2408:
fundamental change from that time until the reforms of 1782 which resulted in the emergence of the Home and
Foreign departments. ... English domestic affairs remained the responsibility of both Secretaries throughout the period. In the field of foreign affairs there was a division into a Northern and a Southern Department, each of which was the responsibility of one Secretary. The distinction between the two departments emerged only gradually. It was not until after 1689 that their names passed into general currency. Nevertheless the division of foreign business itself can, in its broad outlines, be detected in the early years of the reign of Charles II. ... The first question to be considered in the light of the memorandum of 1684 is the origin of the office of Under Secretary. It should be emphasised in this connection that the term 'Under Secretary', although found in use as early as 1672, (fn. 28) passed only gradually into general currency.
43:
1739:), a Government department with a status below that of a ministry. A secretariat of State could be organized as a division of a ministry or occasionally be directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. For example, from 1987 to 1995, a Secretariat of State for the Culture existed directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. Despite this type of department no longer officially existing in the organization of the Portuguese Government, it is still common usage for the portfolio of a secretary of State to be colloquially referred to as a "secretariat of State".
3030:
3019:
1382:). Critics claim that parliamentary secretaries of state are usually given little to no influence and responsibility within their ministry, all the while drawing very generous pay due to receiving two salaries, both as a secretary of state and as a member of parliament. For example, when interviewed in 2005 about his post as a parliamentary minister of state in the German Foreign Office (1998–2002) during an
2456:
921:, the Secretary of State is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions. The specific powers and duties of this office depend on the constitution and laws of the particular state, but they often include responsibility for overseeing elections within the state. In the state of
2177:
This and many other government and judiciary titles are often capitalized in government documents in violation of the much more common rule in
English to capitalize titles only before a name (see e.g. Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed., 2017, sec. 8.19, 8.22), when it in fact becomes part of the name.
1742:
Historically, since the 17th century, the title of "secretary of State" was used to designate the heads of the
Government departments of Portugal. In the 19th century, the title of "minister" started to be used, the official complete title of each of the ministers becoming "minister and secretary of
1638:
in the
Netherlands is a junior minister who is responsible to a Cabinet Minister or the Prime Minister. Some of them may, in specific circumstances, call themselves Minister when visiting a foreign country. Each State Secretary has a certain portfolio, which is different to their Cabinet Minister to
650:, from 1847 until 1972, the Secretary of State was the head of the Department of State and the chief foreign policy officer of the republic, responsible for conducting diplomacy and implementing the nation's foreign affairs. The title was abolished in 1972 and replaced with the new nomenclature,
2407:
At the
Restoration the practice of appointing two Secretaries of State, which was well established before the Civil War, was resumed. Apart from the modifications which were made necessary by the occasional existence of a third secretaryship, the organisation of the secretariat underwent no
1618:) are members of the cabinet, and are ranked below ministers. They are given specific briefs, covering the same briefs as the ministers, and help to assist their respective ministers to perform their functions. They often hold more than one brief or assist more than one minister. In the
1340:
function as the administrative heads of ministries. They depend on the full confidence of their respective ministers and can at any time be posted into provisional retirement with their pension paid in full. This happens usually when the government or the minister changes.
1883:
2024:, in English literally "Cabinet Secretary"). State secretaries tend to, more often than the ministers do, hail from a fixed civil servant background or a professional background relevant to the area of responsibility that belongs to their respective ministries.
1123:) is a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. Despite being members of the Government, the Secretaries of State usually do not participate in the Council of Ministers, unless they are specially summoned for and, in this case, without right to vote.
2040:
on heads of federal offices whose duties entail independent interaction with senior foreign authorities (cf. article 46 of the
Government and Administration Organisation Act). In practice, the function of a secretary of state is the same as in France.
1751:
that existed during 1918, in which the ministers were re-titled "secretaries of State"). In 1958, the title of "secretary of State" was reintroduced to designate the then created role of a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister.
1834:
1442:
1413:
2156:
on the advice of the Prime
Minister, and are responsible, along with other Cabinet members, for the collective government of the United Kingdom. There are a number of secretaries of state, each of whom are formally titled
1626:, who is responsible for Relations with Parliament; Agriculture, Viticulture, and Rural Development; and Culture, Higher Education, and Research. There had been two in the previous cabinet, and three between 1984 and 1989.
671:(federal government) is a high official with the same rank of a Minister, who is responsible directly to the President. The position must be distinguished from a "Secretary", a lower position, responsible to a Minister.
618:) exists as an intermediate government rank between those of minister and Secretary of State. The role of vice-minister also exists in the Government of Angola, but it is junior to that of Secretary of State.
1334:. While officially it is not a political office, often it is assigned by appointment based on political criteria such as party affiliation, rather than by career progression as a civil servant. Nevertheless,
755:
who was a
Cabinet minister whose duties varied over time but who was responsible for the Department of Secretary of State until the position was abolished. Since 1993, some junior ministers have been styled
1724:, unless summoned for certain meetings and, in those cases, without right to vote. They act merely as deputies of ministers, having only the powers delegated to them by their ministers or directly by the
1607:
1454:
1418:
807:
government, "Secretary of State" refers to the official responsible for executing the non-military and non-homeland security aspects of foreign policy, the analogue of the foreign secretary or
2487:
1010:. In addition, the State Secretary provides the President and Vice President with their reports, coordinates household matters and protocols, as well as assisting in the drafting of
2919:
1529:
998:) is a Government official of Ministerial rank who heads the Ministry of State Secretariat. The Minister-Secretary of State gives technical and administrative assistance to the
1252:). In contrast, previously only two ministries, Ministries of Finance and Foreign Affairs, used to have state secretaries, who were permanently appointed. One such example is
1055:
However, every state in
Malaysia have their own State Secretary, except federal territories. Secretary of State is the member of the State Executive Council, appointed by the
2075:
From 1660 there were always two secretaries of state, between whom oversight of foreign affairs was divided on a geographical basis while domestic affairs were shared: the
1716:, plural) is a junior minister, of intermediate rank between that of cabinet minister and that of under-secretary of State. Although having the Constitutional status of
1168:
being officially "linguistically asexual"). Therefore, appointing people as secretaries of state allows the government to circumvent this constitutional limitation. See
760:, and assigned in specific policy areas to assist Cabinet ministers. However, these junior ministers are not themselves members of Cabinet. A similar role is played by
2480:
2349:
2320:
1878:
1026:, is in charge of international relations of Kuwait, and all Kuwaiti representatives abroad. Al-Sabah is a member of the cabinet of ministers, and reports directly to
1731:
Until the reorganization of the
Portuguese Public Administration structure in 2004, it was common for a secretary of State to be in charge of a secretariat of State (
2420:
1006:
in running State affairs. In the President's case, the Minister-Secretary of State also provides assistance for the President in his role as Commander-in-chief of
2072:(1558–1603), the usual title before that having been King's Clerk, King's Secretary, or Principal Secretary. From 1540 there were sometimes two such secretaries.
567:. The title of State Secretary was replaced by that of Government Secretary soon after the formation of the state apparatus and was thereafter never used again.
1176:
2473:
1524:
468:
In many countries, a secretary of state is a senior or mid-level post. It is usually a politically appointed position, although in some countries, such as
1954:
1829:
523:
is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions, often including overseeing elections, tasks which would be exercised by
1950:
1929:
a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a State Department. The Secretary of State is a member of the Council of Ministers (
1853:
674:
The official responsible for foreign policy is called Minister of Foreign Affairs (Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores) or "Chancellor" (Canciller).
1387:
2653:
1253:
946:
2924:
2914:
888:
723:
At federal level, the officer responsible for foreign affairs, a position equivalent to that of the United States Secretary of State, is the
607:) is a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. Usually, the secretaries of State do not participate in the council of ministers.
403:
555:(1854–1902) the Secretary of State was the original title of the main administrative officer of the State, who worked closely with both the
2149:
2013:
1962:
1562:, as it organizes, makes appointments to, and directs the activities of the other dicasteries. The secretariat is also responsible for the
872:
The now long-established terms "Department ..." and "Secretary of State" were preceded (for two months following the effective date of the
815:. The secretary of state is responsible for the administration of United States embassies and their subsidiary units throughout the world.
2104:
3023:
2934:
908:
877:
520:
3054:
2989:
713:
2179:
2130:
in 1801. By a gradual process between then and the 1960s, most of the ministers of the British cabinet became secretaries of state.
2550:
1084:
556:
1534:(1829–31). It was then abandoned, until used instead of the title of "Minister" (Υπουργός) for the cabinet members in the 1835–37
1169:
512:
2288:"The Determinants of Promotion to High Public Office in Germany: Partisan Loyalty, Political Craft, or Managerial Competencies?"
2929:
2870:
2540:
1535:
1326:(civil servant) who ranks second only to the minister in a state or federal ministry, so the position is equivalent to that of
2460:
958:
651:
207:
2236:
1447:
1291:
880:
and the corresponding departmental name; the change reflected the addition of some miscellaneous domestic responsibilities.
2964:
2949:
1148:
was a secretary of state charged with the simplification of the administration, and in this role he was accountable to the
748:
724:
2944:
2880:
2427:
2139:
2096:
1331:
1023:
930:
436:
31:
2999:
2648:
1747:. From them on, the title "minister" completely replaced that of "secretary of State" (with the exception of the brief
361:
1246:
This is a new arrangement; during the introduction of this model, a secretary was called "political state secretary" (
1239:), is the highest official below each minister. Ministers, who lead ministries (government departments), comprise the
476:, it can be filled by a member of the executive bureaucracy (civil service) as a political appointment (equivalent to
2979:
2974:
2954:
2779:
2215:
1043:
896:
812:
236:
145:
86:
64:
899:, immediately preceding any former presidents and former first ladies, who are followed by the rest of the Cabinet.
57:
3033:
2969:
2501:
1967:
1027:
1007:
798:
504:
252:
891:
the secretary of state falls first among Cabinet officers, and fourth overall. The secretary of state is also, in
3004:
2092:
2036:
federal administration, secretaries of state are the most senior career officials. The title is conferred by the
1966:
were the heads of different government departments. The Secretary of State usually served as Chief Minister (See
1441:("State Minister of Culture") for short – although some of the incumbents did not hold a seat in parliament. The
1212:
177:
17:
2939:
2696:
1551:
2005:
2850:
2153:
1635:
1349:
1307:
1091:, appointed by the (Raja of Perlis). The State Secretary is the head of the public service in his/her state.
752:
716:. At state level, the Brazilian secretaries of State have functions similar to those of the Ministers of the
560:
2959:
2515:
2065:
2055:
1673:
1619:
1279:) is a junior minister, responsible to a minister or the Prime Minister. It is not to be confused with the
1216:
926:
717:
535:
398:
140:
2178:
Therefore lowercase spelling is the first or only variant recorded in some major dictionaries such as the
2984:
2865:
2746:
2626:
1744:
1547:
1295:
1003:
757:
489:
212:
818:
The U.S. secretary of state has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U.S. soil for any reason.
2898:
2860:
2691:
2400:
2108:
2099:
existed from 1768. In 1782 a system reform resulted in reverting to having two secretaries of state: a
1725:
1204:
873:
761:
630:
the Secretary of State was the main administrative officer of the State, working closely with both the
592:
2465:
2993:
2008:. Typically, there is one State Secretary assigned for each minister in the cabinet, and two for the
1681:
1243:. Each state secretary is appointed for the term of the minister and is responsible to the minister.
1200:
1165:
950:
777:
375:
356:
654:. Throughout most of Liberia's history, holders of that office usually went on to become president.
2845:
2123:
2088:
2009:
1979:
1949:
is a junior minister. Each ministry may have one or several Secretaries of State. For example, the
1655:
1365:
1145:
370:
51:
2736:
2676:
2601:
1904:
1818:
1790:
1770:
1383:
1153:
429:
320:
1538:, with Armansperg being designated "Chief Secretary of State" (Αρχιγραμματεύς της Επικρατείας).
2211:
2069:
1717:
1598:
1100:
999:
635:
627:
596:
332:
113:
68:
1669:
1665:
1476:
2741:
2701:
2565:
2530:
2497:
2037:
1196:
1144:
is a junior minister who is responsible to a minister or to the prime minister. For example,
1056:
884:
259:
2402:
Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 2 - Officials of the Secretaries of State 1660-1782
2374:
2183:
2796:
2731:
2631:
1516:
892:
344:
232:
227:
461:
around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple
8:
2855:
2813:
2767:
2681:
2621:
2084:
1748:
1732:
1721:
1701:
1327:
1120:
1011:
781:
701:
687:
611:
600:
477:
382:
2004:) in charge of the ministry. Unlike ministers, state secretaries are not members of the
1409:
2835:
2823:
2818:
2774:
2724:
2560:
2555:
2145:
2127:
2080:
2076:
2061:
1942:
1868:
1520:
1512:
1397:
claimed that he had been cut off from the workflow within the ministry, and called the
1369:
1240:
528:
422:
349:
339:
192:
165:
2187:
1488:
1465:) serves in place of a proper ministry for this department. Since 1998, the office of
2875:
2830:
2806:
2789:
2686:
2671:
2641:
2636:
2586:
2345:
2316:
1379:
1280:
846:
834:
564:
552:
524:
240:
105:
1030:, The Emir of Kuwait. He is also in charge of all the diplomatic representatives in
2840:
2801:
2762:
2295:
2017:
1997:
1989:
1895:
1874:
1809:
1781:
1761:
1392:
1232:
838:
822:
811:
of a country that has one or the other. The U.S. secretary of state is head of the
808:
744:
736:
709:
508:
1800:) has existed at certain periods of time. Boris Yeltsin revived the post in 1991.
1287:
2784:
2719:
2591:
2112:
1891:
1847:
1843:
1611:
1590:
1480:
1472:
1458:
1422:
1258:
1157:
1080:
866:
858:
631:
485:
412:
2596:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2119:
2100:
1805:
1623:
1504:
1192:
1161:
1149:
1112:
842:
497:
202:
187:
182:
135:
1515:. It was first employed for the head of the cabinet under the governorship of
3048:
1642:
The top civil servant in a government department is called Secretary-General
1575:
1484:
934:
918:
850:
826:
584:
120:
2299:
1294:
were Crown officers whose responsibilities were similar to those of today's
1859:
1567:
1492:
938:
854:
830:
2405:. University of London. pp. 1–21 – via British History Online.
1283:
title given to a senior French cabinet minister of particular importance.
2033:
1911:
Stats-sekretar-Zamestitel ministra inostrannykh del Rossijskoj Federatsii
1900:Статс-секретарь-Заместитель министра иностранных дел Российской Федерации
1559:
1208:
1104:
1052:, Chief Secretary to the Government is the Malaysian secretary of state.
954:
493:
2287:
2261:
2495:
1926:
1586:
914:
862:
588:
580:
559:
as head of state and head of government, and his cabinet, and with the
516:
458:
306:
294:
172:
155:
1207:
and helps to ensure good governance. The first Secretary of State was
1555:
1360:), who is a member of parliament who is appointed to a ministry as a
991:
668:
1170:
Current list of secretaries of states for Belgian Federal Government
2353:
2324:
1697:
1563:
1049:
942:
634:
as head of state and head of government, and the parliament of the
481:
327:
315:
284:
2161:"; legislation generally refers only to "the Secretary of State".
1684:
and the only minister is constitutionally responsible for all the
1570:, the former Secretary of State (the appointment expires when the
2545:
1321:
1220:
1141:
1072:
1060:
647:
469:
197:
130:
747:, but this position was abolished in 1993 and a new position of
2455:
1985:
1272:
1137:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1031:
970:
966:
922:
773:
683:
576:
473:
2426:. Cabinet Office. 14 December 2010. p. 42. Archived from
1720:, the secretaries of State do not usually participate in the
1511:) was used only intermittently during the early years of the
1068:
289:
1996:) is a political appointee, second in rank to the Minister (
1680:
vice minister. However, the State Secretary cannot attend a
1203:
in policy drafting and implementation. It also supports any
1156:
explicitly limits the number of ministers to fifteen (seven
1571:
974:
933:
in other states among many other duties. In three states (
883:
The position is widely regarded as the most senior in the
1443:
German Parliamentary Commission for Culture and the Media
1414:
Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media
1152:. The title "secretary of state" was created because the
27:
Type of senior civil servant in the government of a state
2144:
In the United Kingdom, a secretary of state is a senior
1639:
split up the responsibilities and relieve the workload.
570:
2338:
2212:"Frequently asked questions – Office of the Historian"
1574:
dies or resigns) assumes some of the functions of the
1427:
Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien
949:", since these states as well as Kentucky are called "
929:
is an elected office that acts as the equivalent of a
2152:. Secretaries of state are appointed directly by the
1909:
1823:
1795:
1775:
2292:
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory
1550:, or Cardinal Secretary of State, presides over the
1022:
The Kuwaiti Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Sheikh
2014:
State Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs
2159:His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for ...
1664:in Norway plays more or less the same role as the
708:) is one of the government members of each of the
599:. Thus, in these countries, a Secretary of State (
465:in the country's system of governing the country.
457:is commonly used for senior or mid-level posts in
2556:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
2344:
2315:
1743:State of a given portfolio" until the end of the
1672:. Secretaries of State are connected to specific
1175:There are also three secretaries of state in the
751:was created. From 1867 to 1993, there was also a
667:The Secretary of State (Secretario de Estado) in
3046:
764:, however Ministers are members of the cabinet.
695:
2311:
2309:
2481:
2413:
2068:came into being near the end of the reign of
1247:
700:) – commonly referred simply as "Secretary" (
430:
1825:Gosudarstvennye sekretari Rossijskoj imperii
1814:Государственные секретари Российской империи
1466:
1436:
1430:
1373:
1354:
1335:
1319:
1313:
821:Six secretaries of state became presidents (
2306:
2204:
1955:Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation
1850:in 1814, Foreign Minister from 1816 to 1856
1548:Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope
1503:In Greece, the title "Secretary of State" (
1345:such a provisional retirement is lifelong.
2602:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
2488:
2474:
2237:"The federal government | Belgium.be"
909:Secretary of State (U.S. state government)
610:In Mozambique, the role of vice-minister (
437:
423:
1808:State secretaries of the Russian Empire (
1177:government of the Brussels-Capital Region
621:
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
2285:
1330:in the United Kingdom, not to that of a
776:a secretary of state is a member of the
536:originated in early 17th century England
496:(and is in that respect equivalent to a
50:This article includes a list of general
741:Secretary of State for External Affairs
575:The organization of the governments of
513:federal government of the United States
492:coordinates all the departments of the
14:
3047:
2399:Sainty, J. C. (1973). "Introduction".
2398:
1856:sometime in the 1820–1828 time period
1536:Cabinet of Josef Ludwig von Armansperg
2469:
1578:as a part of a temporary commission.
1435:, hence the office is usually called
792:
571:Portuguese-speaking African countries
208:President of the Council of Ministers
2115:came into use over the same period.
2049:
1963:Secretarios de Estado y del Despacho
1951:Secretary of State for Latin America
1622:, there was one Secretary of State,
546:
36:
2561:Speaker / President of the assembly
2286:Bach, Tobias; Veit, Sylvia (2017).
2140:Secretary of State (United Kingdom)
2103:(including colonial affairs) and a
2097:Secretary of State for the Colonies
2064:, before 1660, an officer entitled
1941:In present-day organisation of the
1024:Muhammad Al-Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah
994:, the Minister-Secretary of State (
977:), there is no secretary of state.
902:
32:Secretary of state (disambiguation)
24:
2649:International development minister
1215:in 1944, the State Secretary went
895:, the first Cabinet member in the
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3066:
3024:Government ministers by portfolio
2780:Ministry of Education and Culture
2449:
2392:
2216:United States Department of State
2044:
1760:The position of State Secretary (
1179:, one of whom has to be Flemish.
1044:Chief Secretary to the Government
1014:and/or Governmental regulations.
813:United States Department of State
484:, the administrative body of the
237:Cabinet collective responsibility
146:President of the council of state
3055:Political office-holders by role
3029:
3028:
3018:
3017:
2454:
1968:List of prime ministers of Spain
1432:Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär
1356:Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär
1219:until the position came back to
1195:. Its mission is to support the
1028:Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
1008:Indonesian National Armed Forces
799:United States Secretary of State
787:
712:, subordinate to the respective
515:while in most of the individual
505:United States secretary of state
41:
2262:"Avaleht | Riigikantselei"
2122:was formed by the union of the
2093:Secretary of State for Scotland
1620:first Juncker-Asselborn cabinet
1566:'s foreign relations. During a
1463:Ausschuss für Kultur und Medien
889:presidential line of succession
657:
2697:Ministry of trade and industry
2367:
2279:
2254:
2229:
2171:
2133:
2027:
2012:. For historical reasons, the
1629:
1554:, which is the most important
1519:, a post held successively by
1094:
13:
1:
2851:Ministry of religious affairs
2197:
1920:
1581:
1412:introduced the new office of
1384:investigation into visa abuse
1350:Parliamentary State Secretary
1308:Parliamentary State Secretary
957:, this office is called the "
947:Secretary of the Commonwealth
753:Secretary of State for Canada
404:Heads of state and government
2180:American Heritage Dictionary
2056:Secretary of State (England)
1634:As in France and Belgium, a
985:
878:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
662:
534:The term secretary of state
7:
2866:Ministry of social security
2747:Ministry of water resources
2627:Ministry of foreign affairs
2496:Common types of government
2214:. Office of the Historian,
1910:
1824:
1796:
1776:
1691:
1541:
1205:Ministers without portfolio
1037:
945:), the position is called "
749:Minister of Foreign Affairs
743:who acted as the country's
725:Minister of Foreign Affairs
652:Minister of Foreign Affairs
597:Portuguese government model
490:cardinal secretary of state
213:President of the government
10:
3071:
2899:Minister without portfolio
2861:Ministry of social affairs
2692:Ministry of infrastructure
2350:"Universi Dominici Gregis"
2184:Oxford Online Dictionaries
2148:, normally in charge of a
2137:
2053:
1977:
1653:
1509:Γραμματεύς της Επικρατείας
1429:) at the formal rank of a
1305:
1301:
1249:poliittinen valtiosihteeri
1226:
1182:
1140:, a secretary of state in
1131:
1041:
913:In most of the individual
906:
796:
641:
29:
3013:
2950:Communications ministries
2907:
2891:
2755:
2710:
2662:
2610:
2574:
2508:
2107:, with the addition of a
1973:
1899:
1813:
1785:
1765:
1755:
1649:
1508:
1498:
1266:
1201:Prime Minister of Estonia
1126:
1017:
996:Menteri Sekretaris Negara
953:" instead of "state". In
782:president of the Republic
778:Mexican Executive Cabinet
767:
730:
677:
541:
2945:Climate change ministers
2846:Ministry of home affairs
2164:
2124:Kingdom of Great Britain
2111:from 1794. The title of
2091:, and there was a third
2089:Kingdom of Great Britain
1980:State Secretary (Sweden)
1936:
1879:Gosudarstvennyj sekretar
1797:Gosudarstvennyj sekretar
1786:Государственный секретар
1700:, a secretary of State (
1656:State Secretary (Norway)
1275:, a Secretary of State (
1187:The secretary of state (
1146:Vincent Van Quickenborne
1107:, a Secretary of State (
876:) by the narrower title
686:, a Secretary of State (
563:, the parliament of the
3034:Ministries by portfolio
3005:Public works ministries
2737:Ministry of electricity
2677:Ministry of the economy
2551:Office of the president
2188:Random House Dictionary
2083:. In 1707, England and
1688:s decisions in office.
1332:U.K. Secretary of State
1154:constitution of Belgium
1103:, in the Government of
980:
531:in most other nations.
71:more precise citations.
2970:Environment ministries
2940:Agriculture ministries
2935:Presidents of assembly
2930:Deputy prime ministers
2421:"Draft Cabinet Manual"
2021:
2001:
1993:
1960:From 1715 to 1834 the
1736:
1615:
1602:
1594:
1589:Secretaries of State (
1467:
1462:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1374:
1372:the official title is
1355:
1348:A special case is the
1336:
1320:
1314:
1296:governmental ministers
1248:
1236:
705:
696:
691:
636:South African Republic
628:South African Republic
622:South African Republic
615:
604:
2965:Environment ministers
2871:Minister for Veterans
2742:Ministry of Petroleum
2702:Ministry of transport
2541:Deputy First Minister
2531:Deputy prime minister
2463:at Wikimedia Commons
2300:10.1093/jopart/mux041
2266:www.riigikantselei.ee
2150:government department
2087:were merged into the
2038:Swiss Federal Council
1988:, a State Secretary (
1714:secretários de Estado
1644:(secretaris-generaal)
1366:German Foreign Office
1197:Government of Estonia
803:In the United States
593:São Tome and Príncipe
2960:Education ministries
2797:Information minister
2732:Environment minister
2632:Immigration minister
2461:Secretaries of state
2348:(22 February 1996).
2095:until 1746. A third
2022:Kabinettssekreterare
1947:Secretario de Estado
1888:May to November 1992
1737:secretaria de Estado
1722:Council of Ministers
1710:secretária de Estado
1706:secretário de Estado
1552:Secretariat of State
1517:Ioannis Kapodistrias
1468:Kulturstaatsminister
1438:Kulturstaatsminister
1408:In 1998, chancellor
1292:Secretaries of State
1213:Soviet re-occupation
1164:ministers, with the
1160:ministers and seven
1117:Secretário de Estado
1085:Yang DiPertuan Besar
965:". In three states (
780:who responds to the
692:secretário de Estado
605:secretário de Estado
595:closely mirrors the
463:secretaries of state
399:National governments
233:Government formation
114:Executive government
30:For other uses, see
2856:Ministry of science
2814:Ministry of justice
2807:Ministry of housing
2768:Ministry of culture
2682:Ministry of finance
2622:Ministry of defence
2379:www.fedlex.admin.ch
2016:has another title (
1925:In the Republic of
1839:from 1810 to 1917.
1749:presidential system
1477:Julian Nida-Rümelin
1328:Permanent secretary
1231:A state secretary (
1083:, appointed by the
931:lieutenant governor
897:order of precedence
697:secretário estadual
478:permanent secretary
106:the Politics series
3000:Interior ministers
2881:Minister for women
2836:Ministry of sports
2824:Ministry of labour
2819:Minister of labour
2790:Ministry of health
2775:Education minister
2725:Ministry of energy
2582:Secretary of state
2128:Kingdom of Ireland
2081:Southern Secretary
2077:Northern Secretary
2066:Secretary of State
2062:Kingdom of England
1943:Spanish Government
1931:Congresso di Stato
1869:Russian Federation
1828:) operated in the
1718:Government members
1670:Swedish equivalent
1616:Staatssekretär(in)
1603:Staatssekretär(in)
1525:Nikolaos Spiliadis
1521:Spyridon Trikoupis
1513:modern Greek state
1370:German Chancellery
1241:Finnish Government
927:secretary of state
847:Nobel Peace Prizes
793:Federal government
762:Ministers of State
758:Secretary of State
718:Federal Government
525:interior ministers
521:secretary of state
451:secretary of state
357:Semi-parliamentary
193:Minister-president
166:Head of government
3042:
3041:
2990:Health ministries
2985:Forest ministries
2980:Foreign ministers
2975:Finance ministers
2955:Defence ministers
2876:Ministry of women
2831:Regional minister
2713:natural resources
2687:Industry minister
2672:Commerce minister
2642:Interior ministry
2637:Interior minister
2613:foreign affairs /
2587:Minister of state
2459:Media related to
2346:Pope John Paul II
2317:Pope John Paul II
2105:Foreign Secretary
2070:Queen Elizabeth I
2050:Historical origin
1908:
1830:State Chancellery
1822:
1794:
1774:
1676:, and serve as a
1595:secrétaire d'Etat
1471:has been held by
1380:Minister of State
1281:Minister of State
1277:Secrétaire d'État
1193:Government Office
1109:Sekretáriu Estadu
835:John Quincy Adams
565:Orange Free State
553:Orange Free State
547:Orange Free State
455:state's secretary
447:
446:
371:Semi-presidential
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
3062:
3032:
3031:
3021:
3020:
2841:Tourism minister
2802:Housing minister
2763:Culture minister
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2433:on 26 April 2012
2432:
2425:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2319:(28 June 1988).
2313:
2304:
2303:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2208:
2191:
2175:
1994:Statssekreterare
1913:
1903:
1901:
1887:
1875:Gennady Burbulis
1838:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1745:Monarchy in 1910
1682:Council of State
1610:
1533:
1510:
1491:(2013–2021) and
1470:
1457:
1451:
1440:
1434:
1421:
1410:Gerhard Schröder
1396:
1377:
1358:
1339:
1325:
1317:
1262:
1251:
1101:Portuguese model
903:State government
839:Martin Van Buren
823:Thomas Jefferson
809:foreign minister
745:Foreign Minister
737:Canadian Cabinet
710:Brazilian states
699:
509:foreign minister
439:
432:
425:
379:
367:
353:
336:
324:
101:
100:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3009:
2925:Prime ministers
2920:Vice presidents
2903:
2887:
2785:Health minister
2751:
2720:Energy minister
2712:
2706:
2664:
2658:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2592:Deputy minister
2570:
2504:
2494:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2314:
2307:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2142:
2136:
2113:Under Secretary
2058:
2052:
2047:
2030:
1982:
1976:
1939:
1923:
1892:Grigory Karasin
1881:
1848:State Secretary
1844:Karl Nesselrode
1832:
1766:Статс-секретарь
1758:
1694:
1658:
1652:
1636:State Secretary
1632:
1606:
1584:
1544:
1527:
1501:
1489:Monika Grütters
1481:Christina Weiss
1473:Michael Naumann
1453:
1445:
1417:
1405:" (absurdity).
1390:
1337:Staatssekretäre
1310:
1304:
1269:
1256:
1229:
1185:
1158:French-speaking
1134:
1129:
1097:
1081:Negeri Sembilan
1046:
1040:
1020:
988:
983:
911:
905:
867:Henry Kissinger
859:George Marshall
845:) and five won
801:
795:
790:
770:
739:used to have a
733:
680:
665:
660:
644:
632:State President
624:
573:
557:State President
549:
544:
486:Catholic Church
443:
413:Politics portal
373:
359:
347:
330:
318:
299:
269:
239:
235:
231:
217:
178:Chief executive
150:
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:State Secretary
15:
12:
11:
5:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2716:
2714:
2711:Environment /
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2665:infrastructure
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2597:Undersecretary
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:First minister
2533:
2528:
2526:Prime minister
2523:
2521:Vice president
2518:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2451:
2450:External links
2448:
2445:
2444:
2412:
2391:
2366:
2337:
2321:"Pastor Bonus"
2305:
2278:
2253:
2241:www.belgium.be
2228:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2138:Main article:
2135:
2132:
2120:United Kingdom
2101:Home Secretary
2054:Main article:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:United Kingdom
2043:
2029:
2026:
2010:prime minister
1978:Main article:
1975:
1972:
1953:works for the
1938:
1935:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1889:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1854:M. de Freigang
1851:
1806:Russian Empire
1777:Stats-sekretar
1757:
1754:
1726:prime minister
1693:
1690:
1686:statssekretær'
1654:Main article:
1651:
1648:
1631:
1628:
1624:Octavie Modert
1583:
1580:
1543:
1540:
1523:(1828–29) and
1500:
1497:
1495:(since 2021).
1399:Staatsminister
1375:Staatsminister
1362:Staatssekretär
1315:Staatssekretär
1306:Main article:
1303:
1300:
1268:
1265:
1237:valtiosihteeri
1228:
1225:
1191:) directs the
1184:
1181:
1166:prime minister
1162:Dutch-speaking
1150:prime minister
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1099:Following the
1096:
1093:
1042:Main article:
1039:
1036:
1019:
1016:
1004:Vice President
987:
984:
982:
979:
907:Main article:
904:
901:
843:James Buchanan
797:Main article:
794:
791:
789:
786:
769:
766:
732:
729:
714:State Governor
679:
676:
664:
661:
659:
656:
643:
640:
623:
620:
572:
569:
548:
545:
543:
540:
498:prime minister
445:
444:
442:
441:
434:
427:
419:
416:
415:
409:
408:
407:
406:
401:
393:
392:
388:
387:
386:
385:
380:
376:cohabitational
368:
354:
342:
337:
325:
321:Constitutional
310:
309:
303:
302:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
287:
281:
273:
272:
271:
270:
268:
267:
262:
256:
246:
245:
244:
243:
221:
220:
219:
218:
216:
215:
210:
205:
203:Prime minister
200:
195:
190:
188:First minister
185:
183:Chief minister
180:
175:
169:
159:
158:
152:
151:
149:
148:
143:
138:
136:Supreme leader
133:
127:
124:
123:
117:
116:
110:
109:
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3067:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3035:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:mental health
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:public safety
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:third for War
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:, masculine;
1707:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:statssekretær
1657:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1599:Luxembourgish
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:Luxembourgian
1579:
1577:
1576:head of state
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1487:(2005–2013),
1486:
1485:Bernd Neumann
1483:(2002–2005),
1482:
1479:(2001–2002),
1478:
1475:(1998–2001),
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1388:Ludger Volmer
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Ancien Régime
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:. Before the
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Riigisekretär
1180:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
962:
959:Secretary of
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:Massachusetts
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:United States
916:
910:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:Frank Kellogg
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:James Madison
824:
819:
816:
814:
810:
806:
800:
788:United States
785:
783:
779:
775:
765:
763:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
728:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
693:
689:
685:
675:
672:
670:
655:
653:
649:
639:
637:
633:
629:
619:
617:
616:vice-ministro
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:Guinea-Bissau
582:
578:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
539:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
440:
435:
433:
428:
426:
421:
420:
418:
417:
414:
411:
410:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
390:
389:
384:
381:
377:
372:
369:
365:
364:
358:
355:
351:
346:
345:Parliamentary
343:
341:
338:
334:
333:Parliamentary
329:
326:
322:
317:
314:
313:
312:
311:
308:
305:
304:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
255:
254:
250:
249:
248:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
225:
224:
223:
222:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
163:
162:
161:
160:
157:
154:
153:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
126:
125:
122:
121:Head of state
119:
118:
115:
112:
111:
107:
103:
102:
99:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2581:
2453:
2435:. Retrieved
2428:the original
2415:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2378:
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2291:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2206:
2173:
2158:
2143:
2117:
2074:
2059:
2031:
1983:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1940:
1930:
1924:
1860:Sergei Witte
1759:
1741:
1730:
1713:
1712:, feminine;
1709:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1677:
1661:
1659:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1585:
1568:sede vacante
1545:
1502:
1493:Claudia Roth
1407:
1402:
1398:
1361:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1311:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1254:Raimo Sailas
1245:
1230:
1188:
1186:
1174:
1135:
1116:
1108:
1098:
1054:
1047:
1021:
995:
989:
960:
951:commonwealth
939:Pennsylvania
912:
882:
874:Constitution
871:
855:Cordell Hull
831:James Monroe
820:
817:
804:
802:
771:
740:
734:
722:
681:
673:
666:
658:The Americas
645:
625:
609:
574:
550:
533:
502:
467:
462:
454:
450:
448:
383:Presidential
362:
278:
264:
251:
226:
164:
98:
83:
74:
55:
2663:Economics /
2359:17 November
2330:17 November
2134:Modern role
2028:Switzerland
1882: [
1833: [
1630:Netherlands
1560:Roman Curia
1528: [
1446: [
1401:office an "
1391: [
1312:The German
1257: [
1209:Karl Terras
1105:Timor-Leste
1095:Timor-Leste
1079:(except in
955:Connecticut
529:secretaries
517:U.S. states
494:Roman Curia
459:governments
363:simul simul
350:Westminster
340:Directorial
69:introducing
2915:Presidents
2611:Defence /
2509:Leadership
2502:ministries
2437:19 January
2198:References
2186:, and the
1927:San Marino
1921:San Marino
1733:Portuguese
1702:Portuguese
1582:Luxembourg
1286:Under the
1217:into exile
1121:Portuguese
863:Elihu Root
706:secretário
702:Portuguese
688:Portuguese
612:Portuguese
601:Portuguese
589:Mozambique
581:Cape Verde
480:). In the
449:The title
295:Presidency
173:Chancellor
156:Government
77:April 2021
52:references
2516:President
2498:ministers
2221:13 August
1914:2005–2019
1905:romanized
1862:1903–1905
1819:romanized
1791:romanized
1771:romanized
1608:‹See Tfd›
1556:dicastery
1455:‹See Tfd›
1419:‹See Tfd›
1364:; in the
1223:in 1992.
1075:) or the
1000:President
992:Indonesia
986:Indonesia
887:. In the
669:Argentina
663:Argentina
561:Volksraad
265:Secretary
241:Secretary
141:President
3049:Category
2566:Minister
2375:"Fedlex"
2354:Holy See
2325:Holy See
2146:minister
2126:and the
2085:Scotland
2079:and the
2002:Statsråd
1698:Portugal
1692:Portugal
1678:de facto
1674:ministry
1564:Holy See
1542:Holy See
1368:and the
1343:De facto
1199:and the
1057:Governor
1050:Malaysia
1038:Malaysia
943:Virginia
893:protocol
482:Holy See
328:Republic
316:Monarchy
285:Governor
260:Minister
253:Ministry
104:Part of
2546:Premier
2384:2 April
2271:2 April
2246:2 April
2154:Monarch
2060:In the
2032:In the
2018:Swedish
2006:cabinet
1998:Swedish
1990:Swedish
1907::
1896:Russian
1867:In the
1821::
1810:Russian
1804:In the
1793::
1782:Russian
1773::
1762:Russian
1558:of the
1322:Beamter
1302:Germany
1233:Finnish
1227:Finland
1221:Estonia
1183:Estonia
1142:Belgium
1132:Belgium
1073:Sarawak
1061:Malacca
917:of the
885:Cabinet
805:federal
648:Liberia
642:Liberia
626:In the
551:In the
511:of the
507:is the
470:Germany
307:Systems
228:Cabinet
198:Premier
131:Monarch
65:improve
3022:
2756:Social
2654:Europe
2575:Titles
2352:. The
2323:. The
2182:, the
1986:Sweden
1974:Sweden
1842:Count
1756:Russia
1666:French
1650:Norway
1612:German
1591:French
1499:Greece
1459:German
1423:German
1403:Unding
1273:France
1267:France
1138:France
1136:As in
1127:Europe
1089:Perlis
1087:; and
1077:Sultan
1065:Penang
1032:Kuwait
1018:Kuwait
971:Hawaii
967:Alaska
941:, and
923:Oregon
915:states
865:, and
774:Mexico
768:Mexico
731:Canada
684:Brazil
678:Brazil
577:Angola
542:Africa
488:, the
474:Sweden
54:, but
2908:Lists
2892:Other
2431:(PDF)
2424:(PDF)
2165:Notes
2034:Swiss
1937:Spain
1886:]
1837:]
1532:]
1505:Greek
1450:]
1395:]
1318:is a
1261:]
1113:Tetum
1069:Sabah
1012:bills
963:State
391:Lists
290:Mayor
279:Other
2500:and
2439:2011
2386:2023
2361:2008
2332:2008
2273:2023
2248:2023
2223:2015
2118:The
1572:pope
1546:The
1071:and
1059:(in
1002:and
981:Asia
975:Utah
973:and
925:the
841:and
735:The
591:and
519:the
503:The
500:).
472:and
2296:doi
1984:In
1970:).
1933:).
1780:or
1696:In
1668:or
1271:In
1119:in
1111:in
1048:In
990:In
961:the
869:).
772:In
694:or
682:In
646:In
527:or
453:or
3051::
2377:.
2308:^
2294:.
2290:.
2264:.
2239:.
2020::
2000::
1992::
1957:.
1945:a
1902:,
1898::
1894:,
1884:ru
1877:,
1871::
1846:,
1835:ru
1816:,
1812::
1788:,
1784::
1768:,
1764::
1735::
1728:.
1704::
1660:A
1646:.
1614::
1605:,
1601::
1597:,
1593::
1530:el
1507::
1461::
1448:de
1425::
1393:de
1386:,
1298:.
1290:,
1263:.
1259:fi
1235::
1172:.
1115:,
1067:,
1063:,
1034:.
969:,
937:,
861:,
857:,
853:,
837:,
833:,
829:,
825:,
784:.
727:.
720:.
704::
690::
638:.
614::
603::
587:,
583:,
579:,
538:.
108:on
2996:)
2992:(
2489:e
2482:t
2475:v
2441:.
2388:.
2363:.
2334:.
2302:.
2298::
2275:.
2250:.
2225:.
2190:.
2157:"
1452:(
1416:(
1378:(
1352:(
849:(
438:e
431:t
424:v
378:)
374:(
366:)
360:(
352:)
348:(
335:)
331:(
323:)
319:(
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.