399:, with the bombing of the Belgian national airport and a metro carriage in the European quarter. The circumstances that led to the failure to prevent the attacks were investigated by a parliamentary commission that recommended a substantial increase in the security services' manpower and budgets and a better integration of the different actors, as well as improvements of information management and sharing. Since 2016, the VSSE has increased its counterterrorism capabilities, helped by long-awaited financial injections. Cooperation with the other security services is also occurring at previously unseen levels of intensity. To further support public understanding of the work of the intelligence service, the VSSE celebrated the 20th anniversary of its legal framework by launching its
329:, and which were coordinated in the participating nations by their secret services. The ensuing parliamentary inquiries found that the Belgian security apparatus was flawed in that it was fragmented and unsupervised. The main recommendation therefore was to provide a legal framework for the intelligence and security services to operate in, and to place them under parliamentary oversight. The State Security entered the post-Cold War era clouded by uncertainty about its future. Despite a widespread demoralisation among the staff because of this, the service continued to successfully counteract the remaining KGB operations in Belgium. Throughout most of the 1990s, the service attempted to reorganise and revitalize itself.
369:. Reorganisation and modernisation of the service was happening slowly and a first performance audit by the Committee I found a number of flaws. The root of the problem was however a chronic underfunding and political disinterest in the security services. Substantial reorganisation was needed when the service was finally allowed to conduct technical surveillance operations, requiring not only the equipment to do so, but also the right mindset to meet the demands for proper justification of the use of the methods granted by the 2010 BIM-law.
362:(CUTA). Dassen did however try to lift the State Security's veil of secrecy, by publishing for the first time a public activity report in 2005, the same year the State Security celebrated its 175th anniversary with a conference ana book on its history and activities. However, the service was embarrassed by the escape of a Kurdish terrorist, as VSSE officers had been put to the task of guarding her while under house arrest. Dassen resigned, stating that guarding suspects was not a task fit for intelligence, but a job for the police.
652:, BIM) BIM methods make it possible to conduct surveillance with technical means and intercept communications. Their use falls under the strict supervision of the Committee I, during and after the operation, and can be suspended by the supervisory body if the use of the method is deemed unlawful. The most intrusive BIMs have to be approved beforehand by a separate committee of three specially appointed magistrates, called the BIM-Commission, and are again subjected to checks during and after by the Committee I.
346:, 'BIM' see below). Until then, the Belgian police had superior capabilities, having been allowed to use wiretapping and technical surveillance methods in 2003 (it had been the intention to provide the intelligence services with similar competences, but this work was left unfinished until 2009). Naturally, this caused a good deal of discontent with the State Security, which had to cede its place as the international preferred Belgian partner for counterterrorism.
260:, the Administration for Public Safety destroyed its archives to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. Nothing is known of its history during the war. At the front, a military intelligence service was founded in 1915 that conducted all intelligence work and coordinated the activity of the resistance. Soon after the end of the war, the rivalry between the Public Safety and its military counterpart, known today as the General Information and Security Service (
244:
engage in provocation operations. In 1886, this led to a scandal when a paid informer was caught planning a bombing attack: the
Pourbaix Affair, as it was called, led to a slashing of the Public Safety's budget. Before long, funds had to be increased again however, as a wave of terrorist attacks by Russian anarchists struck Europe. During this time the Belgian intelligence service entered into a very close relationship with the Paris office of the Russian
227:) was installed to protect the fledgling state against attempts by the Dutch king William I to suppress the Belgian rebels. The Public Safety would have two directorates, one being the alien police and the other the security service. As a security service, Public Safety had to protect the Belgian state against Dutch spies and republicans. Intelligence gathering happened only internally: spying abroad was considered a potential breach of the country's
667:
284:, who had decided to stay in Belgium and thus fall into the hands of the Nazis. The government, unwilling to trust the military intelligence service because of their loyalty to their commander-in-chief made prisoner of war, favoured the State Security. This greatly exacerbated the rivalry between the two services, whose mutual animosity forced the government to appoint a High Commissioner to coordinate their actions.
1428:
313:") which gradually intensified in the level of violence used. Whereas the CCC was effectively neutralized within a year, the Brabant killers would continue their bloody activities before disappearing in November 1985 after their most violent raid on a supermarket that claimed 28 fatalities. The case, as well as the identities of the perpetrators, remain unsolved.
191:
relations, the carrying out of security inquiries, and the performance of tasks in relation to the protection of certain important people. That last mission was transferred to the
Belgian Federal Police in 2016. The State Security is also one of the main providers of threat intelligence to Belgium's threat analysis fusion centre, the
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spies. As counterespionage required the expenditure of dedication manpower and resources, from the 1970s onward, the spectre of international terrorism would come to haunt Europe again. As a convenient transit country, Belgium would often feature in terrorist activity, giving the State
Security a key
243:
From the late 1870s and especially during the 1880s, the Public Safety's main concern was the rise of socialist movements. Its freedom from political control - due to the lack of a legal framework and politicians who preferred to keep their secret service at arms' length - led the service to actively
337:
When in 1998 the
Intelligence Services Act came in effect, the State Security finally had a legal framework that determined its remit and competences to fulfill its missions. The sensitivity of intelligence work, after the scandals of the 1980s, had led the lawmakers to postpone the authorisation to
271:
In the 1930s, State
Security was occupied dealing by left- and right-wing extremis, and a surge in German espionage activity. The German threat caused the Belgian government to reinstate the military intelligence service in 1937. As war became imminent, the two services were briefly brought together
291:
and the Dutch secret service, which was allowed to install itself in
Brussels while waiting for the liberation of the Netherlands. The service would play a substantial part in the tracking and punishing of those who had collaborated with the Germans. Afterwards a severe political crisis ensued, as
190:
The main objective of the State
Security is the collection, analysis and processing of all intelligence that might prove relevant to the prevention of any activity that might be a threat against the internal or external security of the state, democratic and constitutional order, or international
231:
which was imposed by the other
European states as a condition for Belgian independence. The service did initiate contacts with foreign intelligence services almost from the outset, building up tight relationships with other European secret services. After peace with the Netherlands, the service
342:(HUMINT). Technical collection of intelligence was not allowed, significantly putting the Belgian intelligence services behind their foreign counterparts in terms of collection and effectiveness. This was changed only in 2010 through the introduction of the Special Intelligence Methods Act (
2987:
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316:
In attempts to investigate the traumatic events, the State
Security's activities came under scrutiny. Revelations about the ties between certain intelligence officers and right-wing organisations coincided with hints that the Brabant killers were actually linked to the NATO-led
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3510:
647:
The entitlements of the
Security Service were granted by the Intelligence Services Act of 30 November 1998. Belgian intelligence does not have policing power and is only able to gather and analyse information. In accordance with the 2010 Special Intelligence Methods Act
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380:. As the number of foreign fighters, grew the service quickly became overwhelmed, and requests for additional financial support were not met by the government even after the VSSE provided the information that foiled a terrorist cell in the border town of
268:, the Public Safety had to take over again. In 1929, an administrative reform made the alien police an independent department and the Public Safety was given the name it still has today: Security of the State (Veiligheid van de Staat/Sûrete de l'Etat).
2751:
639:, was established to bring these agencies, not previously subject to any outside control, under the authority of Belgium's federal parliament. Legislation governing the missions and methods of these agencies was put in place in 1998.
174:. The current Administrator-General is Jaak Raes, after his predecessor Alain Winants occupied the position between 2006 and 2014. The VSSE takes part in a number of international intelligence cooperative relationships, such as the
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3157:
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Another cause for frustration was the installation of a threat intelligence fusion centre in 2006, a consequence of a European agreement to establish such centres as a reaction to the terrorist attacks on
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1598:
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1900:
1792:
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2008:
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many Belgians opposed the return from captivity of the discredited Leopold III. The State Security had to monitor the opposing forces, especially the nascent communist movement. The onset of the
2605:
3185:
359:
192:
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1520:
264:), would arise as both services' activities overlapped sometimes. The military intelligence service had been given the counterespionage mission, but after it was suspended in 1923 because of
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2979:
2110:
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305:
role in many successful counterterrorism operations. Despite this, starting in 1982, Belgium would fall victim to a surge of violence. The attacks by the communist terror group
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3251:
2116:
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The majority of the methods used (between 1500 and 2000 in recent years) concern localisations and identifications of cell phone numbers, in connection with counterterrorism.
201:
2695:
3790:
3756:
2963:
3061:
2541:
2473:
1876:
3389:
2777:
1870:
1732:
484:
458:
3434:
3349:
3037:
2483:
762:
1894:
1475:
197:
3969:
1972:
1864:
1828:
510:
3145:
2547:
1580:
3337:
2193:
1514:
3661:
3123:
2367:
1954:
497:
358:
in 2004–2005. Fearing competition and even potential obsolescence, State Security chief Koenraad Dassen actively attempted to harm the establishment of the
577:
3687:
3257:
2371:
2241:
1930:
1568:
57:
4172:
3732:
3219:
2092:
562:
426:
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532:
376:. The CUTA and VSSE were the first security services to warn about the threat of foreign fighters returning to their country in the early days of the
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4003:
3285:
3213:
3079:
3073:
2935:
2881:
1574:
544:
261:
167:
372:
In the 2010s, the VSSE found espionage to be on the rise as never before, a result of the valuable and sensitive information present in Brussels,
3611:
471:
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3097:
3013:
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1774:
1432:
3918:
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3726:
3416:
2641:
2217:
2128:
523:
445:
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4134:
3827:
3566:
3331:
2993:
2571:
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2086:
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1468:
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309:(CCC) coincided with a number of incidents committed by a band of gangsters (eventually acquiring the name of "Les tueurs du Brabant" or "
296:
shifted the focus almost entirely on communism. The threat of Soviet espionage would take priority when Belgium became the host nation of
3924:
3647:
3536:
3304:
3049:
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2611:
2223:
2174:
2044:
1676:
1538:
550:
339:
717:
4298:
3942:
3821:
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3019:
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2741:
2098:
2026:
1694:
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3560:
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3235:
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2621:
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2355:
2349:
2253:
2032:
1960:
1912:
1906:
1810:
1804:
1700:
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use intrusive technical means to collect intelligence. Instead, the Belgian intelligence services were only authorised to work with
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3207:
3003:
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2785:
2725:
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1706:
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2523:
2415:
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2801:
2701:
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2289:
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1984:
1918:
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1738:
1616:
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to London to undertake the coordination of the resistance once again. This was impeded by the rift between the government and
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3985:
3808:
3343:
3191:
3085:
2489:
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2020:
1990:
1888:
1816:
1688:
4336:
4167:
4101:
3936:
3891:
3815:
3796:
3784:
3548:
3462:
3290:
2947:
2893:
2731:
2719:
2689:
2423:
2080:
2062:
2050:
2038:
1756:
1604:
206:(CUTA/OCAD/OCAM). In recent years, the State Security's activities have focused on the terror threat emanating from Daesh.
365:
In these years Belgian intelligence was adjusting to being subject to the oversight of the parliamentary review committee
4278:
4265:
4015:
3979:
3617:
3482:
3367:
3361:
3201:
3129:
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2477:
2229:
2211:
1768:
1664:
1532:
1502:
630:
brought attention and criticism to the activities and ineffectiveness of the nation's police and intelligence agencies.
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4056:
3699:
3665:
3239:
3173:
2747:
2343:
2301:
2277:
2122:
2014:
1840:
1634:
1556:
3989:
3225:
4129:
4081:
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3031:
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2824:
2577:
2361:
1724:
1622:
1256:
620:
273:
4086:
3847:
3837:
3762:
3405:
3109:
3067:
2559:
2451:
2319:
2295:
1822:
1646:
1628:
4091:
4019:
3948:
3623:
3409:
3055:
3043:
2941:
2807:
2795:
2599:
2501:
2443:
2429:
1996:
1762:
373:
4071:
3325:
3103:
3025:
2757:
2589:
2403:
2134:
1936:
1562:
163:
122:
2631:
4156:
4096:
4076:
3997:
3841:
3456:
3113:
3091:
2647:
2507:
1924:
1712:
1592:
171:
4243:
3865:
3530:
3440:
3383:
3280:
3245:
3167:
2665:
2593:
2393:
2325:
2002:
1718:
1652:
4009:
3675:
3572:
3554:
3542:
3468:
3275:
3229:
3117:
2763:
2713:
2409:
2235:
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2162:
2146:
2074:
1948:
1526:
680:
489:
463:
392:
355:
288:
277:
232:
focused on subversive elements, successfully thwarting an attempted republican coup d'état instigated by
4189:
3629:
2495:
1750:
351:
300:. With British and American help, Belgian intelligence was significantly expanded to meet the surge of
236:
in 1848. Other successes include the formation of an impromptu foreign intelligence service during the
4326:
4288:
2583:
2337:
306:
3179:
1367:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
1067:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
803:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
731:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2018). "Plan B(ruxelles): Belgian Intelligence and the Terror Attacks of 2015-16".
3693:
3590:
3163:
3151:
2707:
2653:
2635:
2535:
2513:
2265:
1858:
1744:
515:
395:
revealed Belgium to be the centre of terrorist activity, a connection given bloody confirmation on
4184:
3444:
2517:
2437:
228:
179:
422:
The Belgian Security Service has had the following directors (called 'administrateur général'):
4027:
3715:
3635:
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396:
385:
281:
265:
502:
4283:
4033:
3993:
3907:
3881:
2834:
2781:
2735:
582:
4228:
3600:
3314:
3269:
2863:
2377:
1978:
1942:
1610:
685:
240:
to support the Belgian Army, which was standing guard for a potential invasion of Belgium.
439:
8:
3395:
1485:
616:
431:
237:
159:
4223:
1409:
1380:
1355:
1312:
1283:
1190:
1155:
1097:
1080:
1049:
1014:
950:
915:
880:
816:
776:
744:
220:
1295:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). "Indications and Warning in Belgium. Brussels is not Delphi".
933:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2017). "Indications and Warning in Belgium. Brussels is not Delphi".
4260:
4213:
3578:
1728:
1413:
1384:
1359:
1316:
1287:
1252:
1194:
1159:
1084:
1053:
1018:
954:
919:
884:
820:
748:
627:
297:
4253:
3853:
1401:
1372:
1345:
1337:
1304:
1275:
1182:
1145:
1137:
1072:
1041:
1004:
996:
942:
907:
870:
862:
808:
736:
476:
377:
326:
310:
1405:
1376:
1341:
1308:
1279:
1186:
1141:
1076:
1045:
1000:
946:
911:
866:
812:
740:
633:
In 1991, following two government enquiries, a permanent parliamentary committee,
4293:
4208:
4196:
3653:
3474:
1966:
1453:
145:
158:
intelligence and security agency. Established in 1830, it is the world's oldest
672:
450:
411:
135:
1325:
1125:
984:
850:
4320:
4119:
1249:
Les secrets de la sûreté de l'état. Enquête sur une administration de l'ombre
556:
538:
175:
72:
59:
410:
about an Iraqi terrorist. A murder plot targeting former American president
1350:
1150:
1009:
875:
4248:
635:
568:
366:
301:
257:
624:
403:
and publishing, for the first time in seven years, an activity report.
182:. It has contacts with over 90 sister services across four continents.
4162:
4152:
4124:
3422:
233:
162:. The State Security is a civilian agency under the authority of the
4233:
4201:
2659:
2457:
381:
293:
47:
1392:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
1173:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
1111:"Golden Belgian tip helps to foil assassination of George W. Bush"
1032:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
898:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2019). "Belgian Intelligence SIGINT Operations".
4238:
4177:
3869:
3768:
1266:
Lasoen, Kenneth (2016). "185 Years of Belgian Security Service".
970:
De Staatsveiligheid: essays over 175 jaar Veiligheid van de Staat
245:
155:
51:
1234:
Alien Police in Belgium 1840-1940. The creation of guest workers
3139:
2905:
1780:
1427:
1508:
1394:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1330:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1175:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1130:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
1034:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
989:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
900:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
855:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
763:"Veiligheid van de Staat - Federale Overheidsdienst Justitie"
322:
1326:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium"
1126:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium"
985:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium"
851:"For Belgian Eyes Only. Intelligence Cooperation in Belgium"
3377:
266:
a scandal involving the Belgian occupation of the Rhineland
2769:
2152:
1448:
407:
1241:
La Sûreté. Essais sur les 175 ans de la Sûreté de l'État
615:
During the 1980s, a number of incidents including the
1441:
1239:
M. Cools, K. Dassen, R. Libert, P. Ponsaerts (eds.),
400:
1098:
https://vsse.be/sites/default/files/1-av-nl-2018.pdf
832:
830:
662:
1220:
La Sûreté de l'État: histoire d'une déstabilisation
1483:
784:
698:
827:
619:, the activities of terrorist groups such as the
287:In 1944, State Security returned to Belgium with
4318:
1215:, in: Intelligence and National Security, 1989.
1213:The Secret Police in nineteenth century Brussels
1449:Standing Intelligence Agencies Review Committee
166:, while the military intelligence agency, the
1469:
1108:
1227:Les services de renseignement et de sécurité
610:
650:"Wet op de Bijzondere Inlichtingenmethoden"
1476:
1462:
718:"Jaak Raes nieuwe topman Staatsveiligheid"
20:Veiligheid van de Staat - Sûreté de l'Etat
1349:
1205:
1149:
1008:
874:
223:, an "Administration for Public Safety" (
168:General Information and Security Service
16:Belgian intelligence and security agency
1323:
1294:
790:
704:
111:Francisca Bostyn, administrator-general
4319:
1391:
1366:
1265:
1172:
1123:
1066:
1031:
982:
932:
897:
848:
836:
802:
730:
170:, operates under the authority of the
1457:
1251:(in French). Tielt: Editions Lannoo.
967:
384:planning an attack shortly after the
360:Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis
193:Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis
1246:
1229:, Bruxelles, Courier du CRISP, 1999.
1109:Jens Franssen (September 17, 2022).
276:, Belgian intelligence followed the
225:Administration de la Sûreté Publique
4266:Surveillance issues in smart cities
393:13-14 November 2015 attack on Paris
272:under the same ministry. After the
13:
2688:South Korea: Intelligence Bureau,
590:Godelieve Timmermans (2000 – 2002)
307:Cellulles Combattantes Communistes
14:
4353:
1421:
2904:Congo (Democratic Republic of):
2312:Congo (Democratic Republic of):
1639:Congo (Democratic Republic of):
1426:
1369:Terrorism and Political Violence
1069:Terrorism and Political Violence
805:Terrorism and Political Violence
733:Terrorism and Political Violence
665:
1268:Journal of Intelligence History
1166:
1117:
1102:
1091:
1060:
1025:
976:
961:
926:
891:
574:Stephane Schewebach (1990–1993)
374:seat of various EU institutions
344:Bijzondere Inlichtingenmethoden
332:
251:
214:
1218:C. Carpentier & F. Moser,
842:
796:
769:
755:
724:
710:
642:
123:Federal Public Service Justice
1:
4342:Belgian intelligence agencies
4157:List of intelligence agencies
3096:Republic of North Macedonia:
2570:Republic of North Macedonia:
1929:Republic of North Macedonia:
1433:State Security Service (VSSE)
1406:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501
1377:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445
1342:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110
1309:10.1080/01402390.2017.1288111
1280:10.1080/16161262.2016.1145854
1187:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501
1142:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110
1077:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445
1046:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501
1001:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110
947:10.1080/01402390.2017.1288111
912:10.1080/08850607.2018.1488501
867:10.1080/08850607.2017.1297110
813:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445
778:Activiteitenverslag 2017-2018
741:10.1080/09546553.2018.1464445
691:
593:Koenraad Dassen (2002 – 2006)
406:In 2022, the VSSE tipped the
132:State Security Service (VSSE)
4332:Political history of Belgium
1297:Journal of Strategic Studies
935:Journal of Strategic Studies
617:Brabant supermarket killings
417:
46:6, Boulevard du Roi Albert,
7:
4337:Military history of Belgium
4010:Crime Intelligence Division
2900:CMC JSD Intelligence Bureau
1243:, Brussels, Politeia, 2005.
681:Belgian stay-behind network
658:
596:Alain Winants (2006 – 2014)
238:Franco-Prussian War of 1870
10:
4358:
4254:Turbulence (NSA programme)
4190:Mass surveillance in China
1236:, New York - Oxford, 2000.
209:
185:
4274:
4143:
4110:
4042:
3906:
3714:
3599:
3313:
2833:
2183:
1492:
968:Cools, Marc, ed. (2005).
621:Combatant Communist Cells
611:Parliamentary supervision
118:
104:
96:
88:
42:
34:
29:
24:
2252:Bosnia and Herzegovina:
1579:Bosnia and Herzegovina:
1324:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017).
1124:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017).
983:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017).
849:Lasoen, Kenneth (2017).
485:Adolphe Gautier de Rasse
459:Napoleon Joseph Verheyen
73:50.8576917°N 4.3551611°E
4185:Great Firewall of China
529:Alfred Rémy (1927-1929)
256:On the outbreak of the
4294:Law enforcement agency
4168:Diplomatic cable leaks
3636:Air Intelligence Group
2145:United Arab Emirates:
1206:Literature and sources
1486:intelligence agencies
1435:at Wikimedia Commons
599:Jaak Raes (2014–2022)
511:Jean Baptiste De Rode
78:50.8576917; 4.3551611
972:. Brussel: Politeia.
321:operation, known in
221:Belgian independence
160:intelligence service
4306:Intelligence agency
1247:Bové, Lars (2015).
278:government in exile
172:Ministry of Defense
164:Ministry of Justice
69: /
21:
4224:Call detail record
2770:Security Service (
1953:Papua New Guinea:
1222:, Ottignies, 1993.
602:Francisca Bostyn,
578:Bart van Lijsebeth
19:
4314:
4313:
4261:National security
3579:Derzhspetszviazok
1431:Media related to
686:Gladio in Belgium
628:Westland New Post
440:Emmanuel François
414:was thus foiled.
298:NATO headquarters
128:
127:
4349:
4327:Counterterrorism
4032:United Kingdom:
3955:Baintelkam Polri
3880:United Kingdom:
3854:Rosfinmonitoring
3698:United Kingdom:
3676:Air Intelligence
3583:United Kingdom:
3268:United Kingdom:
2922:Czech Republic:
2768:United Kingdom:
2416:Baintelkam Polri
2324:Czech Republic:
2151:United Kingdom:
1657:Czech Republic:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1442:Official website
1430:
1417:
1388:
1363:
1353:
1320:
1291:
1262:
1225:L. Van Outryve,
1199:
1198:
1170:
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1163:
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1121:
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1114:
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1100:
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878:
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800:
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788:
782:
773:
767:
766:
759:
753:
752:
728:
722:
721:
720:. 28 March 2014.
714:
708:
702:
675:
670:
669:
668:
586:
563:Ludovic Caeymaex
519:
506:
498:François Delatou
493:
480:
467:
454:
435:
427:Isidore Plaisant
311:Bende van Nijvel
282:King Leopold III
205:
151:Sûreté de l'État
141:Staatsveiligheid
105:Agency executive
84:
83:
81:
80:
79:
74:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
22:
18:
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4350:
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4310:
4270:
4209:Security agency
4197:Law enforcement
4145:
4139:
4112:
4106:
4044:
4038:
3909:
3902:
3886:United States:
3717:
3710:
3704:United States:
3602:
3595:
3589:United States:
3316:
3309:
3274:United States:
2836:
2829:
2790:United States:
2185:
2179:
2161:United States:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1440:
1439:
1424:
1351:1854/LU-8512001
1259:
1232:F. Caestecker,
1208:
1203:
1202:
1171:
1167:
1151:1854/LU-8512001
1122:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1092:
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1061:
1030:
1026:
1010:1854/LU-8512001
981:
977:
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927:
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876:1854/LU-8512001
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580:
513:
500:
487:
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461:
448:
429:
420:
378:Syrian conflict
335:
274:German invasion
258:First World War
254:
219:Within days of
217:
212:
195:
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114:
77:
75:
71:
68:
63:
60:
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30:Agency overview
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5:
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3204:
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3190:South Africa:
3188:
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3156:Saudi Arabia:
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2682:South Africa:
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2658:Saudi Arabia:
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2127:Turkmenistan:
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2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
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2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2037:South Africa:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2007:Sierra Leone:
2005:
1999:
1995:Saudi Arabia:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
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1423:
1422:External links
1420:
1419:
1418:
1389:
1364:
1336:(3): 464–490.
1321:
1303:(7): 927–962.
1292:
1263:
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1136:(3): 464–466.
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995:(3): 464–490.
975:
960:
941:(7): 927–962.
925:
890:
861:(3): 464–490.
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673:Belgium portal
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606:(2022–present)
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545:Fernand Lepage
542:
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412:George W. Bush
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4120:Club de Berne
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4102:United States
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3258:GENKUR İ.D.B.
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2515:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2487:
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2481:
2479:
2475:
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2263:
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2243:
2239:
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2233:
2231:
2228:Azerbaijan:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2195:
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2182:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
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2136:
2132:
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2120:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2073:Switzerland:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:South Korea:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1959:Philippines:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:Palace Office
1940:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1923:North Korea:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1911:New Zealand:
1910:
1908:
1905:Netherlands:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1856:
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1826:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1791:Ivory Coast:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1754:
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1748:
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1736:
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1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1710:
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1702:
1698:
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1674:
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1560:
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1548:
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1536:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:Afghanistan:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1450:
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1438:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
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1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
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1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:(2): 98–116.
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1258:9789401425902
1254:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:L. Keunings,
1210:
1209:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1105:
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1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
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1028:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
971:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
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936:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
886:
882:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
838:
833:
831:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
792:
787:
780:
779:
772:
764:
758:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
719:
713:
706:
701:
697:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
674:
663:
656:
653:
651:
640:
638:
637:
631:
629:
626:
622:
618:
605:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
587:(1994 – 1999)
584:
579:
576:
573:
571:(1977 – 1990)
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:Robert de Foy
555:
552:
549:
547:(1940 - 1944)
546:
543:
540:
539:Robert de Foy
537:
534:
533:René Beltjens
531:
528:
525:
522:
517:
512:
509:
504:
499:
496:
491:
486:
483:
478:
473:
472:Victor Berden
470:
465:
460:
457:
452:
447:
444:
441:
438:
433:
428:
425:
424:
423:
415:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
397:22 March 2016
394:
390:
388:
387:Charlie Hebdo
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
347:
345:
341:
340:human sources
330:
328:
324:
320:
314:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
269:
267:
263:
259:
249:
247:
241:
239:
235:
230:
226:
222:
207:
203:
199:
194:
183:
181:
177:
176:Club de Berne
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
124:
121:
119:Parent agency
117:
110:
109:
107:
103:
99:
97:Annual budget
95:
91:
87:
82:
61:50°51′27.69″N
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
23:
4279:Border guard
4214:Surveillance
4135:Egmont Group
4111:Intelligence
4043:Intelligence
3929:Bangladesh:
3910:intelligence
3743:Bangladesh:
3737:Azerbaijan:
3718:intelligence
3603:intelligence
3523:
3433:Kazakhstan:
3330:Bangladesh:
3317:intelligence
3036:Kazakhstan:
2868:Bangladesh:
2837:intelligence
2800:Uzbekistan:
2771:
2522:Luxembourg:
2482:Kazakhstan:
2247:
2234:Bangladesh:
2186:intelligence
2167:Uzbekistan:
2154:
2091:Tajikistan:
1899:Mozambique:
1887:Montenegro:
1821:Kyrgyzstan:
1809:Kazakhstan:
1561:Bangladesh:
1549:Azerbaijan:
1495:intelligence
1425:
1397:
1393:
1368:
1333:
1329:
1300:
1296:
1271:
1267:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1104:
1093:
1068:
1062:
1037:
1033:
1027:
992:
988:
978:
969:
963:
938:
934:
928:
903:
899:
893:
858:
854:
844:
804:
798:
791:Lasoen 2017a
786:
777:
771:
757:
732:
726:
712:
705:Lasoen 2017b
700:
654:
649:
646:
634:
632:
614:
603:
421:
405:
386:
371:
364:
348:
343:
336:
333:21st century
318:
315:
286:
270:
255:
252:20th century
242:
224:
218:
215:19th century
189:
150:
149:
140:
139:
131:
129:
100:€ 50 million
64:4°21′18.58″E
43:Headquarters
4284:Coast guard
4249:Stone Ghost
4219:Big Brother
4082:New Zealand
3953:Indonesia:
3923:Australia:
3917:Argentina:
3807:Lithuania (
3789:Indonesia:
3731:Australia:
3725:Argentina:
3628:Indonesia:
3610:Australia:
3404:Indonesia:
3324:Australia:
3297:Venezuela:
3212:Sri Lanka:
3172:Singapore:
3104:E-tjenesten
3042:Lithuania:
3002:Indonesia:
2988:SAHEFAVEDJA
2856:Australia:
2806:Venezuela:
2700:Sri Lanka:
2670:Singapore:
2598:Palestine:
2506:Lithuania:
2414:Indonesia:
2392:Hong Kong:
2216:Australia:
2204:Argentina:
2055:Sri Lanka:
2013:Singapore:
1937:E-tjenesten
1845:Lithuania:
1755:Indonesia:
1543:Australia:
1525:Argentina:
837:Lasoen 2016
643:Entitlement
636:Committee I
581: [
569:Albert Raes
565:(1958–1977)
559:(1947–1958)
553:(1944-1947)
541:(1933-1943)
535:(1929-1933)
526:(1906-1927)
524:Louis Gonne
520:(1903-1906)
514: [
507:(1890-1903)
501: [
494:(1882-1890)
488: [
481:(1869-1882)
475: [
468:(1852-1869)
462: [
455:(1840-1852)
449: [
446:Alexis Hody
442:(1831-1839)
436:(1830-1831)
430: [
367:Committee I
319:Stay Behind
302:Warsaw Pact
196: [
76: /
4321:Categories
4057:Bangladesh
3941:Finland:
3686:Portugal:
3674:Pakistan:
3640:Malaysia:
3524:Spetssvyaz
3467:Pakistan:
3360:Ethiopia:
3338:2ª Sch/EMD
3250:Thailand:
3184:Slovenia:
3178:Slovakia:
3138:Portugal:
3108:Pakistan:
3054:Maldives:
3048:Malaysia:
3008:Pusintelad
2823:Zimbabwe:
2730:Thailand:
2640:Portugal:
2604:Paraguay:
2588:Pakistan:
2534:Malaysia:
2306:Colombia:
2276:Bulgaria:
2258:Botswana:
2103:Thailand:
2097:Tanzania:
2025:Slovenia:
2019:Slovakia:
1971:Portugal:
1947:Pakistan:
1881:Mongolia:
1863:Malaysia:
1693:Ethiopia:
1683:Mukhabarat
1669:Djibouti:
1609:Cameroon:
1603:Bulgaria:
1585:Botswana:
1113:. VRT NWS.
692:References
604:ad interim
229:neutrality
134:(known in
4229:Carnivore
4178:CIA leaks
4173:NSA leaks
4153:Espionage
4130:Maximator
4125:Five Eyes
4113:alliances
4052:Australia
4045:community
4002:Romania:
3986:BWiIK KGP
3896:Vatican:
3795:Ireland:
3777:Iceland:
3716:Financial
3694:TsVTI GRU
3648:GEOINT NZ
3616:Finland:
3577:Ukraine:
3515:Romania:
3415:Ireland:
3382:Germany:
3366:Finland:
3354:Croatia:
3303:Vietnam:
3262:Ukraine:
3144:Romania:
3084:Nigeria:
3066:Myanmar:
3060:Morocco:
3012:Ireland:
2968:Hungary:
2956:Germany:
2942:PE TIEDOS
2940:Finland:
2928:Denmark:
2910:Croatia:
2882:ADIV/SGRS
2880:Belgium:
2876:GRU MO RB
2874:Belarus:
2862:Austria:
2844:Algeria:
2812:Vietnam:
2762:Ukraine:
2676:Somalia:
2646:Romania:
2558:Nigeria:
2540:Moldova:
2512:Lebanon:
2442:Ireland:
2402:Hungary:
2366:Germany:
2360:Georgia:
2348:Finland:
2342:Estonia:
2330:Denmark:
2318:Croatia:
2282:Burundi:
2246:Belgium:
2240:Belarus:
2222:Austria:
2210:Armenia:
2192:Algeria:
2173:Vietnam:
2139:Ukraine:
2115:Tunisia:
2031:Somalia:
1983:Romania:
1917:Nigeria:
1893:Morocco:
1875:Moldova:
1851:Lebanon:
1839:Liberia:
1773:Ireland:
1743:Hungary:
1717:Germany:
1711:Georgia:
1687:Estonia:
1675:Ecuador:
1663:Denmark:
1645:Croatia:
1575:ADIV/SGRS
1573:Belgium:
1567:Belarus:
1555:Bahrain:
1537:Austria:
1531:Armenia:
1513:Algeria:
1507:Albania:
1484:National
1414:158963928
1385:149729772
1360:157376383
1317:157685300
1288:147394882
1195:158963928
1160:157376383
1085:149729772
1054:158963928
1019:157376383
955:157685300
920:158963928
885:157376383
821:149729772
749:149729772
551:Pol Bihin
418:Directors
262:ADIV/SGRS
234:Karl Marx
89:Employees
4234:Dishfire
4202:Interpol
4087:Pakistan
3994:ZOŚ KGSG
3984:Poland:
3935:Canada:
3908:Criminal
3874:Turkey:
3852:Russia:
3832:Poland:
3820:Mexico:
3767:France:
3755:Canada:
3749:Brazil:
3692:Russia:
3652:Poland:
3634:Israel:
3565:Turkey:
3547:Sweden:
3521:Russia:
3495:gOR 3.FO
3473:Poland:
3461:Norway:
3421:Israel:
3372:France:
3342:Canada:
3336:Brazil:
3256:Turkey:
3244:Taiwan:
3218:Sweden:
3192:SANDF-ID
3162:Serbia:
3150:Russia:
3128:Poland:
3102:Norway:
3068:Sa Ya Pa
3018:Israel:
3004:BAIS TNI
2984:SAHEFASA
2980:SAHEFAJA
2946:France:
2894:CFINTCOM
2892:Canada:
2886:Brazil:
2850:Angola:
2835:Military
2756:Uganda:
2746:Turkey:
2724:Taiwan:
2706:Sweden:
2664:Serbia:
2660:Mabahith
2652:Russia:
2626:Poland:
2576:Norway:
2500:Latvia:
2494:Kosovo:
2474:TMPD PSB
2458:Shin Bet
2456:Israel:
2386:Greece:
2354:France:
2288:Canada:
2270:Brunei:
2264:Brazil:
2198:Angola:
2184:Domestic
2133:Uganda:
2121:Turkey:
2085:Taiwan:
2067:Sweden:
2001:Serbia:
1989:Russia:
1965:Poland:
1935:Norway:
1869:Mexico:
1833:Latvia:
1827:Kuwait:
1803:Jordan:
1779:Israel:
1737:Greece:
1705:Gambia:
1699:France:
1615:Canada:
1597:Brunei:
1591:Brazil:
1519:Angola:
1400:: 5–19.
1371:: 1–19.
1181:: 5–19.
1071:: 1–19.
1040:: 5–19.
906:: 5–19.
807:: 1–19.
735:: 1–19.
659:See also
625:neo-Nazi
623:and the
389:massacre
382:Verviers
294:Cold War
178:and the
48:Brussels
4289:Customs
4239:ECHELON
4144:Related
4062:Croatia
4014:Spain:
3998:ZK KGŻW
3964:Italy:
3947:India:
3870:SEPBLAC
3864:Spain:
3846:Qatar:
3814:Malta:
3801:Italy:
3783:India:
3769:Tracfin
3757:FINTRAC
3733:AUSTRAC
3666:12.BBSP
3622:India:
3618:PVTIEDL
3601:Imagery
3567:MİT-SİB
3559:Syria:
3541:Spain:
3499:CRiWWRE
3427:Japan:
3394:India:
3388:Ghana:
3368:PVTIEDL
3348:China:
3315:Signals
3234:Syria:
3206:Spain:
3030:Japan:
3024:Italy:
2992:India:
2962:Ghana:
2934:Egypt:
2898:China:
2792:I&A
2718:Syria:
2694:Spain:
2528:Macau:
2488:Kenya:
2468:Japan:
2462:Italy:
2408:India:
2376:Ghana:
2336:Egypt:
2300:China:
2294:Chile:
2079:Syria:
2061:Sudan:
2049:Spain:
1977:Qatar:
1857:Libya:
1815:Kenya:
1797:Japan:
1785:Italy:
1749:India:
1723:Ghana:
1681:Egypt:
1633:China:
1627:Chile:
1581:OSA-OBA
1493:Foreign
781:, p. 8.
401:website
246:Okhrana
210:History
186:Mission
156:Belgian
154:) is a
52:Belgium
4146:topics
4092:Russia
4072:Israel
4067:France
3980:PNP-IG
3892:FinCEN
3761:Fiji:
3688:CIGeoE
3682:NMARSC
3670:JW NIL
3642:MaCGDI
3511:JW NIL
3507:6.ORel
3503:2.ORel
3350:SIGINT
3264:HUR MO
3140:CISMIL
2974:Iran:
2916:Cuba:
2906:DEMIAP
2778:NDEDIU
2740:Togo:
2610:Peru:
2582:Oman:
2428:Iran:
2398:CPGNSO
2242:KGB RB
2109:Togo:
1941:Oman:
1811:Syrbar
1781:Mossad
1767:Iraq:
1761:Iran:
1677:SENAIN
1651:Cuba:
1621:Chad:
1569:KGB RB
1412:
1383:
1358:
1315:
1286:
1255:
1193:
1158:
1083:
1052:
1017:
953:
918:
883:
819:
775:VSSE,
747:
391:. The
356:London
352:Madrid
327:Gladio
146:French
35:Formed
4299:Types
4244:PRISM
4163:Leaks
4077:Italy
3970:DIGOS
3876:MASAK
3860:GDOFI
3797:GNECB
3791:PPATK
3773:DNRED
3700:DGIFC
3571:UAE:
3299:DGCIM
3291:USAFI
3208:CIFAS
3158:AFISC
3124:ISAFP
2970:KNBSZ
2936:DMISR
2808:SEBIN
2696:CITCO
2554:NZSIS
2248:VS/SE
2200:SINSE
2153:SIS (
1913:NZSIS
1871:CISEN
1509:SHISH
1410:S2CID
1381:S2CID
1356:S2CID
1313:S2CID
1284:S2CID
1191:S2CID
1156:S2CID
1081:S2CID
1050:S2CID
1015:S2CID
951:S2CID
916:S2CID
881:S2CID
817:S2CID
745:S2CID
585:]
518:]
505:]
492:]
479:]
466:]
453:]
434:]
323:Italy
204:]
136:Dutch
4024:CGPJ
4020:SIGC
4004:DGPI
3990:CBŚP
3937:CISC
3925:ACIC
3919:DNIC
3898:ASIF
3834:GIIF
3828:FIOD
3816:FIAU
3809:FNTT
3785:CEIB
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