1404:
1414:
29:
292:
There has been interest in using stellate ganglion blocks to treat PTSD, particularly in combat veterans. A 2017 review of the evidence from the VA Evidence-based
Synthesis Program found that while the procedure had been reported as effective in unblinded case series, the evidence from randomized
300:(SPG). SPG blocks have been shown to reduce anxiety, headaches, migraines, cancer pain and other disorders. Self-administration of SPG blocks (SASPGB) is another method of delivering sphenopalatine blockade and indirect stellate ganglion blockade.
523:
Shapira, Ira L. (11 April 2019). "Neuromuscular dentistry and the role of the autonomic nervous system: Sphenopalatine ganglion blocks and neuromodulation. An
International College of Cranio Mandibular Orthopedics (ICCMO) position paper".
282:(anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6) due to this being an important landmark lateral to the cricoid cartilage. It is thought that anesthetic is spread along the paravertebral muscles to the stellate ganglion.
216:
644:
Chouairi, Fouad; Rajkumar, Karuna; Benak, Ales; Qadri, Yawar; Piccini, Jonathan P.; Mathew, Joseph; Ray, Neil D.; Toman, Jakub; Kautzner, Josef; Ganesh, Arun; Sramko, Marek; Fudim, Marat (April 2024).
345:
because activity of the stellate ganglia drives prolonged QT. However, this therapy is only offered to patients who are already on a beta blocker and experience frequent shocks from an
567:
Yildirim V, Akay HT, Bingol H, et al. (2007). "Pre-emptive stellate ganglion block increases the patency of radial artery grafts in coronary artery bypass surgery".
878:
861:
484:
278:
type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy), and symptoms associated with alterations in arousal and reactivity (Criterion E) of PTSD. Injection is often given near the
227:
which sometimes leaves a groove at the apex of this ganglion (this groove can sometimes even separate the stellate ganglion into so called vertebral ganglion).
116:
683:
Tubbs, R. Shane; Goodrich, Dylan; Watanabe, Koichi; Loukas, Marios (2015-01-01), Tubbs, R. Shane; Rizk, Elias; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (eds.),
752:
92:
401:
Gofeld, Michael; Shankar, Hariharan (2014-01-01), Benzon, Honorio T.; Rathmell, James P.; Wu, Christopher L.; Turk, Dennis C. (eds.),
1417:
285:
Stellate ganglion block also shows great potential as a means of reducing the number of hot flashes and night awakenings suffered by
270:(extreme sweating) of the hands. Injection of local anesthetics near the stellate ganglion can sometimes mitigate the symptoms of
745:
346:
704:
464:
422:
160:, which is present in 80% of individuals. Sometimes, the second and the third thoracic ganglia are included in this fusion.
1407:
738:
443:
Petersohn, Jeffrey D. (2011-01-01), Lennard, Ted A.; Walkowski, Stevan; Singla, Aneesh K.; Vivian, David G. (eds.),
123:
646:"A Multicenter Study of Stellate Ganglion Block as a Temporizing Treatment for Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias"
498:"Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Stellate Ganglion Block for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)"
331:
275:
820:
335:
111:
1438:
1267:
1142:
1137:
33:
Plan of right sympathetic cord and splanchnic nerves. (Stellate ganglion not visible, but region is shown.)
1248:
1231:
684:
444:
402:
1258:
1214:
1202:
1055:
949:
939:
271:
153:
47:
352:
Stellate ganglion nerve block can also be used as a treatment for refractory ventricular tachycardia.
1262:
381:
279:
1385:
1363:
1287:
944:
844:
834:
762:
297:
296:
Nerve fibers from the stellate ganglion go up the superior cervical sympathetic chain and into the
75:
685:"Chapter 43 - Anatomic Landmarks for Selected Nerves of the Head, Neck, and Upper and Lower Limbs"
1186:
974:
645:
263:
1297:
1253:
1241:
1075:
1065:
1050:
1037:
969:
892:
856:
99:
87:
1340:
1130:
1105:
1004:
929:
868:
365:
342:
220:
1272:
1118:
1070:
827:
304:
149:
730:
8:
1150:
1017:
964:
839:
799:
794:
235:
178:
247:
right stellate ganglion is in relation with sternal part of subclavian artery anteriorly
873:
696:
592:
549:
456:
414:
200:
1380:
1358:
1282:
1236:
1195:
1172:
1045:
1027:
700:
665:
619:
584:
580:
553:
541:
505:
460:
418:
377:
373:
320:
212:
596:
1310:
1305:
1219:
1207:
1032:
1009:
934:
885:
815:
785:
692:
657:
576:
533:
452:
410:
369:
224:
51:
537:
244:
right stellate ganglion is in relation with right brachiocephalic vein anteriorly
239:
208:
80:
661:
611:
497:
1350:
1345:
1224:
1167:
1162:
1125:
1110:
1022:
262:
The stellate ganglia may be cut in order to decrease the symptoms exhibited by
169:
1432:
1157:
1089:
899:
286:
267:
104:
1324:
1191:
669:
623:
588:
545:
509:
324:
129:
770:
312:
308:
204:
191:
compared to the much smaller thoracic, lumbar, and sacral ganglia.
316:
157:
372:
lies anterior to the ganglion as it has just originated from the
199:
Stellate ganglion is located at the level of C7, anterior to the
303:
Complications associated with a stellate ganglion block include
988:
289:
survivors and women experiencing severe symptoms of menopause.
360:
The stellate ganglion lies in front of the neck of the first
63:
913:
760:
682:
643:
28:
376:. After passing over the ganglion, the artery enters the
361:
330:
Block of the stellate ganglion has also been explored in
156:
and the first thoracic (superior thoracic sympathetic)
451:, Saint Louis: Hanley & Belfus, pp. 507–519,
307:, accidental intra-arterial or intravenous injection,
349:(ICD), because stellectomy causes Horner's syndrome.
724:
Raj, Practical
Management of Pain, 3rd ed, pp656-657
449:
Pain
Procedures in Clinical Practice (Third Edition)
380:
and lies posterior to the anterior tubercle of C6 (
566:
403:"56 - Peripheral and Visceral Sympathetic Blocks"
1430:
230:Relations of the apex of the stellate ganglion:
691:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 575–588,
609:
603:
502:VA Evidence Synthesis Program Evidence Briefs
69:ganglion cervicothoracicum, ganglion stellatum
746:
400:
183:'star-shaped'). It is relatively big
168:The stellate ganglion is polygonal in shape (
409:, Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 755–767.e2,
407:Practical Management of Pain (Fifth Edition)
341:Left stellectomy is a treatment strategy in
610:Piraccini, Emanuele; Chang, Ke-Vin (2020).
560:
996:
921:
753:
739:
217:prevertebral lamina of the cervical fascia
27:
504:. VA Evidence Synthesis Program Reports.
442:
298:pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion
293:controlled trials remained inconclusive.
223:, subclavian artery and the beginning of
879:medial superior posterior nasal branches
495:
257:
522:
1431:
347:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
734:
16:Component of the human nervous system
1413:
569:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
250:laterally: first intercostal artery
13:
697:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00045-7
457:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3779-8.10042-9
445:"42 - Sympathetic Neural Blockade"
415:10.1016/b978-0-323-08340-9.00056-6
215:. It is superiorly covered by the
14:
1450:
862:inferior posterior nasal branches
1412:
1403:
1402:
650:JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology
581:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01260.x
219:and anteriorly in relation with
124:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
718:
496:Peterson, Kim (February 2017).
676:
637:
516:
489:
478:
436:
394:
332:coronary artery bypass surgery
276:complex regional pain syndrome
1:
618:. StatPearls Publishing LLC.
538:10.1080/08869634.2019.1592807
387:
336:posttraumatic stress disorder
253:medially: longus colli muscle
1143:Inferior mesenteric ganglion
1138:Superior mesenteric ganglion
355:
194:
152:formed by the fusion of the
7:
662:10.1016/j.jacep.2023.12.012
10:
1455:
612:"Stellate Ganglion Blocks"
203:of C7 and the neck of the
163:
154:inferior cervical ganglion
48:Inferior cervical ganglion
1398:
1372:
1332:
1323:
1296:
1263:Cavernous nerves of penis
1097:
1088:
987:
912:
854:branches of distribution:
808:
778:
769:
689:Nerves and Nerve Injuries
122:
110:
98:
86:
74:
62:
57:
43:
38:
26:
21:
1386:Pelvic splanchnic nerves
1364:Sacral splanchnic nerves
1288:Lumbar splanchnic nerves
845:nerve of pterygoid canal
835:Pterygopalatine ganglion
763:autonomic nervous system
146:cervicothoracic ganglion
1187:Abdominal aortic plexus
364:, and posterior to the
1038:Thoracic aortic plexus
893:Submandibular ganglion
382:Chassaignac's tubercle
280:Chassaignac's tubercle
274:mediated pain such as
173:
1341:paravertebral ganglia
1106:paravertebral ganglia
1005:paravertebral ganglia
930:paravertebral ganglia
366:common carotid artery
343:prolonged QT syndrome
309:difficulty swallowing
258:Clinical significance
221:common carotid artery
1249:Inferior hypogastric
1232:Superior hypogastric
1119:prevertebral ganglia
264:Raynaud's phenomenon
150:sympathetic ganglion
1439:Sympathetic ganglia
1215:Inferior mesenteric
1203:Superior mesenteric
1151:prevertebral plexus
1018:prevertebral plexus
965:prevertebral plexus
236:endothoracic fascia
211:and just below the
207:, superior to the
201:transverse process
1426:
1425:
1394:
1393:
1381:splanchnic nerves
1359:splanchnic nerves
1319:
1318:
1283:splanchnic nerves
1237:hypogastric nerve
1084:
1083:
1046:splanchnic nerves
1028:Esophageal plexus
983:
982:
957:Stellate ganglion
908:
907:
706:978-0-12-410390-0
466:978-1-4160-3779-8
424:978-0-323-08340-9
378:vertebral foramen
374:subclavian artery
321:local anaesthetic
305:Horner's syndrome
213:subclavian artery
182:
142:stellate ganglion
138:
137:
133:
22:Stellate ganglion
1446:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1330:
1329:
1311:Myenteric plexus
1306:Submucous plexus
1095:
1094:
1033:Pulmonary plexus
1010:Thoracic ganglia
994:
993:
975:Internal carotid
970:Cavernous plexus
935:Cervical ganglia
919:
918:
857:greater palatine
816:Ciliary ganglion
786:Cervical ganglia
776:
775:
755:
748:
741:
732:
731:
725:
722:
716:
715:
714:
713:
680:
674:
673:
641:
635:
634:
632:
630:
607:
601:
600:
564:
558:
557:
520:
514:
513:
493:
487:
482:
476:
475:
474:
473:
440:
434:
433:
432:
431:
398:
370:vertebral artery
225:vertebral artery
190:
188:
177:
130:edit on Wikidata
127:
52:thoracic ganglia
31:
19:
18:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1390:
1373:Parasympathetic
1368:
1315:
1292:
1242:Superior rectal
1080:
1063:cardiac nerves:
1051:cardiopulmonary
979:
904:
869:lesser palatine
809:Parasympathetic
804:
765:
761:Anatomy of the
759:
729:
728:
723:
719:
711:
709:
707:
681:
677:
642:
638:
628:
626:
608:
604:
565:
561:
521:
517:
494:
490:
483:
479:
471:
469:
467:
441:
437:
429:
427:
425:
399:
395:
390:
358:
272:sympathetically
260:
240:parietal pleura
234:covered by the
209:cervical pleura
197:
186:
184:
166:
134:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1353:
1351:Ganglion impar
1348:
1346:Sacral ganglia
1336:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1126:Celiac ganglia
1114:
1113:
1111:Lumbar ganglia
1101:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:Cardiac plexus
1013:
1012:
1000:
998:
991:
985:
984:
981:
980:
978:
977:
972:
960:
959:
954:
953:
952:
947:
942:
925:
923:
916:
910:
909:
906:
905:
903:
902:
896:
895:
889:
888:
883:
882:
881:
871:
866:
865:
864:
850:
849:
848:
847:
842:
831:
830:
825:
824:
823:
812:
810:
806:
805:
803:
802:
797:
792:
782:
780:
773:
767:
766:
758:
757:
750:
743:
735:
727:
726:
717:
705:
675:
656:(4): 750–758.
636:
602:
559:
532:(3): 201–206.
515:
488:
477:
465:
435:
423:
392:
391:
389:
386:
357:
354:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
196:
193:
165:
162:
136:
135:
126:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:Middle rectal
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:Celiac plexus
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
992:
990:
986:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
962:
961:
958:
955:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
936:
933:
931:
927:
926:
924:
920:
917:
915:
911:
901:
900:Otic ganglion
898:
897:
894:
891:
890:
887:
884:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
870:
867:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
852:
851:
846:
843:
841:
840:deep petrosal
838:
837:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:Short ciliary
826:
822:
819:
818:
817:
814:
813:
811:
807:
801:
800:Deep petrosal
798:
796:
793:
791:
787:
784:
783:
781:
777:
774:
772:
768:
764:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
736:
733:
721:
708:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:(4): 434–40.
574:
570:
563:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
519:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
486:
481:
468:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
426:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
397:
393:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
353:
350:
348:
344:
339:
337:
334:, as well as
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
294:
290:
288:
287:breast cancer
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:hyperhydrosis
265:
252:
249:
246:
243:
241:
237:
233:
232:
231:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
192:
180:
175:
171:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
131:
125:
121:
118:
115:
113:
109:
106:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
56:
53:
49:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1379:
1357:
1339:
1281:
1268:Uterovaginal
1182:aorticorenal
1181:
1149:
1131:Aorticorenal
1117:
1104:
1062:
1044:
1016:
1003:
963:
956:
928:
874:nasopalatine
853:
795:long ciliary
789:
720:
710:, retrieved
688:
678:
653:
649:
639:
627:. Retrieved
615:
605:
572:
568:
562:
529:
525:
518:
501:
491:
485:Lancet, 2008
480:
470:, retrieved
448:
438:
428:, retrieved
406:
396:
359:
351:
340:
329:
325:pneumothorax
302:
295:
291:
284:
261:
229:
198:
167:
145:
141:
139:
93:A14.3.01.020
68:
1333:Sympathetic
1098:Sympathetic
997:Sympathetic
922:Sympathetic
779:Sympathetic
315:paralysis,
58:Identifiers
1196:Suprarenal
1173:Pancreatic
886:pharyngeal
712:2020-11-18
616:StatPearls
472:2020-11-18
430:2020-11-18
388:References
319:spread of
313:vocal cord
1259:Prostatic
1220:Spermatic
554:108295446
205:first rib
195:Relations
174:stellatum
1433:Category
1408:Category
1076:Inferior
1066:Superior
1056:thoracic
950:Inferior
940:Superior
670:38363278
624:29939575
597:28530232
589:17378781
546:30973097
510:28742302
317:epidural
189:8–20 mm)
158:ganglion
50:, first
1418:Commons
1298:Enteric
1254:Vesical
1225:Ovarian
1208:Gastric
1168:Splenic
1163:Hepatic
1090:Abdomen
629:22 June
356:Anatomy
181:
164:Anatomy
148:) is a
81:D013233
39:Details
1325:Pelvis
1071:Middle
989:Thorax
945:Middle
703:
668:
622:
595:
587:
552:
544:
526:Cranio
508:
463:
421:
368:. The
323:, and
185:(10–12
1192:Renal
821:Roots
790:roots
593:S2CID
550:S2CID
170:Latin
128:[
64:Latin
914:Neck
771:Head
701:ISBN
666:PMID
631:2019
620:PMID
585:PMID
542:PMID
506:PMID
461:ISBN
419:ISBN
266:and
238:and
179:lit.
144:(or
140:The
117:6469
105:6612
88:TA98
76:MeSH
44:From
693:doi
658:doi
577:doi
534:doi
453:doi
411:doi
384:).
362:rib
112:FMA
100:TA2
1435::
1261:/
788::
699:,
687:,
664:.
654:10
652:.
648:.
614:.
591:.
583:.
573:51
571:.
548:.
540:.
530:37
528:.
500:.
459:,
447:,
417:,
405:,
338:.
327:.
311:,
187:×
176:,
172::
1383::
1361::
1343::
1285::
1194:/
1153::
1121::
1108::
1048::
1020::
1007::
967::
932::
754:e
747:t
740:v
695::
672:.
660::
633:.
599:.
579::
556:.
536::
512:.
455::
413::
132:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
