536: 2725: 1199:

Because the results of calculations based on Teller's concept were discouraging, many scientists believed it

5077: 865:

head of the implosion department. He was a professor at Harvard and an expert on precise use of explosives.

578: 7008: 6324: 4778: 2566: 1720: 1482: 614: 320: 187: 398:" he found that Teller's "Super" design was unworkable. In January 1951, Ulam and Teller came up with the 300: 126: 6292: 4217:

Lindley, David (February 8, 2013). "Focus: Landmarks—Computer Simulations Led to Discovery of Solitons".

1684: 1647: 940: 4586: 3481: 2748: 7064: 6916: 6385: 5685: 5667: 4636:"Some Elementary Attempts at Numerical Modeling of Problems Concerning Rates of Evolutionary Processes" 1517: 1513: 683: 675: 638: 626: 559: 233: 4730: 1033:, the new head of its theoretical division, at a higher salary, and the Ulams returned to Los Alamos. 959: 7149: 7074: 6966: 6942: 6267: 6262: 3978: 1714: 1635: 1017:

By late April 1946, Ulam had recovered enough to attend a secret conference at Los Alamos to discuss

897: 801:, and Joseph McKibben, all of whom had mysteriously disappeared. This was Ulam's introduction to the 4956: 2338: 1389:, which explored the use of nuclear reactors to power rockets. In response to a question by Senator 758:, Ulam met his friend and colleague C. J. Everett, with whom he collaborated on a number of papers. 339:. On 20 August 1939, he sailed for the United States for the last time with his 17-year-old brother 6425: 6349: 5882: 5741: 5459: 4474: 4068: 2059:

Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and his Los Alamos Collaborators

1885: 1877: 1804: 893: 646: 494: 490: 450: 332: 277: 152: 115: 826: 6344: 6241: 5796: 3261: 3120: 1881: 1674: 1299: 1088: 1065:". Metropolis and Ulam published the first unclassified paper on the Monte Carlo method in 1949. 987: 830: 703: 574: 551: 534: 312: 223: 4293: 3912: 3647: 3358: 3214: 3173: 2896: 2890: 2822: 2781: 2774: 1348:

showed that, after appropriate mathematical transformations, the system can be described by the

6764: 6668: 6123: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5756: 5454: 4177: 2533: 1679: 1533: 1398: 1274: 1243: 884:, releasing a large amount of energy. Cylindrical implosive configurations had been studied by 881: 814: 466: 414: 399: 140: 130: 4014: 4008: 3843: 3720: 3680: 3581: 2363: 2263: 1541: 1208: 1011: 747: 6364: 6189: 5932: 5877: 5284:, Stockholm: European Congress of Mathematicians; ECM4 Satellite Conference, pp. 41–43, 5024:"Dose Enhancement of electron beams subject to external magnetic fields: A Monte Carlo Study" 2987: 2170: 1850: 1849:

and his contributions in theoretical biology are considered watersheds in the development of

1752: 1623: 1610: 1593: 1553: 1509: 1337: 1216: 1018: 834: 751: 743: 659: 618: 512:, Ukraine now houses the Szkocka Restaurant & Bar (named for the original Scottish Café). 391: 359: 324: 207: 4540: 4010:

In the Shadow of the Bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist

2892:

Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945

1868:

publication, which summarized his accomplishments, and which appeared, in 1989, as the book

1464:

During his years at Los Alamos, Ulam was a visiting professor at Harvard from 1951 to 1952,

641:. Following up on Birkhoff's suggestion, Ulam spent summers in Poland and academic years at 525: 7049: 7044: 6852: 6836: 6676: 6572: 6532: 6174: 6169: 6028: 5902: 5446: 5035: 4918: 4416: 4226: 4093: 3001: 1965: 1425: 1341: 1270: 1174: 778: 695: 517: 308: 265: 219: 103: 5632: 5360: 5125: 3544:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: 8: 6860: 6628: 6033: 5988: 5948: 5771: 2111: 1858: 1631: 1619: 1142: 1073: 1030: 995: 862: 670:, Józef Ulam, along with his brother Szymon, put his two sons, Stanislaw and 17-year-old 281: 5450: 5039: 4420: 4230: 4097: 3005: 2455: 1763:

An animation demonstrating the lucky number sieve. The numbers in red are lucky numbers.

738:

In 1940, after being recommended by Birkhoff, Ulam became an assistant professor at the

327:, for a few months. From 1936 to 1939, he spent summers in Poland and academic years at 6954: 6868: 6756: 6700: 6516: 6098: 5922: 5892: 5832: 5480: 5472: 5274: 5225: 4810: 4665: 4635: 4500: 4440: 4353: 4286: 4253: 4143: 4109: 4083: 4039: 3953: 3905: 3640: 3537: 3504: 3452: 3351: 3207: 3166: 3116: 3061: 2886: 2815: 2660: 2526: 2256: 2028: 1996: 1975: 1917: 1854: 1842: 1768: 1708: 1429: 1381: 1283: 1081: 1062: 850: 790: 755: 642: 462: 434: 406: 328: 273: 269: 191: 144: 4831:

The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul A. Samuelson, vol. iii, p. 683, MIT Press 1966

4562: 3791: 2225: 818: 566: 6949: 6804: 6740: 6708: 6644: 6508: 6468: 6313: 6302: 6209: 6068: 6063: 6013: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5708: 5643: 5539: 5412: 5407: 5390: 5285: 5051: 4875: 4432: 4307: 4297: 4113: 4018: 3926: 3916: 3882: 3872: 3847: 3836: 3724: 3713: 3688: 3661: 3651: 3620: 3610: 3585: 3574: 3549: 3512: 3372: 3362: 3329: 3228: 3218: 3187: 3177: 3139: 3129: 2910: 2900: 2836: 2826: 2795: 2785: 2609: 2599: 2547: 2537: 2312: 2302: 2277: 2267: 2176: 2116: 2072: 2062: 2045: 2035: 2013: 2003: 1982: 1951: 1934: 1924: 1846: 1792: 1215:" who carried out laborious and extensive computations of thermonuclear scenarios on 948: 802: 355: 257: 7025: 4888: 4841: 4460:

Proceedings of the 4th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability

4444: 4176:

Porter, Mason A.; Zabusky, Norman J.; Hu, Bambi; Campbell, David K. (May–Jun 2009).

3945: 3423: 3394: 3289: 2957: 2928: 2422: 663:

in 1941. In 1938, Stanislaw's mother Anna Hanna Ulam (née Auerbach) died of cancer.

6930: 6828: 6588: 6580: 6334: 6133: 6118: 6083: 6058: 5912: 5867: 5476: 5464: 5402: 5043: 4424: 4234: 4192: 4101: 3500: 3496: 3270: 3013: 3009: 2882: 1950:. Mathematicians of Our Time. Vol. 9. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.-London. 1788: 1508:

When he retired from Colorado in 1975, Ulam began to spend winter semesters at the

1441: 1413:, who commented on the decision to end Orion in his article, "Death of a Project". 1377: 1124: 951:

and multiplicative processes. In 1948, its scope was extended by Ulam and Everett.

885: 610: 316: 214: 177: 4705: 4664:

Beyer, William A.; Temple F. Smith; M. L. Stein; Stanislaw M. Ulam (August 1972).

4354:"On a Method of Propulsion of Projectiles by Means of External Nuclear Explosions" 3751: 2857: 2502: 594: 505: 6796: 6684: 6636: 6540: 6339: 6179: 6143: 6073: 6008: 5998: 5973: 5872: 5852: 5827: 5311: 4428: 4381: 2593: 2296: 2095: 1961: 1564: 1502: 1390: 1360:

solutions. This means that FPUT behavior can be understood in terms of solitons.

1146: 1138: 1131: 1108: 1069: 1057: 1003: 939:

have implications with regard to implosion speed and symmetry. In November 1944,

845:. This problem threatened to waste an enormous investment in new reactors at the 798: 630: 458: 296: 253: 173: 75: 6612: 6088: 4663: 1041: 982:

In September 1945, Ulam left Los Alamos to become an associate professor at the

6876: 6748: 6716: 6524: 6492: 6460: 6282: 6277: 6048: 5993: 5983: 5978: 5897: 5822: 5751: 5506: 4997: 3831: 3781:"On Heterocatalytic Detonations I. - Hydrodynamic Lenses and Radiation Mirrors" 3708: 3569: 1815:, founded the Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS). In 1985, CNLS initiated the 1725: 1639: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1417: 1345: 1295: 1262: 1192: 1170: 1158: 1026: 963: 936: 905: 901: 691: 654: 650: 634: 582: 521: 367: 363: 336: 5661: 1876:. During his career, Ulam was awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of 7038: 6978: 6820: 6788: 6692: 6652: 6604: 6596: 6556: 6484: 6476: 6394: 6297: 6159: 6128: 6108: 6053: 6043: 5953: 5842: 5817: 5761: 5647: 3776: 3143: 1946:

Ulam, Stanisław (1974). Beyer, W. A.; Mycielski and, J.; Rota, G.-C. (eds.).

1655: 1651: 1606: 1589: 1410: 1386: 1266: 1224: 1154: 1120: 1111:, who sought to duplicate the US effort, this weapon was nearly identical to 1084: 889: 873: 715: 711: 622: 598: 586: 477: 410: 375: 288: 5147: 3249: 2914: 2573:. School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences University of St Andrews 2316: 2145: 2076: 2049: 1938: 1537: 1368: 999: 6884: 6844: 6812: 6772: 6724: 6660: 6436: 6354: 6236: 6093: 6038: 6018: 6003: 5907: 5731: 5416: 5055: 4458:

Ulam, S. M. (1961), "On Some Statistical Properties of Dynamical Systems",

4436: 4327:"US Congress, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy: hearing on 22 January 1958" 4311: 3930: 3886: 3665: 3624: 3516: 3376: 3274: 3253: 3232: 3191: 2840: 2799: 2695: 2613: 2551: 2281: 2017: 1796: 1735: 1694: 1659: 1643: 1549: 1460:, prime numbers, represented by dots, tend to collect along diagonal lines. 1437: 1433: 1325: 1150: 1100: 1022: 991: 955: 846: 731: 723: 500: 470: 446: 426: 383: 71: 6548: 5391:"The early introduction of dynamic programming into computational biology" 3128:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 304–307. 1986: 1249: 872:

is to use chemical explosives to crush a chunk of fissile material into a

6900: 6892: 6732: 6184: 6138: 6103: 6078: 6023: 5927: 5917: 5801: 5169: 4238: 2983: 1811:, laboratory director at Los Alamos, with the strong support of Ulam and 1808: 1730: 1699: 1457: 1116: 919: 794: 555: 169: 5429: 4869: 4196: 1405:

was a study of this idea. It began in 1958 and ended in 1965, after the

6620: 6452: 6287: 6231: 5968: 5958: 5887: 5672:

The First International Research Conference on the History of Computing

5468: 3508: 2750:

The melting-pot revisited: twenty well-known USers of Polish background

1845:

in the context of molecular biology made a significant contribution to

1615: 1576: 1525: 1501:

branching processes to evolution. Another, report, with William Beyer,

1317: 1269:. The Sausage was the first true H-Bomb ever tested, meaning the first 1220: 926: 838: 782: 422: 351: 5226:"50 Years of the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Problem: Legacy, Impact, and Beyond" 5047: 4105: 1021:. Those in attendance included Ulam, von Neumann, Metropolis, Teller, 947:, is also an early entry in the extensive literature on statistics of 6500: 6329: 6195: 5963: 5766: 5251: 1795:

noted this relationship and described how FPUT gave rise to ideas in

1166: 967: 837:", which was being developed in parallel with a uranium weapon, the " 822: 727: 687: 671: 340: 5677: 5337: 1436:, titled "Quadratic Transformations", was an early investigation of 543: 6444: 6369: 6202: 5736: 3946:"Reprinting of 1954 article: Comments on the History of the H-Bomb" 1912: 1812: 1800: 1627: 1291: 1258: 1204: 1184: 766: 570: 417:, to harness small nuclear explosions for propulsion, which became 4088: 785:, who had been appointed as leader of the theoretical division of 6359: 6226: 5568:"N.Y.P.D.'s New Intelligence Chief Takes Reins of Secretive Unit" 5430:

Beyer, William A.; Peter H. Sellers; Michael S. Waterman (1985).

1493: 1357: 1238: 1162: 1112: 1077: 1046: 1007: 932: 877: 854: 528:

in 1933. At the age of 20, in 1929, he published his first paper

292: 84: 43: 5361:"Sequence Analysis: Contributions of Ulam to Molecular Genetics" 386:. After the war he left to become an associate professor at the 5745: 4325:

Schreiber, R. E.; Ulam, Stanislaw M.; Bradbury, Norris (1958).

2453: 1521: 1233: 805:, which was the US's wartime effort to create the atomic bomb. 667: 486: 5192:"Focus-Issue: The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Problem-The-First-50-Years" 4919:"Course description:Monte Carlo Methods for Social Scientists" 4178:"Fermi, Pasta, Ulam and the Birth of Experimental Mathematics" 2881: 2298:

Understanding the Cold War: a historian's personal reflections

817:

in February 1944, the project experienced a crisis. In April,

754:, whom he met in Cambridge. They had one daughter, Claire. In 6984: 4923:

Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research

1759: 1104: 1053: 547: 539: 482: 2463:

Australian Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications

2030:

Science, Computers, and People: From the Tree of Mathematics

1115:, for its design was based on information provided by spies 633:. During a tea party at von Neumann's house, he encountered 593:. Mathematicians of this "school" met for long hours at the 465:. In 1918, it became part of the newly restored Poland, the 437:

has become a common and standard approach to many problems.

284:, he proved some theorems and proposed several conjectures. 6307: 5776: 5626:

1965 Audio Interview with Stanislaus Ulam by Richard Rhodes

5620:

1979 Audio Interview with Stanislaus Ulam by Martin Sherwin

5532:

Ulam, S. M. (1990). A. R. Bednarek; Françoise Ulam (eds.).

4983:"Historical Change in Language Using Monte CarloTechniques" 2108:), biopic about Stanislaw Ulam, based on his autobiography. 1421:

chemistry, metallurgy, weapons, health, Rover, and others.

1180: 808: 719: 509: 335:, where he worked to establish important results regarding 80: 5432:"Stanislaw M. Ulam's Contributions to Theoretical Biology" 5336:. University of Florida. March 10–11, 2009. Archived from 3860: 613:, whom Ulam had met in Warsaw, invited him to come to the 597:, where the problems they discussed were collected in the 319:, whom Ulam had met in Warsaw, invited him to come to the 7115:

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

5663:

Von Neumann: The Interaction of Mathematics and Computing

4946:"Monte Carlo Simulation in Environmental Risk Assessment" 4889:"Stan Ulam, John von Neumann, and the Monte Carlo Method" 4633: 3816:

Teller, E. (4 April 1951), "A New Thermonuclear device",

3424:"Stan Ulam, John von Neumann, and the Monte Carlo method" 2301:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 19. 1465: 1452: 1440:

and is considered the first published use of the phrase "

304: 4702:

Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (s. 23, nr 6 z)

4634:

Schrandt, Robert G.; Stanislaw M. Ulam (December 1970).

4251: 3685:

The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power

3479: 3450: 3091:"Multiplicative Systems in Several Variables I, II, III" 489:. After they returned, Lwów became the epicenter of the 402:, which became the basis for all thermonuclear weapons. 7080:

Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States

4175: 4040:"Heuristic studies in problems of mathematical physics" 7180:

Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta

4498: 2146:"Mathematics Genealogy Project: Stanisław Marcin Ulam" 1401:, to harness small nuclear explosions for propulsion. 1332:, which is often designated by the abbreviation FPUT. 674:, on a ship headed for the US. Eleven days later, the 637:, who suggested that he apply for a position with the 538:. From 1931 until 1935, he traveled to and studied in 6914: 4324: 2454:

Ciesielski, Kryzystof; Thermistocles Rassias (2009).

1397:

Ulam and C. J. Everett also proposed, in contrast to

453:, on 13 April 1909. At this time, Galicia was in the 7090:

Harvard University Department of Mathematics faculty

7070:

Scientists from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria

4990:

Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics

4407:

Dyson, Freeman (9 July 1965). "Death of a Project".

4141: 1891:

In 2021, German film director Thorsten Klein made a

1134:

announced a crash program to develop a fusion bomb.

927:

Statistics of branching and multiplicative processes

5275:"Some Aspects of Running a Free Electronic Journal" 5126:"CNLS: apprecion of Martin Kruskal and Alwyn Scott" 2877: 2875: 1305: 1187:, the first full test of the Teller–Ulam design (a 1068:Fermi, learning of Ulam's breakthrough, devised an 577:, Kuratowski, and others, Ulam was a member of the 4285: 4013:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 3904: 3835: 3712: 3639: 3598: 3573: 3350: 3206: 3165: 2814: 2773: 2525: 2255: 2027: 1995: 1974: 1916: 1864:In 1987, Los Alamos issued a special issue of its 1091:applications, whose results can be very accurate. 990:. In January 1946, he suffered an acute attack of 5232:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. May 16–20, 2005 4351: 3451:Richtmyer, D.; J. Pasta; S. Ulam (9 April 1947). 2895:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2226:"Stanislaw Ulam | Biography, Facts, & Spiral" 1456:When the positive integers are arrayed along the 678:. Within two months, the Germans completed their 7036: 4252:Longmier, C.; F. Reines; S. Ulam (August 1955). 3750:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from 2872: 2488: 2421:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from 1575:'s "Economics: An Introductory Analysis", 1948, 710:, and the last problem had been recorded in the 390:, but returned to Los Alamos in 1946 to work on 350:In October 1943, he received an invitation from 4279: 4277: 3898: 3896: 3489:Journal of the American Statistical Association 3115: 1919:Mathematics and Logic: Retrospect and Prospects 1137:To advocate an aggressive development program, 6424: 4695:"Komunikat o nadaniu Orderu Odrodzenia Polski" 4499:Stein, P. R.; Stanislaw M. Ulam (March 1959). 4475:"Image Entropy for Discrete Dynamical Systems" 4462:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 4292:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3911:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3824: 3701: 3681:"5: Computer Simulations and the Trading Zone" 3646:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3357:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3213:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3172:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3059: 2821:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2780:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2532:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2262:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2194: 2192: 2168: 1780:, linguistics, radiation therapy, and sports. 1145:came to Los Alamos, where they conferred with 931:Even the inherent statistical fluctuations of 347:in 1940, and a United States citizen in 1941. 27:Polish mathematician and physicist (1909–1984) 7170:Members of the American Philosophical Society 6410: 5693: 5314:. University of Florida, Dept. of Mathematics 5148:"History of the Center for Nonlinear Studies" 4955:. University of New Hampshire. Archived from 3867:Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969). 3866: 3678: 3605:Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969). 3604: 3536: 3480:Metropolis, Nicholas; Stanislaw Ulam (1949). 3388: 3386: 998:from Los Alamos and the famous mathematician 413:, and proposed, as an alternative to Rover's 118:, Poland, United States (naturalized in 1941) 5538:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5078:"A Monte Carlo Simulation of the Big10 race" 5021: 4274: 4037: 3893: 3342: 3198: 3157: 2806: 2765: 2061:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1948:Sets, Numbers, and Universes: selected works 1826:and the University of Florida supported the 1477:consultant. He was an elected member of the 1399:Rover's continuous heating of rocket exhaust 750:. She had been a French exchange student at 604: 366:calculations to predict the behavior of the 4880: 4333:. US Government Printing Office. p. 47 4069:"Fermi, Pasta, Ulam, and a mysterious lady" 3842:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 3771: 3769: 3719:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 3326:Postscript to Adventures of a Mathematician 3088: 2952: 2950: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2201:"Stanislaw Ulam, Theorist on Hydrogen Bomb" 2189: 2169:Chartrand, Gary; Zhang, Ping (2013-05-20). 1571:was superior and the only sensible way. In 888:, but von Neumann, who had experience with 469:, and the city took its Polish name again, 6417: 6403: 5700: 5686: 5069: 4352:Everett, C. J.; S. M. Ulam (August 1955). 3775: 3742: 3740: 3687:. Stanford University Press. p. 135. 3683:. In Peter Galison, David J. Stump (ed.). 3580:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 3473: 3453:"Statistical Methods in Neutron Diffusion" 3395:"The Beginnings of the Monte Carlo Method" 3392: 3383: 3328:. Berkeley, CA: University of California. 2988:"Somebody Turned the Sun on with a Switch" 2852: 2850: 2746: 2517: 2339:"Ulam Family of Lwow; Auerbachs of Vienna" 1496:. In 1968, recognizing this emphasis, the 1340:. It remained mysterious until 1965, when 1219:, supplemented and confirmed by Everett's 343:. He became an assistant professor at the 42: 5458: 5406: 5282:New Developments in Electronic Publishing 5118: 4974: 4937: 4745: 4142:Fermi, E.; J. Pasta; S. Ulam (May 1955). 4087: 3838:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 3715:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 3576:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 3060:Hawkins, D.; S. Ulam (14 November 1944). 2921: 2127:Timeline of Polish science and technology 2122:List of things named after Stanislaw Ulam 2057:Ulam, Stanisław; Ulam, Françoise (1990). 1559: 1498:University of Colorado School of Medicine 1277:principles of staged radiation implosion. 7175:Nuclear weapons scientists and engineers 5423: 5382: 5184: 5162: 5140: 5098: 5015: 4910: 4886: 4345: 4331:Outer Space Propulsion by Nuclear Energy 4245: 4006: 4000: 3809: 3766: 3631: 3421: 3415: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3244: 3242: 2947: 2484: 2482: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2242: 2198: 1758: 1451: 1367: 1248: 1179: 1040: 809:Hydrodynamical calculations of implosion 765: 724:Rudolf Weigl's typhus research institute 718:survived the Nazi occupation by feeding 706:and his two sons had been killed in the 649:from 1936 to 1939, where he worked with 499: 7095:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty 5525: 5388: 5304: 5266: 5218: 5022:Earl, M. A.; L. M. Ma (12 March 2002). 4943: 4657: 4627: 4567:American Academy of Arts & Sciences 4492: 4472: 4466: 4318: 4216: 4066: 3737: 3672: 3444: 3109: 3089:Ulam, S.; Everett, C. J (7 June 1948). 3082: 3033: 3027: 2885:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; 2847: 2740: 2591: 2585: 2405: 1817:Stanislaw M. Ulam Distinguished Scholar 1605:Ulam participated in the creation of a 362:in New Mexico. There, he worked on the 14: 7100:University of Colorado Boulder faculty 7037: 5565: 5498: 5244: 5128:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2007 5075: 4953:Risk:Health, Safety, & Environment 4723: 4527: 4525: 4480:. University of California, Santa Cruz 4171: 4169: 4167: 4135: 4031: 3830: 3815: 3707: 3568: 3562: 3530: 2982: 2976: 2685: 2679: 2627: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2162: 1352:, which is the prototype of nonlinear 977: 7105:University of Colorado Denver faculty 6398: 5707: 5681: 5352: 5326: 5099:Campbell, Donald H. (17 March 2010). 5092: 4980: 4916: 4834: 4666:"Metrics in Biology, an Introduction" 4406: 4400: 4374: 4254:"Some Schemes for Nuclear Propulsion" 4210: 4038:Pasta, John; S. Ulam (9 March 1953). 3976: 3970: 3943: 3937: 3310: 3254:"Ulam, the man and the mathematician" 3248: 3239: 3053: 3034:Lehmann, Christopher (4 March 2002). 2710: 2479: 2440: 2330: 2002:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1981:. New York: Interscience Publishers. 1977:A Collection of Mathematical Problems 1479:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1447: 1363: 1201:could not lead to a successful weapon 1094: 1036: 898:vocal advocate of spherical implosion 394:. With the aid of a cadre of female " 6991: 5531: 5358: 4457: 4283: 3902: 3637: 3348: 3323: 3281: 3204: 3163: 3062:"Theory of Multiplicative Processes" 2812: 2771: 2653: 2564: 2558: 2523: 2493:[A Sage Greater Than Life]. 2409: 2336: 2294: 2288: 2253: 1668: 1600: 1428:, an extension of Fermi's theory of 1149:, the laboratory director, and with 761: 493:, during which the city experienced 5633:"Publications of Stanislaw M. Ulam" 5272: 4842:"Publications of Stanislaw M. Ulam" 4704:. December 31, 1976. Archived from 4522: 4501:"Quadratic Transformations. Part I" 4451: 4164: 3979:"Review of Edward Teller's Memoirs" 3748:"Staff biography of J. Carson Mark" 3546:Pennsylvania State University Press 3542:Atomic Shield, Volume II, 1947–1952 2858:"Staff biography of Stanislaw Ulam" 2686:Volsky, George (23 December 1963). 2382: 2356: 2175:. Courier Corporation. p. 78. 1470:University of California, San Diego 1195:of 10.4 megatons on 1 November 1952 1127:. In response, on 31 January 1950, 1107:. Created under the supervision of 1103:tested its first fission bomb, the 682:of western Poland, and the Soviets 24: 7125:People from Los Alamos, New Mexico 7060:Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe) 6165:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 5504: 5312:"List of Ulam Colloquium Speakers" 5273:Dix, Julio G. (June 25–27, 2004), 5230:CLNS 25th International Conference 4771: 2724:. 14 November 2002. Archived from 2456:"On Stan Ulam and His Mathematics" 1824:University of Southern Mississippi 1665:Notable results of this work are: 461:, which was known to Poles as the 299:; Ulam studied mathematics at the 25: 7191: 5613: 4944:Poulter, Susan R. (Winter 1998). 4144:"Studies of Nonlinear Problems I" 2993:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2718:"Lwow lives on at Leopolis Press" 2565:Ulam, Stanislaw (November 2002). 1474:University of Colorado at Boulder 984:University of Southern California 409:of rockets, which was pursued by 388:University of Southern California 307:in 1933 under the supervision of 274:Monte Carlo method of computation 7165:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery 7017: 7000: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6381: 6380: 5657:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5585: 5566:Cramer, Maria (13 August 2023). 5559: 5513:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 5370:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 5172:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 5150:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 5101:"The Birth of Nonlinear Science" 4996:(3 and 4): 67–81. Archived from 4898:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 4851:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 4733:. American Philosophical Society 4675:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 4645:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 4510:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 3977:Uchii, Soshichi (22 July 2003). 3958:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 3820:, Los Alamos National Laboratory 3287: 3153:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3097:. University of California Press 2964:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 2935:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 2860:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 2567:"Preface to the "Scottish Book"" 2199:Sullivan, Walter (15 May 1984). 1785:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 1330:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 1312:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 1306:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 1261:nuclear test (yield 10.4 Mt) on 954:Early in the Manhattan project, 945:probability-generating functions 455:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 431:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 268:, discovered the concept of the 252: 149:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 5628:Voices of the Manhattan Project 5622:Voices of the Manhattan Project 5511:Los Alamos Science, No 15, 1987 5439:Letters in Mathematical Physics 5202:(1). March 2005. Archived from 4863: 4849:Los Alamos Science, No 15, 1987 4825: 4803: 4791:from the original on 2022-10-09 4687: 4603: 4579: 4555: 4123:from the original on 2022-10-09 4060: 3297:Los Alamos Science, No 15, 1987 2958:"From Calculators to Computers" 1905: 1530:University of California, Davis 1432:. Another, with Paul Stein and 1430:the acceleration of cosmic rays 1407:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 813:A few weeks after Ulam reached 746:in 1941. That year, he married 740:University of Wisconsin–Madison 653:to establish results regarding 405:Ulam considered the problem of 345:University of Wisconsin–Madison 5408:10.1093/bioinformatics/16.1.41 5252:"Home Page for Ulam Quarterly" 5076:Ludwig, John (November 2011). 4981:Klein, Sheldon (23 May 1966). 4917:Casey, Thomas M. (June 2011). 4473:Abraham, Ralph (9 July 2011). 3788:Los Alamos National Laboratory 3501:10.1080/01621459.1949.10483310 3014:10.1080/00963402.1974.11458102 2218: 2172:A First Course in Graph Theory 2138: 1546:American Philosophical Society 1544:deposited his papers with the 1487:American Philosophical Society 1354:partial differential equations 970:. Soon after Fermi's arrival, 787:Los Alamos National Laboratory 772:Los Alamos National Laboratory 200:Los Alamos National Laboratory 13: 1: 7110:University of Florida faculty 4537:American Institute of Physics 4288:Adventures of a Mathematician 3907:Adventures of a Mathematician 3642:Adventures of a Mathematician 3393:Metropolis, Nicholas (1987). 3353:Adventures of a Mathematician 3209:Adventures of a Mathematician 3168:Adventures of a Mathematician 3119:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). 2817:Adventures of a Mathematician 2776:Adventures of a Mathematician 2635:"Obituary for John C, Oxtoby" 2528:Adventures of a Mathematician 2414:Adventures of a Mathematician 2337:Ulam, Molly (June 25, 2000). 2258:Adventures of a Mathematician 2150:Mathematics Genealogy Project 2132: 2112:List of Polish mathematicians 2106:Adventures of a Mathematician 2101:Abenteuer eines Mathematikers 1998:Adventures of a Mathematician 1897:Adventures of a Mathematician 1778:environmental risk assessment 1211:was one of a cadre of women " 589:, who were professors at the 524:degree in 1932, and became a 378:'s group, where he worked on 6325:Oppenheimer security hearing 5642:(Special Issue): 313. 1987. 5334:"Ulam Centennial Conference" 4429:10.1126/science.149.3680.141 3944:Bethe, Hans A. (Fall 1982). 2747:Budrewicz/, Olgierd (1977). 1690:Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability 1483:National Academy of Sciences 1416:Bradbury appointed Ulam and 918:cold war, and still exists. 730:, who had become an eminent 615:Institute for Advanced Study 321:Institute for Advanced Study 188:Institute for Advanced Study 7: 5535:Analogies Between Analogies 5106:. Americal Physical Society 4388:. OrionDrive.com. 2008–2009 3790:. LAMS-1225. Archived from 3779:; Ulam, S. (9 March 1951). 3036:"Obituary of David Hawkins" 2694:. Adam Ulam. Archived from 2598:. Birkhauser. p. 268. 2592:Mauldin, R. Daniel (1981). 2491:"Mędrzec większy niż życie" 2364:"Genealogy of Michael Ulam" 2084: 1874:Analogies Between Analogies 1376:Starting in 1955, Ulam and 1265:. The test was part of the 833:plutonium weapon like the " 781:. The letter was signed by 770:Ulam's ID badge photo from 708:massacre of Lwów professors 530:Concerning Function of Sets 10: 7196: 7160:Jewish American physicists 7140:Monte Carlo methodologists 7130:Lwów School of Mathematics 6426:John von Neumann Lecturers 5507:"Stanislaw Ulam 1909–1984" 4813:. World Trade Organisation 4731:"Stanislaw M. Ulam Papers" 4382:"History of Project Orion" 3818:Technical Report LAMS-1230 3540:; Duncan, Francis (1969). 3290:"Stan Ulam: The Lost Cafe" 2665:Harvard University Gazette 1915:; Ulam, Stanisław (1968). 1843:Euclidean distance metrics 1836:Ulam Centennial Conference 1532:from 1982 to 1983, and at 1518:Polish government-in-exile 1514:Order of Polonia Restituta 1350:Korteweg–de Vries equation 1309: 880:multiplication leads to a 639:Harvard Society of Fellows 579:Lwów School of Mathematics 560:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 301:Lwów Polytechnic Institute 127:Lwów Polytechnic Institute 6432: 6378: 6268:Bismuth phosphate process 6263:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 6250: 6219: 6152: 5941: 5810: 5724: 5715: 5280:, in Becker, Hans (ed.), 4753:"Françoise Ulam Obituary" 4067:Dauxois, Thierry (2008). 3431:Los Alamos Science, No 15 3402:Los Alamos Science, No 15 2688:"Letter about Jozef Ulam" 2489:Andrzej M. Kobos (1999). 2295:Ulam, Adam Bruno (2002). 2117:List of Polish physicists 1834:, and in March 2009, the 1721:Ulam's packing conjecture 894:armor-piercing ammunition 849:and to make slow uranium 605:Move to the United States 476:The Ulams were a wealthy 440: 239: 229: 213: 183: 165: 158: 136: 122: 111: 92: 53: 41: 34: 7135:Mathematics popularizers 7120:Manhattan Project people 4925:. University of Michigan 4887:Eckhardt, Roger (1987). 4007:Schweber, S. S. (2000). 3869:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952 3607:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952 3482:"The Monte Carlo method" 3422:Eckhardt, Roger (1987). 3324:Ulam, Françoise (1991). 3122:The New World, 1939–1946 2753:. Interpress. p. 36 2661:"Obituary for Adam Ulam" 2410:Ulam, Francoise (1987). 2026:Ulam, Stanisław (1986). 1994:Ulam, Stanisław (1983). 1973:Ulam, Stanisław (1960). 935:multiplication within a 853:the only way to prepare 647:Cambridge, Massachusetts 591:Jan Kazimierz University 333:Cambridge, Massachusetts 278:nuclear pulse propulsion 153:Nuclear pulse propulsion 7155:Lviv Polytechnic alumni 6345:S-1 Executive Committee 6293:Einstein–Szilard letter 5389:Sankoff, David (2000). 5359:Goad, Walter B (1987). 5254:. University of Florida 5170:"Ulam Scholars at CNLS" 4811:"Comparative Advantage" 4563:"Stanislaw Marcin Ulam" 3262:Journal of Graph Theory 2474:v 6, nr 1, pp 1-9, 2009 2230:Encyclopedia Britannica 1870:From Cardinals to Chaos 1832:Ulam Colloquium Lecture 1685:Kuratowski–Ulam theorem 1468:from 1956 to 1957, the 1338:equipartition of energy 1300:Pacific Proving Grounds 1099:On 29 August 1949, the 1089:embarrassingly parallel 535:Fundamenta Mathematicae 459:Austro-Hungarian Empire 370:that were needed by an 196:University of Wisconsin 6765:George C. Papanicolaou 6669:R. Tyrrell Rockafellar 5787:Salt Wells Pilot Plant 3679:Peter Galison (1996). 3275:10.1002/jgt.3190090402 2887:Westfall, Catherine L. 2099: 2034:. Boston: Birkhauser. 1764: 1598: 1560:Challenge to economics 1534:Rockefeller University 1461: 1373: 1278: 1273:device built upon the 1217:mechanical calculators 1196: 1049: 1045:Stan Ulam holding the 915: 882:nuclear chain reaction 841:" that was dropped on 774: 700:underground university 676:Germans invaded Poland 666:On 20 August 1939, in 513: 467:Second Polish Republic 415:nuclear thermal rocket 303:, where he earned his 204:University of Colorado 131:Second Polish Republic 7055:Politicians from Lviv 6365:X-10 Graphite Reactor 6320:Nobel Prize laureates 6190:509th Composite Group 5505:Cooper, Necia Grant. 4871:The Day After Trinity 4757:Santa Fe, New Mexican 4361:LANL report LAMS-1955 4261:LANL report LAMS-2186 2412:"Vita: Excerpts from 1923:. New York: Praeger. 1762: 1753:The Day After Trinity 1636:transformation theory 1611:Los Alamos Laboratory 1594:comparative advantage 1585: 1554:Montparnasse Cemetery 1510:University of Florida 1455: 1371: 1252: 1191:fusion bomb), with a 1183: 1173:. Reactions of these 1044: 1019:thermonuclear weapons 972:Teller's "Super" bomb 960:first Hanford reactor 910: 868:The basic concept of 859:implosion-type weapon 769: 752:Mount Holyoke College 744:United States citizen 698:was lecturing at the 660:Annals of Mathematics 619:Princeton, New Jersey 503: 392:thermonuclear weapons 380:Teller's "Super" bomb 374:. He was assigned to 372:implosion-type weapon 360:Los Alamos Laboratory 325:Princeton, New Jersey 266:thermonuclear weapons 246:Stanisław Marcin Ulam 208:University of Florida 58:Stanisław Marcin Ulam 7145:Cellular automatists 7085:Polish set theorists 6853:Bernard J. Matkowsky 6837:Jennifer Tour Chayes 6273:British contribution 6175:Operation Peppermint 6170:Operation Crossroads 6029:Maria Goeppert Mayer 5486:on 27 September 2011 4615:search.amphilsoc.org 4611:"APS Member History" 4239:10.1103/Physics.6.15 3548:. pp. 406–409. 3460:LANL report LAMS-551 2962:History @ Los Alamos 2933:History @ Los Alamos 2501:(16). Archived from 1620:measurable cardinals 1481:, the United States 1175:isotopes of hydrogen 829:would not work in a 779:Santa Fe, New Mexico 742:. Here, he became a 696:Kazimierz Kuratowski 657:. These appeared in 581:. Its founders were 518:Kazimierz Kuratowski 491:Polish–Ukrainian War 309:Kazimierz Kuratowski 287:Born into a wealthy 220:Kazimierz Kuratowski 104:Santa Fe, New Mexico 6861:Charles F. Van Loan 6629:Jacques-Louis Lions 6034:George Kistiakowsky 5989:Charles Critchfield 5451:1985LMaPh..10..231B 5040:2002MedPh..29..484E 4673:LANL report LA-4973 4643:LANL report LA-4246 4508:LANL report LA-2305 4421:1965Sci...149..141D 4284:Ulam, S. M (1983). 4231:2013PhyOJ...6...15L 4197:10.1511/2009.78.214 4151:LANL report LA-1940 4098:2008PhT....61a..55D 4047:LANL report LA-1557 3903:Ulam, S. M (1983). 3638:Ulam, S. M (1983). 3538:Hewlett, Richard G. 3349:Ulam, S. M (1983). 3205:Ulam, S. M (1983). 3164:Ulam, S. M (1983). 3117:Hewlett, Richard G. 3006:1974BuAtS..30d..12F 2813:Ulam, S. M (1983). 2772:Ulam, S. M (1983). 2692:Anxiously from Lwow 2571:Turnbull WWW Server 2524:Ulam, S. M (1983). 2254:Ulam, S. M (1983). 1899:about Ulam's life. 1859:pattern recognition 1841:Ulam's work on non- 1675:Borsuk–Ulam theorem 1632:functional analysis 1472:, in 1963, and the 1228:Neumann's results. 1076:, later dubbed the 1074:Monte Carlo trolley 1031:Robert D. Richtmyer 1012:Françoise Aron Ulam 996:Nicholas Metropolis 978:Post war Los Alamos 863:George Kistiakowsky 542:(Vilnius), Vienna, 429:, Ulam studied the 282:applied mathematics 6967:History of science 6943:Nuclear technology 6869:Margaret H. Wright 6757:Jerrold E. Marsden 6701:Olga Ladyzhenskaya 6573:Kurt O. Friedrichs 6517:James H. Wilkinson 6099:Henry DeWolf Smyth 5878:Robert Oppenheimer 5833:Priscilla Duffield 5670:– 1976 lecture on 5640:Los Alamos Science 5469:10.1007/bf00398163 5368:Los Alamos Science 5003:on 16 October 2011 4896:Los Alamos Science 4386:The Story of Orion 4185:American Scientist 3954:Los Alamos Science 3288:Rota, Gian-Carlo. 3069:LANL report LA-171 3040:The New York Times 2639:The New York Times 2428:on 14 January 2009 1855:population biology 1776:, social science, 1769:Monte Carlo method 1765: 1711:(in Number Theory) 1680:Mazur–Ulam theorem 1648:projective algebra 1462: 1448:Return to academia 1382:nuclear propulsion 1374: 1364:Nuclear propulsion 1284:Cornell University 1279: 1244:Teller–Ulam design 1197: 1095:Teller–Ulam design 1082:massively parallel 1063:Monte Carlo method 1050: 1037:Monte Carlo method 851:isotope separation 791:Robert Oppenheimer 775: 704:Włodzimierz Stożek 643:Harvard University 575:Włodzimierz Stożek 552:Cambridge, England 520:, he received his 514: 463:Austrian partition 435:Monte Carlo method 407:nuclear propulsion 400:Teller–Ulam design 329:Harvard University 313:Włodzimierz Stożek 270:cellular automaton 262:Teller–Ulam design 224:Włodzimierz Stożek 192:Harvard University 145:Monte Carlo method 141:Teller–Ulam design 48:Ulam at Los Alamos 7065:Jewish physicists 6912: 6911: 6905: 6897: 6889: 6881: 6873: 6865: 6857: 6849: 6841: 6833: 6825: 6817: 6809: 6805:Ingrid Daubechies 6801: 6793: 6785: 6777: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6745: 6741:Heinz-Otto Kreiss 6737: 6729: 6721: 6713: 6709:Charles S. Peskin 6705: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6677:Martin D. Kruskal 6673: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6645:Germund Dahlquist 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6593: 6585: 6577: 6569: 6561: 6553: 6545: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6509:George F. Carrier 6505: 6497: 6489: 6481: 6473: 6469:Solomon Lefschetz 6465: 6457: 6449: 6441: 6392: 6391: 6314:Los Alamos Primer 6303:Interim Committee 6258:African Americans 6210:The Great Artiste 6069:Isidor Isaac Rabi 6064:Norman Ramsey Jr. 5863:Franklin Matthias 5802:Heavy water sites 5709:Manhattan Project 5545:978-0-520-05290-1 5291:978-3-88127-107-3 5048:10.1118/1.1461374 4711:on April 24, 2018 4591:www.nasonline.org 4415:(3680): 141–144. 4106:10.1063/1.2835154 4024:978-0-691-04989-2 3878:978-0-520-07187-2 3853:978-0-684-80400-2 3730:978-0-684-80400-2 3616:978-0-520-07187-2 3591:978-0-684-80400-2 3555:978-0-520-07187-2 3335:978-0-520-07154-4 3135:978-0-520-07186-5 2906:978-0-521-44132-2 2883:Hoddeson, Lillian 2595:The Scottish Book 2182:978-0-486-29730-9 2068:978-0-520-05290-1 2041:978-3-7643-3276-1 2009:978-0-684-14391-0 1957:978-0-262-02108-1 1930:978-0-486-67085-0 1851:cellular automata 1847:sequence analysis 1805:dynamical systems 1793:David K. Campbell 1746: 1745: 1717:(in Graph theory) 1601:Impact and legacy 1294:was detonated on 962:, which had been 803:Manhattan Project 762:Manhattan Project 526:Doctor of Science 495:a Ukrainian siege 445:Ulam was born in 356:Manhattan Project 260:, originated the 258:Manhattan Project 243: 242: 230:Doctoral students 160:Scientific career 16:(Redirected from 7187: 7150:Jewish agnostics 7075:Polish agnostics 7030: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7005: 7004: 7003: 6993: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6953: 6952: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6920: 6903: 6895: 6887: 6879: 6871: 6863: 6855: 6847: 6839: 6831: 6829:Leslie Greengard 6823: 6815: 6807: 6799: 6791: 6783: 6775: 6767: 6759: 6751: 6743: 6735: 6727: 6719: 6711: 6703: 6695: 6687: 6679: 6671: 6663: 6655: 6647: 6639: 6631: 6623: 6615: 6607: 6605:Joseph B. Keller 6599: 6591: 6589:Garrett Birkhoff 6583: 6581:Keith Stewartson 6575: 6567: 6559: 6551: 6543: 6535: 6527: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6495: 6487: 6479: 6471: 6463: 6455: 6447: 6439: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6396: 6395: 6384: 6383: 6335:Quebec Agreement 6119:John von Neumann 6059:George B. Pegram 5868:Dorothy McKibbin 5702: 5695: 5688: 5679: 5678: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5637: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5485: 5479:. Archived from 5462: 5445:(2–3): 231–242. 5436: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5410: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5365: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5340:on 24 April 2012 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5279: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5002: 4987: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4961: 4950: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4893: 4884: 4878: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4846: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4790: 4783: 4779:"Stanisław Ulam" 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4710: 4699: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4670: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4640: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4539:. Archived from 4533:"Stanislaw Ulam" 4529: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4505: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4291: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4182: 4173: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4122: 4091: 4073: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3910: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3841: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3796: 3785: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3718: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3645: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3579: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3495:(247): 335–341. 3486: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3356: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3321: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3258: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3212: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3171: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3127: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2929:"Supercomputing" 2925: 2919: 2918: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2820: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2779: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2641:. 5 January 1991 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2531: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2407: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2261: 2251: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2236: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2196: 2187: 2186: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2142: 2104:(English title: 2094: 2080: 2053: 2033: 2022:(autobiography). 2021: 2001: 1990: 1980: 1969: 1942: 1922: 1789:Lilienfeld Prize 1669: 1442:chaotic behavior 1426:Fermi–Ulam model 1378:Frederick Reines 1298:, within the US 1125:David Greenglass 902:explosive lenses 886:Seth Neddermeyer 821:discovered that 611:John von Neumann 368:explosive lenses 317:John von Neumann 276:, and suggested 255: 251: 215:Doctoral advisor 178:Computer science 99: 67: 65: 46: 32: 31: 21: 7195: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7023: 7018: 7016: 7006: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6992:sister projects 6989:at Knowledge's 6983: 6973: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6915: 6913: 6908: 6797:Bernd Sturmfels 6637:Richard M. Karp 6541:James Lighthill 6428: 6423: 6393: 6388: 6374: 6340:RaLa Experiment 6246: 6215: 6180:Project Alberta 6148: 6144:Chien-Shiung Wu 6074:James Rainwater 6009:Richard Feynman 5999:John R. Dunning 5974:Norris Bradbury 5937: 5923:Stafford Warren 5893:William Purnell 5873:Kenneth Nichols 5853:Ernest Lawrence 5828:James B. Conant 5806: 5720: 5711: 5706: 5662: 5654: 5635: 5631: 5616: 5611: 5602: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5028:Medical Physics 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4891: 4885: 4881: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4759:. 30 April 2011 4751: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4617: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4531: 4530: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4456: 4452: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4323: 4319: 4304: 4282: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4180: 4174: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3923: 3901: 3894: 3879: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3832:Rhodes, Richard 3829: 3825: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3797:on 1 March 2012 3794: 3783: 3774: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3754:on 16 July 2012 3746: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3709:Rhodes, Richard 3706: 3702: 3695: 3677: 3673: 3658: 3636: 3632: 3617: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3570:Rhodes, Richard 3567: 3563: 3556: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3397: 3391: 3384: 3369: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3322: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3282: 3256: 3247: 3240: 3225: 3203: 3199: 3184: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3136: 3125: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2907: 2880: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2833: 2811: 2807: 2792: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2606: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2563: 2559: 2544: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2505:on 6 March 2009 2487: 2480: 2467: 2465: 2458: 2452: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2408: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2309: 2293: 2289: 2274: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2232: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2167: 2163: 2154: 2152: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2090: 2087: 2069: 2056: 2042: 2025: 2010: 1993: 1972: 1958: 1945: 1931: 1911: 1908: 1893:film adaptation 1747: 1715:Ulam conjecture 1709:Ulam conjecture 1609:as part of the 1603: 1565:Alfred Marshall 1562: 1503:Temple F. Smith 1450: 1391:John O. Pastore 1366: 1314: 1308: 1171:fusion reaction 1159:fusion reaction 1147:Norris Bradbury 1139:Ernest Lawrence 1132:Harry S. Truman 1109:Lavrentiy Beria 1097: 1070:analog computer 1039: 1004:Gian-Carlo Rota 980: 929: 913:numerical work. 811: 764: 694:was in hiding, 631:Albert Einstein 627:James Alexander 607: 567:Stanisław Mazur 554:, where he met 532:in the journal 508:'s building in 443: 382:for Teller and 297:Austria-Hungary 272:, invented the 249: 222: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 176: 174:Nuclear physics 172: 151: 147: 143: 129: 116:Austria-Hungary 107: 101: 97: 88: 78: 76:Austria-Hungary 69: 63: 61: 60: 59: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7193: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7032: 7031: 7029:from Wikiquote 7014: 6987:Stanisław Ulam 6985: 6982: 6981: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6882: 6877:Nick Trefethen 6874: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6834: 6826: 6818: 6810: 6802: 6794: 6786: 6781:David Gottlieb 6778: 6770: 6762: 6754: 6749:Alan C. Newell 6746: 6738: 6730: 6722: 6717:Persi Diaconis 6714: 6706: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6674: 6666: 6658: 6650: 6642: 6634: 6626: 6618: 6610: 6602: 6594: 6586: 6578: 6570: 6562: 6554: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6525:Paul Samuelson 6522: 6514: 6506: 6498: 6493:Chia-Chiao Lin 6490: 6482: 6474: 6466: 6461:Stanislaw Ulam 6458: 6450: 6442: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6399: 6390: 6389: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6283:Chicago Pile-1 6280: 6278:Calutron Girls 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6251:Related topics 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6114:Stanisław Ulam 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6049:Edwin McMillan 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5994:Harry Daghlian 5991: 5986: 5984:John Cockcroft 5981: 5979:James Chadwick 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5903:Charles Thomas 5900: 5898:Frank Spedding 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5858:James Marshall 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5838:Thomas Farrell 5835: 5830: 5825: 5823:Arthur Compton 5820: 5814: 5812: 5811:Administrators 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5659: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5614:External links 5612: 5610: 5609: 5599:. 19 July 2023 5584: 5572:New York Times 5558: 5544: 5524: 5497: 5460:10.1.1.78.4790 5422: 5395:Bioinformatics 5381: 5351: 5325: 5303: 5290: 5265: 5243: 5217: 5183: 5161: 5139: 5117: 5091: 5068: 5034:(4): 484–492. 5014: 4973: 4936: 4909: 4879: 4862: 4833: 4824: 4802: 4770: 4744: 4722: 4686: 4656: 4626: 4602: 4578: 4554: 4543:on 2 July 2015 4521: 4491: 4465: 4450: 4399: 4373: 4344: 4317: 4302: 4273: 4244: 4209: 4191:(3): 214–221. 4163: 4134: 4059: 4030: 4023: 3999: 3983:PHS Newsletter 3969: 3936: 3921: 3892: 3877: 3859: 3852: 3823: 3808: 3765: 3736: 3729: 3700: 3693: 3671: 3656: 3630: 3615: 3597: 3590: 3561: 3554: 3529: 3472: 3443: 3414: 3382: 3367: 3341: 3334: 3309: 3280: 3269:(4): 445–449. 3238: 3223: 3197: 3182: 3156: 3134: 3108: 3081: 3052: 3026: 2986:(April 1974). 2975: 2946: 2920: 2905: 2871: 2846: 2831: 2805: 2790: 2764: 2739: 2728:on 1 July 2015 2709: 2698:on 17 May 2013 2678: 2667:. 6 April 2000 2652: 2626: 2604: 2584: 2557: 2542: 2516: 2478: 2439: 2381: 2355: 2329: 2307: 2287: 2272: 2241: 2217: 2205:New York Times 2188: 2181: 2161: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2067: 2054: 2040: 2023: 2008: 1991: 1970: 1956: 1943: 1929: 1907: 1904: 1828:Ulam Quarterly 1744: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1667: 1640:ergodic theory 1602: 1599: 1581:invisible hand 1573:Paul Samuelson 1569:market economy 1561: 1558: 1542:Françoise Ulam 1449: 1446: 1418:John H. Manley 1365: 1362: 1310:Main article: 1307: 1304: 1296:Enewetak Atoll 1263:Enewetak Atoll 1209:Françoise Ulam 1096: 1093: 1085:supercomputers 1038: 1035: 1027:nuclear fusion 979: 976: 937:chain reaction 928: 925: 906:hydrodynamical 890:shaped charges 861:and appointed 810: 807: 763: 760: 748:Françoise Aron 732:kremlinologist 692:Hugo Steinhaus 655:ergodic theory 651:John C. Oxtoby 635:G. D. Birkhoff 606: 603: 583:Hugo Steinhaus 522:Master of Arts 442: 439: 421:. With Fermi, 358:at the secret 337:ergodic theory 280:. In pure and 241: 240: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 217: 211: 210: 185: 181: 180: 167: 163: 162: 156: 155: 138: 137:Known for 134: 133: 124: 120: 119: 113: 109: 108: 102: 100:(aged 75) 94: 90: 89: 70: 57: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 36:Stanisław Ulam 35: 26: 18:Stanislaw Ulam 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7192: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7028: 7027: 7015: 7011: 7010: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6988: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6902: 6899: 6894: 6891: 6886: 6883: 6878: 6875: 6870: 6867: 6862: 6859: 6854: 6851: 6846: 6843: 6838: 6835: 6830: 6827: 6822: 6821:Stanley Osher 6819: 6814: 6811: 6806: 6803: 6798: 6795: 6790: 6789:Franco Brezzi 6787: 6782: 6779: 6774: 6771: 6766: 6763: 6758: 6755: 6750: 6747: 6742: 6739: 6734: 6731: 6726: 6723: 6718: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6702: 6699: 6694: 6693:William Kahan 6691: 6686: 6683: 6678: 6675: 6670: 6667: 6662: 6659: 6654: 6653:Stephen Smale 6651: 6646: 6643: 6638: 6635: 6630: 6627: 6622: 6621:John W. Tukey 6619: 6614: 6611: 6606: 6603: 6598: 6597:David Slepian 6595: 6590: 6587: 6582: 6579: 6574: 6571: 6566: 6565:Peter Henrici 6563: 6558: 6557:Kenneth Arrow 6555: 6550: 6547: 6542: 6539: 6534: 6531: 6526: 6523: 6518: 6515: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6499: 6494: 6491: 6486: 6485:Eugene Wigner 6483: 6478: 6477:Freeman Dyson 6475: 6470: 6467: 6462: 6459: 6454: 6451: 6446: 6443: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6408: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6387: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6298:Franck Report 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6160:Alsos Mission 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6134:Robert Wilson 6132: 6130: 6129:Eugene Wigner 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6109:Edward Teller 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6084:Glenn Seaborg 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6054:Mark Oliphant 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6044:Willard Libby 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5954:Robert Bacher 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5933:Roscoe Wilson 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5848:John Lansdale 5846: 5844: 5843:Leslie Groves 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818:Vannevar Bush 5816: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5528: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5313: 5307: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5253: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5206:on 2012-05-03 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5171: 5165: 5149: 5143: 5127: 5121: 5102: 5095: 5079: 5072: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4962:on 2016-03-06 4958: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4850: 4843: 4837: 4828: 4812: 4806: 4787: 4784:(in French). 4780: 4774: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4732: 4726: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4303:9780684143910 4299: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4280: 4278: 4262: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4152: 4145: 4138: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076:Physics Today 4070: 4063: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4003: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3957: 3955: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3922:9780684143910 3918: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3899: 3897: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3819: 3812: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3732: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3694:9780804725620 3690: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3657:9780684143910 3653: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3403: 3396: 3389: 3387: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3368:9780684143910 3364: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3224:9780684143910 3220: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3183:9780684143910 3179: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3160: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3070: 3063: 3056: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2832:9780684143910 2828: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2791:9780684143910 2787: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2768: 2752: 2751: 2743: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2605:9783764330453 2601: 2597: 2596: 2588: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2543:9780684143910 2539: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2520: 2504: 2500: 2497:(in Polish). 2496: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2475: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2424: 2417: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2370:. 24 May 2011 2369: 2365: 2359: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2308:9780765808851 2304: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2273:9780684143910 2269: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2193: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2137: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656:combinatorics 1653: 1652:number theory 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622:and abstract 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1607:hydrogen bomb 1597: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524:. Except for 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1411:Freeman Dyson 1408: 1404: 1403:Project Orion 1400: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1387:Project Rover 1383: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1276: 1272: 1271:thermonuclear 1268: 1267:Operation Ivy 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1225:combinatorics 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Edward Teller 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121:Theodore Hall 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072:known as the 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 975: 973: 969: 968:xenon isotope 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 941:David Hawkins 938: 934: 924: 921: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874:critical mass 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 773: 768: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716:Stefan Banach 713: 712:Scottish Book 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 661: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 623:Oswald Veblen 620: 616: 612: 602: 600: 599:Scottish Book 596: 595:Scottish Café 592: 588: 587:Stefan Banach 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 523: 519: 511: 507: 506:Scottish Café 502: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 478:Polish Jewish 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419:Project Orion 416: 412: 411:Project Rover 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:Edward Teller 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289:Polish Jewish 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 247: 238: 235: 232: 228: 225: 221: 218: 216: 212: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 161: 157: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 117: 114: 110: 105: 95: 91: 86: 82: 77: 73: 68:13 April 1909 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 7024: 7012:from Commons 7007: 6986: 6885:Chi-Wang Shu 6845:Donald Knuth 6813:John M. Ball 6773:Nancy Kopell 6725:David Donoho 6685:Carl de Boor 6661:Andrew Majda 6613:Jürgen Moser 6533:Jule Charney 6437:Lars Ahlfors 6370:Y-12 Project 6355:Smyth Report 6350:S-50 Project 6312: 6308:K-25 Project 6237:Pumpkin bomb 6208: 6201: 6194: 6124:John Wheeler 6113: 6094:Louis Slotin 6089:Emilio Segrè 6039:George Koval 6019:James Franck 6004:Enrico Fermi 5949:Luis Alvarez 5908:Paul Tibbets 5883:Deak Parsons 5671: 5639: 5601:. Retrieved 5596: 5587: 5575:. Retrieved 5571: 5561: 5549:. Retrieved 5534: 5527: 5515:. Retrieved 5510: 5500: 5488:. Retrieved 5481:the original 5442: 5438: 5425: 5401:(1): 41–47. 5398: 5394: 5384: 5372:. Retrieved 5367: 5354: 5342:. Retrieved 5338:the original 5328: 5316:. Retrieved 5306: 5295:, retrieved 5281: 5268: 5256:. Retrieved 5246: 5234:. Retrieved 5229: 5220: 5208:. Retrieved 5204:the original 5199: 5195: 5186: 5174:. Retrieved 5164: 5152:. Retrieved 5142: 5130:. Retrieved 5120: 5108:. Retrieved 5094: 5082:. Retrieved 5080:. ludwig.com 5071: 5059:. Retrieved 5031: 5027: 5017: 5005:. Retrieved 4998:the original 4993: 4989: 4976: 4966:13 September 4964:. Retrieved 4957:the original 4952: 4939: 4927:. Retrieved 4922: 4912: 4900:. Retrieved 4895: 4882: 4870: 4865: 4853:. Retrieved 4848: 4836: 4827: 4815:. Retrieved 4805: 4793:. Retrieved 4773: 4761:. Retrieved 4756: 4747: 4735:. Retrieved 4725: 4713:. Retrieved 4706:the original 4701: 4689: 4677:. Retrieved 4672: 4659: 4647:. Retrieved 4642: 4629: 4618:. Retrieved 4614: 4605: 4594:. Retrieved 4590: 4587:"S. M. Ulam" 4581: 4570:. Retrieved 4566: 4557: 4545:. Retrieved 4541:the original 4512:. Retrieved 4507: 4494: 4482:. Retrieved 4468: 4459: 4453: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4390:. Retrieved 4385: 4376: 4364:. Retrieved 4360: 4347: 4335:. Retrieved 4330: 4320: 4287: 4264:. Retrieved 4260: 4247: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4188: 4184: 4154:. Retrieved 4150: 4137: 4125:. Retrieved 4082:(1): 55–57. 4079: 4075: 4062: 4050:. Retrieved 4046: 4033: 4009: 4002: 3990:. Retrieved 3986: 3982: 3972: 3960:. Retrieved 3952: 3939: 3906: 3868: 3862: 3837: 3826: 3817: 3811: 3799:. Retrieved 3792:the original 3756:. Retrieved 3752:the original 3714: 3703: 3684: 3674: 3641: 3633: 3606: 3600: 3575: 3564: 3541: 3532: 3520:. Retrieved 3492: 3488: 3475: 3463:. Retrieved 3459: 3446: 3434:. Retrieved 3430: 3417: 3405:. Retrieved 3401: 3352: 3344: 3325: 3300:. Retrieved 3296: 3283: 3266: 3260: 3208: 3200: 3167: 3159: 3121: 3111: 3099:. Retrieved 3095:LANL reports 3094: 3084: 3072:. Retrieved 3068: 3055: 3043:. Retrieved 3039: 3029: 3017:. Retrieved 2997: 2991: 2984:Frisch, Otto 2978: 2966:. Retrieved 2961: 2937:. Retrieved 2932: 2923: 2891: 2862:. Retrieved 2816: 2808: 2782:125–130, 174 2775: 2767: 2757:11 September 2755:. Retrieved 2749: 2742: 2730:. Retrieved 2726:the original 2721: 2712: 2700:. Retrieved 2696:the original 2691: 2681: 2669:. Retrieved 2664: 2655: 2643:. Retrieved 2638: 2629: 2617:. Retrieved 2594: 2587: 2577:11 September 2575:. Retrieved 2570: 2560: 2527: 2519: 2507:. Retrieved 2503:the original 2498: 2494: 2473: 2466:. Retrieved 2462: 2430:. Retrieved 2423:the original 2413: 2372:. Retrieved 2367: 2358: 2346:. Retrieved 2342: 2332: 2320:. Retrieved 2297: 2290: 2257: 2233:. Retrieved 2229: 2220: 2208:. Retrieved 2204: 2171: 2164: 2153:. Retrieved 2149: 2140: 2105: 2058: 2029: 1997: 1976: 1947: 1918: 1906:Bibliography 1901: 1896: 1895:of the book 1890: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1816: 1782: 1766: 1751: 1748: 1740: 1736:Ulam numbers 1695:Lucky number 1664: 1660:graph theory 1644:group theory 1604: 1586: 1563: 1550:Philadelphia 1507: 1491: 1463: 1438:chaos theory 1434:Mary Tsingou 1423: 1415: 1396: 1375: 1334: 1326:Mary Tsingou 1322: 1315: 1288: 1280: 1254: 1230: 1198: 1151:George Gamow 1143:Luis Alvarez 1136: 1101:Soviet Union 1098: 1067: 1051: 1023:Stan Frankel 1016: 992:encephalitis 981: 956:Enrico Fermi 953: 930: 916: 911: 867: 847:Hanford site 819:Emilio Segrè 812: 799:David Frisch 776: 737: 665: 658: 608: 564: 533: 529: 515: 475: 444: 427:Mary Tsingou 404: 384:Enrico Fermi 364:hydrodynamic 354:to join the 349: 286: 245: 244: 184:Institutions 159: 98:(1984-05-13) 29: 7050:1984 deaths 7045:1909 births 6955:Mathematics 6901:Yousef Saad 6893:Leah Keshet 6733:Eric Lander 6185:Silverplate 6139:Leona Woods 6104:Leo Szilard 6079:Bruno Rossi 6024:Klaus Fuchs 5928:Ed Westcott 5918:Harold Urey 5597:www.nyc.gov 5551:24 December 5374:28 December 5344:24 December 5318:24 December 5258:24 December 4763:12 December 4679:26 November 4649:26 November 4514:26 November 4366:24 November 4337:25 November 4266:24 November 4202:20 November 4156:21 November 4052:21 November 3522:21 November 3250:Erdős, Paul 2322:28 December 1809:Donald Kerr 1807:. In 1980, 1731:Ulam matrix 1726:Ulam's game 1700:Ulam spiral 1618:(including 1548:Library in 1526:sabbaticals 1458:Ulam spiral 1380:considered 1275:Teller-Ulam 1117:Klaus Fuchs 988:Los Angeles 920:Otto Frisch 795:Joan Hinton 726:. In 1963, 702:in Warsaw, 565:Along with 556:G. H. Hardy 315:. In 1935, 170:Mathematics 112:Citizenship 96:13 May 1984 7039:Categories 7026:Quotations 6453:Jean Leray 6288:Demon core 6232:Little Boy 6153:Operations 5969:Niels Bohr 5959:Hans Bethe 5942:Scientists 5888:Boris Pash 5767:Los Alamos 5603:2023-08-13 5517:6 December 5490:5 December 5236:9 December 5210:9 December 5176:8 December 5154:8 December 5132:8 December 5110:8 December 5084:9 December 5061:9 December 5007:9 December 4929:9 December 4855:6 December 4795:29 October 4620:2022-09-21 4596:2022-09-21 4572:2022-09-21 4225:(15): 15. 3962:3 November 3777:Teller, E. 3758:22 October 3465:23 October 3436:22 October 3407:22 October 3302:22 October 3101:13 October 3074:13 October 3045:14 October 2968:24 October 2939:24 October 2864:22 October 2732:10 October 2671:10 October 2645:10 October 2619:4 December 2468:10 October 2374:12 October 2348:10 October 2235:2021-04-11 2155:2022-05-17 2133:References 1886:Pittsburgh 1878:New Mexico 1616:set theory 1592:theory of 1577:Adam Smith 1556:in Paris. 1538:Paul Erdős 1485:, and the 1356:that have 1318:John Pasta 1257:device of 1221:slide rule 1000:Paul Erdős 900:driven by 839:Little Boy 815:Los Alamos 783:Hans Bethe 680:occupation 423:John Pasta 352:Hans Bethe 291:family in 234:Paul Kelly 64:1909-04-13 6931:Biography 6549:René Thom 6501:Peter Lax 6330:Plutonium 6196:Enola Gay 6014:Val Fitch 5964:Aage Bohr 5913:Bud Uanna 5782:Oak Ridge 5648:0273-7116 5577:13 August 5455:CiteSeerX 5297:5 January 4392:7 October 4114:118607235 4089:0801.1590 3992:13 August 3144:637004643 3000:(4): 17. 2432:7 October 2092:‹See Tfd› 1913:Kac, Mark 1882:Wisconsin 1791:lecture, 1590:Ricardian 1213:computers 1167:deuterium 1129:President 1058:solitaire 949:branching 870:implosion 843:Hiroshima 823:plutonium 728:Adam Ulam 688:Holocaust 609:In 1935, 396:computers 341:Adam Ulam 123:Education 6445:Mark Kac 6386:Category 6242:Thin Man 6203:Bockscar 5797:Wendover 5777:New York 5772:Montreal 5762:Inyokern 5737:Berkeley 5718:Timeline 5652:Archived 5417:10812476 5056:11991119 4817:10 March 4786:Archived 4715:July 25, 4445:39761976 4437:17734490 4118:Archived 3834:(1995). 3711:(1995). 3572:(1995). 3517:18139350 3252:(1985). 3148:Archived 2915:26764320 2889:(1993). 2722:The Hook 2343:Genforum 2317:48122759 2085:See also 2077:20318499 2050:11260216 1939:24847821 1853:theory, 1813:Mark Kac 1801:solitons 1628:topology 1624:measures 1292:Ivy Mike 1185:Ivy Mike 964:poisoned 896:, was a 892:used in 876:, where 835:Thin Man 831:gun-type 827:reactors 825:made in 571:Mark Kac 6917:Portals 6360:Uranium 6227:Fat Man 6220:Weapons 5792:Trinity 5757:Hanford 5742:Chicago 5668:YouTube 5477:2791811 5447:Bibcode 5036:Bibcode 4417:Bibcode 4409:Science 4312:1528346 4294:249–250 4227:Bibcode 4219:Physics 4094:Bibcode 3931:1528346 3913:220–224 3887:3717478 3801:4 April 3666:1528346 3625:3717478 3509:2280232 3377:1528346 3359:184–187 3233:1528346 3215:162–157 3192:1528346 3174:152–153 3019:May 29, 3002:Bibcode 2897:130–137 2841:1528346 2823:143–147 2800:1528346 2614:7553633 2552:1528346 2282:1528346 2018:1528346 1966:0441664 1866:Science 1774:finance 1528:at the 1516:by the 1494:biology 1358:soliton 1346:Zabusky 1342:Kruskal 1255:Sausage 1239:fissile 1165:and/or 1163:tritium 1113:Fat Man 1078:FERMIAC 1047:FERMIAC 1008:biology 933:neutron 878:neutron 855:fissile 756:Madison 684:invaded 457:of the 451:Galicia 447:Lemberg 293:Lemberg 250:Polish: 85:Ukraine 72:Lemberg 6979:Poland 6904:(2023) 6896:(2022) 6888:(2021) 6880:(2020) 6872:(2019) 6864:(2018) 6856:(2017) 6848:(2016) 6840:(2015) 6832:(2014) 6824:(2013) 6816:(2012) 6808:(2011) 6800:(2010) 6792:(2009) 6784:(2008) 6776:(2007) 6768:(2006) 6760:(2005) 6752:(2004) 6744:(2003) 6736:(2002) 6728:(2001) 6720:(2000) 6712:(1999) 6704:(1998) 6696:(1997) 6688:(1996) 6680:(1994) 6672:(1992) 6664:(1990) 6656:(1989) 6648:(1988) 6640:(1987) 6632:(1986) 6624:(1985) 6616:(1984) 6608:(1983) 6600:(1982) 6592:(1981) 6584:(1980) 6576:(1979) 6568:(1978) 6560:(1977) 6552:(1976) 6544:(1975) 6536:(1974) 6528:(1971) 6520:(1970) 6512:(1969) 6504:(1968) 6496:(1967) 6488:(1966) 6480:(1965) 6472:(1964) 6464:(1963) 6456:(1962) 6448:(1961) 6440:(1960) 5752:Dayton 5746:Site A 5646: 5542: 5475: 5457: 5415: 5288: 5054: 4902:11 Mar 4737:14 May 4547:14 May 4484:30 May 4443: 4435: 4310: 4300: 4112: 4021: 3956:, No 6 3929: 3919: 3885: 3875: 3850: 3846:–464. 3727: 3723:–424. 3691: 3664: 3654: 3623: 3613: 3588: 3552: 3515: 3507: 3375: 3365: 3332: 3231: 3221: 3190: 3180: 3142: 3132: 2913: 2903: 2839: 2829: 2798: 2788: 2702:24 May 2612: 2602: 2550: 2540: 2509:10 May 2315: 2305: 2280: 2270: 2210:30 May 2179: 2096:German 2075: 2065: 2048: 2038: 2016: 2006: 1987:526673 1985: 1964: 1954: 1937: 1927: 1884:, and 1803:, and 1741: 1658:, and 1522:London 1234:X-rays 1205:MANIAC 1189:staged 1123:, and 668:Gdynia 629:, and 550:, and 544:Zürich 487:Vienna 441:Poland 425:, and 166:Fields 106:, U.S. 7009:Media 5725:Sites 5655:(PDF) 5636:(PDF) 5484:(PDF) 5473:S2CID 5435:(PDF) 5364:(PDF) 5278:(PDF) 5196:Chaos 5104:(PDF) 5001:(PDF) 4986:(PDF) 4960:(PDF) 4949:(PDF) 4892:(PDF) 4845:(PDF) 4789:(PDF) 4782:(PDF) 4709:(PDF) 4698:(PDF) 4669:(PDF) 4639:(PDF) 4504:(PDF) 4478:(PDF) 4441:S2CID 4357:(PDF) 4257:(PDF) 4181:(PDF) 4147:(PDF) 4127:7 May 4121:(PDF) 4110:S2CID 4084:arXiv 4072:(PDF) 4043:(PDF) 3949:(PDF) 3795:(PDF) 3784:(PDF) 3505:JSTOR 3485:(PDF) 3456:(PDF) 3427:(PDF) 3398:(PDF) 3293:(PDF) 3257:(PDF) 3151:(PDF) 3126:(PDF) 3065:(PDF) 2534:56–60 2495:Zwoje 2459:(PDF) 2426:(PDF) 2419:(PDF) 1797:chaos 1232:soft 1193:yield 1105:RDS-1 1054:ENIAC 966:by a 548:Paris 540:Wilno 483:Stryj 79:(now 5732:Ames 5644:ISSN 5579:2023 5553:2011 5540:ISBN 5519:2011 5492:2011 5413:PMID 5376:2011 5346:2011 5320:2011 5299:2013 5286:ISBN 5260:2011 5238:2011 5212:2011 5178:2011 5156:2011 5134:2011 5112:2011 5086:2011 5063:2011 5052:PMID 5009:2011 4968:2012 4931:2011 4904:2016 4876:IMDb 4857:2011 4819:2021 4797:2015 4765:2011 4739:2013 4717:2023 4681:2011 4651:2011 4549:2013 4516:2011 4486:2013 4433:PMID 4394:2011 4368:2011 4339:2011 4308:OCLC 4298:ISBN 4268:2011 4204:2011 4158:2011 4129:2017 4054:2011 4019:ISBN 3994:2012 3964:2011 3927:OCLC 3917:ISBN 3883:OCLC 3873:ISBN 3848:ISBN 3803:2022 3760:2011 3725:ISBN 3689:ISBN 3662:OCLC 3652:ISBN 3621:OCLC 3611:ISBN 3586:ISBN 3550:ISBN 3524:2011 3513:PMID 3467:2011 3438:2011 3409:2011 3373:OCLC 3363:ISBN 3330:ISBN 3304:2011 3229:OCLC 3219:ISBN 3188:OCLC 3178:ISBN 3140:OCLC 3130:ISBN 3103:2011 3076:2011 3047:2011 3021:2013 2970:2011 2941:2011 2911:OCLC 2901:ISBN 2866:2011 2837:OCLC 2827:ISBN 2796:OCLC 2786:ISBN 2759:2012 2734:2011 2704:2013 2673:2011 2647:2011 2621:2011 2610:OCLC 2600:ISBN 2579:2012 2548:OCLC 2538:ISBN 2511:2013 2470:2011 2434:2011 2376:2011 2368:GENi 2350:2011 2324:2011 2313:OCLC 2303:ISBN 2278:OCLC 2268:ISBN 2264:9–15 2212:2013 2177:ISBN 2073:OCLC 2063:ISBN 2046:OCLC 2036:ISBN 2014:OCLC 2004:ISBN 1983:OCLC 1952:ISBN 1935:OCLC 1925:ISBN 1783:The 1767:The 1579:'s " 1344:and 1259:Mike 1253:The 1141:and 1087:are 720:lice 672:Adam 585:and 558:and 510:Lviv 504:The 471:Lwów 311:and 93:Died 81:Lviv 54:Born 5666:on 5465:doi 5403:doi 5044:doi 4874:at 4425:doi 4413:149 4235:doi 4193:doi 4102:doi 4015:166 3844:455 3721:422 3648:215 3582:248 3497:doi 3271:doi 3010:doi 1626:), 1520:in 1466:MIT 1444:". 1246:". 986:in 789:by 722:at 645:in 617:in 331:in 323:in 305:PhD 264:of 7041:: 5650:. 5638:. 5595:. 5570:. 5509:. 5471:. 5463:. 5453:. 5443:10 5441:. 5437:. 5411:. 5399:16 5397:. 5393:. 5366:. 5228:. 5200:15 5198:. 5194:. 5050:. 5042:. 5032:29 5030:. 5026:. 4992:. 4988:. 4951:. 4921:. 4894:. 4847:. 4755:. 4700:. 4671:. 4641:. 4613:. 4589:. 4565:. 4535:. 4524:^ 4506:. 4439:. 4431:. 4423:. 4411:. 4384:. 4359:. 4329:. 4306:. 4296:. 4276:^ 4259:. 4233:. 4221:. 4189:97 4187:. 4183:. 4166:^ 4149:. 4116:. 4108:. 4100:. 4092:. 4078:. 4074:. 4045:. 4017:. 3987:52 3985:. 3981:. 3951:. 3925:. 3915:. 3895:^ 3881:. 3786:. 3768:^ 3739:^ 3660:. 3650:. 3619:. 3584:. 3511:. 3503:. 3493:44 3491:. 3487:. 3458:. 3429:. 3400:. 3385:^ 3371:. 3361:. 3312:^ 3295:. 3265:. 3259:. 3241:^ 3227:. 3217:. 3186:. 3176:. 3146:. 3138:. 3093:. 3067:. 3038:. 3008:. 2998:30 2996:. 2990:. 2960:. 2949:^ 2931:. 2909:. 2899:. 2874:^ 2849:^ 2835:. 2825:. 2794:. 2784:. 2720:. 2690:. 2663:. 2637:. 2608:. 2569:. 2546:. 2536:. 2481:^ 2472:. 2461:. 2442:^ 2384:^ 2366:. 2341:. 2311:. 2276:. 2266:. 2244:^ 2228:. 2203:. 2191:^ 2148:. 2098:: 2071:. 2044:. 2012:. 1962:MR 1960:. 1933:. 1888:. 1880:, 1857:, 1838:. 1799:, 1756:. 1662:. 1654:, 1650:, 1646:, 1642:, 1638:, 1634:, 1630:, 1489:. 1153:, 1119:, 1014:. 797:, 714:. 690:, 625:, 573:, 569:, 562:. 546:, 497:. 473:. 449:, 295:, 83:, 74:, 6995:: 6919:: 6418:e 6411:t 6404:v 5748:) 5744:( 5701:e 5694:t 5687:v 5674:. 5606:. 5581:. 5555:. 5521:. 5494:. 5467:: 5449:: 5419:. 5405:: 5378:. 5348:. 5322:. 5262:. 5240:. 5214:. 5180:. 5158:. 5136:. 5114:. 5088:. 5065:. 5046:: 5038:: 5011:. 4994:9 4970:. 4933:. 4906:. 4859:. 4821:. 4799:. 4767:. 4741:. 4719:. 4683:. 4653:. 4623:. 4599:. 4575:. 4551:. 4518:. 4488:. 4447:. 4427:: 4419:: 4396:. 4370:. 4341:. 4314:. 4270:. 4241:. 4237:: 4229:: 4223:6 4206:. 4195:: 4160:. 4131:. 4104:: 4096:: 4086:: 4080:6 4056:. 4027:. 3996:. 3966:. 3933:. 3889:. 3856:. 3805:. 3762:. 3733:. 3697:. 3668:. 3627:. 3594:. 3558:. 3526:. 3499:: 3469:. 3440:. 3411:. 3379:. 3338:. 3306:. 3277:. 3273:: 3267:9 3235:. 3194:. 3105:. 3078:. 3049:. 3023:. 3012:: 3004:: 2972:. 2943:. 2917:. 2868:. 2843:. 2802:. 2761:. 2736:. 2706:. 2675:. 2649:. 2623:. 2581:. 2554:. 2513:. 2499:3 2436:. 2416:" 2378:. 2352:. 2326:. 2284:. 2238:. 2214:. 2185:. 2158:. 2079:. 2052:. 2020:. 1989:. 1968:. 1941:. 1242:" 248:( 87:) 66:) 62:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index