685:, wrote to Venetian officials that the King had "taken her as his mother", Vojača having already died by the time he ascended the throne. Kosača was the kingdom's most powerful nobleman, and had been engaged in a never-ending conflict with Stephen's father. Stephen Tomašević took the Venetians' advice to make peace with his stepgrandfather, thus finally ensuring the nobility's absolute support of their king. He then focused on improving Bosnia's economy, which became stronger than ever during his reign, and ensuring that the state would collect more profit from the flourishing metalworking trade.
961:
786:
603:", Stephen fled to Bosnia with his family and in-laws, seeking refuge at the court of his father. The King of Hungary accused Stephen and his family of selling Smederevo Fortress to the Ottomans "for a great weight of gold", and the Pope at first believed him. Pius's own investigation appears to have come to the conclusion that Stephen did not sell the fortress, as the Pope did not repeat the claim. Ottoman, Bosnian and Serbian sources say nothing about the supposed betrayal, so the allegation is unlikely to be based on fact. The Serbian-born
2266:
526:
31:
633:
2259:
843:
Conqueror was enraged by
Stephen's insubordinance and audacity. The Pope recounts how, hearing of the Sultan's vow to conquer his kingdom and destroy him, Stephen summoned the Bishop of Modruš and blamed him for infuriating the Sultan. He commanded Nicholas to go to Hungary and seek immediate action against the Ottomans, but no help ever arrived to Bosnia from Christendom. Matthias, Skenderbeg and the Ragusans all failed to carry out their promises.
572:. It is possible that his mother-in-law, a member of Byzantium's last imperial family, believed that she had the right to grant the title in the absence of an emperor. Within a week of the wedding, Stephen exiled his wife's uncle from Serbia. King Thomas boasted to the Duke of Milan that his son had been made despot "with the agreement and will of all the
680:
Immediately upon his accession, Stephen set out to resolve all disagreements within the royal family in order to strengthen his own position. His relations with his stepmother, the 37-year-old Queen
Catherine, had been strained during his father's lifetime, but he now guaranteed that she would retain
833:
Encouraged by
Matthias's commitment to help and possibly by the Bishop of Modruš, Stephen Tomašević made an imprudent and fatal decision in June 1462. Pope Pius wrote in his diary that, "relying on one knows what hope", the King "refused the tributes which his ancestors had long been used to pay the
821:
While doing everything possible to secure foreign aid, King
Stephen found that there was little will to resist within the country. He complained to Pope Pius that the local population leaned towards the Ottomans, which may have been due to increased exploitation and incessant warfare (as opposed to
587:
considered
Stephen's enthronement an unwarranted violation of his own rights, for the Ottomans too considered Serbia their vassal state. Mehmed promptly launched an attack on Smederevo in June, and there was no serious consideration of trying to defend it. King Thomas rushed to his son's aid, trying
868:
and prepared to march towards Bosnia. In his despair, Stephen Tomašević turned to the Sultan himself and tried at the last moment to procure a 15-year-long truce with him. Konstantinović claimed that he was present when the
Ottomans duped the Bosnian envoys into thinking that the King's request for
797:
By the spring of 1462, it was known that Mehmed had decided to conquer Bosnia. Stephen and Kosača desperately sought help from
Christian rulers. The King maintained contact with the Pope, who had his legates stay permanently at the Bosnian royal court and who strived to concentrate as many soldiers
901:
Stephen sought to ingratiate himself with Mehmed by sending out orders to commanders and castellans to surrender, enabling his captor to take command of more than 70 towns in one week. Mehmed, however, had no intention of sparing
Stephen's life and summoned him on 25 May. Stephen fearfully brought
944:
Stephen Tomašević was buried on a hill near Jajce. Europe was stunned to see the
Bosnian state fall almost completely within weeks of his death. The country's quick submission is said to be the consequence of a poor cooperation between Stephen and his noblemen, but it is perhaps most accurate to
873:
laid siege to
Bobovac on 19 May, with the Sultan joining them the following day. Angelović was tasked with capturing the King. Believing that Bobovac could withstand the siege for two years, Stephen planned to assemble an army in Jajce, still counting on foreign aid. He sent his wife with their
842:
to put fear into the Hungarians and Slavs." According to Chalkokondyles, Stephen invited the Ottoman ambassador to his treasure house and showed him the money set aside as tribute, but informed him that he would rather use it to fight off an Ottoman attack or to live off it in exile. Mehmed the
897:
of the fortress ensued. Eager to capture him, Angelović had his messengers solemnly promise the King that he would be done no harm if he surrendered, and sent him a document guaranteeing him freedom. With food supplies and ammunition running short, Stephen decided to surrender himself and his
640:
King Thomas died in July 1461. According to later accounts, Thomas's death was plotted by Stephen and Radivoj, and even Matthias and Mehmed were implicated. Historians dismiss these allegations, however, pointing out that the King had been ill since June. Stephen ascended the throne without
763:
of the Bosnian monarchy gravely offended the Hungarian king Matthias, who saw the Pope's involvement in the coronation as an infringement of the rights of Hungarian kings. Matthias went so far as to request that the Pope withdraw his support of Stephen. Pope Pius and Bishop
389:
in c. 1445; Stephen Tomašević later stated that he had been baptized into the Roman Catholic Church as a child, and that he had been taught Latin letters. At about that time, likely in order to allow for a peaceful solution to his protracted war with the magnate
869:
truce was granted, and that he tried to warn them about the deceit. Mehmed's army set out right after the envoys. Fortresses fell rapidly, and King Stephen fled with his family and possessions from Bobovac to Jajce. The Ottoman army under the leadership of
696:
on behalf of the Hungarian king and frequently clashed with King Thomas, seized a border town. By late summer, Stephen and Kosača were preparing to strike him jointly and divide his territory between themselves. Venice objected, fearing that the fortresses
418:
In the 1450s, King Thomas vigorously searched for suitable spouses for the children from his first union. Stephen's two sisters were married off in 1451, and in 1453 Stephen too entered his father's considerations. Wishing to gain control over the
822:
a stable Ottoman regime). The previously tacit discontent of forcefully converted elders of the Bosnian Church became prominent. According to a contemporary, Stephen generously bestowed gifts and honors in order to inspire loyalty, and awarded
888:
Contrary to Stephen Tomašević's expectations, Bobovac fell within days. The King had already realized that he had no choice but to take refuge in the neighbouring Croatia or Dalmatia. Angelović tirelessly pursued him, and caught up with him in
314:. The kingdom's existence, however, was increasingly threatened by the Ottomans. King Stephen had the unanimous support of his noblemen in resistance to the Ottomans, but not of the common people. He maintained an active correspondence with
435:
on behalf of the Hungarian king, Thomas attempted to have Stephen marry Talovac's widow, Hedwig Garai. Kosača too hastened to marry the wealthy widow, leading to an armed conflict, but neither prevailed due to an intervention by the
322:. The Hungarian king was placated, but all Western monarchs contacted by Stephen refused to assist him. Confident that at least Matthias would come to his aid, Stephen refused to deliver the customary tribute to the Ottoman sultan
614:
maintained Stephen's innocence and pointed out to the strength of the Ottoman army. Both state that the Serbs within Smederevo were so unhappy with Bosnian rule and convinced that the Ottomans would prevail (and grant them more
592:, in the middle of Bosnia. Aware that Smederevo could not withstand Mehmed's attack, Stephen surrendered the fortress on 20 June. The Ottoman proceeded to annex the rest of the Serbian state to their empire within a year.
768:
mediated in the dispute between the kings of Bosnia and Hungary, but the negotiations did not proceed easily. The relations were finally repaired in the spring of 1462. Matthias was driven by the need to ransom the
451:. In 1456, he asked the Pope to procure a bride for his son, specifying that she should be a princess from a royal house. Negotiations soon commenced about Stephen's marriage to an illegitimate daughter of
853:, and the Venetians the fall of Constantinople. He was not believed. Now I prophesy about myself. If you trust and aid me I shall be saved; if not, I shall perish and many will be ruined with me."
777:, and Stephen was obliged to contribute. In return for the Hungarian king's good graces, Stephen was also required to cede certain towns, swear fealty and to refuse to pay tribute to the Ottomans.
378:. This all changed when the ailing and childless King Tvrtko II decreed that Thomas should succeed him. The King died shortly after, in November 1443, and Stephen's father ascended the throne.
490:. Abandoning the prospect of his son's marriage to a daughter of the Duke of Milan, Thomas came to an agreement with Helen: Stephen was to marry the eldest of her three daughters by Lazar, the
893:. The Ottoman army was reportedly about to pass the city's fortress, not suspecting that the King was hiding within its walls, when a local man revealed his whereabouts in return for money. A
957:
and far higher taxes in that case. Therefore, resistance was not as strong as it could have been. Pope Pius's claim that adherents of the Bosnian Church betrayed the kingdom is groundless.
303:
Serbia. After ruling it for merely two months, he surrendered it to the encroaching Ottoman forces and fled back to his father's court, which earned him the contempt of the Hungarian king
498:. The match was prestigious for Stephen not only because of the bride's descent from the Byzantine imperial family, but also because it brought the government of Serbia to the groom.
486:. King Thomas took advantage of their weakness to recapture Eastern Bosnian towns he had lost to Serbia in 1445. Shortly afterwards, he entered peace negotiations with Lazar's widow,
991:, who argued for leaving the bones where they had laid for centuries and constructing a small church at the site, the skeleton was placed in a glass coffin in the right aisle of the
983:
excavated bones in a settlement close to Jajce known as Kraljev Grob (meaning King's Tomb) and found the skeleton of a decapitated adult male. The head was placed on the chest, with
720:, as well as to be recommended to Matthias Corvinus. Stephen hoped that, with the Pope's urging, the Hungarian king would agree to provide him with military aid. On 17 November, the
326:, which provoked an invasion. In May 1463, Mehmed marched into Bosnia, meeting little effective resistance, and captured Stephen, who was then beheaded. The execution marks the
756:
established by Thomas and with Stephen's active correspondence with the papacy, the Kingdom of Bosnia acquired the character of a true Catholic state only at its very end.
641:
difficulty. He ensured that his uncle would not contest the succession by generously endowing him with land. The new monarch assumed the pompous title inherited from
366:. Thomas was politically inactive and did not take part in the struggle between his brother and cousin, enabling his family to lead a quiet life in a period when the
810:
on their way to Bosnia. Venice itself promised no assistance, suggesting instead that Stephen and Kosača should trust in their own forces. Others, such as King
826:
to untrustworthy people, even including former "heretics". The greatest blow to the defense efforts, however, was the old conflict between Kosača and his son
533:
Stephen, accompanied by his uncle Radivoj, duly set out for Serbia but narrowly escaped imprisonment during an Ottoman raid on the Bosnian royal residence of
924:, who claimed to have been part of the Sultan's retinue, recorded that Mehmed himself decapitated Stephen. According to later accounts, Mehmed had Stephen
953:
were aware, much like the neighbouring Serbians, that the country would be overrun by Hungary if not by the Ottomans, and that they would enjoy far less
447:
put the King of Bosnia and his son under his protection. King Thomas's ambitions for Stephen grew as he strived to establish closer relations with the
310:
Stephen succeeded his father on the throne following the latter's death in July 1461 and became the first Bosnian king to receive a crown from the
830:, which was resumed in the spring of 1462. Vladislav personally sought help from Mehmed later that year, and the Ottoman ruler eagerly accepted.
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declaring that the Sultan was not bound to keep the promise made by his servant without his knowledge. As if to demonstrate the validity of his
2514:
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an annulment of his union with Stephen's mother. Open warfare ended in 1446 with the marriage of Stephen's father to Kosača's daughter
968:
Stephen Tomašević's half-siblings were taken to Constantinople and converted to Islam. Queen Catherine, his stepmother, left for the
509:
between his realm and the Ottoman Empire by uniting the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Despotate of Serbia, which he considered Hungary's
158:
2489:
932:. The execution of the King, his uncle, cousin and two noblemen took place in a field next to Jajce, which has since been known as
576:", but Stephen's regime was not particularly popular; chroniclers writing about his treatment of his wife's uncle cursed him as a
898:
garrison to Angelović. Angelović, in turn, brought him, his uncle Radivoj and 13-year-old cousin Tvrtko before Mehmed in Jajce.
2425:
987:. Though by no means certain, it was assumed that the skeleton belonged to Stephen Tomašević. Despite objection from the friar
283:. Celebrated in April 1459, it made Stephen the ruler of the remnants of the neighbouring country. The intent was to unite the
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1991:
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1914:
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performed in Bosnia, as well as the only one performed with a crown sent from Rome. It exemplified how, with the
568:, despite the fact that the title was neither hereditary nor tied to a specific territory, but a grant from the
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1922:
1312:
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268:
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in 1908, 445 years after Stephen's death. His widow, Queen Maria, spent the rest of her life in the Empire.
682:
391:
487:
483:
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ensued. Having left three daughters and no sons, he had no clear heir, so the power was shared between his
2323:
2529:
2313:
705:, paramount to the defense of Dalmatia, might fall to the Ottomans if first taken over by the Bosnians.
2519:
2484:
2233:
2013:
1928:
725:
327:
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2228:
1958:
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by marrying Stephen to a wealthy noblewoman failed, and negotiations for a marital alliance with the
890:
870:
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It was clear from the onset that Stephen's reign in Serbia would be short-lived. The Ottoman sultan
564:. Following the presumably Catholic ceremony, the bride was known as Maria. He assumed the title of
553:, regent for the underage King Matthias, arrived at the head of an army to ensure that command over
2534:
2318:
2238:
673:, that Croatia had been lost to Hungary in the 1390s, and that he had to beg the government of the
81:
36:
1964:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
607:
611:
228:
920:, the elderly mullah took out his sword and beheaded Stephen in front of Mehmed. The chronicler
827:
689:
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than the Hungarians) that they went out to meet Mehmed and presented him with keys to the city.
1984:
The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century
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883:
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and as much weapons as possible in the threatened kingdom. The authorities of the neighbouring
192:
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339:
1918:
811:
753:
577:
475:
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were abandoned when a more prestigious opportunity presented itself: marriage to the heiress
40:
2212:
737:
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agreed to Stephen's engagement with Helen – it was in his interest to create a strong
249:
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2448:
2410:
2354:
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1910:
670:
584:
565:
529:
The acquisition of the Smederevo Fortress in 1459 was an important but short-lived success.
399:
323:
2006:
Sabrana djela Dr. O. Dominika Mandića: Bosna i Hercegovina: povjesno kritička istraživanja
8:
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770:
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550:
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106:
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1935:
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403:
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463:
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502:
386:
371:
359:
304:
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288:
284:
147:
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2001:
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318:, who forgave him for the loss of Serbia and worked with him to preserve Bosnia for
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Ottomans and had stormed the town which the enemy had built at the confluence of
790:
514:
375:
632:
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849:"I am the first to expect the storm. My father predicted to your predecessor,
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53:
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and unsuccessfully campaigned for the restoration of the kingdom; Bosnia only
806:, who was subsequently allowed by the Venetians to pass with his army through
636:
Pope Pius II's memoirs provide a major insight into Stephen Tomašević's reign.
525:
443:
The earliest source mentioning Stephen by name dates from 30 April 1455, when
30:
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and general belief that the conquest was inevitable. Additionally, the
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possessions to Dalmatia, while his stepmother took the rest to Ragusa.
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803:
749:
351:
68:
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to allow him to take refuge in Dalmatia in case of an Ottoman attack.
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713:
712:. He sent a desperate plea to Pope Pius, asking him to send bishops,
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538:
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2039:
Peace and war in Byzantium: essays in honor of George T. Dennis, S.J
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347:
202:
709:
669:" – regardless of the fact that Serbia had by then become an
658:
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589:
311:
864:
In the spring of 1463, Mehmed gathered an army of 150,000 men in
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534:
272:
177:
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King Stephen wasted no time to solidify his relations with the
517:
confirmed Stephen Tomašević's right to Serbia in January 1459.
350:. The other son died as an adolescent. Stephen's father was an
2027:
Jajce Grad: prilog povijesti posljednje bosanske prijestolnice
1953:(in Serbo-Croatian), Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography
1905:
1659:
912:
745:
143:
1775:
1587:
1461:
1751:
1575:
835:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1842:
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1723:
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were enlisted to secure the support of the Albanian ruler
1439:
1437:
793:, whose father painted the only known portrait of Stephen
588:
to divert the Turks by laying siege to their fortress of
267:, had great ambitions for him. An attempt to expand into
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1872:
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1602:
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Problems rose soon already in the summer of 1461, when
560:
Stephen's marriage to Helen took place on 1 April, the
248:– 25 May 1463) was the last sovereign from the Bosnian
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1535:
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1531:
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1483:
1434:
1422:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
814:, cited domestic issues and offered nothing more than
557:
would be assumed by Stephen without any difficulties.
549:
of 1459, and ascended the Serbian throne on 21 March.
1967:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
1884:
1869:
1680:
1665:
1626:
1388:
1386:
1384:
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236:
1528:
1480:
1346:
1334:
342:as one of the two known sons of the Bosnian prince
1449:
1410:
1398:
1379:
2082:Slavs in the Middle Ages Between Idea and Reality
858:Excerpts from King Stephen's letter to Pope Pius
459:, but Stephen's father had greater expectations.
2461:
902:Angelović's document, but Mehmed's Persian-born
330:of the Kingdom of Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire.
37:painting of the King kneeling in front of Christ
645:, the first Bosnian king, styling himself as, "
1942:(in Serbo-Croatian). Srpska književna zadruga.
2197:
2033:
1788:
1596:
1474:
627:
402:, by whom Stephen had a half-brother named
2204:
2190:
29:
362:, who contested the rule of their cousin
159:Franciscan monastery of Saint Luke, Jajce
2105:
2054:
2041:, Catholic University of America Press,
2018:The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4
1946:
1934:
1863:
1846:
1831:
1805:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
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1620:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1522:
1510:
1443:
1428:
1373:
1361:
959:
939:
784:
631:
524:
1821:, Smith College, 1955, pp. 740–741
974:ceased to be part of the Ottoman Empire
381:King Thomas, raised as a member of the
2500:Executed Bosnia and Herzegovina people
2495:Bosnia and Herzegovina Roman Catholics
2462:
2421:Elizabeth, Queen of Hungary and Poland
2211:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1940:Историја средњовековне босанске државе
1890:
1878:
1695:
1674:
1647:
681:her title and privileges. Her father,
338:Born in 1438, Stephen hailed from the
307:and other Christian rulers in Europe.
291:under Stephen to combat the expanding
2185:
2076:
1811:
1340:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1309:
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1157:
1155:
1117:
1099:
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1065:
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1061:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
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1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
595:Following the fall of the town which
1981:
1957:
1608:
1545:
1489:
1455:
1416:
1404:
1392:
877:
2062:. USA: Princeton University Press.
1982:Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (2007).
979:In 1888, the Croatian archeologist
780:
13:
2515:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime
2099:
599:lamentably termed "the gateway to
14:
2546:
2060:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
2037:; Nesbitt, John W., eds. (1995),
2029:(in Serbo-Croatian), HKD Napredak
2008:, Zajednica izdanja ranjeni labud
945:attribute it to the people's low
732:of Bosnia" at royal request, the
2264:
2257:
2115:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
964:Putative remains of King Stephen
845:
610:and the Byzantine Greek scholar
2490:15th-century monarchs in Europe
1899:
513:, under Stephen Tomašević. The
2434:Maria, Countess of Helfenstein
1924:The Cambridge Medieval History
1915:Previté-Orton, Charles William
998:
649:, King of Serbia, Bosnia, the
440:on behalf of Talovac's heirs.
376:encouraging internal divisions
1:
1328:
993:Franciscan monastery in Jajce
562:first Sunday following Easter
491:
394:, King Thomas requested from
242:
120:
44:
2426:Catherine, Countess of Cilli
2020:, Cambridge University Press
951:religiously diverse Bosnians
520:
7:
2525:15th-century Bosnian people
1819:The Commentaries of Pius II
736:and newly appointed bishop
728:, who had been proclaimed "
622:
413:
98:1 April 1459 – 20 June 1459
10:
2551:
1959:Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.
1929:Cambridge University Press
881:
857:
848:
726:Saint Gregory Thaumaturgus
692:, who governed Croatia as
63:10 July 1461 – 25 May 1463
2430:Helen, Duchess of Troppau
2404:Other significant members
2403:
2347:
2299:
2273:
2255:
2219:
2169:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2137:
2132:
1789:Miller & Nesbitt 1995
1597:Miller & Nesbitt 1995
1475:Miller & Nesbitt 1995
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936:("the Emperor's Field").
358:and a younger brother of
333:
237:
208:
198:
188:
176:
166:
153:
129:
116:
112:
102:
94:
87:
77:
67:
59:
52:
28:
23:
628:Accession and coronation
406:and a half-sister named
238:Стјепан/Стефан Томашевић
233:Stjepan/Stefan Tomašević
2510:Roman Catholic monarchs
1947:Ćošković, Pejo (2009),
759:The belated attempt at
740:crowned Stephen in the
612:Laonikos Chalkokondyles
256:briefly in 1459 and as
2025:Ljubez, Bruno (2009),
1919:Brooke, Zachary Nugent
985:two coins in the mouth
965:
884:Battle of Kljuc (1463)
871:Mahmud Pasha Angelović
794:
789:Portrait of Mehmed by
637:
545:despotate, during the
530:
299:made him unpopular in
260:from 1461 until 1463.
232:
193:Thomas, King of Bosnia
1911:Tanner, Joseph Robson
963:
940:Assessment and legacy
812:Ferdinand I of Naples
788:
775:Emperor Frederick III
754:religious persecution
683:Stjepan Vukčić Kosača
635:
608:Konstantin Mihailović
528:
392:Stjepan Vukčić Kosača
295:. However, Stephen's
2411:Vladislav Kotromanić
2355:Dorothea of Bulgaria
2291:Dorothea of Bulgaria
2286:Elizabeth of Kuyavia
2084:. Brill Publishers.
828:Vladislav Hercegović
742:Church of Saint Mary
585:Mehmed the Conqueror
370:tried to weaken the
346:by a commoner named
324:Mehmed the Conqueror
2444:Catherine Tomašević
2281:Elizabeth of Serbia
955:freedom of religion
895:four-day-long siege
771:Crown of St Stephen
647:by the Grace of God
617:religious tolerance
555:the town's fortress
501:The Hungarian king
470:, died in 1458, an
427:, who had governed
340:House of Kotromanić
2530:Dethroned monarchs
2505:Kotromanić dynasty
2274:Banesses of Bosnia
2213:Kotromanić dynasty
2035:Miller, Timothy S.
1907:Bury, John Bagnell
1760:, p. 326-327.
1611:, p. 575-576.
1584:, p. 163-164.
966:
800:Republic of Ragusa
795:
748:. It was the last
738:Nicholas of Modruš
675:Republic of Venice
638:
531:
488:Helen Palaiologina
484:Helen Palaiologina
453:Francesco I Sforza
445:Pope Callixtus III
438:Republic of Venice
263:Stephen's father,
250:Kotromanić dynasty
2520:Executed monarchs
2485:Despots of Serbia
2457:
2456:
2339:Stephen Tomašević
2329:Stephen Tvrtko II
2302:(1377–1463)
2222:(1254–1377)
2180:
2179:
2156:Ottoman conquest
2091:978-9-00453-674-6
1993:978-0-86356-503-8
1326:
1325:
878:Capture and death
862:
861:
570:Byzantine emperor
541:, capital of the
503:Matthias Corvinus
387:Roman Catholicism
372:Kingdom of Bosnia
305:Matthias Corvinus
289:Serbian Despotate
285:Kingdom of Bosnia
221:Stephen Tomašević
218:
217:
137:(aged 24–25)
24:Stephen Tomašević
2542:
2480:Bosnian monarchs
2395:Jelena Branković
2370:Kujava Radinović
2348:Queens of Bosnia
2309:Stephen Tvrtko I
2268:
2261:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2172:Despot of Serbia
2162:Preceded by
2138:Preceded by
2130:
2129:
2126:
2095:
2073:
2051:
2030:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1978:
1954:
1943:
1931:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1792:
1786:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1718:
1712:
1699:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1663:
1660:Bury et al. 1923
1657:
1651:
1645:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1003:
1002:
846:
808:Venetian Albania
781:Ottoman invasion
718:coronation crown
671:Ottoman pashaluk
551:Michael Szilágyi
543:Eastern Orthodox
537:. He arrived to
493:
468:Despot of Serbia
254:Despot of Serbia
247:
244:
240:
239:
136:
125:
122:
89:Despot of Serbia
73:17 November 1461
46:
41:Lovro Dobričević
35:A detail of the
33:
21:
20:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2535:Kings of Bosnia
2460:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2449:Matija Sabančić
2439:Radivoj Ostojić
2399:
2390:Katarina Kosača
2360:Helen of Bosnia
2343:
2324:Stephen Ostojić
2301:
2300:Kings of Bosnia
2295:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2175:
2167:
2151:
2143:
2123:
2102:
2100:Further reading
2092:
2070:
2056:Babinger, Franz
2049:
2014:Miller, William
2002:Mandić, Dominik
1994:
1975:
1927:, vol. 4,
1921:, eds. (1923),
1902:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1721:
1713:
1702:
1694:
1681:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1001:
942:
930:shooting target
886:
880:
824:fortified towns
791:Gentile Bellini
783:
716:weapons, and a
690:Pavao Špirančić
630:
625:
523:
515:Diet of Hungary
464:Lazar Branković
416:
385:, converted to
336:
281:Maria of Serbia
245:
171:Maria of Serbia
162:
138:
134:
123:
48:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Dorothea Garai
2377:
2375:Jelena Nelipić
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:Stephen Thomas
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Stephen Ostoja
2316:
2314:Stephen Dabiša
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2220:Bans of Bosnia
2217:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:King of Bosnia
2144:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2133:Regnal titles
2128:
2127:
2121:
2107:Ćirković, Sima
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2074:
2068:
2052:
2047:
2031:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1979:
1973:
1955:
1944:
1936:Ćirković, Sima
1932:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1893:, p. 158.
1883:
1881:, p. 150.
1868:
1866:, p. 222.
1851:
1849:, p. 221.
1836:
1834:, p. 329.
1824:
1810:
1808:, p. 220.
1793:
1791:, p. 191.
1774:
1772:, p. 327.
1762:
1750:
1748:, p. 326.
1738:
1736:, p. 325.
1719:
1717:, p. 324.
1700:
1698:, p. 578.
1679:
1677:, p. 277.
1664:
1662:, p. 149.
1652:
1650:, p. 149.
1625:
1623:, p. 323.
1613:
1601:
1599:, p. 189.
1586:
1574:
1572:, p. 164.
1562:
1560:, p. 318.
1550:
1548:, p. 575.
1527:
1525:, p. 156.
1515:
1513:, p. 163.
1494:
1492:, p. 574.
1479:
1477:, p. 187.
1460:
1458:, p. 572.
1448:
1446:, p. 317.
1433:
1431:, p. 310.
1421:
1419:, p. 578.
1409:
1407:, p. 240.
1397:
1395:, p. 339.
1378:
1376:, p. 276.
1366:
1345:
1343:, p. 592.
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1287:
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1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
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1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1156:
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1150:
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1134:
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1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
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1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
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1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1000:
997:
989:Antun Knežević
941:
938:
908:Ali al-Bistami
882:Main article:
879:
876:
860:
859:
855:
854:
782:
779:
761:sanctification
651:Maritime Lands
629:
626:
624:
621:
522:
519:
429:Croatia proper
415:
412:
396:Pope Eugene IV
383:Bosnian Church
364:King Tvrtko II
335:
332:
293:Ottoman Empire
258:King of Bosnia
252:, reigning as
229:Serbo-Croatian
216:
215:
213:Roman Catholic
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
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99:
96:
92:
91:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
54:King of Bosnia
50:
49:
34:
26:
25:
18:King of Bosnia
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2547:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
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2468:
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2250:
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2240:
2237:
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2227:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2200:
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2193:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2122:9781405142915
2118:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:Mühle, Eduard
2075:
2071:
2069:0-691-01078-1
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1864:Babinger 1992
1860:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:Babinger 1992
1843:
1841:
1833:
1832:Ćirković 1964
1828:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1806:Babinger 1992
1802:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:Ćirković 1964
1766:
1759:
1758:Ćirković 1964
1754:
1747:
1746:Ćirković 1964
1742:
1735:
1734:Ćirković 1964
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1715:Ćirković 1964
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
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1632:
1630:
1622:
1621:Ćirković 1964
1617:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1582:Babinger 1992
1578:
1571:
1570:Babinger 1992
1566:
1559:
1558:Ćirković 1964
1554:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1523:Babinger 1992
1519:
1512:
1511:Babinger 1992
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1444:Ćirković 1964
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:Ćirković 1964
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1374:Ćirković 1964
1370:
1363:
1362:Ćošković 2009
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
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1004:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:Ćiro Truhelka
977:
975:
971:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
937:
935:
931:
928:or used as a
927:
923:
922:Benedetto Dei
919:
915:
914:
909:
905:
899:
896:
892:
885:
875:
872:
867:
856:
852:
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841:
837:
831:
829:
825:
819:
817:
816:moral support
813:
809:
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801:
792:
787:
778:
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767:
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719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
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695:
691:
686:
684:
678:
676:
672:
668:
667:Western lands
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
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634:
620:
618:
613:
609:
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593:
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558:
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527:
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511:vassal states
508:
504:
499:
497:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
457:Duke of Milan
454:
450:
449:Western world
446:
441:
439:
434:
430:
426:
425:Petar Talovac
422:
421:allodial land
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93:
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86:
83:
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76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
42:
39:, painted by
38:
32:
27:
22:
16:
2416:Jelena Šubić
2338:
2170:
2155:
2146:
2111:
2081:
2059:
2038:
2026:
2017:
2005:
1983:
1963:
1949:
1939:
1923:
1900:Bibliography
1886:
1827:
1818:
1813:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1655:
1616:
1604:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1518:
1451:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1369:
1336:
978:
970:Papal States
967:
943:
934:Carevo Polje
917:
911:
900:
887:
863:
832:
820:
796:
758:
734:papal legate
707:
687:
679:
639:
597:Pope Pius II
594:
582:
559:
532:
500:
494:11-year-old
461:
442:
417:
380:
337:
316:Pope Pius II
309:
262:
224:
220:
219:
140:Carevo Polje
135:(1463-05-25)
15:
2475:1463 deaths
2470:1438 births
2234:Prijezda II
1950:Kotromanići
1891:Ljubez 2009
1879:Ljubez 2009
1696:Miller 1923
1675:Mandić 1978
1648:Ljubez 2009
999:Family tree
910:, issued a
507:buffer zone
472:interregnum
356:King Ostoja
320:Christendom
297:Catholicism
265:King Thomas
246: 1438
133:25 May 1463
124: 1438
103:Predecessor
78:Predecessor
2464:Categories
2244:Stephen II
2229:Prijezda I
2152:1461–1463
2048:081320805X
1974:0472082604
1341:Mühle 2023
1329:References
866:Adrianople
851:Nicholas V
804:Skanderbeg
766:John Vitéz
750:coronation
665:, and the
578:schismatic
482:and widow
352:adulterine
225:Stephen II
183:Kotromanić
161:(presumed)
69:Coronation
47: 1460
2239:Stephen I
2112:The Serbs
1961:(1994) .
1609:Fine 1994
1546:Fine 1994
1490:Fine 1994
1456:Fine 1994
1417:Fine 1994
1405:Fine 2007
1393:Fine 2007
1313:Catherine
1306:Sigismund
1193:Vladislav
1186:Catherine
714:crusading
703:Ostrovica
655:Zachlumia
605:janissary
547:Holy Week
539:Smederevo
521:Despotism
408:Catherine
404:Sigismund
400:Catherine
2249:Tvrtko I
2109:(2004).
2080:(2023).
2058:(1992).
2016:(1923),
2004:(1978),
1986:. Saqi.
1938:(1964).
730:Defender
710:Holy See
659:Dalmatia
643:Tvrtko I
623:Kingship
590:Hodidjed
574:Rascians
478:brother
414:Marriage
368:Ottomans
312:Holy See
301:Orthodox
287:and the
209:Religion
2165:Stephen
1300:Stephen
1161:Radivoj
663:Croatia
535:Bobovac
480:Stephen
476:blinded
360:Radivoj
354:son of
273:Sforzas
269:Croatia
107:Stephen
2385:Vojača
2365:Vitača
2141:Thomas
2119:
2088:
2066:
2045:
1990:
1971:
1175:Thomas
1168:Vojača
1042:Kosača
1019:Ostoja
947:morale
926:flayed
918:fatwah
913:fatwah
904:mullah
601:Rascia
566:despot
348:Vojača
344:Thomas
334:Family
203:Vojača
199:Mother
189:Father
167:Spouse
154:Burial
148:Bosnia
82:Thomas
2176:1459
1294:Maria
891:Ključ
840:Bosna
773:from
746:Jajce
722:feast
496:Helen
462:When
277:Milan
178:House
144:Jajce
95:Reign
60:Reign
2117:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2043:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1969:ISBN
838:and
836:Sava
701:and
699:Klis
328:fall
130:Died
117:Born
818:.
744:in
724:of
694:ban
580:.
433:ban
431:as
423:of
374:by
275:of
223:or
43:in
2466::
1917:;
1913:;
1909:;
1871:^
1854:^
1839:^
1796:^
1777:^
1722:^
1703:^
1682:^
1667:^
1628:^
1589:^
1530:^
1497:^
1482:^
1463:^
1436:^
1381:^
1348:^
995:.
906:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
492:c.
466:,
455:,
410:.
243:c.
241:;
235:,
231::
146:,
142:,
121:c.
45:c.
2205:e
2198:t
2191:v
2125:.
2094:.
2072:.
1996:.
1977:.
1364:.
227:(
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