33:
223:
704:
450:
613:
appears to be relatively constant in size in different ethnic groups. In 0.01–0.02% of people, the stapedial artery does not regress, and persists in the central foramen. In this case, a pulsatile sound may be heard in the affected ear, or there may be no symptoms at all. Rarely, the
671:. Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1% of people, although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss. Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups, and females. Two common treatments are
1414:
194:
2058:
1032:
Mutlu, C.; da Costa, S. S.; Paparella, MM; Schachern, Pennsylvania (1998). "Clinical-histopathological correlations of pitfalls in middle ear surgery".
734:, although this remains the nature of some controversy, as Ingrassia's description was published posthumously in his 1603 anatomical commentary
1407:
170:
2051:
1366:
1400:
548:
994:
Arensburg, B.; Harell, M.; Nathan, H. (February 1981). "The human middle ear ossicles: Morphometry, and taxonomic implications".
1236:
1170:
978:
904:
2044:
368:
2642:
1501:
1832:
793:Àwengen, D. F.; Nishihara, S.; Kurokawa, H.; Goode, R. L. (April 1995). "Measurements of the stapes superstructure".
895:
695:-related damage to the base of the bone, or obliterative otosclerosis, resulting in obliteration of the base.
636:
transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window, a membrane-covered opening to the inner ear. The
2000:
1553:
189:
2662:
2647:
1995:
1861:
1608:
1598:
1990:
1625:
1603:
1543:
688:
570:
1293:
Mudry, Albert (April 2013). "Disputes
Surrounding the Discovery of the Stapes in the Mid 16th Century".
1620:
1548:
899:. Illustrations by Richard Tibbitts and Paul Richardson. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone.
727:
712:
687:
followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole. Surgery may be complicated by a
486:
408:
1116:
Reiber, M.; Schwaber, M. (February 1997). "Congenital absence of stapes and facial nerve dehiscence".
1637:
1075:
Silbergleit, R.; Quint, D. J.; Mehta, B. A.; Patel, S. C.; Metes, J. J.; Noujaim, S. E. (Mar 2000).
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201:
153:
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2571:
2435:
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177:
165:
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2316:
2173:
1652:
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of humans and other tetrapods which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the
128:
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to adhere to the oval window, which impedes its ability to conduct sound, and is a cause of
1906:
1703:
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318:
1370:
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354:
340:
1007:
2566:
2431:
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1960:
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1318:
1270:
1253:
1141:
1093:
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680:
562:
1129:
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2015:
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2110:
1914:
1883:
1800:
1783:
1748:
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892:
323:
411:, which allows the footplate (or base) to transmit sound energy through the
222:
182:
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2130:
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113:
32:
1252:
Dispenza, F.; Cappello, F.; Kulamarva, G.; De
Stefano, A. (October 2013).
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is a congenital or spontaneous-onset disease characterized by abnormal
474:
420:
396:
269:
106:
90:
1496:
1367:"3-D Virtual Models of the Human Temporal Bone and Related Structures"
922:"Development of the stapes and associated structures in human embryos"
893:
Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W. M. Mitchell (2005).
843:"Can you hear me now? Understanding vertebrate middle ear development"
752:(1549). The bone is so-named because of its resemblance to a stirrup (
577:, either term may be used. In fish, the homologous bone is called the
207:
2534:
2478:
1827:
1768:
1688:
1481:
1454:
1436:
765:
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590:
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738:
In Galeni librum de ossibus doctissima et expectatissima commentaria
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470:
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1943:
1926:
1733:
1593:
1491:
1474:
1369:. Eaton Peabody Laboratory of Auditory Physiology. Archived from
858:
726:
is commonly described as having been discovered by the professor
627:
574:
424:
335:
328:
286:
776:), as stirrups did not exist in the early Latin-speaking world.
746:
is first to have been credited with a published description, in
2496:
2450:
2302:
2297:
539:, which usually regresses in humans during normal development.
524:
230:
This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of the
75:
2501:
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2216:
2178:
1615:
792:
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or the jaw, depending on the species. The equivalent term in
491:
291:
140:
2516:
2376:
2361:
2067:
1188:"The aetiology of otosclerosis: a review of the literature"
973:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Holt-Saunders International.
458:
392:
69:
1074:
2348:
2255:
2198:
235:
477:
and the smallest in the human body. It measures roughly
557:
is one of three ossicles in mammals. In non-mammalian
499:. They are connected by anterior and posterior limbs (
993:
78:
63:
481:, greater along the head-base span. It rests on the
72:
66:
679:and replacement with an artificial prosthesis, and
423:, and is so-called because of its resemblance to a
60:
1422:
969:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S (1977).
683:, the creation of a small hole in the base of the
632:Situated between the incus and the inner ear, the
919:
795:The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
2609:
1163:Tympanoplasty, Mastoidectomy, and Stapes Surgery
535:, is due to the presence embryologically of the
2066:
1231:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
1115:
2052:
1408:
836:
834:
832:
362:
968:
1192:Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences
1185:
1027:
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888:
886:
747:
736:
595:
2059:
2045:
1415:
1401:
1226:
1186:Menger, D. J.; Tange, R. A. (April 2003).
1157:
1155:
1034:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
829:
369:
355:
31:
1269:
1227:Hall, John E.; Guyton, Arthur C. (2005).
1203:
1092:
945:
866:
419:is the smallest and lightest bone in the
1022:
920:Rodriguez-Vazquez, J. F. (August 2005).
883:
702:
663:in the inner ear. Often this causes the
549:Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles
448:
1152:
840:
2610:
1726:
2040:
1396:
1292:
651:
1118:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
644:muscle, which is innervated by the
523:during the sixth to eighth week of
13:
1335:
1258:Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
1081:American Journal of Neuroradiology
841:Chapman, S. C. (January 1, 2011).
14:
2674:
1359:
1077:"The persistent stapedial artery"
962:
485:, to which it is connected by an
1205:10.1046/j.1365-2273.2003.00675.x
938:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x
403:. This bone is connected to the
221:
56:
1329:
1286:
1245:
1220:
1179:
469:is the third bone of the three
1811:Reissner's/vestibular membrane
1229:Textbook of medical physiology
1109:
1068:
987:
913:
786:
675:, the surgical removal of the
510:
1:
1554:promontory of tympanic cavity
1165:. Georg Thieme Verlag. 2008.
1130:10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70343-7
1016:10.1016/S0047-2484(81)80018-8
779:
41:(A), and view from below (B).
1307:10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827d8abc
604:
527:. The central cavity of the
438:
7:
1544:secondary tympanic membrane
1342:Online Etymology Dictionary
896:Gray's Anatomy for Students
689:persistent stapedial artery
621:
10:
2679:
2643:Bones of the head and neck
1549:prominence of facial canal
1385:
996:Journal of Human Evolution
807:10.1177/000348949510400411
764:word, probably created in
728:Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia
713:Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia
698:
640:is also stabilized by the
625:
618:may be completely absent.
546:
542:
457:, compared with a 10-cent
442:
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1981:
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1717:
1696:
1687:
1663:
1584:
1521:
1512:
1435:
1295:Otology & Neurotology
1254:"The discovery of stapes"
716:(Labeled M, bottom right)
519:develops from the second
489:and articulates with the
200:
188:
176:
164:
152:
139:
134:
124:
112:
102:
89:
51:
46:
30:
23:
1569:aditus to mastoid antrum
711:, as first described by
415:into the inner ear. The
202:Anatomical terms of bone
847:Frontiers in Bioscience
768:times from "to stand" (
669:conductive hearing loss
495:, or anvil through the
2174:inferior nasal conchae
1388:anatomical terminology
773:
757:
748:
737:
719:
596:
585:supporting either the
569:is usually called the
504:
462:
432:
16:Bone of the middle ear
1560:Posterior structures
1046:10.1007/s004050050041
749:Dialogus de re medica
706:
581:, and is part of the
497:incudostapedial joint
452:
129:Incudostapedial joint
1801:Cochlear duct /
1765:Perilymphatic space
1665:Auditory tube /
742:. Spanish anatomist
732:University of Naples
2663:Human head and neck
2648:Otorhinolaryngology
2589:accessory navicular
1983:Semicircular canals
1956:Vestibular aqueduct
1008:1981JHumE..10..199A
971:The Vertebrate Body
760:), an example of a
341:Semicircular canals
1961:endolymphatic duct
1949:Otolithic membrane
1862:Tectorial membrane
1821:Reticular membrane
1626:posterior ligament
1574:pyramidal eminence
1530:Medial structures
1386:This article uses
926:Journal of Anatomy
720:
652:Clinical relevance
597:pars media plectra
525:embryological life
463:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2311:
2310:
2232:
2231:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2016:crista ampullaris
1966:endolymphatic sac
1898:Vestibular system
1892:
1891:
1774:Cochlear aqueduct
1683:
1682:
1621:superior ligament
1609:anterior ligament
1599:superior ligament
1487:Auricular muscles
1470:intertragic notch
1373:on April 13, 2016
1336:Harper, Douglas.
1238:978-0-7216-0240-0
1172:978-1-282-86537-2
980:978-0-03-910284-5
906:978-0-8089-2306-0
801:(4 Pt 1): 311–6.
533:obturator foramen
379:
378:
277:Tympanic membrane
216:
215:
211:
2670:
2322:
2321:
2268:Vertebral column
2094:
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2085:
2084:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2006:Ampullary cupula
1903:
1902:
1833:Stria vascularis
1816:Basilar membrane
1724:
1723:
1694:
1693:
1638:annular ligament
1604:lateral ligament
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537:stapedial artery
487:annular ligament
480:
453:The size of the
409:annular ligament
371:
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225:
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208:edit on Wikidata
205:
85:
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37:Frontal view of
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2623:Skeletal system
2618:Auditory system
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2065:
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1977:
1973:Ductus reuniens
1888:
1867:Sulcus spiralis
1838:Spiral ligament
1802:
1795:
1759:Cochlear cupula
1739:Vestibular duct
1719:Auditory system
1713:
1679:
1667:Eustachian tube
1666:
1659:
1580:
1523:Tympanic cavity
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730:in 1546 at the
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661:bone remodeling
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521:pharyngeal arch
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119:Auditory system
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2072:human skeleton
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1675:Torus tubarius
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1653:tensor tympani
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1360:External links
1358:
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1301:(3): 588–592.
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853:(5): 1675–92.
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626:Main article:
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97:branchial arch
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1884:Spiral limbus
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1564:mastoid cells
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1502:pars flaccida
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1338:"Stapes (n.)"
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579:hyomandibular
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125:Articulations
123:
120:
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83:
54:
52:Pronunciation
50:
45:
40:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2605:
2572:intermediate
2317:Appendicular
2221:
2098:Neurocranium
1866:
1632:
1539:round window
1377:September 8,
1375:. Retrieved
1371:the original
1345:. Retrieved
1341:
1331:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1228:
1222:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1162:
1121:
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1111:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1037:
1033:
999:
995:
989:
970:
964:
929:
925:
915:
894:
859:10.2741/3813
850:
846:
798:
794:
788:
744:Pedro Jimeno
735:
723:
721:
715:
708:
684:
676:
673:stapedectomy
664:
657:Otosclerosis
655:
646:facial nerve
637:
633:
631:
615:
610:
608:
594:
566:
554:
552:
532:
528:
516:
514:
490:
466:
464:
454:
416:
388:
383:
382:
380:
296:
171:A15.3.02.033
146:
38:
24:
18:
2557:metatarsals
2423:metacarpals
2393:lunate bone
1850:stereocilia
1803:scala media
1744:Helicotrema
1534:oval window
1423:Anatomy of
1347:27 December
681:stapedotomy
561:, the bone
511:Development
483:oval window
413:oval window
405:oval window
135:Identifiers
2658:Middle ear
2612:Categories
2397:triquetral
2001:Horizontal
1939:Kinocilium
1704:membranous
1697:Labyrinths
1514:Middle ear
1465:antitragus
1124:(2): 278.
780:References
762:late Latin
591:amphibians
563:homologous
547:See also:
475:middle ear
443:See also:
421:human body
397:middle ear
319:Vestibules
270:Middle ear
107:Middle ear
2584:accessory
2562:phalanges
2545:cuneiform
2540:navicular
2535:anklebone
2428:phalanges
2409:trapezoid
2405:trapezium
2276:vertebrae
2164:zygomatic
2106:occipital
1996:Posterior
1907:Vestibule
1855:tip links
1828:Endolymph
1789:Boettcher
1769:Perilymph
1689:Inner ear
1648:stapedius
1482:Ear canal
1455:antihelix
1437:Outer ear
766:mediaeval
642:stapedius
605:Variation
583:gill arch
571:columella
559:tetrapods
479:2 to 3 mm
439:Structure
401:inner ear
312:Inner ear
257:Ear canal
245:Outer ear
236:Human ear
91:Precursor
2633:Ossicles
2567:proximal
2530:heelbone
2413:capitate
2401:pisiform
2389:scaphoid
2334:clavicle
2326:Shoulder
2286:thoracic
2281:cervical
2251:rib cage
2207:ossicles
2184:mandible
2169:palatine
2159:lacrimal
2126:sphenoid
2121:temporal
2111:parietal
2011:Ampullae
1991:Superior
1877:internus
1872:externus
1784:Claudius
1754:Modiolus
1644:Muscles
1586:Ossicles
1323:30466939
1315:23370557
1280:24227905
1214:12680829
1146:33351053
1103:10730654
1062:25682582
956:16050903
877:21196256
823:43418740
693:fibrosis
622:Function
587:spiracle
575:reptiles
471:ossicles
445:Ossicles
282:Ossicles
2653:Otology
2525:tarsals
2492:patella
2464:ischium
2385:carpals
2357:humerus
2339:scapula
2246:sternum
2212:malleus
2154:maxilla
2131:ethmoid
2116:frontal
2070:in the
1944:Otolith
1927:Saccule
1915:Utricle
1734:Cochlea
1727:General
1594:Malleus
1492:Eardrum
1475:earlobe
1445:Auricle
1429:balance
1425:hearing
1271:3825043
1138:9051082
1094:8174972
1054:9592676
1004:Bibcode
947:1571512
868:3065862
815:7717624
699:History
628:Hearing
593:is the
565:to the
543:Animals
473:in the
425:stirrup
407:by its
395:in the
389:stirrup
336:Cochlea
329:Saccule
324:Utricle
287:Malleus
252:Auricle
159:D013199
147:stapes'
103:Part of
95:Second
47:Details
2577:distal
2550:cuboid
2497:fibula
2451:Pelvis
2417:hamate
2367:radius
2303:coccyx
2298:sacrum
2291:lumbar
2238:Thorax
2222:stapes
1932:macula
1920:macula
1780:Cells
1633:Stapes
1460:tragus
1321:
1313:
1278:
1268:
1235:
1212:
1169:
1144:
1136:
1101:
1091:
1060:
1052:
977:
954:
944:
903:
875:
865:
821:
813:
774:stapia
758:stapes
724:stapes
709:stapes
685:stapes
677:stapes
665:stapes
638:stapes
634:stapes
616:stapes
611:stapes
567:stapes
555:stapes
531:, the
529:stapes
517:stapes
467:stapes
455:stapes
433:Stapes
417:stapes
384:stapes
297:Stapes
114:System
39:stapes
25:Stapes
2628:Skull
2502:tibia
2487:femur
2469:pubis
2459:ilium
2217:incus
2189:hyoid
2179:vomer
2149:nasal
2089:Skull
2068:Bones
1616:Incus
1450:helix
1319:S2CID
1142:S2CID
1058:S2CID
819:S2CID
770:Latin
754:Latin
507:).
505:crura
501:Latin
492:incus
461:coin.
429:Latin
391:is a
292:Incus
206:[
195:52751
141:Latin
2517:Foot
2440:dist
2432:prox
2377:Hand
2362:ulna
2141:Face
1709:bony
1497:umbo
1427:and
1379:2016
1349:2013
1311:PMID
1276:PMID
1233:ISBN
1210:PMID
1167:ISBN
1134:PMID
1099:PMID
1050:PMID
975:ISBN
952:PMID
901:ISBN
873:PMID
811:PMID
722:The
707:The
609:The
553:The
515:The
465:The
459:euro
393:bone
381:The
166:TA98
154:MeSH
2638:Ear
2479:Leg
2436:int
2349:Arm
2256:rib
2199:Ear
1303:doi
1266:PMC
1200:doi
1126:doi
1122:116
1089:PMC
1042:doi
1038:255
1012:doi
942:PMC
934:doi
930:207
863:PMC
855:doi
803:doi
799:104
435:).
387:or
190:FMA
183:895
178:TA2
2614::
2438:,
2434:,
2415:,
2411:,
2407:,
2403:,
2399:,
2395:,
2391:,
1340:.
1317:.
1309:.
1299:34
1297:.
1274:.
1262:33
1260:.
1256:.
1208:.
1196:28
1194:.
1190:.
1154:^
1140:.
1132:.
1120:.
1097:.
1085:21
1083:.
1079:.
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1024:^
1010:.
1000:10
998:.
950:.
940:.
928:.
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885:^
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861:.
851:16
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817:.
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427:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
