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Steroid hormone receptor

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another that they do not all affect all of the GPCR linked proteins; however, the similarities between the steroid hormones and between the receptors make plausible the argument that each receptor may respond to multiple steroid hormones or that each hormone could affect multiple receptors. This is contrary to the traditional model of having a unique receptor for each unique ligand.
599:(SHBG) is thought to mainly function as a transporter and reservoir for the estradiol and testosterone sex hormones. However it has also been demonstrated that SHBG can bind to a cell surface receptor (SHBG-R). The SHBG-R has not been completely characterized. A subset of steroids are able to bind to the SHBG/SHBG-R complex resulting in an activation of 528:
Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) binds Thyroid hormone (though not technically steroid hormones, thyroid hormones can be grouped here because their receptors belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily). As an example of the effects of these GPCR-linked proteins consider GPR30. GPR30 binds estrogen, and upon binding estrogen this pathway activates
488:: Upon ligand binding, steroid hormone receptors translocate to the nucleus, where they bind to specific DNA sequences called hormone response elements (HREs) within the regulatory regions of target genes. This binding either activates or suppresses gene transcription, leading to changes in mRNA levels and ultimately protein synthesis. 514:
A new class of steroid hormone receptors has recently been elucidated and these new receptors are found on the cell membrane. New studies suggest that along with the well documented intracellular receptors that cell membrane receptors are present for several steroid hormones and that their cellular
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Type II receptors are located in the nucleus. Thus, their ligands pass through the cell membrane and cytoplasm and enter the nucleus where they activate the receptor without release of HSP. The activated receptor interacts with the hormone response element and the transcription process is initiated
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At least four different GPCR-linked proteins are known to respond to steroid hormones. G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 (GPR30) binds estrogen, Membrane Progestin Receptor (mPR) binds progesterone, G Protein-Coupled Receptor Family C Group 6 Member A (GPRC6A) binds androgens, and Thyroid Hormone and
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GPCR linked proteins most likely interact with steroid hormones through an amino acid consensus sequence traditionally thought of as a cholesterol recognition and interaction site. About a third of Class A GPCRs contain this sequence. The steroid hormones themselves are different enough from one
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4. Non-Genomic Signaling: In addition to classical genomic actions, steroid hormone receptors can initiate rapid, non-genomic signaling pathways in the cytoplasm or at the cell membrane. These pathways involve activation of various protein kinases and other signaling molecules, leading to rapid
503:: Steroid hormone receptors can also induce changes in chromatin structure through the recruitment of chromatin remodeling complexes. This allows for accessibility of the transcriptional machinery to specific gene regulatory regions, facilitating or inhibiting gene transcription. 510:
5. Cross-Talk with Other Signaling Pathways: Steroid hormone receptors can also interact with and modulate the activity of other signaling pathways, such as growth factor signaling pathways, thereby integrating hormonal and growth factor signals to regulate cellular processes.
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2. Transcriptional Coactivators and Corepressors: Steroid hormone receptors recruit coactivator or corepressor proteins to the gene promoter regions, which modulate the activity of RNA polymerase and other transcriptional machinery, thereby influencing
158:(HSPs) which bind the receptor until the hormone is present. Upon binding by the hormone the receptor undergoes a conformational change releasing the HSP, and the receptor together with the bound hormone enter the nucleus to act upon transcription. 399:
Free (that is, unbound) steroids enter the cell cytoplasm and interact with their receptor. In this process heat shock protein is dissociated, and the activated receptor-ligand complex is translocated into the nucleus. It is also related to EAATs.
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Depending on their mechanism of action and subcellular distribution, nuclear receptors may be classified into at least two classes. Nuclear receptors that bind steroid hormones are all classified as type I receptors. Only type I receptors have a
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Mangelsdorf DJ, Thummel C, Beato M, Herrlich P, Schütz G, Umesono K, Blumberg B, Kastner P, Mark M, Chambon P, Evans RM. The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade. Cell. 1995 Dec 15;83(6):835-9. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90199-x. PMID
110:(AR): These receptors bind to androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). They play key roles in the development and function of male reproductive organs, as well as in secondary sexual characteristics and muscle growth. 81:, leading to the activation or suppression of gene expression and subsequent cellular responses. This interaction is crucial for mediating the physiological effects of steroid hormones in various tissues and organs of the body. 96:(ER): There are two subtypes, ERα and ERβ, which bind to the hormone estrogen. They regulate gene expression in response to estrogen, playing essential roles in reproductive tissues, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular health. 103:(PR): PRs bind to the hormone progesterone and regulate gene expression in response to its signaling. They are critical for various reproductive processes, including menstruation, pregnancy, and mammary gland development. 117:(GR): GRs bind to glucocorticoids like cortisol and regulate gene expression in response to stress and metabolic signals. They are involved in processes such as immune response, metabolism, and stress adaptation. 644:
Dahlman-Wright K, Cavailles V, Fuqua SA, Jordan VC, Katzenellenbogen JA, Korach KS, Maggi A, Muramatsu M, Parker MG, Gustafsson JA (Dec 2006). "International Union of Pharmacology. LXIV. Estrogen receptors".
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Luconi M, Francavilla F, Porazzi I, Macerola B, Forti G, Baldi E (Aug 2004). "Human spermatozoa as a model for studying membrane receptors mediating rapid nongenomic effects of progesterone and estrogens".
1794: 124:(MR): MRs primarily bind to mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone and regulate electrolyte balance and blood pressure by controlling ion transport in epithelial cells of the kidney and other tissues. 462:
There is some evidence that certain steroid hormone receptors can extend through lipid bilayer membranes at the surface of cells and might be able to interact with hormones that remain outside cells.
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Schwabe JW, Chapman L, Finch JT, Rhodes D (Nov 1993). "The crystal structure of the estrogen receptor DNA-binding domain bound to DNA: how receptors discriminate between their response elements".
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Thornton JW, Need E, Crews D. Resurrecting the ancestral steroid receptor: ancient origin of estrogen signaling. Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5637):1714-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1086185. PMID 12805548.
690:"International Union of Pharmacology. LXV. The pharmacology and classification of the nuclear receptor superfamily: glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, progesterone, and androgen receptors" 1003:"Estrogen receptor (ER)alpha and ER beta are both expressed in human ejaculated spermatozoa: evidence of their direct interaction with phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/Akt pathway" 1787: 369:. At the end of this domain is the C-terminal. The terminal connects the molecule to its pair in the homodimer or heterodimer. It may affect the magnitude of the response. 2716: 1577:
Strünker T, Goodwin N, Brenker C, Kashikar ND, Weyand I, Seifert R, Kaupp UB (Mar 2011). "The CatSper channel mediates progesterone-induced Ca2+ influx in human sperm".
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A steroid hormone receptor is a protein molecule located either within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically binds to steroid hormones, such as estrogen,
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Lu NZ, Wardell SE, Burnstein KL, Defranco D, Fuller PJ, Giguere V, Hochberg RB, McKay L, Renoir JM, Weigel NL, Wilson EM, McDonnell DP, Cidlowski JA (Dec 2006).
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Maurice T, Junien JL, Privat A (Feb 1997). "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate attenuates dizocilpine-induced learning impairment in mice via sigma 1-receptors".
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Puia G, Santi MR, Vicini S, Pritchett DB, Purdy RH, Paul SM, Seeburg PH, Costa E (May 1990). "Neurosteroids act on recombinant human GABAA receptors".
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Hosie AM, Wilkins ME, da Silva HM, Smart TG (Nov 2006). "Endogenous neurosteroids regulate GABAA receptors through two discrete transmembrane sites".
317:: This centrally located highly conserved DNA binding domain (DBD) consists of two non-repetitive globular motifs where zinc is coordinated with four 7321: 7295: 150:
upon activation, or remain in the nucleus waiting for the steroid hormone to enter and activate them. This uptake into the nucleus is facilitated by
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Evans RM. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science. 1988 Nov 18;240(4859):889-95. doi: 10.1126/science.3283939. PMID 3283939.
7563: 2761: 388:(HSP) associated with the inactive receptor that will be released when the receptor interacts with the ligand. Type I receptors may be found in 7729: 7503: 7470: 2746: 2432: 7528: 7523: 7238: 7649: 7429: 3255: 7589: 7498: 7284: 7050: 7034: 1853: 1761: 7744: 7662: 3107: 1052:
Norman AW, Mizwicki MT, Norman DP (Jan 2004). "Steroid-hormone rapid actions, membrane receptors and a conformational ensemble model".
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Intracellular steroid hormone receptors share a common structure of four units that are functionally homologous, so-called "domains":
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Mangelsdorf DJ, Thummel C, Beato M, Herrlich P, Schütz G, Umesono K, Blumberg B, Kastner P, Mark M, Chambon P, Evans RM (Dec 1995).
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forms. Type II nuclear receptors have no HSP, and in contrast to the classical type I receptor are located in the cell nucleus.
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Steroid hormone receptors can also function outside the nucleus and couple to cytoplasmic signal transduction proteins such as
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Rosner W, Hryb DJ, Kahn SM, Nakhla AM, Romas NA (Mar 2010). "Interactions of sex hormone-binding globulin with target cells".
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Herd MB, Belelli D, Lambert JJ (Oct 2007). "Neurosteroid modulation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors".
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Lishko PV, Botchkina IL, Kirichok Y (Mar 2011). "Progesterone activates the principal Ca2+ channel of human sperm".
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and epidermal growth factor receptor. It results in vasodilation, renoprotection, mammary gland development, etc.
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Ca channels. Since eggs release progesterone, sperm may use progesterone as a homing signal to swim toward eggs (
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cellular responses such as ion fluxes, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and activation of second messenger systems.
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Steroid hormone receptors can be categorized into several types based on their specific ligands and functions:
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which lead to changes in gene expression over a time period of hours to days. The best studied steroid hormone
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Aquila S, Sisci D, Gentile M, Middea E, Catalano S, Carpino A, Rago V, Andò S (Mar 2004).
8: 6892: 6596: 6292: 4495: 3700: 3282: 3260: 3233: 3195: 3129: 551: 354: 58:(group NR3A) and 3-ketosteroids (group NR3C). In addition to nuclear receptors, several 39: 1666: 1590: 1419: 1282: 1166: 833: 7254: 6430: 1729: 1686: 1610: 1559: 1482: 1439: 1370: 1299: 1266: 1242: 1215: 1196: 1183: 1150: 1126: 1099: 1077: 983: 899: 874: 850: 817: 798: 720: 670: 385: 155: 1547: 7573: 6012: 6003: 5640: 4588: 3329: 3324: 1721: 1678: 1602: 1551: 1516: 1474: 1470: 1431: 1388: 1384: 1343: 1304: 1247: 1216:"Integrated action of pheromone signals in promoting courtship behavior in male mice" 1200: 1188: 1131: 1069: 1024: 975: 939: 904: 890: 855: 790: 786: 763: 712: 662: 608: 481:
Steroid hormone receptors exert their effects through several mechanisms, including:
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steroid receptor that is capable of transmitting signals to the interior of cells.
600: 529: 162: 133: 51: 1324:"Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor" 329:. This region controls which gene will be activated. On DNA it interacts with the 325:
residues. Their secondary and tertiary structure is distinct from that of classic
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Novac N, Heinzel T (Dec 2004). "Nuclear receptors: overview and classification".
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Wong WM, Cao J, Zhang X, Doyle WI, Mercado LL, Gautron L, Meeks JP (May 2020).
566: 555: 444: 1717: 7759: 5635: 4975: 3400: 3188: 2516: 935: 562: 448: 408: 365:), which are required to maintain their inactive (but receptive) cytoplasmic 1339: 1214:
Haga-Yamanaka S, Ma L, He J, Qiu Q, Lavis LD, Looger LL, Yu CR (July 2014).
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bind to and modulate the activity of several ion channels including the
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Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, Barker JL, Paul SM (May 1986).
767: 708: 658: 142:. Depending upon the type of receptor, they are either located in the 7055: 7045: 7028: 6502: 6275: 5521: 3226: 2655: 2313: 1802: 607:
second messenger. Hence the SHBG/SHBG-R complex appears to act as a
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responses are much quicker than the intracellular receptors.
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Steroid receptors of the nuclear receptor family are all
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has shown to increase the activity of the basolateral
875:"The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade" 7717: 7594: 1703: 1213: 1051: 1007:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
6946: 1624:"Female hormone could be key to male contraceptive" 1533: 7476: 1360: 7395:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators 7246: 1264: 7757: 4517: 407:(steroid hormone), steroid receptors often form 38:(typically cytoplasmic or nuclear) and initiate 866: 924:Current Drug Targets. Inflammation and Allergy 518: 7650: 7312:Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators 7304: 7285: 7232: 7207:transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies 6278:β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts 1788: 1621: 54:subfamily 3 (NR3) that include receptors for 7625:Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor modulators 7534: 7400:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators 1697: 1646: 1570: 1399: 1354: 1258: 1207: 1142: 1093: 1091: 1045: 994: 921: 7405:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators 7296: 7277: 1527: 1499: 1493: 1450: 1315: 1148: 1104:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 950: 681: 637: 576:has been found to modulate the activity of 7327:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators 7239: 7225: 1795: 1781: 1764:. The University of Toledo. Archived from 1097: 809: 756: 1762:"MBC 3320 Steroid hormones and receptors" 1752:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 1635: 1374: 1298: 1241: 1231: 1182: 1125: 1115: 1088: 1018: 915: 898: 849: 7538: 7322:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators 1149:Lee D, Kume M, Holy TE (December 2019). 411:. In the nucleus, the complex acts as a 7758: 7590: 7564:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators 1759: 591: 373: 7730:Sodium-glucose transporter modulators 7504:Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators 7471:Lysophospholipid signaling modulators 7220: 6945: 6274: 4516: 3016: 1819: 1818: 1776: 1500:Wu FS, Gibbs TT, Farb DH (Sep 1991). 815: 7605:and gonadotropin receptor modulators 7529:Estrogen-related receptor modulators 7524:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators 1706:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 349:-binding domain (LBD) can include a 167:Subfamily 3: Estrogen Receptor-like 127: 34:of target cells. They are generally 7430:Thyroid hormone receptor modulators 7299:metabolism and transport modulators 2961:(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH) 13: 7499:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators 14: 7777: 7745:Nitric oxide signaling modulators 7663:Growth factor receptor modulators 1743: 213:Group C: 3-Ketosteroid receptors 7610:Melanocortin receptor modulators 7509:Progesterone receptor modulators 7456:Leukotriene signaling modulators 1385:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.007 7671:receptor superfamily modulators 7653:receptor superfamily modulators 7645:Interleukin receptor modulators 7585:Angiotensin receptor modulators 7461:Prostanoid signaling modulators 7451:Cannabinoid receptor modulators 7415:Imidazoline receptor modulators 7357:Monoamine metabolism modulators 6948:(0) Other transcription factors 6232:transcriptional enhancer factor 1849:Activating transcription factor 1622:Ewen Callaway (16 March 2011). 1363:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1035: 546: 233:2: Mineralocorticoid receptor ( 7697:Histone deacetylase inhibitors 7615:Neurokinin receptor modulators 7337:Adrenergic receptor modulators 1098:Wang C, Liu Y, Cao JM (2014). 1054:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 972:10.1016/j.steroids.2004.05.013 747: 738: 543:, specifically the V1 family. 430: 70:for certain steroid hormones. 1: 7640:Chemokine receptor modulators 7559:Vitamin D receptor modulators 7514:Steroid metabolism modulators 7377:Serotonin receptor modulators 7372:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors 7352:Melatonin receptor modulators 7347:Histamine receptor modulators 6162:Interferon regulatory factors 4401:(2.5) Alternating composition 3597:General transcription factors 1548:10.1016/S0166-4328(97)86061-5 631: 7702:Phosphodiesterase inhibitors 7635:Cytokine receptor modulators 7554:Retinoid receptor modulators 7494:Estrogen receptor modulators 7489:Androgen receptor modulators 7342:Dopamine receptor modulators 7291:receptor positive modulators 5447:Octamer transcription factor 2155:(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix 1471:10.1016/0896-6273(90)90202-Q 891:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90199-X 787:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90390-C 597:Sex hormone-binding globulin 415:, augmenting or suppressing 357:(namely heat shock proteins 299: 216:1: Glucocorticoid receptor ( 7: 7317:Glycine receptor modulators 2221:Myogenic regulatory factors 614: 580:(cation channels of sperm) 519:G protein-coupled receptors 351:nuclear localization signal 345:: The moderately conserved 152:nuclear localization signal 122:Mineralocorticoid Receptors 60:G protein-coupled receptors 10: 7782: 7692:Cytochrome P450 modulators 7620:Opioid receptor modulators 7420:Purine receptor modulators 7367:Monoamine releasing agents 1760:Messer WS (3 April 2000). 1536:Behavioural Brain Research 427:as with type I receptors. 378: 250:3: Progesterone receptor ( 131: 7679: 7597:axis signaling modulators 7572: 7438: 7425:Sigma receptor modulators 7261: 7202: 7064: 7024: 6993: 6958: 6954: 6941: 6883: 6860: 6842: 6592: 6566: 6518: 6421: 6368: 6288: 6284: 6270: 6222: 6041:(3.5) Tryptophan clusters 6039: 5999: 5695: 5512: 5152: 4878: 4566: 4547: 4535: 4531: 4512: 4486: 4399: 4378: 3580: 3500: 3471: 3451: 3426: 3389: 3308: 3204: 3052: 3033: 3029: 3012: 2959: 2904: 2802: 2712: 2688: 2611: 2544: 2408: 2358: 2167: 2153: 1831: 1827: 1814: 1718:10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.009 621:Membrane steroid receptor 20:Steroid hormone receptors 16:Group of protein families 7521:Other nuclear receptors: 7274:Amino acids and related: 6862:(4.10) Cold-shock domain 1754:Medical Subject Headings 936:10.2174/1568010042634541 476: 453:cortical collecting duct 331:hormone response element 198:2: Estrogen receptor-β ( 185:1: Estrogen receptor-α ( 115:Glucocorticoid Receptors 84: 7766:Intracellular receptors 1808:intracellular receptors 1340:10.1126/science.2422758 1175:10.1126/science.aax8055 842:10.1126/science.3283939 697:Pharmacological Reviews 647:Pharmacological Reviews 36:intracellular receptors 7712:Ion channel modulators 1509:Molecular Pharmacology 1291:10.1126/sciadv.aaz6868 1020:10.1210/jc.2003-031681 535:Sulfated steroids and 423:by its action on DNA. 343:Hormone binding domain 271:4: Androgen receptor ( 101:Progesterone Receptors 68:cell surface receptors 7362:Monoamine neurotoxins 6571:TATA-binding proteins 1804:Transcription factors 1637:10.1038/news.2011.163 1117:10.3390/ijms150915412 816:Evans RM (May 1988). 603:and synthesis of the 541:vomeronasal receptors 539:are also detected by 403:After binding to the 140:transcription factors 7735:Symporter inhibitors 552:Neuroactive steroids 501:Chromatin Remodeling 437:aldosterone receptor 413:transcription factor 7479:receptor modulators 7307:receptor modulators 7280:receptor modulators 7066:(0.6) Miscellaneous 6597:High-mobility group 6293:Rel homology region 3283:Testicular receptor 3024:DNA-binding domains 1675:10.1038/nature09767 1667:2011Natur.471..387L 1599:10.1038/nature09769 1591:2011Natur.471..382S 1428:10.1038/nature05324 1420:2006Natur.444..486H 1283:2020SciA....6.6868W 1233:10.7554/eLife.03025 1167:2019Sci...366.1384L 1161:(6471): 1384–1389. 834:1988Sci...240..889E 592:SHBG/SHBG-R complex 374:Mechanism of action 156:heat shock proteins 50:are members of the 40:signal transduction 7720:channel modulators 6431:p53 p63 p73 family 6004:Heat shock factors 435:The cell membrane 386:heat shock protein 315:DNA binding domain 108:Androgen Receptors 94:Estrogen Receptors 30:, and also on the 7753: 7752: 7574:Peptides/proteins 7214: 7213: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7193: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6261: 5508: 5507: 5148: 5147: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4503: 3496: 3495: 3352:Mineralocorticoid 3008: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2708: 2707: 1821:(1) Basic domains 1768:on 17 April 2008. 1750:Steroid+Receptors 709:10.1124/pr.58.4.9 659:10.1124/pr.58.4.8 172:Estrogen receptor 163:Nuclear receptors 128:Nuclear receptors 22:are found in the 7773: 7719: 7670: 7652: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7478: 7384: 7306: 7298: 7290: 7279: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7218: 7217: 7038:-related factors 6956: 6955: 6943: 6942: 6844:(4.9) Grainyhead 6286: 6285: 6272: 6271: 6224:(3.6) TEA domain 5514:(3.2) Paired box 5155: 4889: 4883: 4577: 4571: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4533: 4532: 4522:Helix-turn-helix 4514: 4513: 3476: 3456: 3431: 3394: 3364:Estrogen related 3313: 3209: 3057: 3050: 3049: 3038:Nuclear receptor 3031: 3030: 3014: 3013: 2693: 2614: 2547: 2416: 2361: 2170: 2165: 2164: 1829: 1828: 1816: 1815: 1797: 1790: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1738: 1737: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1661:(7338): 387–91. 1650: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1618: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1506: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1378: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1334:(4753): 1004–7. 1319: 1313: 1312: 1302: 1277:(22): eaaz6868. 1262: 1256: 1255: 1245: 1235: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1186: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1129: 1119: 1095: 1086: 1085: 1049: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1022: 998: 992: 991: 954: 948: 947: 919: 913: 912: 902: 870: 864: 863: 853: 828:(4854): 889–95. 813: 807: 806: 770: 760: 754: 751: 745: 742: 736: 735: 733: 727:. Archived from 694: 685: 679: 678: 641: 626:Nuclear receptor 601:adenylyl cyclase 530:adenylyl cyclase 146:and move to the 134:nuclear receptor 52:nuclear receptor 44:steroid hormones 7781: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7681: 7675: 7660:Growth factors: 7568: 7434: 7289: 7267:similar/related 7266: 7257: 7245: 7215: 7210: 7190: 7060: 7020: 6989: 6950: 6929: 6879: 6856: 6838: 6588: 6562: 6514: 6417: 6364: 6280: 6258: 6218: 6035: 5995: 5691: 5504: 5153: 5144: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4556: 4555: 4548: 4527: 4500: 4482: 4395: 4383: 4374: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3505: 3502:(2.2) Other Cys 3492: 3472: 3467: 3452: 3447: 3427: 3422: 3390: 3385: 3320:Steroid hormone 3309: 3304: 3205: 3200: 3064:Thyroid hormone 3053: 3044: 3025: 3000: 2955: 2900: 2798: 2704: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2612: 2607: 2545: 2540: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2359: 2354: 2168: 2149: 1823: 1810: 1801: 1746: 1741: 1702: 1698: 1651: 1647: 1585:(7338): 382–6. 1575: 1571: 1542:(1–2): 159–64. 1532: 1528: 1504: 1498: 1494: 1455: 1451: 1414:(7118): 486–9. 1404: 1400: 1359: 1355: 1320: 1316: 1263: 1259: 1212: 1208: 1147: 1143: 1110:(9): 15412–25. 1096: 1089: 1066:10.1038/nrd1283 1050: 1046: 1040: 1036: 999: 995: 955: 951: 920: 916: 871: 867: 814: 810: 762: 761: 757: 752: 748: 743: 739: 731: 692: 686: 682: 642: 638: 634: 617: 594: 567:sigma receptors 559: 549: 521: 494:gene expression 486:Gene Regulation 479: 433: 381: 376: 309:Variable domain 302: 136: 130: 87: 32:plasma membrane 17: 12: 11: 5: 7779: 7769: 7768: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7723: 7722: 7714: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7685: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7665: 7656: 7655: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7599: 7587: 7578: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7543: 7531: 7526: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7482: 7481: 7473: 7468:Phospholipids: 7464: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7444: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392:Acetylcholine: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7301: 7293: 7287: 7282: 7270: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7244: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7212: 7211: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7070: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6964: 6962: 6952: 6951: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6889: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6866: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6527: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6427: 6425: 6423:(4.3) p53-like 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6377: 6375: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6297: 6295: 6282: 6281: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6228: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6045: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6008: 6006: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5708: 5706: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5648: 5643: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5591: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5518: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5425: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5050: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4641:extended Hox: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4580: 4578: 4561: 4542: 4529: 4528: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3397: 3395: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3347:Glucocorticoid 3344: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3327: 3316: 3314: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3132: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3060: 3058: 3047: 3042: 3027: 3026: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2910: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2808: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2328: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2173: 2171: 2162: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1845: 1843: 1836:leucine zipper 1825: 1824: 1812: 1811: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1785: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1757: 1745: 1744:External links 1742: 1740: 1739: 1696: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1569: 1526: 1492: 1449: 1398: 1353: 1314: 1257: 1206: 1141: 1087: 1044: 1034: 1013:(3): 1443–51. 993: 966:(8–9): 553–9. 949: 914: 865: 808: 755: 746: 737: 734:on 2019-02-28. 680: 635: 633: 630: 629: 628: 623: 616: 613: 593: 590: 557: 548: 545: 520: 517: 478: 475: 445:principal cell 432: 429: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 370: 340: 334: 312: 301: 298: 297: 296: 295: 294: 293: 292: 291: 290: 269: 248: 231: 211: 210: 209: 196: 132:Main article: 129: 126: 86: 83: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7778: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727:Transporters: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709:Ion channels: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7465: 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2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465:(5): 759–65. 1464: 1460: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 997: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 953: 945: 941: 937: 933: 930:(4): 335–46. 929: 925: 918: 910: 906: 901: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 869: 861: 857: 852: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 812: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 781:(3): 567–78. 780: 776: 769: 765: 759: 750: 741: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 703:(4): 782–97. 702: 698: 691: 684: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 653:(4): 773–81. 652: 648: 640: 636: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 612: 610: 609:transmembrane 606: 602: 598: 589: 587: 583: 582:voltage-gated 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 553: 544: 542: 538: 533: 531: 525: 516: 512: 508: 504: 502: 497: 495: 489: 487: 482: 474: 472: 468: 463: 460: 458: 454: 450: 449:distal tubule 446: 442: 438: 428: 424: 422: 418: 417:transcription 414: 410: 406: 401: 397: 395: 391: 387: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 313: 310: 307: 306: 305: 288: 284: 280: 279: 274: 270: 267: 263: 259: 258: 253: 249: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 212: 207: 206: 201: 197: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 168: 166: 165: 164: 161: 160: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 135: 125: 123: 118: 116: 111: 109: 104: 102: 97: 95: 90: 82: 80: 76: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 7741: 7726: 7708: 7688: 7682:non-receptor 7659: 7631: 7581: 7520: 7485: 7467: 7448:Eicosanoids: 7447: 7411: 7391: 7333: 7273: 7204: 7159: 7115: 7073: 7065: 7037: 7031: 7025: 6994: 6959: 6947: 6884: 6861: 6843: 6811: 6782: 6663: 6593: 6567: 6519: 6422: 6369: 6289: 6277: 6231: 6223: 6129: 6075: 6048: 6040: 6011: 6000: 5744:FOX proteins 5704:winged helix 5696: 5667: 5650: 5593: 5513: 5487: 5365: 5331: 5314: 5292: 5275: 5208: 5176: 5030: 4993: 4974: 4920: 4886: 4880: 4574: 4568: 4557: 4551:Antennapedia 4549: 4536: 4524: 4518: 4487: 4445: 4423: 4400: 4379: 4137: 4090: 4036: 3982: 3895: 3873: 3851: 3829: 3812: 3770: 3699: 3581: 3549: 3501: 3473: 3453: 3428: 3391: 3357:Progesterone 3319: 3310: 3206: 3054: 3040: 3034: 3018: 2960: 2913: 2905: 2803: 2713: 2662: 2620: 2580: 2553: 2523: 2496: 2330: 2320: 2303: 2286: 2198: 2154: 2122: 2085: 1942: 1832: 1820: 1766:the original 1712:(1): 79–85. 1709: 1705: 1699: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1627: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1515:(3): 333–6. 1512: 1508: 1495: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1369:(1): 20–34. 1366: 1362: 1356: 1331: 1327: 1317: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1223: 1219: 1209: 1158: 1154: 1144: 1107: 1103: 1060:(1): 27–41. 1057: 1053: 1047: 1037: 1010: 1006: 996: 963: 959: 952: 927: 923: 917: 885:(6): 835–9. 882: 878: 868: 825: 821: 811: 778: 774: 758: 749: 740: 729:the original 700: 696: 683: 650: 646: 639: 595: 574:progesterone 572:The steroid 571: 550: 547:Ion channels 534: 526: 522: 513: 509: 505: 498: 490: 483: 480: 464: 461: 434: 425: 402: 398: 382: 367:conformation 342: 337:Hinge region 336: 327:zinc fingers 314: 308: 303: 287:Testosterone 283:Sex hormones 276: 266:Progesterone 262:Sex hormones 255: 238: 221: 203: 190: 176:Sex hormones 148:cell nucleus 137: 119: 112: 105: 98: 91: 88: 79:testosterone 75:progesterone 72: 64:ion channels 19: 18: 7334:Monoamines: 7263:Amino acids 6885:(4.11) Runt 4540:Homeodomain 4138:zinc finger 3474:subfamily 0 3454:subfamily 6 3429:subfamily 5 3392:subfamily 4 3311:subfamily 3 3207:subfamily 2 3055:subfamily 1 3022:Zinc finger 2265:Neurogenins 1833:(1.1) Basic 441:Na/K ATPase 431:Non-genomic 419:particular 394:heterodimer 245:Aldosterone 7680:Others and 7632:Cytokines: 7549:modulators 7541:modulators 7385:modulators 7255:modulators 5418:POU domain 4558:ANTP class 4488:(2.6) WRKY 3771:GLI family 2906:(1.5) RF-X 2804:(1.4) NF-1 1505:(abstract) 1376:1607.02870 1226:: e03025. 632:References 586:chemotaxis 537:bile acids 471:Akt kinase 355:chaperones 7582:Peptides: 7486:Steroids: 7252:signaling 7205:see also 7046:Apetala 2 5700:Fork head 4380:(2.4) Cys 3582:(2.3) Cys 2314:Scleraxis 1201:209339279 771:​; 390:homodimer 323:histidine 300:Structure 275:; NR3C4, 254:; NR3C3, 202:; NR3A2, 189:; NR3A1, 170:Group A: 48:receptors 7760:Category 7689:Enzymes: 7248:Receptor 6523:MADS box 4663:Homeobox 4575:Hox-like 4569:protoHOX 3330:Estrogen 3325:Androgen 3179:Rev-ErbA 2717:bHLH-ZIP 2692:bHLH-COE 2231:Myogenin 1734:27912941 1726:19698759 1683:21412339 1607:21412338 1487:12626366 1436:17108970 1393:17531325 1309:32523992 1252:25073926 1193:31831669 1136:25257522 1082:17487277 1074:14708019 1042:8521507. 1029:15001646 988:25453428 980:15288769 960:Steroids 944:15584884 803:20795587 725:28626145 717:17132855 675:45996586 667:17132854 615:See also 457:nephrons 319:cysteine 228:Cortisol 180:Estrogen 56:estrogen 7742:Others: 7412:Others: 6923:RUNX1T1 6903:CBFA2T3 6898:CBFA2T2 6778:TCF/LEF 4887:NK-like 4881:metaHOX 4584:ParaHox 4525:domains 3216:COUP-TF 2690:Group F 2613:Group E 2546:Group D 2410:Group C 2360:Group B 2304:Paraxis 2169:Group A 1691:4340309 1663:Bibcode 1615:4431334 1587:Bibcode 1564:3979800 1556:9062676 1521:1654510 1479:2160838 1444:4382394 1416:Bibcode 1348:2422758 1328:Science 1300:7259934 1279:Bibcode 1271:Sci Adv 1243:4107909 1184:7591936 1163:Bibcode 1155:Science 1127:4200746 909:8521507 900:6159888 860:3283939 851:6159881 830:Bibcode 822:Science 795:8221895 578:CatSper 447:in the 379:Genomic 321:and no 144:cytosol 66:act as 28:cytosol 24:nucleus 7440:Lipids 5636:Bicoid 4901:BARHL2 4896:BARHL1 4478:JMJD1B 4391:HIVEP1 2876:I-SMAD 2844:R-SMAD 2762:MLXIPL 2517:Period 2443:ARNTL2 2248:NeuroD 1756:(MeSH) 1732:  1724:  1689:  1681:  1655:Nature 1628:Nature 1613:  1605:  1579:Nature 1562:  1554:  1519:  1485:  1477:  1459:Neuron 1442:  1434:  1408:Nature 1391:  1346:  1307:  1297:  1250:  1240:  1199:  1191:  1181:  1134:  1124:  1080:  1072:  1027:  986:  978:  942:  907:  897:  858:  848:  801:  793:  723:  715:  673:  665:  565:, and 409:dimers 405:ligand 347:ligand 333:(HRE). 77:, and 7595:IGF-1 7383:hTAAR 7186:Sigma 7051:EREBP 7035:EREBP 7026:(0.5) 6995:(0.3) 6918:RUNX3 6913:RUNX2 6908:RUNX1 6852:TFCP2 6773:SSRP1 6594:(4.7) 6584:TBPL1 6568:(4.6) 6520:(4.4) 6370:(4.2) 6311:NFKB2 6306:NFKB1 6301:NF-κB 6290:(4.1) 6214:MYBL2 6001:(3.4) 5697:(3.3) 5646:BICD2 5621:SHOX2 5589:PROP1 5573:PRRX 5483:SATB2 5428:BRN-3 5423:PIT-1 5315:PKNOX 5230:TALE 5226:NOBOX 5199:HESX1 5172:CUTL1 5154:other 5048:NANOG 4911:BARX2 4906:BARX1 4658:MEOX2 4653:MEOX1 4537:(3.1) 4446:JARID 4419:GRLF1 4414:DIDO1 4074:Zbtb7 4064:TSHZ3 4032:PRDM9 3830:HIVEP 3695:ATBF1 3649:TFIIH 3634:TFIIF 3617:TFIIE 3612:TFIID 3607:TFIIB 3602:TFIIA 3572:TRPS1 3438:LRH-1 3416:NURR1 3406:NGFIB 3234:Ear-2 3035:(2.1) 2777:SREBP 2714:(1.3) 2476:NPAS 2465:EPAS1 2450:CLOCK 2438:ARNTL 2412:bHLH- 2388:n-Myc 2383:l-Myc 2378:c-Myc 2368:FIGLA 2350:Twist 2309:TCF15 2216:MESP2 2194:ATOH1 2187:ASCL2 2182:ASCL1 2113:NFIL3 2044:GABPA 2039:DDIT3 1970:C/EBP 1965:BLZF1 1926:c-Jun 1916:FOSL2 1911:FOSL1 1901:c-Fos 1730:S2CID 1687:S2CID 1611:S2CID 1560:S2CID 1483:S2CID 1440:S2CID 1371:arXiv 1220:eLife 1197:S2CID 1078:S2CID 984:S2CID 799:S2CID 732:(PDF) 721:S2CID 693:(PDF) 671:S2CID 477:Other 421:genes 363:hsp56 359:hsp90 240:NR3C2 223:NR3C1 85:Types 7669:TGFβ 7603:GnRH 7547:PPAR 7537:and 7297:GABA 7286:GABA 7278:GABA 7155:MNDA 7074:ARID 7029:AP-2 7016:RBL2 7011:RBL1 6985:HBP1 6968:HMGA 6875:YBX1 6870:CSDA 6805:LEF1 6637:HMGN 6610:HMGB 6531:Mef2 6510:MYRF 6498:TBR2 6493:TBR1 6441:TP63 6381:STAT 6373:STAT 6333:NFAT 6326:RELB 6321:RELA 6276:(4) 6157:FLI1 6123:SPIB 5824:D4L6 5819:D4L5 5814:D4L4 5809:D4L3 5804:D4L1 5668:PITX 5631:VSX2 5626:VSX1 5616:SHOX 5594:PHOX 5276:MEIS 5204:HOPX 5140:VAX2 5135:VAX1 5130:TLX3 5125:TLX2 5120:TLX1 5115:NATO 5098:HMX3 5093:HMX2 5088:HMX1 5026:LBX2 5021:LBX1 5011:HHEX 4870:MNX1 4865:GBX2 4860:GBX1 4648:Evx2 4643:Evx1 4611:PDX1 4606:Xlox 4496:WRKY 4409:AIRE 4368:804A 4091:ZBTB 4037:SALL 4027:OSR1 4022:MYT1 4017:MTF1 3852:IKZF 3791:REST 3766:GFI1 3761:ERV3 3729:E4F1 3724:CTCF 3513:GATA 3483:DAX1 3463:GCNF 3411:NOR1 3239:HNF4 3108:PPAR 3041:(Cys 2969:AP-2 2839:SMAD 2794:USF1 2767:MXI1 2747:MITF 2740:MXD3 2735:MXD1 2725:AP-4 2700:EBF1 2576:Pho4 2554:BHLH 2433:ARNT 2428:AHRR 2400:TCF4 2395:MXD4 2326:LYL1 2287:OLIG 2241:MYF6 2236:MYF5 2226:MyoD 2199:HAND 2177:AS-C 2159:bHLH 2145:XBP1 2049:GCN4 2029:CREM 2007:CREB 1960:BATF 1943:BACH 1936:JunD 1931:JUNB 1921:JDP2 1906:FOSB 1896:AP-1 1854:AATF 1840:bZIP 1806:and 1722:PMID 1679:PMID 1603:PMID 1552:PMID 1517:PMID 1475:PMID 1432:PMID 1389:PMID 1344:PMID 1305:PMID 1248:PMID 1189:PMID 1132:PMID 1070:PMID 1025:PMID 976:PMID 940:PMID 905:PMID 879:Cell 856:PMID 791:PMID 775:Cell 768:1HCQ 713:PMID 663:PMID 605:cAMP 563:NMDA 556:GABA 469:and 467:PI3k 451:and 361:and 205:ESR2 192:ESR1 62:and 42:for 7718:TRP 7651:TNF 7539:LXR 7535:FXR 7477:PAF 7305:GHB 7265:and 7182:Rho 7160:NFY 7133:MLL 7116:IFI 7111:CAP 6893:CBF 6812:TOX 6783:TCF 6768:SRY 6681:SOX 6664:HNF 6605:BBX 6579:TBP 6558:SRF 6503:TFT 6453:TBX 6446:p73 6436:p53 6316:REL 6209:MYB 6130:ETV 6118:ERG 6103:ETS 6098:ERF 6076:ELK 6071:EGF 6049:ELF 6013:HSF 5712:E2F 5651:OTX 5641:GSC 5611:RAX 5522:PAX 5488:ZEB 5461:3/4 5411:21A 5366:PHF 5332:SIX 5293:PBX 5269:MKX 5234:IRX 5209:LMX 5177:FHL 5167:CRX 5162:ARX 5108:6-2 5103:6-1 5083:3-2 5078:3-1 5073:2-5 5068:2-3 5063:2-2 5058:2-1 5053:NKX 5031:MSX 5016:HLX 4976:EMX 4938:DLX 4921:DBX 4916:BSX 4853:D13 4848:D12 4843:D11 4838:D10 4808:C13 4803:C12 4798:C11 4793:C10 4763:B13 4713:A13 4708:A11 4703:A10 4618:Cdx 4589:Gsx 4519:(3) 4424:ING 4363:655 4358:649 4353:644 4348:638 4343:593 4338:471 4333:452 4328:451 4323:423 4318:384 4313:366 4308:365 4303:350 4298:346 4293:330 4288:318 4283:300 4278:281 4273:268 4268:267 4263:259 4258:239 4253:238 4248:219 4243:217 4238:202 4233:165 4228:148 4223:146 4218:143 4178:33B 4069:WT1 3896:KLF 3874:ILF 3813:HIC 3806:YY1 3734:EGR 3717:11B 3712:11A 3701:BCL 3684:3C2 3679:3C1 3586:His 3550:MTA 3488:SHP 3443:SF1 3401:NUR 3300:TLX 3261:RXR 3256:PNR 3196:VDR 3157:ROR 3135:RAR 3130:PXR 3118:β/δ 3091:LXR 3086:FXR 3081:CAR 3019:(2) 2949:ANK 2914:RFX 2812:NFI 2772:Myc 2757:MLX 2752:MNT 2730:MAX 2663:HEY 2621:HES 2524:SIM 2497:PER 2455:HIF 2423:AhR 2414:PAS 2373:Myc 2331:TAL 2321:SLC 2123:NRF 2118:NRL 2086:NFE 2059:MAF 2054:HLF 2034:DBP 1714:doi 1710:316 1671:doi 1659:471 1632:doi 1595:doi 1583:471 1544:doi 1467:doi 1424:doi 1412:444 1381:doi 1367:116 1336:doi 1332:232 1295:PMC 1287:doi 1238:PMC 1228:doi 1179:PMC 1171:doi 1159:366 1122:PMC 1112:doi 1062:doi 1015:doi 968:doi 932:doi 895:PMC 887:doi 846:PMC 838:doi 826:240 783:doi 764:PDB 705:doi 655:doi 588:). 499:3. 484:1. 455:of 392:or 281:) ( 260:) ( 257:PGR 243:) ( 226:) ( 200:ERβ 187:ERα 120:5. 113:4. 106:3. 99:2. 7762:: 7591:GH 7148:T1 7126:35 7121:16 7104:4A 7099:3B 7094:3A 7084:1B 7079:1A 7056:B3 7006:Rb 6761:21 6756:18 6751:15 6746:14 6741:13 6736:12 6731:11 6726:10 6674:1B 6669:1A 6488:22 6483:21 6478:19 6353:C4 6348:C3 6343:C2 6338:C1 5989:S1 5984:R2 5979:R1 5974:Q1 5969:P4 5964:P3 5959:P2 5954:P1 5949:O6 5944:O4 5939:O3 5934:O1 5929:N4 5924:N3 5919:N2 5914:N1 5909:M1 5904:L2 5899:L1 5894:K2 5889:K1 5884:J3 5879:J2 5874:J1 5869:I3 5864:I2 5859:I1 5854:H1 5849:G1 5844:F2 5839:F1 5834:E3 5829:E1 5799:D4 5794:D3 5789:D2 5784:D1 5779:C2 5774:C1 5769:B2 5764:B1 5759:A3 5754:A2 5749:A1 5702:/ 5604:2B 5599:2A 5476:11 5449:: 5430:: 5406:20 5401:17 5396:16 5391:10 5219:1B 5214:1A 4994:EN 4833:D9 4828:D8 4823:D4 4818:D3 4813:D1 4788:C9 4783:C8 4778:C6 4773:C5 4768:C4 4758:B9 4753:B8 4748:B7 4743:B6 4738:B5 4733:B4 4728:B3 4723:B2 4718:B1 4698:A9 4693:A7 4688:A5 4683:A4 4678:A3 4673:A2 4668:A1 4466:1D 4461:1C 4456:1B 4451:1A 4213:74 4208:51 4203:44 4198:43 4193:41 4188:35 4183:34 4173:24 4168:22 4163:19 4158:10 4131:40 4126:33 4121:32 4116:21 4111:20 4106:17 4101:16 4096:11 4084:7B 4079:7A 3983:SP 3976:17 3971:15 3966:14 3961:13 3956:12 3951:11 3946:10 3801:S2 3796:S1 3674:3A 3669:2I 3227:II 2581:ID 2470:3A 2460:1A 2106:L3 2101:L2 2096:L1 2022:L1 1728:. 1720:. 1708:. 1685:. 1677:. 1669:. 1657:. 1630:. 1626:. 1609:. 1601:. 1593:. 1581:. 1558:. 1550:. 1540:83 1538:. 1513:40 1511:. 1507:. 1481:. 1473:. 1461:. 1438:. 1430:. 1422:. 1410:. 1387:. 1379:. 1365:. 1342:. 1330:. 1326:. 1303:. 1293:. 1285:. 1273:. 1269:. 1246:. 1236:. 1222:. 1218:. 1195:. 1187:. 1177:. 1169:. 1157:. 1153:. 1130:. 1120:. 1108:15 1106:. 1102:. 1090:^ 1076:. 1068:. 1056:. 1023:. 1011:89 1009:. 1005:. 982:. 974:. 964:69 962:. 938:. 926:. 903:. 893:. 883:83 881:. 877:. 854:. 844:. 836:. 824:. 820:. 797:. 789:. 779:75 777:. 766:: 719:. 711:. 701:58 699:. 695:. 669:. 661:. 651:58 649:. 569:. 561:, 496:. 473:. 285:: 278:AR 273:AR 264:: 252:PR 237:; 235:MR 220:; 218:GR 182:) 178:: 92:1. 26:, 7593:/ 7288:A 7250:/ 7240:e 7233:t 7226:v 7184:/ 7175:C 7170:B 7165:A 7143:3 7138:2 7089:2 7032:/ 6978:2 6973:1 6832:4 6827:3 6822:2 6817:1 6798:4 6793:3 6788:1 6721:9 6716:8 6711:6 6706:5 6701:4 6696:3 6691:2 6686:1 6657:4 6652:3 6647:2 6642:1 6630:4 6625:3 6620:2 6615:1 6551:D 6546:C 6541:B 6536:A 6473:5 6468:3 6463:2 6458:1 6411:6 6406:5 6401:4 6396:3 6391:2 6386:1 6358:5 6252:4 6247:3 6242:2 6237:1 6202:8 6197:7 6192:6 6187:5 6182:4 6177:3 6172:2 6167:1 6150:6 6145:5 6140:4 6135:1 6113:2 6108:1 6091:4 6086:3 6081:1 6064:5 6059:4 6054:2 6029:4 6024:2 6019:1 5737:5 5732:4 5727:3 5722:2 5717:1 5683:3 5678:2 5673:1 5661:2 5656:1 5582:2 5577:1 5567:9 5562:8 5557:7 5552:6 5547:5 5542:4 5537:3 5532:2 5527:1 5498:2 5493:1 5471:7 5466:6 5456:2 5451:1 5442:C 5437:B 5432:A 5386:8 5381:6 5376:3 5371:1 5357:5 5352:4 5347:3 5342:2 5337:1 5325:2 5320:1 5308:3 5303:2 5298:1 5286:2 5281:1 5264:6 5259:5 5254:4 5249:3 5244:2 5239:1 5192:3 5187:2 5182:1 5041:2 5036:1 5004:2 4999:1 4987:2 4982:1 4968:6 4963:5 4958:4 4953:3 4948:2 4943:1 4931:2 4926:1 4633:4 4628:2 4623:1 4599:2 4594:1 4471:2 4439:4 4434:2 4429:1 4382:6 4153:9 4148:7 4143:3 4057:4 4052:3 4047:2 4042:1 4008:8 4003:7 3998:4 3993:2 3988:1 3941:9 3936:8 3931:7 3926:6 3921:5 3916:4 3911:3 3906:2 3901:1 3884:3 3879:2 3867:3 3862:2 3857:1 3845:3 3840:2 3835:1 3823:2 3818:1 3786:3 3781:2 3776:1 3754:4 3749:3 3744:2 3739:1 3707:6 3664:4 3659:2 3654:1 3644:2 3639:1 3627:2 3622:1 3588:2 3584:2 3565:3 3560:2 3555:1 3543:6 3538:5 3533:4 3528:3 3523:2 3518:1 3504:4 3379:γ 3374:β 3369:α 3340:β 3335:α 3293:4 3288:2 3276:γ 3271:β 3266:α 3249:γ 3244:α 3222:I 3220:( 3189:β 3184:α 3172:γ 3167:β 3162:α 3150:γ 3145:β 3140:α 3123:γ 3113:α 3101:β 3096:α 3074:β 3069:α 3045:) 3043:4 2994:ε 2989:δ 2984:γ 2979:β 2974:α 2944:6 2939:5 2934:4 2929:3 2924:2 2919:1 2895:) 2893:4 2886:7 2881:6 2869:9 2864:5 2859:3 2854:2 2849:1 2832:X 2827:C 2822:B 2817:A 2787:2 2782:1 2678:L 2673:2 2668:1 2656:7 2651:6 2646:5 2641:4 2636:3 2631:2 2626:1 2601:4 2596:3 2591:2 2586:1 2569:9 2564:3 2559:2 2534:2 2529:1 2512:3 2507:2 2502:1 2490:3 2485:2 2480:1 2341:2 2336:1 2297:2 2292:1 2280:3 2275:2 2270:1 2258:2 2253:1 2209:2 2204:1 2161:) 2157:( 2138:3 2133:2 2128:1 2091:2 2079:K 2074:G 2069:F 2064:B 2017:3 2012:1 2000:ζ 1995:ε 1990:δ 1985:γ 1980:β 1975:α 1953:2 1948:1 1889:7 1884:6 1879:5 1874:4 1869:3 1864:2 1859:1 1842:) 1838:( 1796:e 1789:t 1782:v 1736:. 1716:: 1693:. 1673:: 1665:: 1640:. 1634:: 1617:. 1597:: 1589:: 1566:. 1546:: 1523:. 1489:. 1469:: 1463:4 1446:. 1426:: 1418:: 1395:. 1383:: 1373:: 1350:. 1338:: 1311:. 1289:: 1281:: 1275:6 1254:. 1230:: 1224:3 1203:. 1173:: 1165:: 1138:. 1114:: 1084:. 1064:: 1058:3 1031:. 1017:: 990:. 970:: 946:. 934:: 928:3 911:. 889:: 862:. 840:: 832:: 805:. 785:: 707:: 677:. 657:: 558:A 289:) 268:) 247:) 230:) 208:) 195:) 174:(

Index

nucleus
cytosol
plasma membrane
intracellular receptors
signal transduction
steroid hormones
receptors
nuclear receptor
estrogen
G protein-coupled receptors
ion channels
cell surface receptors
progesterone
testosterone
Estrogen Receptors
Progesterone Receptors
Androgen Receptors
Glucocorticoid Receptors
Mineralocorticoid Receptors
nuclear receptor
transcription factors
cytosol
cell nucleus
nuclear localization signal
heat shock proteins
Nuclear receptors
Estrogen receptor
Sex hormones
Estrogen
ERα

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