Sovereign state - Knowledge

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considered as territories sufficient for statehood. The term "permanent population" defines the community that has the intention to inhabit the territory permanently and is capable to support the superstructure of the State, though there is no requirement of a minimum population. The government must be capable of exercising effective control over a territory and population (the requirement known in legal theory as "effective control test") and guarantee the protection of basic human rights by legal methods and policies. The "capacity to enter into relations with other states" reflects the entity's degree of independence.

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on which it operated, and it has not accepted the allegation that the "TRNC" courts as a whole lacked independence and/or impartiality". On 3 February 2017, The United Kingdom's High Court stated "There was no duty in the United Kingdom law upon the Government to refrain from recognizing Northern Cyprus. The United Nations itself works with Northern Cyprus law enforcement agencies and facilitates co-operation between the two parts of the island". and revealed that the co-operation between the United Kingdom police and law agencies in Northern Cyprus is legal.

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which states do not have (though their territories have a spatial position, states are distinct from their territories), and abstract objects have a position in neither time nor space, which does not fit the supposed characteristics of states either, since states do have a temporal position (they can be created at certain times and then become extinct at a future time). Therefore, it has been argued that states belong to a third category, the quasi-abstract, that has recently begun to garner philosophical attention, especially in the area of

761: 747: 105: 250:, and the charters of regional international organizations express the view that all states are juridically equal and enjoy the same rights and duties based upon the mere fact of their existence as persons under international law. The right of nations to determine their own political status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognized. 1862: 697:, an ontological theory that seeks to understand the role of documents in understanding all of social reality. Quasi-abstract objects, such as states, can be brought into being through document acts, and can also be used to manipulate them, such as by binding them by treaty or surrendering them as the result of a war. 178:

the international system of special internal and external security and legitimization of the dilemma. Recently, the concept of the international community has been formed to refer to a group of States that have established rules, procedures and institutions for the implementation of relations. Thus, the foundation for

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Sovereignty is a term that is frequently misused. Up until the 19th century, the radicalised concept of a "standard of civilization" was routinely deployed to determine that certain people in the world were "uncivilized", and lacking organised societies. That position was reflected and constituted in

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includes more than 200 sovereign states, most of which are represented in the United Nations. These states exist in a system of international relations, where each state takes into account the policies of other states by making its own calculations. From this point of view, States are integrated into

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on Rights and Duties of States, 1 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and

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decided that "notwithstanding the lack of international recognition of the regime in the northern area, a de facto recognition of its acts may be rendered necessary for practical purposes. Thus the adoption by the authorities of the "TRNC" of civil, administrative or criminal law measures, and their

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State practice relating to the recognition of states typically falls somewhere between the declaratory and constitutive approaches. International law does not require a state to recognise other states. Recognition is often withheld when a new state is seen as illegitimate or has come about in breach

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if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory; 2) a permanent population; 3) a government and 4) a capacity to enter into relations with other states. According to declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states, as long as the sovereignty was

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purportedly operates as a democratic republic with a president, prime minister, legislature and judiciary". On 2 September 2015, ECtHR decided that "...the court system set up in the "TRNC" was to be considered to have been "established by law" with reference to the "constitutional and legal basis"

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One of the major criticisms of this law is the confusion caused when some states recognise a new entity, but other states do not. Hersch Lauterpacht, one of the theory's main proponents, suggested that a state must grant recognition as a possible solution. However, a state may use any criteria when

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Named after the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, the Westphalian System of state sovereignty, according to Bryan Turner, "made a more or less clear separation between religion and state, and recognized the right of princes "to confessionalize" the state, that is, to determine the religious affiliation of

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Scholars in international relations can be broken up into two different practices, realists and pluralists, of what they believe the ontological state of the state is. Realists believe that the world is one of only states and interstate relations and the identity of the state is defined before any

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said, "There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning, which was universally agreed

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It has been argued that one potential reason as to why the existence of states has been controversial is because states do not have a place in the traditional Platonist duality of the concrete and the abstract. Characteristically, concrete objects are those that have a position in time and space,

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Generally speaking, states are durable entities, though they can become extinguished, either through voluntary means or outside forces, such as military conquest. Violent state abolition has virtually ceased since the end of World War II. Because states are non-physical juridical entities, it has

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of international law if, and only if, it is recognised as sovereign by at least one other state. This theory of recognition was developed in the 19th century. Under it, a state was sovereign if another sovereign state recognised it as such. Because of this, new states could not immediately become

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State recognition signifies the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state. Recognition can be either expressed or implied and is usually retroactive in its effects. It does not necessarily signify a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.

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A "territory" in the international law context consists of land territory, internal waters, territorial sea, and air space above the territory. There is no requirement on strictly delimited borders or minimum size of the land, but artificial installations and uninhabitable territories cannot be

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due to having a political system in which the sovereignty of the state was subject to limitations both internal (West Germany's federal system and the role of civil society) and external (membership in the European Community and reliance on its alliance with the United States and NATO for its

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Since the end of World War II, the number of sovereign states in the international system has surged. Some research suggests that the existence of international and regional organisations, the greater availability of economic aid, and greater acceptance of the norm of self-determination have

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Sovereignty is most commonly conceptualised as something categorical, which is either present or absent, and the coherence of any intermediate position in that binary has been questioned, especially in the context of international law. In spite of this, some authors admit the concept of a

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wrote that the "perfect equality and absolute independence of sovereigns" has created a class of cases where "every sovereign is understood to waive the exercise of a part of that complete exclusive territorial jurisdiction, which has been stated to be the attribute of every nation".

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that the increase in the number of states can partly be credited to a more peaceful world, greater free trade and international economic integration, democratisation, and the presence of international organisations that co-ordinate economic and political policies.

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In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory, that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.

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International Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it is not recognised, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an International Person and a subject of International

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Since the end of the 19th century, almost the entire globe has been divided into sections (countries) with more or less defined borders assigned to different states. Previously, quite large plots of land were either unclaimed or deserted, or inhabited by

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states in World War I and explained that "since recognition of statehood is a matter of discretion, it is open to any existing State to accept as a state any entity it wishes, regardless of the existence of territory or of an established government."

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recognised only 39 sovereign states in the European diplomatic system, and as a result, it was firmly established that in the future new states would have to be recognised by other states, and that meant in practice recognition by one or more of the

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In the case of Northern Cyprus, recognition was withheld from a state created in Northern Cyprus. International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence, and the recognition of a country is a political issue. On 2 July 2013,

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international relations with other states. On the other hand, pluralists believe that the state is not the only actor in international relations and interactions between states and the state is competing against many other actors.

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and Northern Cyprus are good examples of this, the former only having been recognized by South Africa, and the latter only recognized by Turkey. In the case of Rhodesia, recognition was widely withheld when the white minority

663:" is predicated upon that distinction. States are non-physical juridical entities, not organisations of any kind. However, ordinarily, only the government of a state can obligate or bind the state, for example by treaty. 327:

No definition is binding on all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood. In practice, the criteria are mainly political, not legal. L.C. Green cited the recognition of the unborn Polish and

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Wilde, Ralph (2009). "From Trusteeship to Self-Determination and Back Again: The Role of the Hague Regulations in the Evolution of International Trusteeship, and the Framework of Rights and Duties of Occupying Powers".

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The Committee considers that the state is commonly defined as a community which consists of a territory and a population subject to an organized political authority; that such a state is characterized by sovereignty;

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by statute, which explicitly limits jurisdictional immunity to public acts, but not private or commercial ones, though there is no precise definition by which public acts can easily be distinguished from private ones.

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been argued that their extinction cannot be due to physical force alone. Instead, the physical actions of the military must be associated with the correct social or judiciary actions for a state to be abolished.

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Absolute sovereign immunity is no longer as widely accepted as it has been in the past, and some countries, including the United States, Canada, Singapore, Australia, Pakistan and South Africa, have introduced

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application or enforcement within that territory, may be regarded as having a legal basis in domestic law for the purposes of the Convention". On 9 October 2014, the US's Federal Court stated that "the

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subjected to a more powerful neighbour; Belarus, in its relationship with Russia, has been proposed as a contemporary example of a semi-sovereign state. In a somewhat different sense, the term

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Although the terms "state" and "government" are often used interchangeably, international law distinguishes between a non-physical state and its government; and in fact, the concept of "

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part of the international community or be bound by international law, and recognised nations did not have to respect international law in their dealings with them. In 1815, at the

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status of the state has been a subject of debate, especially, whether or not the state, being an object that no one can see, taste, touch, or otherwise detect, actually exists.

488:, and their representatives are elected in the Assembly of Northern Cyprus. As a country, Northern Cyprus became an observer member in various international organizations (the 2767: 997:

A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.

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Article 3 of the Montevideo Convention declares that political statehood is independent of recognition by other states, and the state is not prohibited from defending itself.

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within territorial boundaries. Based on this, the jurisprudence has developed along the lines of affording immunity from prosecution to foreign states in domestic courts. In

170:(and some of them are still not in constant contact). Additionally, there are states where de facto control is contested or where it is not exercised over their whole area. 709:

Another theory of the ontology of the state is that the state is a spiritual, or "mystical entity" with its own being, distinct from the members of the state. The German

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judging if they should give recognition and they have no obligation to use such criteria. Many states may only recognise another state if it is to their advantage.

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increased the desire of political units to secede and can be credited for the increase in the number of states in the international system. Harvard economist

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The President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Hisashi Owada (2010): "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence."

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The hegemony of this system, at least until recent years, is what created the possibility of a de facto state as an anomaly existing outside of it - or in

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the notion that their "sovereignty" was either completely lacking or at least of an inferior character when compared to that of the "civilized" people".

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International Law and Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession With Formulations of Post-Colonial National Identity

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sovereignty based on territoriality and the absence of a role for external agents in domestic structures. It is an international system of states,

3845: 634:, a state which is officially acknowledged as sovereign but whose theoretical sovereignty is significantly impaired in practice, such as by being 3217:, "Part Three. The Philosophy of the State" (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1954 ). 507 pgs. 23 cm. LOC classification: JA66 .S35 485: 2232: 717:(1770–1831) was perhaps the greatest proponent of this theory. The Hegelian definition of the state is "the Divine Idea as it exists on Earth". 434:, which found that a state was defined by having a territory, a population, government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states. 3474: 2302: 3895: 814: 573:

states only according to their own law and by states that recognise them. For example, Somaliland is commonly considered to be such a state.

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are sometimes recognised as being the legitimate government of a territory over which they have no actual control. For example, during the

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Pellet, Alain (1992). "The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee A Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples".

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Hoch, Tomáš (2018). "Legitimization of Statehood and its Impact on Foreign Policy in De Facto States: A Case Study of Abkhazia".

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So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.

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resulted in the emergence of numerous such entities, several of which, including Abkhazia, Transdniester, South Ossetia and the

4532: 2078:"Michali Toumazou, Nicolas Kantzilaris and Maroulla Tompazou versus Republic of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" 1425: 1011: 3207: 3147: 3077: 2884: 2577: 2502: 2463: 2389: 2215: 2175: 1937: 1806: 1761: 1672: 1636: 1487: 1409: 1320: 1295: 1042: 949: 3042: 2508: 2469: 2395: 2333: 2147: 2025: 4746: 3784: 2006: 287: 4475: 4751: 4179: 3683: 3089:"States and their international relations since 1816: introducing version 2 of the International System(s) Dataset (ISD)" 3000: 2926:

Fazal, Tanisha M.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (March 2014). "Membership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood".

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De facto states can be understood as a product of the very system that excludes the possibility of their existence: the

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Schwebel, Stephen M. (1963). "The Story of the U.N.'s Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources".

519: 4701: 4641: 4601: 4507: 4485: 4269: 3924: 3919: 3590: 2077: 122: 2685: 2055: 1455: 182:, diplomacy between officially recognized sovereign states, their organizations and formal regimes has been laid. 4766: 4527: 3691: 805: 609: 463: 225:, "sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all". 5208: 4761: 4010: 3941: 3115:

The International Law of Recognition, with Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States

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that were not organized into states. However, even in modern states, there are large remote areas, such as the

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Criminals fleeing British justice can no longer use Cyprus as a safe haven, judges rule, in landmark decision

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with other sovereign states due to their lack of international recognition. When referring to a specific

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Legal opinion by the Negotiations Support Unit in the Palestinian Authority on transitional sovereignty

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as having a permanent population, defined territory, a government not under another, and the capacity

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Robinson, Edward Heath (2010). "An ontological analysis of states: Organizations vs. legal persons".

2247: 591: 263: 201: 3459: 1863:"The Status of Unrecognized Quasi-States and Their Responsibilities Under the Montevideo Convention" 424:

A similar opinion about "the conditions on which an entity constitutes a state" is expressed by the

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Hancock, Kathleen J. (April 2006). "The Semi-Sovereign State: Belarus and the Russian Neo-Empire".

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information on tracking, evaluating and managing sovereign risk for trade and permanent investment

2207: 1287: 4549: 4409: 4387: 4152: 3744: 3491: 3293: 608:'s memorable phrase, as "temporary technical errors within the system of international law." The 562: 222: 191: 174: 115: 61: 4988: 1540: 5065: 4901: 4896: 4426: 4264: 4164: 3900: 3820: 550: 243: 72: 3158: 2154:

The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States, p.149

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control over a territory but lack international recognition; these may be considered by the

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Fowler, Michael Ross; Bunck, Julie Marie (1996). "What constitutes the sovereign state?".

8: 5136: 4973: 4631: 4559: 4254: 4212: 4100: 4030: 4005: 3792: 3739: 3552: 3547: 1892: 934: 785: 660: 620:, survived in the margins of international relations for decades despite non-recognition. 617: 537:(i.e., they exist both according to law and in practice). However, states which are only 449:

of international law. Almost universal non-recognition by the international community of

340:, however, there are several theories of when a state should be recognised as sovereign. 205: 88: 2543: 2272: 1068: 1049:

adjective ... (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs.

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from the judicial process, derived from the concepts of sovereignty and the Westphalian

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Robinson, Edward Heath (August 2013). "The Distinction Between State and Government".

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Sovereignty has taken on a different meaning with the development of the principle of

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Núñez, Jorge Emilio (2013). "About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty".

1316: 1291: 1238: 1117: 1038: 945: 850: 790: 337: 270: 239: 179: 167: 163: 53: 2794: 1575:"Globalization and Sovereignty: Why do States Abandon their Sovereign Prerogatives?" 5055: 4853: 4416: 4322: 4075: 3959: 3830: 3810: 3774: 3647: 3618: 3557: 3333: 3100: 2935: 2782: 2719: 2629: 2602: 2547: 2426: 2203: 1660: 1624: 1621:

Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order

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Turner, Bryan S. (July 2007). "Islam, Religious Revival and the Sovereign State".

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Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in

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Rethinking Germany and Europe: Democracy and Diplomacy in a Semi-Sovereign State

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Oshisanya, An Almanac of Contemporary and Comperative Judicial Restatement, 2016

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Lassa Oppenheim, International Law 66 (Sir Arnold D. McNair ed., 4th ed. 1928)

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not gained by military force. The declarative model was expressed in the 1933

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system of sovereign and equal states covering every centimeter of the globe.

292: 3038: 2357:"The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic: The life and death of an unrecognized state" 5156: 5148: 5143: 5108: 4616: 4611: 4522: 3992: 3642: 3604: 3537: 3418: 3403: 3388: 3353: 1691:, UNESCO Series, Mohammed Bedjaoui(ed), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991, 902:

Philpott, Daniel (1995). "Sovereignty: An Introduction and Brief History".

795: 766: 353: 197: 5050: 3210:. p 29 (with reference to Oppenheim in International Law Vol. 1 1905 p110) 2032:

p.64: The ICJ maintained that ... the issue of recognition was apolitical.

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Elements of international law: with a sketch of the history of the science

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Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semi-sovereign State,

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Akweenda, Sackey (1997). "Sovereignty in cases of Mandated Territories".

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Policy and Politics in West Germany: The Growth of a Semisovereign State

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International law and the protection of Namibia's territorial integrity

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Fazal, Tanisha M. (2004). "State Death in the International System".

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James Ker-Lindsay (UN SG's Former Special Representative for Cyprus)

166:, that are either uninhabited or inhabited exclusively or mainly by 104: 4868: 4838: 4668: 4591: 4502: 4314: 4092: 3802: 3423: 3413: 3338: 3139:

Sovereignty: The Origin and Future of a Political and Legal Concept

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The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution

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of several states continued to enjoy diplomatic relations with the

450: 87:, the term "country" may also refer to a constituent country, or a 5178: 5072: 4923: 466:

described as the creation of an "illegal racist minority régime".

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Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the Ontological Status of the State".

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Ringmar, Erik (1996). "On the ontological status of the state".

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Padgett, Stephen; Jeffery, C.; Bulmer, Simon (14 January 2014).

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The Reality of International LawEssays in Honour of Ian Brownlie

1794: 553:, notwithstanding that their countries were under occupation by 5203: 5193: 5188: 5123: 5077: 4993: 4863: 4848: 4843: 4833: 4517: 4124: 3706: 3368: 1861:

Bachmann, Sascha Dov; Prazauskas, Martinas (19 December 2019).

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List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent

501: 84: 4948: 873:, a rare example of a contemporary sovereign, non-state entity 5198: 5183: 5168: 5045: 5030: 5020: 5005: 4983: 4978: 4913: 4711: 4653: 4537: 3383: 3363: 3250:

Links to the best political risk websites, ipoliticalrisk.com

3184:(Second ed.). Macmillan International Higher Education. 2381:

Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law

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Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law

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was famously applied to West Germany by political scientist

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Butcher, Charles R.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (17 January 2020).

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and the prohibition against the threat or use of force as

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and Tufts economist Enrico Spolaore argue in their book,

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Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.; Talmon, Stefan (14 October 1999).

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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society

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Czapliński, W.; Kleczkowska, A.; Scholar, W.N. (2019).

1720:, Mala Tabory eds., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990, 1278:

Talmon, Stefan (2001). "Recognition and its Variants".

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adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.

961:(d) capacity to enter into relations with other states' 831:

List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies

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Alesina, Alberto; Spolaore, Enrico (7 November 2003).

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Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia

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See B. Broms, "IV Recognition of States", pp 47–48 in

1432:. Secretariat of The Organization of American States. 1142: 486:

Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE)

2273:"The List: Six Reasons You May Need A New Atlas Soon" 1271: 27:

State that has the highest authority over a territory

2563: 2561: 2490: 2233:"De facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland" 1426:"Chapter IV Fundamental Rights and Duties of States" 1175: 742: 3156: 3033:(2nd printing ed.). Bruce Publishing Company. 3026: 2860: 2848: 2378:Grant, John P.; Barker, J. Craig (2 October 2009). 1657:

The State Immunity Controversy in International Law

381:said the following, regarding constitutive theory: 4806: 3240:With cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007. 3027:Schmandt, Henry J.; Steinbicker, Paul G. (1956) . 2954:"The State of Secession in International Politics" 2197: 2056:"Property Spat Over Turk-|Controlled Cyprus Fails" 1860: 1821: 1456:"Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States" 1099: 675: 3281:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 799–801. 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2558: 720: 458:and attempted to form a state along the lines of 5270: 3086: 2332:. Les Nouvelles d'Addis Magazine. Archived from 1225:(4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 381–404. 1010:(4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004, 502:Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic States (TURKPA) 248:Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States 2982: 1619:Simpson, Gerry (2004). "Sovereign Equalities". 1280:Recognition of Governments in International Law 281:, the powers of the state are considered to be 2925: 2835: 2654:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 2303:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 1993:United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 1982:United Nations Security Council Resolution 216 1430:Charter of the Organization of American States 1338:International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 523:De facto map of control of the world, May 2019 507: 3475: 3301: 3213:Schmandt, Henry J., and Paul G. Steinbicker. 3065: 2327: 1689:International law: achievements and prospects 258:their kingdoms on the pragmatic principle of 3246:by Michael Ross Fowler and Julie Marie Bunck 3135: 71:. A sovereign state can exist without being 5253:List of administrative divisions by country 3200:Statehood and the Law of Self-determination 3122:The Creation of States in International Law 2825:European Journal of International Relations 2816: 2712:European Journal of International Relations 2570:The Creation of States in International Law 2451: 2377: 1893:"Convention on Rights and Duties of States" 1828:. Cambridge University Press. p. 419. 1716:See Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 1989, 1404:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 40. 1216: 1105: 3482: 3468: 3308: 3294: 2167:Unrecognised Subjects in International Law 2123:The decision of 02.09.2015. paragraph 237. 1921: 1801:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 135. 1585: 1253:"Countries Not in the United Nations 2024" 995:. Carey, Lea & Blanchard. p. 51. 472:The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 196:Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of 185: 3104: 2572:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2208:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198268376.003.0023 1795:Lassa Oppenheim, Ronald Roxburgh (2005). 1650: 1648: 1288:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248391.003.0003 1166: 877:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 655:Relationship between state and government 145:Learn how and when to remove this message 3520: 2869:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (2012) . 2765: 2668: 2592: 2567: 2529: 2384:. Oxford University Press. p. 552. 2170:. Scholar Publishing House. p. 26. 2044:The decision of 02.07.2013. paragraph 29 1512: 1399: 972:. Kluwer Law International. p. 20. 901: 624: 518: 204:, and organizations that began with the 4458: 3268: 2903:. SAGE Publications. pp. 294–295. 2822: 2709: 2416: 2330:"France recognises de facto Somaliland" 1928:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 1749: 1745: 1743: 1618: 1310: 1257:World Population by Country 2024 (Live) 826:List of states with limited recognition 444:List of states with limited recognition 319:List of states with limited recognition 14: 5271: 2354: 2275:. Foreign Policy Magazine. July 2007. 2230: 2053: 1753:Sourcebook on Public International Law 1654: 1645: 1591: 1572: 1277: 1148: 1091:Grant, Thomas D. (1999). "Chapter 1". 1086: 1084: 1054: 968:Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, ed. (1995). 940:. Cambridge University Press. p. 586:in early 2024, Laurence Broers wrote: 343: 269:Before 1900, sovereign states enjoyed 4805: 4457: 3519: 3502: 3463: 3289: 3244:What constitutes the sovereign state? 3202:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002. 3003:from the original on 17 November 2016 2964:from the original on 17 November 2016 2907:from the original on 17 November 2016 2868: 2619: 2240:Yale Journal of International Affairs 2110:from the original on 21 October 2023. 2088:from the original on 20 October 2023. 2066:from the original on 21 October 2023. 1370: 1335: 1090: 1057:European Journal of International Law 390: 3177: 3045:from the original on 15 January 2023 2511:from the original on 15 January 2023 2472:from the original on 15 January 2023 2398:from the original on 15 January 2023 2279:from the original on 13 January 2009 1952: 1842:from the original on 15 January 2023 1740: 1554:from the original on 4 December 2018 1468:from the original on 17 October 2013 1181: 1130:from the original on 15 January 2023 931: 437: 127:adding citations to reliable sources 98: 73:recognized by other sovereign states 3231:A Brief Primer on International Law 2355:Broers, Laurence (2 January 2024). 1081: 1069:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035802 1014:from the original on 7 October 2015 666: 490:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 24: 3315: 3059: 1374:Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev 79:often have difficulty engaging in 25: 5300: 3503: 3224: 3124:. Oxford University Press, 2005. 2678:The Journal of Military Geography 1436:from the original on 9 April 2012 1095:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 970:Perspectives on international law 871:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 494:Economic Cooperation Organization 288:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon 4270:Organized incorporated territory 3160:Recognition in International Law 2901:"The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy" 2431:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2006.00023.x 2309:from the original on 3 June 2010 2054:Abbott, Ryan (13 October 2014). 1903:from the original on 29 May 2019 1825:Recognition in International Law 1606:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00187.x 1515:American Bar Association Journal 1490:. United Nations. Archived from 1461:. UN Treaty Organization. 1949. 1313:Sovereignty: Organised Hypocrisy 1109:Recognition in International Law 904:Journal of International Affairs 759: 745: 484:gained "observer status" in the 350:constitutive theory of statehood 103: 69:a sovereign state is independent 5258:Slavic administrative divisions 3066:Angie, Antony (26 April 2007). 2976: 2946: 2919: 2893: 2875:. Courier Corporation. p. 2867:, trans. J. Sibree ); see also 2861:Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956 2854: 2849:Schmandt & Steinbicker 1956 2743: 2703: 2669:Robinson, Edward Heath (2011). 2662: 2613: 2586: 2523: 2484: 2445: 2410: 2371: 2348: 2321: 2291: 2265: 2224: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2092: 2070: 2047: 2035: 2016: 1997: 1986: 1975: 1962: 1915: 1885: 1854: 1815: 1788: 1770: 1710: 1681: 1612: 1566: 1533: 1506: 1480: 1448: 1418: 1393: 1384: 1364: 1329: 1304: 1219:Review of International Studies 806:List of former sovereign states 705:The state as "spiritual entity" 676:Ontological status of the state 527:Most sovereign states are both 464:United Nations Security Council 403:declarative theory of statehood 114:needs additional citations for 67:It is commonly understood that 4807:Non-English terms or loanwords 4011:Direct-controlled municipality 3163:. Cambridge University Press. 3136:Dieter Grimm (21 April 2015). 3072:. Cambridge University Press. 2452:Katzenstein, Peter J. (1987). 1315:. Princeton University Press. 1034:New Oxford American Dictionary 981: 922: 895: 721:Trends in the number of states 431:Badinter Arbitration Committee 312: 13: 1: 4136:Special administrative region 3142:. Columbia University Press. 3106:10.1080/03050629.2020.1707199 2863:, p. 71 (citing Hegel's 2299:"Overview of De-facto States" 1798:International Law: A Treatise 1756:. Routledge. pp. 201–2. 932:Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). 883: 688:The state as "quasi-abstract" 498:Organization of Turkic States 62:to interact with other states 4036:Mountain resort municipality 3913:Intermediate school district 3896:Educational service district 3752:Regional county municipality 3157:Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). 2928:International Studies Review 2787:10.1080/14650045.2014.913027 2766:Robinson, Edward H. (2014). 2328:Wiren, Robert (April 2008). 1311:Krasner, Stephen D. (1999). 1106:Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). 888: 846:Rule according to higher law 569:states. They are considered 7: 4367:Autonomous territorial unit 2753:(London: Allen & Unwin) 2724:10.1177/1354066196002004002 2636:(inactive 27 August 2024). 2458:. Temple University Press. 2202:. Oxford University Press. 1922:Castellino, Joshua (2000). 1822:Hersch Lauterpacht (2012). 738: 576:Outlining the concept of a 426:European Economic Community 407:person in international law 297:United States Supreme Court 10: 5305: 4248:National capital territory 3969:Indian reserve/reservation 3836:Indian government district 3490:Designations for types of 3219:Fundamentals of government 3215:Fundamentals of Government 3181:Modern Political Geography 3093:International Interactions 3030:Fundamentals of Government 3019: 2622:International Organization 1655:Bankas, Ernest K. (2005). 1114:Cambridge University Press 557:. Other entities may have 441: 394: 316: 202:multinational corporations 189: 94: 5238:Autonomous administration 5225: 5091: 4816: 4812: 4801: 4694: 4468: 4464: 4453: 4377: 4351: 4313: 4290: 4243:Federal capital territory 4228: 4188: 4123: 4091: 4056: 3991: 3968: 3940: 3856:Non-metropolitan district 3846:Local government district 3801: 3783: 3765: 3705: 3682: 3628: 3603: 3589: 3566: 3530: 3526: 3515: 3511: 3498: 3324: 2958:E-International Relations 2872:The Philosophy of History 2634:10.1017/S0020818304582048 2497:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 1350:10.1007/s11196-013-9333-x 1231:10.1017/s0260210500118637 1196:10.1163/1573384X-20180406 1168:10.1177/00108367211007876 264:whose realm, his religion 217:upon." In the opinion of 164:Amazon's tropical forests 4048:Specialized municipality 3725:Consolidated city-county 3269:Barclay, Thomas (1911). 3236:10 November 2016 at the 2150:14 November 2022 at the 2133:The Telegraph 03.02.2017 2028:14 November 2022 at the 1867:The International Lawyer 1734:14 November 2022 at the 1704:14 November 2022 at the 1629:10.1017/CBO9780511494185 1155:Cooperation and Conflict 811:List of sovereign states 776:List of sovereign states 260:cuius regio eius religio 4410:Military exclusion zone 4388:Exclusive economic zone 4153:National capital region 3745:Non-metropolitan county 3492:administrative division 3278:Encyclopædia Britannica 2684:: 17–29. Archived from 2419:Foreign Policy Analysis 2246:: 60–79. Archived from 2231:Arieff, Alexis (2008). 2060:Courthouse News Service 1968:Opinion No. 10. of the 1184:Iran & the Caucasus 991:Wheaton, Henry (1836). 563:international community 277:. First articulated by 223:High Court of Australia 192:Westphalian sovereignty 186:Westphalian sovereignty 175:international community 4427:Self-administered zone 4265:Incorporated territory 4132:Administrative region 3901:Local service district 3821:Congressional district 3178:Muir, Richard (1981). 1149:Visoka, Gëzim (2022). 622: 524: 460:Apartheid South Africa 388: 244:United Nations Charter 4398:Special economic zone 4082:Praetorian prefecture 4066:Autonomous prefecture 4026:Regional municipality 4016:District municipality 3851:Metropolitan district 3715:Administrative county 3697:Residential community 3543:Local government area 3255:1 August 2012 at the 2960:. 23 September 2016. 2865:Philosophy of History 2568:Crawford, J. (2006). 1780:Taming the Sovereigns 1750:Hillier, Tim (1998). 1665:10.1007/3-540-27883-4 1573:Grinin, L. E (2008). 1190:(4). Brill: 382–407. 958:Montevideo Convention 625:Semi-sovereign states 606:Alexander Iskandaryan 592:post-Second World War 588: 522: 412:Montevideo Convention 405:defines a state as a 397:Montevideo Convention 383: 352:defines a state as a 75:such as Somaliland. 38:that has the supreme 4989:Njësi administrative 4021:Neutral municipality 3960:Subdivision of India 3692:Autonomous community 3581:Metropolitan borough 3521:Common English terms 3394:Night-watchman state 3329:Administrative state 2607:10.3233/AO-2010-0077 1777:Kalevi Jaakko Holsti 1579:Age of Globalization 841:Non-Aligned Movement 651:national security). 632:semi-sovereign state 547:governments-in-exile 306:restrictive immunity 123:improve this article 81:diplomatic relations 5284:Political geography 4632:Autonomous republic 4560:Enclave and exclave 4459:Other English terms 4255:Dependent territory 4101:Autonomous province 4031:Resort municipality 4006:County municipality 3793:Overseas department 3740:Metropolitan county 3553:Unincorporated area 2986:The Size of Nations 2691:on 19 February 2018 2544:2013GComp...7..556R 2253:on 13 December 2011 2009:22 May 2018 at the 1494:on 18 February 2011 1282:. pp. 44–112. 987:See the following: 928:See the following: 786:Dependent territory 661:government-in-exile 344:Constitutive theory 206:Peace of Westphalia 89:dependent territory 77:Unrecognized states 5248:Electoral district 4565:Federal dependency 4393:Free economic zone 4277:Overseas territory 4160:Development region 4043:Rural municipality 3976:Indian reservation 3868:Municipal district 3826:Electoral district 3666:Free imperial city 3349:Civilization state 2940:10.1111/misr.12099 2552:10.1111/gec3.12065 614:Yugoslav collapses 525: 462:, a move that the 391:Declarative theory 379:L. F. L. Oppenheim 359:Congress of Vienna 275:equality of states 230:self-determination 56:defines sovereign 5279:International law 5266: 5265: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5216: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4363:Territorial unit 4260:Federal territory 4238:Capital territory 4143:Autonomous region 4107:Overseas province 4001:City municipality 3892:Service district 3888:Sanitary district 3878:Regional district 3863:Military district 3720:Autonomous county 3653:Incorporated city 3457: 3456: 3439:Territorial state 3208:978-90-411-1890-5 3149:978-0-231-53930-2 3132:, pp. 15–24. 3120:Crawford, James. 3113:Chen, Ti-chiang. 3079:978-0-521-82892-5 2886:978-0-486-11900-7 2749:A. James (1986). 2579:978-0-19-826002-8 2532:Geography Compass 2504:978-1-349-58924-1 2465:978-0-87722-264-4 2391:978-0-19-987491-0 2336:on 25 August 2018 2217:978-0-19-826837-6 2177:978-83-7383-964-9 1939:978-90-411-1409-9 1881:– via SSRN. 1808:978-1-58477-609-3 1763:978-1-85941-050-9 1674:978-3-540-25695-3 1638:978-0-521-82761-4 1411:978-90-411-0412-0 1322:978-0-691-00711-3 1297:978-0-19-924839-1 1044:978-0-19-517077-1 956:Article 1 of the 951:978-0-5215-3183-2 936:International law 851:Stateless society 815:by formation date 791:Exclusive mandate 646:in his 1987 book 644:Peter Katzenstein 438:State recognition 401:By contrast, the 338:international law 271:absolute immunity 240:international law 180:international law 168:indigenous people 155: 154: 147: 54:International law 18:State sovereignty 16:(Redirected from 5296: 4854:Regierungsbezirk 4814: 4813: 4803: 4802: 4466: 4465: 4455: 4454: 4417:Free speech zone 4323:Charter township 4076:Super-prefecture 3920:Special district 3831:Federal district 3811:Capital district 3775:Overseas country 3648:Independent city 3619:Imperial capital 3558:Unorganized area 3528: 3527: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3500: 3499: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3334:Capitalist state 3310: 3303: 3296: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3195: 3174: 3153: 3110: 3108: 3083: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2833: 2832: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2803: 2797:. Archived from 2772: 2763: 2754: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2690: 2675: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2653: 2645: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2595:Applied Ontology 2590: 2584: 2583: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2252: 2237: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2161: 2155: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2051: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2020: 2014: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1984: 1979: 1973: 1966: 1960: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1792: 1786: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1747: 1738: 1714: 1708: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1652: 1643: 1642: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1594:The Muslim World 1589: 1583: 1582: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1460: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1088: 1079: 1076: 1051: 1026: 1021: 1019: 999: 985: 979: 976: 963: 939: 926: 920: 919: 899: 781:Associated state 769: 764: 763: 755: 750: 749: 732:Size of Nations, 667:State extinction 543:Second World War 482:Turkish Cypriots 429:Opinions of the 291:, Chief Justice 283:suprema potestas 238:norms of modern 150: 143: 139: 136: 130: 107: 99: 21: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5243:Census division 5213: 5087: 4808: 4781: 4732:Imperial Circle 4690: 4460: 4441: 4435:Free-trade zone 4373: 4347: 4338:Survey township 4309: 4286: 4282:Union territory 4224: 4219:Sovereign state 4184: 4175:Overseas region 4119: 4087: 4052: 3987: 3978:(United States) 3964: 3955:Police division 3950:Census division 3936: 3908:School district 3873:Police district 3797: 3779: 3761: 3701: 3678: 3673:Royal free city 3638:Autonomous city 3624: 3613:Federal capital 3599: 3585: 3562: 3522: 3507: 3494: 3488: 3458: 3453: 3434:Sovereign state 3320: 3314: 3257:Wayback Machine 3238:Wayback Machine 3227: 3192: 3171: 3150: 3117:. London, 1951. 3080: 3062: 3060:Further reading 3057: 3048: 3046: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3006: 3004: 2997: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2836: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2804:on 3 March 2016 2801: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2748: 2744: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2647: 2646: 2618: 2614: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2566: 2559: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2505: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2466: 2450: 2446: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2392: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2162: 2158: 2152:Wayback Machine 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2030:Wayback Machine 2021: 2017: 2011:Wayback Machine 2002: 1998: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1963: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1920: 1916: 1906: 1904: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1859: 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5: 5302: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4810: 4809: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4462: 4461: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4405:Exclusion zone 4402: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4384:Economic zone 4381: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4343:Urban township 4340: 4335: 4333:Paper township 4330: 4328:Civil township 4325: 4319: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4234: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4148:Capital region 4145: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4114:Roman province 4110: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3982:Indian reserve 3979: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3932:Urban district 3929: 3928: 3927: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3890: 3885: 3883:Rural district 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3576:County borough 3572: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3523: 3509: 3508: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3486: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3409:Parallel state 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3266: 3260: 3247: 3241: 3226: 3225:External links 3223: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3175: 3169: 3154: 3148: 3133: 3118: 3111: 3099:(2): 291–308. 3084: 3078: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3014: 2995: 2975: 2945: 2918: 2892: 2885: 2853: 2834: 2815: 2781:(3): 461–489. 2755: 2742: 2718:(4): 439–466. 2702: 2661: 2628:(2): 311–344. 2612: 2601:(2): 109–125. 2585: 2578: 2557: 2538:(8): 556–566. 2522: 2503: 2483: 2464: 2444: 2425:(2): 117–136. 2409: 2390: 2370: 2347: 2320: 2290: 2264: 2223: 2216: 2190: 2176: 2156: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2091: 2069: 2046: 2034: 2015: 1996: 1985: 1974: 1961: 1945: 1938: 1914: 1884: 1853: 1834: 1814: 1807: 1787: 1769: 1762: 1739: 1718:Yoram Dinstein 1709: 1680: 1673: 1644: 1637: 1611: 1600:(3): 405–418. 1584: 1565: 1532: 1521:(5): 463–469. 1505: 1479: 1447: 1417: 1410: 1392: 1383: 1363: 1344:(4): 645–664. 1328: 1321: 1303: 1296: 1270: 1259:. 26 June 1945 1244: 1209: 1174: 1161:(2): 133–151. 1141: 1122: 1116:. p. 64. 1098: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1063:(1): 178–185. 1052: 1043: 1027: 1000: 980: 978: 977: 965: 950: 921: 910:(2): 353–368. 893: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 879: 874: 868: 866:Princely state 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 772: 771: 770: 756: 740: 737: 722: 719: 706: 703: 689: 686: 677: 674: 668: 665: 656: 653: 640:semi-sovereign 626: 623: 516: 506: 439: 436: 395:Main article: 392: 389: 345: 342: 314: 311: 190:Main article: 187: 184: 153: 152: 111: 109: 102: 96: 93: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5301: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4933:Kommun/Kunta 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4800: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757:Roman diocese 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4597:Neighbourhood 4595: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4476:Alpine resort 4474: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4452: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4359:Regional unit 4357: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4208:Federal state 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4071:Subprefecture 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841:Land district 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3816:City district 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3659:Imperial city 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3505:English terms 3501: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3450: 3449:Welfare state 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3359:Confederation 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3272:"State" 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3191:9781349860760 3187: 3183: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3170:9781107609433 3166: 3162: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3130:0-19-825402-4 3127: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3002: 2998: 2996:9780262012041 2992: 2989:. MIT Press. 2988: 2987: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2934:(1): 79–106. 2933: 2929: 2922: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2760: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2487: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2358: 2351: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2308: 2305:. July 2008. 2304: 2300: 2294: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1989: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1841: 1837: 1835:9781107609433 1831: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1810: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1765: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1744: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726:0-7923-0450-0 1723: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1697:92-3-102716-6 1694: 1690: 1684: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1649: 1640: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1569: 1550: 1546: 1545:www.ohchr.org 1542: 1536: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1464: 1457: 1451: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1387: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1332: 1324: 1318: 1314: 1307: 1299: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1258: 1254: 1248: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1213: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1178: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1129: 1125: 1123:9781107609433 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1102: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1030:"sovereign", 1028: 1025: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 998: 994: 989: 988: 984: 975: 971: 966: 962: 959: 953: 947: 943: 938: 937: 930: 929: 925: 917: 913: 909: 905: 898: 894: 878: 875: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 856:Unitary state 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 816: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 773: 768: 762: 757: 754: 748: 743: 736: 733: 729: 718: 716: 712: 702: 698: 696: 695:Documentality 685: 683: 673: 664: 662: 652: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 602: 599: 597: 596:post-colonial 593: 587: 585: 584: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 531: 521: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 473: 467: 465: 461: 457: 452: 445: 435: 433: 432: 427: 422: 419: 415: 413: 408: 404: 398: 387: 382: 380: 375: 371: 369: 364: 360: 355: 351: 341: 339: 334: 331: 325: 320: 310: 307: 301: 298: 294: 293:John Marshall 290: 289: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 255: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 236: 231: 226: 224: 220: 215: 209: 207: 203: 199: 193: 183: 181: 176: 171: 169: 165: 161: 149: 146: 138: 128: 124: 118: 117: 112:This section 110: 106: 101: 100: 92: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 65: 63: 59: 55: 51: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5228: 5149:Maalaiskunta 5109:Heerlijkheid 4949:Län (Sweden) 4617:Protectorate 4612:Principality 4533:Constituency 4422:Neutral zone 4218: 4217: 4112: 4105: 4080: 3993:Municipality 3671: 3664: 3657: 3643:Charter city 3617: 3548:Special area 3538:Insular area 3433: 3419:Principality 3404:Pariah state 3389:Nation state 3354:Client state 3276: 3214: 3199: 3180: 3159: 3138: 3121: 3114: 3096: 3092: 3068: 3047:. 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V. 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