Stigand - Knowledge

47: 810:, a medieval chronicler, claimed that the confiscated wealth of Stigand helped keep King William on the throne. A recent study of his wealth and how it was earned shows that while he did engage in some exploitative methods to gain some of his wealth, other lands were gained through inheritance or through royal favour. The same study shows little evidence that he despoiled his episcopal estates, although the record towards monastic houses is more suspect. There is no complaint in contemporary records about his private life and the accusations that he committed simony and was illiterate only date from the 12th century. 787:

appears to have been a member of the royal council, and able to move freely about the country. But after the arrival of the legates, William did nothing to protect Stigand from deposition, and the archbishop later accused the king of acting with bad faith. Stigand may even have been surprised that the legates wished him deposed. It was probably the death of Ealdred in 1069 that moved the pope to send the legates, as that left only one archbishop in England; and he was not considered legitimate and unable to consecrate bishops. The historian George Garnett draws the parallel between the treatment of King Harold in the

324: 834:, said that "Stigand had a fair claim to be the worst bishop of Christendom". However, the historian Frank Barlow felt that "he was a man of cultured tastes, a patron of the arts who was generous to the monasteries which he held". Alexander Rumble argued that Stigand was unlucky in living past the Conquest, stating that it could be said that Stigand was "unlucky to live so long that he saw in his lifetime not only the end of the Anglo-Saxon state but also the challenging of uncanonical, but hitherto tolerated, practices by a wave of papal reforms". 419:

been appropriated by Earl Godwin contributed to the quarrel between the earl and the king. When Godwin returned to England in 1052 Robert was outlawed and exiled, following which King Edward appointed Stigand to the archbishopric. The appointment was either a reward from Godwin for Stigand's support during the conflict with Edward or a reward from King Edward for successfully negotiating a peaceful conclusion to the crisis in 1052. Stigand was the first non-monk to be appointed to either English archbishopric since before the days of

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pallium which was left behind; and that he received his own pallium from Benedict X, an anti-pope. Some accounts state that Stigand did appear at the council which deposed him, but nothing is recorded of any defence that he attempted. The charges against his brother are nowhere stated, leading to a belief that the depositions were mainly political. That spring he had deposited his personal wealth at Ely Abbey for safekeeping, but King William confiscated it after his deposition, along with his estates. The king appointed

372:, brother-in-law of the king, and men of the town of Dover. The king ordered Godwin to punish the town, and the earl refused. Continued pressure from Edward undermined Godwin's position, and the earl and his family fled England in 1051. The earl returned in 1052 with a substantial armed force but eventually reached a peaceful accord with the king. Some medieval sources state that Stigand took part in the negotiations that reached a peace between the king and his earl; the Canterbury manuscript of the 6458: 447:, the band worn around the neck that is the symbol of an archbishop's authority, from the pope. Travelling to Rome for the pallium had become a custom, practised by a number of his predecessors. Instead, some medieval chroniclers state that he used Robert of Jumièges' pallium. It is not known if Stigand even petitioned the papacy for a pallium soon after his appointment. Owing to the reform movement, Stigand probably knew the request would be unsuccessful. In 1058 Antipope 4860: 6470: 6446: 303:, Cnut's widow and the mother of Harthacnut and his successor Edward the Confessor. He may have been Emma's chaplain, and it is possible that Stigand was already one of her advisors while Cnut was alive, and that he owed his position at Ashingdon to Emma's influence and favour. Because little is known of Stigand's activities before his appointment as a bishop, it is difficult to determine to whom he owed his position. 6510: 320:, a rival claimant to the English throne, to invade England and had offered her personal wealth to aid Magnus. Some suspected that Stigand had urged Emma to support Magnus, and claimed that his deposition was because of this. Contributing factors in Emma and Stigand's fall included Emma's wealth, and dislike of her political influence, which was linked to the reign of the unpopular Harthacnut. 640:(reigned 1016), had been exiled from England in 1017, after his father's death. Although Ealdred, the Bishop of Worcester, went to the Continent in search of Edward the Exile, Ian Walker, the biographer of King Harold Godwinson, feels that Stigand was behind the effort. In the end, although Edward did return to England, he died soon after his return, leaving a young son 360:, the father-in-law of King Edward, although that is disputed by some historians. Emma, who had retired to Winchester after regaining Edward's favour, may also have influenced the appointment, either alone or in concert with Godwin. After his appointment to Winchester, Stigand was a witness to all the surviving charters of King Edward during the period 1047 to 1052. 6482: 673: 658: 316:

1043, but later that year Edward deposed Stigand and deprived him of his wealth. During the next year, however, Edward returned Stigand to office. The reasons for the deposition are unknown, but it was probably connected to the simultaneous fall from power of the dowager queen, Emma. Some sources state that Emma had invited King

299:. Little is known of Stigand's life during Cnut's reign, but he must have had a place at the royal court, as he witnessed occasional charters. Following Cnut's death Stigand successively served Cnut's sons, Harold Harefoot (reigned 1035–1040) and Harthacnut (reigned 1040–1042). After Harthacnut died Stigand became an advisor to 472:

suggested by the historian Emma Mason that Edward refused to remove Stigand because this would have undermined the royal prerogative to appoint bishops and archbishops without papal input. Further hurting Stigand's position, Pope Nicholas II in 1061 declared pluralism to be uncanonical unless approved by the pope.

252:, excommunicated Stigand for holding both Winchester and Canterbury, but there is no evidence for this. Stigand was present at the deathbed of King Edward and at the coronation of Harold Godwinson as king of England in 1066. After Harold's death, Stigand submitted to William the Conqueror. On Christmas Day 1066 631:

after 1052, possibly to secure a more acceptable heir to King Edward. His landholdings were spread across ten counties, and in some of those counties, his lands were larger than the king's holdings. Although Norman propagandists claimed that as early as 1051 or 1052 King Edward promised the throne of

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and Emma Mason, state that Stigand supported Earl Godwin in his quarrel with Edward the Confessor in 1051–1052; others, including Ian Walker, hold that he was neutral. Stigand, whether or not he was a supporter of Godwin's, did not go into exile with the earl. The quarrel started over a fight between

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Bishop of Lichfield, who was married, were deposed at a council held at Windsor. There were three reasons given for Stigand's deposition: that he held the bishopric of Winchester in plurality with Canterbury; that he not only occupied Canterbury after Robert of Jumièges fled but also seized Robert's

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The canonical age for ordination as a priest was 30, which would mean that he was born by 990, but dispensations allowing for ordination before the required age were common. If Stigand had been born by 990, he would have been at least 82 at his death, a remarkable age for his time. No chronicler or

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depicts Stigand at Harold's coronation, although not actually placing the crown on Harold's head. The English sources claim that Ealdred, the Archbishop of York, crowned Harold, while the Norman sources claim that Stigand did so, with the conflict between the various sources probably tracing to the

636:, who later became King William the Conqueror, there is little contemporary evidence of such a promise from non-Norman sources. By 1053, Edward probably realised that he would not have a son from his marriage, and he and his advisors began to search for an heir. Edward the Atheling, the son of King 431:

holds the view that Stigand was not excommunicated at this time, but rather was ordered to refrain from any archiepiscopal functions, such as the consecration of bishops. He argues that in 1062 papal legates sat in council with Stigand, something they would not have done had he been excommunicated.

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Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut were half-brothers, both being sons of Cnut, but by different mothers – Harold's was Ælfgifu, Harthacnut's was Emma of Normandy. Harthacnut and Edward the Confessor were half-brothers, both being sons of Emma of Normandy, by different fathers – Harthacnut's

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at the same time. This was a practice that was targeted for elimination by the growing reform movement in the church. Five successive popes (Leo IX, Victor II, Stephen IX, Nicholas II, and Alexander II) excommunicated Stigand for holding both Winchester and Canterbury at the same time. It has been

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shortly after Edward the Confessor's coronation on 3 April 1043, probably on Emma's advice. This was the first episcopal appointment of Edward's reign. The diocese of Elmham covered East Anglia in eastern England, and was one of the poorer episcopal sees at that time. He was consecrated bishop in

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Although not known as a reformer before his appointment, Robert returned in 1051 from Rome, where he had gone to be confirmed by the papacy, and opposed the king's choice for Bishop of London on the grounds that the candidate was not suitable. Robert's attempts to recover church property that had

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King William appears to have left the initiative for Stigand's deposition to the papacy and did nothing to hinder Stigand's authority until the papal legates arrived in England to depose the archbishop and reform the English Church. Besides witnessing charters and consecrating Remigius, Stigand

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King Edward, on his deathbed, left the crown to his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson, the son of Earl Godwin. Stigand performed the funeral services for Edward. Norman writers claimed that Stigand crowned Harold as king in January 1066. This is generally considered false propaganda, as it was in

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After his translation to Canterbury, Stigand released Elmham to his brother Æthelmær but retained the bishopric of Winchester. Canterbury and Winchester were the two richest sees in England, and while precedent allowed the holding of a rich see along with a poor one, there was no precedent for

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as Bishop of Dorchester in 1067. Once the danger of rebellion was past, however, William had no further need of Stigand. At a council held at Winchester at Easter 1070, the bishops met with papal legates from Alexander II. On 11 April 1070 Stigand was deposed by the papal legate,

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embroidered in gold "of such inestimable workmanship and worth, that none in the kingdom is considered richer or more valuable". Although it does not appear that Stigand ever travelled to Rome, there are indications that Stigand did go on pilgrimage. A 12th-century life of Saint

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succeeded Harthacnut, Stigand in all probability became England's main administrator. Monastic writers of the time accused Stigand of extorting money and lands from the church, and by 1066 the only estates richer than Stigand's were the royal estates and those of

403: – the buying and selling of clerical and ecclesiastical offices. In 1049 Leo IX publicly pronounced that he would take more interest in English church matters and would investigate episcopal candidates more strictly before confirming them. When Archbishop 426:

The papacy refused to recognise Stigand's elevation, as Robert was still alive and had not been deprived of office by a pope. Robert of Jumièges appealed to Leo IX, who summoned Stigand to Rome. When Stigand did not appear, he was excommunicated. Historian

582:(renewed with a later figure) which is known to have inspired Leofstan, Abbot of Bury (d. 1065) to create a similar figure, perhaps covered in precious metal, on his return from a visit to Rome. To Ely he gave gold and silver vessels for the altar, and a 607:

During Edward's reign, Stigand was an influential advisor at court and used his position to increase his own wealth as well as that of his friends and family. Contemporary valuations of the lands he controlled at the death of King Edward, as listed in

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Stigand was probably the most lavish clerical donor of his period when great men gave to churches on an unprecedented scale. He was a benefactor to the Abbey of Ely, and gave large gold or silver crucifixes to Ely, St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury,

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of Alexander II came to England. They did not depose Stigand, and even consulted with him and treated him as archbishop. He was allowed to attend the council they held and was an active participant with the legates in the business of the council.

723:, as well as Archbishop Ealdred of York, to put Edgar the Ætheling on the throne. This plan did not come to fruition, however, due to opposition from the northern earls and some of the other bishops. Stigand submitted to William the Conqueror at 693:, theorises that both archbishops may have consecrated Harold. Another historian, Frank Barlow, writing in 1979, felt that the fact that some of the English sources do not name who consecrated Harold "tip(s) the balance in favour of Stigand". 475:

Stigand was later accused of simony by monastic chroniclers, but all such accusations date to after 1066, and are thus suspect owing to the post-Conquest desire to vilify the English Church as corrupt and backward. The medieval chronicler

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Stigand first appears in the historical record in 1020 as a royal chaplain to King Cnut of England (reigned 1016–1035). In that year he was appointed to Cnut's church at Ashingdon, or Assandun, which was dedicated by the reforming bishop

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Magnus was the son of St. Olaf of Norway, and his claim to the English throne came from a treaty Harthacnut and Magnus signed around 1038 that provided that if either of the two should die without heirs, the other would inherit their

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post-Conquest desire to vilify Harold and depict his coronation as improper. Current historical research has shown that the ceremony was performed by Ealdred, owing to the controversy about Stigand's position. However, one historian,

822:'s barons with Stigand's fate for daring to oppose his king. Modern historians views tend to see him as either a wily politician and indifferent bishop or to see him purely in terms of his ecclesiastical failings. The historian 813:

Although monastic chroniclers after the Norman Conquest accused him of crimes such as perjury and homicide, they do not provide any evidence of those crimes. Almost 100 years after his death, another Archbishop of Canterbury,

612:, come to an annual income of about 2500 pounds. There is little evidence, however, that he enriched either Canterbury or Winchester. He also appointed his followers to sees within his diocese in 1058, having Siward named 480:

also claimed that in 1052 Stigand agreed that William of Normandy, the future William the Conqueror, should succeed King Edward. This claim was used as propaganda after the Conquest, but according to the historian

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being Cnut and Edward's being Æthelred the Unready, the king whom Cnut had overthrown. Thus, while Harthacnut was related to both his predecessor and successor, Harold Harefoot and Edward were not closely related.

570:, as is recorded in the monastic histories, and were probably permanently mounted over the altar or elsewhere. These would have been made with thin sheets of precious metal over a wooden core. No comparably early 744:

After the first rebellions broke out in late 1067 William adopted a policy of conciliation towards the church. He gave Stigand a place at court, as well as giving administrative positions to Ealdred of York and

455:, and nullified all his acts, including Stigand's pallium grant. The exact circumstances that led to Benedict granting a pallium are unknown, whether it was at Stigand's request or was given without prompting. 731:

in 1067, although whether this was because William did not trust the archbishop, as the medieval chronicler William of Poitiers alleges, is uncertain. Stigand was present at the coronation of William's queen,

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took advantage of Stigand's difficulties with the papacy and encroached on the suffragans, or bishops owing obedience to an archbishop, normally subject to Canterbury. York had long been held in common with

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Stigand died in 1072 while still imprisoned, and his death was commemorated on 21 February or 22 February. Sometime between his deposition and his death the widow of King Edward and sister of King Harold,

485:, among others, it is unlikely to be true. The position of Stigand as head of the church in England was used to good effect by the Normans in their propaganda before, during and after the Conquest. 806:

At King Edward's death, only the royal estates and the estates of Harold were larger and wealthier than those held by Stigand. Medieval writers condemned him for his greed and for his pluralism.

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William's interest to portray Harold as uncanonically crowned. If Harold was improperly crowned, then William was merely claiming his rightful inheritance, and not deposing a rightful king. The

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travelled to Rome to be consecrated by the pope in 1061, rather than be consecrated by Stigand. During the brief period that he held a legitimate pallium, however, Stigand did consecrate

620:. Between his holding of two sees and the appointment of his men to other sees in the southeast of England, Stigand was an important figure in defending the coastline against invasion. 599:, records that "to this place also came Stigand, the eminent archbishop of the English". In the work, Stigand is recorded as giving rich gifts to the abbey as well as relics of saints. 407:

of Canterbury died in 1051 the monks of the cathedral chapter elected Æthelric, a relative of Earl Godwin's, as archbishop. King Edward opposed the election and instead appointed

287:, to an apparently prosperous family of mixed English and Scandinavian ancestry, as is shown by the fact that Stigand's name was Norse but his brother's was English. His brother 271:

and imprisoned at Winchester. His intransigence towards the papacy was used as propaganda by Norman advocates of the view that the English church was backward and needed reform.

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in the Alps, and was imprisoned at Winchester. His brother Æthelmær, Bishop of Elmham, was also deposed at the same council. Shortly afterward Aethelric the Bishop of Selsey,

664:. "Here sits Harold King of the English. Archbishop Stigand". Scene immediately after the crowning of Harold by (according to the Norman tradition) Stigand. Detail from the 534:. Abbots of monasteries came to Stigand for consecration throughout his time as archbishop. These included not only abbots from monastic houses inside his province, such as 727:

in early December 1066, and perhaps assisted at his coronation on Christmas Day, 1066, although the coronation was performed by Ealdred. William took Stigand with him to

791:, where he is essentially ignored as king, and Stigand's treatment after his deposition, where his time as archbishop is as much as possible treated as not occurring. 432:

The legates did nothing to alter Stigand's position either, although one of the legates later helped depose Stigand in 1070. However Pope Leo IX and his successors,

415:. Besides furthering Edward's quarrel with Godwin, the appointment signalled that there were limits to Edward's willingness to compromise on ecclesiastical reform. 696:

Stigand did support Harold, and was present at Edward the Confessor's deathbed. Stigand's controversial position may have influenced Pope Alexander II's support of

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holding two rich sees concurrently. He may have retained Winchester out of avarice, or his hold on Canterbury may not have been secure. Besides these, he held the

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at Winchester. The crucifixes given to Ely, Bury and Winchester all appear to have had about life-size figures of Christ with matching figures of the Virgin and

451:, who opposed much of the reform movement, gave Stigand a pallium. However, Benedict was deposed the following year; the reforming party declared Benedict an 6555: 554:. After the Norman Conquest, Stigand was accused of selling the office of abbot, but no abbot was deposed for buying the office, so the charge is suspect. 5353: 3557:

Rumble, Alexander R. (2012). "From Winchester to Canterbury: Ælheah and Stigand – Bishops, Archbishops and Victims". In Rumble, Alexander R. (ed.).

201:, or bishoprics, of Winchester and Canterbury concurrently, he was finally deposed in 1070, and his estates and personal wealth were confiscated by 6353: 4664: 830:

said that "Stigand was a seasoned politician whose career had been built on an accurate reading of the balance of power." Another historian,

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By 1046 Stigand had begun to witness charters of Edward the Confessor, showing that he was once again in royal favour. In 1047 Stigand was

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In 1043 Edward appointed Stigand to the see of Elmham. Four years later he was appointed to the see of Winchester, and then in 1052 to the

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and perhaps other abbeys also. Whatever his reasons, the retention of Winchester made Stigand a pluralist: the holder of more than one

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The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216

291:, also a cleric, later succeeded Stigand as bishop of Elmham. His sister held land in Norwich, but her given name is unrecorded. 5545: 950:

is known to have had one in his chapel at Aachen. For further information on the evolution of the large crucifix, see Schiller,

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It was so poor that later, under successive bishops, the seat of the bishopric was moved first to Thetford, and then to Norwich.

753:. Archbishop Stigand appears on several royal charters in 1069, along with both Norman and English leaders. He even consecrated 6516: 5842: 574:

crosses with the side figures of Mary and John seem to survive, though we have large painted wooden crucifixes like the German

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Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces): Canterbury: Archbishops

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Edmund Ironside was the elder half-brother of Edward the Confessor; both were sons of Æthelred, with Edmund being the son of

3863: 679:, shown here from the Bayeux Tapestry, at first accepted Stigand's position, but later allowed papal legates to depose him. 4894: 6498: 6250: 4657: 6545: 5339: 5300: 5212: 5192: 3321:. Vol. 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces). Institute for Historical Research. Archived from 543: 3499:

Owen-Crocker, Gale R. (2012). "Image Making: Portraits of Anglo-Saxon Church Leaders". In Rumble, Alexander R. (ed.).

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The Tapestry also depicts Stigand wearing a pallium, which Norman sources usually claimed he had no right to wear.

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and Edmund, who probably died while young in exile. Edward the Exile married while in exile and was the father of

502:, but during the period when Stigand was excommunicated, the see of York also claimed oversight over the sees of 220:

in 1020, and as an advisor then and later. He continued in his role of advisor during the reigns of Cnut's sons,

4112: 260:, crowned William King of England. Stigand's excommunication meant that he could only assist at the coronation. 6540: 4650: 4317: 4107: 763: 623:

Stigand may have been in charge of the royal administration. He may also have been behind the effort to locate

799:, visited him in his imprisonment and allegedly told him to take better care of himself. He was buried in the 6225: 6220: 6088: 3815: 3776: 3274:(1986). "Coronation and Propaganda: Some Implications of the Norman Claim to the Throne of England in 1066". 3181: 826:

felt that his "whole career shows that he was essentially a politician". Concurring with this, the historian

6550: 6368: 6286: 349: 6411: 6343: 5825: 5510: 3995: 3063: 531: 428: 244:, which Stigand held jointly with Winchester. It was later claimed that five successive popes, including 4731: 874:

Stigand derives from "Stigandr", meaning either "he who goes by long strides" or "the swift footed one".

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Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries

988: 701: 166: 4838: 173:. His birth date is unknown, but by 1020 he was serving as a royal chaplain and advisor. He was named 6378: 6154: 4961: 4588: 547: 6235: 6081: 5362: 5133: 4833: 4322: 3969: 3771: 3740: 3210: 2978: 2956: 2934: 2912: 2890: 865:

other source mentions Stigand being of a great age, which argues against him being born before 990.

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The Archbishopric of Canterbury became drawn into the conflict between Edward and Godwin. Pope

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Darlington, R. R. (July 1936). "Ecclesiastical Reform in the Late Old English Period".

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The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540

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The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century

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in 1016. It is not known whether Stigand was the first priest appointed to the church.

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Queen Emma and Queen Edith: Queenship and Women's Power in Eleventh-century England

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Many of the bishops in England did not want to be consecrated by Stigand. Both

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and Archbishop of Canterbury. Stigand was an advisor to several members of the

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The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to 1066

823: 815: 750: 609: 464: 356:, but he retained Elmham until 1052. He may have owed the preferment to Earl 263:

Despite growing pressure for his deposition, Stigand continued to attend the

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Smith, Mary Frances (1993). "Archbishop Stigand and the Eye of the Needle".

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John, Eric (April 1979). "Edward the Confessor and the Norman Succession".

3518: 3338: 511: 268: 5460: 4127: 3612: 3530: 3244: 708:, opposed the older type of bishop, rich and installed by the lay powers. 535: 279:

Neither the year nor the date of Stigand's birth is known. He was born in

6418: 5763: 5177: 4624: 4542: 4403: 4362: 4087: 4037: 947: 392: 280: 264: 162: 5520: 5455: 4642: 4097: 3620: 746: 5684: 5187: 5105: 4807: 4613: 4428: 4072: 4042: 3458: 3297: 2917:

The English Church 1000–1066: A History of the Later Anglo-Saxon Church

596: 588: 575: 386: 378:

calls Stigand the king's chaplain and advisor during the negotiations.

331: 225: 206: 150: 5505: 4825: 3836: 3797: 3424:(Second reprint ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3202: 5820: 5470: 5450: 5430: 5315: 4797: 4792: 4761: 4142: 4077: 3987: 3908: 3898: 3256:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 916: 831: 759: 563: 217: 3706:. Critical Issues in History. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 3289: 6469: 6322: 5579: 5495: 5485: 5475: 5440: 5398: 4912: 4802: 4782: 4756: 4706: 4695: 4062: 4032: 3979: 3952: 780: 767: 728: 583: 468: 452: 89: 6073: 4711: 3362:

The Road to Hastings: The Politics of Power in Anglo-Saxon England

2939:

The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church

5550: 5515: 5465: 5435: 5419: 4787: 4736: 4689: 4179: 4158: 775: 444: 420: 284: 946:

No early large metal examples have survived, though for example

6210: 5490: 5403: 4777: 924: 404: 400: 6492: 4067: 3517: 3029:(Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 399:. Leo first focused on improving the clergy and prohibiting 4741: 3252:

Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).

672: 662:

HIC RESIDET HAROLD REX ANGLORUM. STIGANT ARCHIEP(I)S(COPUS)

571: 267:

and to consecrate bishops, until in 1070 he was deposed by

883:

The church was dedicated to the memory of the dead of the

704:. The reformers, led by Archdeacon Hildebrand, later Pope 3704:

The Norman Conquest: England after William the Conqueror

440:, continued to regard Stigand as uncanonically elected. 3687:(Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3559:

Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church: From Bede to Stigand

3501:

Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church: From Bede to Stigand

915:

According to later texts, Elmham was briefly passed to

189:

English royal dynasties, serving six successive kings.

3048:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 3043: 6434: 3498: 3237:

William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England

6066:

indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.

3556: 3106: 387:

Appointment to Canterbury and issues with the papacy

3575: 3503:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 109–127. 3021: 395:was beginning a reform movement later known as the 3312: 3111:(Reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer. 3084: 306: 3657: 3635: 3378: 3231: 3178: 3147: 3125: 2983:The Godwins: The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty 6527: 6354:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda 3239:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 3062: 2897:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 6561:11th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops 3402:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 3270: 3217:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 1860: 1858: 3679: 3416: 2588: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1424: 1422: 1301: 1299: 1297: 6089: 5361: 5347: 4658: 4003: 3770: 3739: 3580:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. pp. 199–219. 3561:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. pp. 165–182. 3465:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. 3438: 3209: 2977: 2955: 2933: 2911: 2889: 2775: 2070: 2028: 2026: 1889: 1887: 1831: 1829: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1719: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1464: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1154: 1152: 1150: 3701: 3337: 3277:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3109:A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases 2999: 2692:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 2575: 2549: 2351: 2231: 2059: 2057: 2055: 1905: 1903: 1855: 1776: 1774: 1695: 1693: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1482: 1480: 1211: 1107: 1105: 1103: 443:Stigand did not travel to Rome to receive a 6556:11th-century English Roman Catholic bishops 6409: 3720: 3479: 3457: 2710: 2697: 2684: 2562: 2507: 2494: 2481: 2442: 2429: 2338: 2262: 2260: 2194: 2192: 2190: 1787: 1623: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1511: 1509: 1419: 1408: 1406: 1294: 1255: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1071: 1069: 381: 6096: 6082: 5354: 5340: 4665: 4651: 4010: 3996: 3812: 3537: 3397: 3359: 2866: 2840: 2814: 2658: 2645: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2538: 2536: 2468: 2455: 2416: 2364: 2286: 2244: 2218: 2161: 2039: 2023: 1971: 1932: 1921: 1919: 1884: 1826: 1808: 1641: 1592: 1535: 1522: 1390: 1224: 1185: 1147: 1089: 1087: 1085: 4672: 2788: 2762: 2749: 2601: 2520: 2299: 2052: 2010: 1997: 1945: 1900: 1871: 1842: 1771: 1758: 1690: 1679: 1677: 1654: 1610: 1477: 1453: 1451: 1281: 1198: 1100: 647: 488: 3482:House of Godwine: The History of Dynasty 2853: 2827: 2801: 2632: 2325: 2257: 2205: 2187: 2148: 2096: 1984: 1732: 1574: 1506: 1435: 1403: 1325: 1312: 1268: 1165: 1134: 1123: 1121: 1066: 671: 656: 322: 3157:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3133:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3131:Lanfranc: Scholar, Monk, and Archbishop 2961:The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216 2872:Rumble "From Winchester to Canterbury" 2820:Rumble "From Winchester to Canterbury" 2671: 2614: 2533: 2403: 2390: 2377: 1916: 1745: 1548: 1493: 1377: 1338: 1242: 1140:Rumble "From Winchester to Canterbury" 1082: 1075:Rumble "From Winchester to Canterbury" 1062:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 739: 216:as a chaplain at a royal foundation at 6528: 4017: 3070:. London: Leicester University Press. 3027:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England 2963:(Fourth ed.). New York: Longman. 2919:(Second ed.). New York: Longman. 2736: 2312: 2273: 2174: 2135: 2122: 2109: 2083: 1958: 1706: 1674: 1448: 1364: 1351: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1024:Lanfrac: Scholar, Monk, and Archbishop 602: 6077: 5335: 4646: 3991: 2723: 1561: 1118: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 16:11th-century Archbishop of Canterbury 6499: 3864:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 3319:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 2690:Garnett "Coronation and Propaganda" 952:Iconography of Christian Art, Vol. I 6251:Companions of William the Conqueror 6103: 3745:The English and the Norman Conquest 3725:. Gloucestershire, UK: Wrens Park. 3525:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1780:Darlington "Ecclesiastical Reform" 1740:Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England 19:For the last bishop of Selsey, see 13: 3763: 3484:. London: Hambledon & London. 3215:Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective 1029: 923:, at the time, and thus guilty of 652: 14: 6572: 5372:List of archbishops of Canterbury 3853: 2874:Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church 2822:Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church 2333:Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church 1142:Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church 1077:Leaders of the Anglo-Saxon Church 711:After the death of Harold at the 338:, in this manuscript copy of the 6508: 6480: 6468: 6456: 6444: 4865:Arms of the Bishop of Winchester 4858: 3723:Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King 3540:Harold II: The Doomed Saxon King 3343:The Death of Anglo-Saxon England 2154:Smith, et al. "Court and Piety" 2102:Smith, et al. "Court and Piety" 998: 979:. Edmund Ironside had two sons, 141:1072, probably 21 or 22 February 45: 3400:Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England 3092:. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. 3044:Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (1988). 2861:Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England 2502:English and the Norman Conquest 1160:English and the Norman Conquest 965: 940: 930: 909: 900: 890: 877: 868: 307:Bishop of Elmham and Winchester 3601:The Catholic Historical Review 3578:Anglo-Norman Studies Volume 16 3254:Handbook of British Chronology 3090:Anglo-Norman England 1066–1166 2583:Handbook of British Chronology 2252:Handbook of British Chronology 1636:Handbook of British Chronology 1430:Handbook of British Chronology 1307:Handbook of British Chronology 1263:Handbook of British Chronology 1237:Handbook of British Chronology 1193:Handbook of British Chronology 1016: 975:, and Edward being the son of 858: 843: 818:, was taunted in 1164 by King 423:(archbishop from 959 to 988). 1: 3816:The English Historical Review 3777:The English Historical Review 3182:The English Historical Review 3107:Coredon, Christopher (2007). 2882: 411:, who was Norman and already 311:Stigand was appointed to the 274: 3829:10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXI.241 3643:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. 3463:The English Church, 940–1154 3172:UK public library membership 2848:Death of Anglo-Saxon England 2331:Owen-Crocker "Image Making" 2307:Death of Anglo-Saxon England 1850:Death of Anglo-Saxon England 1289:Death of Anglo-Saxon England 1010: 205:. Stigand was imprisoned at 7: 6412:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio 6344:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065 3747:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. 3441:Cnut: England's Viking King 3383:. London: Pearson/Longman. 3313:Greenway, Diana E. (1971). 3159:. Oxford University Press. 2985:. London: Pearson/Longman. 2794:Smith "Archbishop Stigand" 2768:Smith "Archbishop Stigand" 2755:Smith "Archbishop Stigand" 2211:Smith "Archbishop Stigand" 1585:Smith "Archbishop Stigand" 1412:Smith "Archbishop Stigand" 1178:Smith "Archbishop Stigand" 10: 6577: 3790:10.1093/ehr/LXXIII.289.649 3379:Huscroft, Richard (2005). 2809:Queen Emma and Queen Edith 2731:Queen Emma and Queen Edith 2156:Catholic Historical Review 2104:Catholic Historical Review 1346:Queen Emma and Queen Edith 1250:Queen Emma and Queen Edith 616:and Æthelric installed as 18: 6546:Archbishops of Canterbury 6392: 6336: 6305: 6259: 6178: 6155:Battle of Stamford Bridge 6142: 6111: 6061: 5866: 5569: 5378: 5369: 5363:Archbishops of Canterbury 5226: 5081: 5013: 4872: 4856: 4680: 4561: 4381: 4286: 4203: 4172: 4025: 3976: 3967: 3959: 3949: 3940: 3932: 3922: 3913: 3905: 3895: 3886: 3878: 3871: 3665:. London: Edward Arnold. 3315:"Canterbury: Archbishops" 1782:English Historical Review 548:Abbot of Bury St. Edmunds 363:Some historians, such as 242:archdiocese of Canterbury 193:by several popes for his 145: 137: 127: 122: 114: 109: 95: 85: 75: 67: 59: 44: 37: 30: 3970:Archbishop of Canterbury 3521:; Wallis, Keith (1968). 3381:Ruling England 1042–1217 3195:10.1093/ehr/LI.CCIII.385 2783:English Church 1000–1066 2528:English Church 1066–1154 2359:English Church 1000–1066 2346:Unification and Conquest 2226:Unification and Conquest 2078:English Church 1000–1066 1895:Unification and Conquest 1866:English Church 1000–1066 1727:English Church 1000–1066 1605:Unification and Conquest 1543:Unification and Conquest 1472:English Church 1000–1066 1398:Unification and Conquest 1320:English Church 1066–1154 1219:English Church 1000–1066 837: 542:in Canterbury, but also 382:Archbishop of Canterbury 171:Archbishop of Canterbury 39:Archbishop of Canterbury 6384:Trial of Penenden Heath 6292:Malcolm III of Scotland 5993:Archibald Campbell Tait 5236:George Pretyman Tomline 4164:see removed to Thetford 2796:Anglo-Norman Studies 16 2770:Anglo-Norman Studies 16 2757:Anglo-Norman Studies 16 2596:Investiture Controversy 2213:Anglo-Norman Studies 16 1587:Anglo-Norman Studies 16 1414:Anglo-Norman Studies 16 1180:Anglo-Norman Studies 16 993:Malcolm III of Scotland 578:of around 980, and the 177:in 1043, and was later 6410: 6170:Siege of Exeter (1068) 5973:Charles Manners-Sutton 5904:Episcopacy abolished ( 5169:Episcopacy abolished ( 4698:, Bishop of Dorchester 4692:, Bishop of Dorchester 4553:Charles Manners-Sutton 4469:Episcopacy abolished ( 4195:see removed to Norwich 3873:Catholic Church titles 3542:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 3443:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 3439:Lawson, M. K. (2000). 3364:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 3345:. Stroud, UK: Sutton. 3165:10.1093/ref:odnb/26523 3007:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 2119:pp. 211–213, 220 n. 39 853: 715:, Stigand worked with 680: 669: 648:Final years and legacy 560:Bury St. Edmunds Abbey 489:Ecclesiastical affairs 345: 341:Encomium Emmae Reginae 228:. When Cnut's stepson 6541:Bishops of Winchester 6369:Council of Winchester 6359:Harrying of the North 6349:Council of Lillebonne 6119:William the Conqueror 5678:John of Sittingbourne 5628:Reginald Fitz Jocelin 4674:Bishops of Winchester 4221:William de Turbeville 3936:Ælfwine of Winchester 3702:Thomas, Hugh (2007). 3613:10.1353/cat.2001.0189 3595:Smith, Mary Frances; 3005:William the Conqueror 2941:. New York: Longman. 2705:William the Conqueror 2515:William the Conqueror 2476:William the Conqueror 2463:William the Conqueror 2437:William the Conqueror 1979:William the Conqueror 1953:William the Conqueror 1113:William the Conqueror 698:William the Conqueror 677:William the Conqueror 675: 660: 375:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 326: 203:William the Conqueror 6267:Edward the Confessor 6165:Burning of Southwark 5963:Frederick Cornwallis 4928:Richard of Ilchester 4338:Alexander Tottington 3943:Bishop of Winchester 3721:Walker, Ian (2000). 3480:Mason, Emma (2004). 2895:Edward the Confessor 2372:Edward the Confessor 2294:Anglo-Norman England 2239:Edward the Confessor 2034:Anglo-Norman England 1488:Edward the Confessor 1443:Edward the Confessor 1333:Edward the Confessor 1276:Edward the Confessor 1095:Edward the Confessor 989:Margaret of Scotland 740:Deposition and death 580:Volto Santo of Lucca 540:St Augustine's Abbey 336:Edward the Confessor 230:Edward the Confessor 212:Stigand served King 179:Bishop of Winchester 104:Bishop of Winchester 6551:Clergy from Norwich 6424:William of Poitiers 6374:Revolt of the Earls 6318:Battle, East Sussex 6297:Matilda of Flanders 6226:Eustace of Boulogne 6134:Sweyn II of Denmark 5998:Edward White Benson 5311:Michael Scott-Joynt 4173:Bishops of Thetford 3685:Anglo-Saxon England 3538:Rex, Peter (2005). 3398:John, Eric (1996). 3360:Hill, Paul (2005). 3153:"Stigand (d. 1072)" 3023:Blair, Peter Hunter 2835:Anglo-Saxon England 2733:p. 123 footnote 136 2627:Anglo-Saxon England 2544:Anglo-Saxon England 2385:Anglo-Saxon England 2254:pp. 27–29 and p. 57 1685:Anglo-Saxon England 1372:Anglo-Saxon England 1359:Anglo-Saxon England 991:, the wife of King 702:invasion of England 634:William of Normandy 625:Edward the Atheling 614:Bishop of Rochester 603:Advisor to the king 593:Abbey of Echternach 568:John the Evangelist 532:Siward of Rochester 528:Aethelric of Selsey 478:William of Poitiers 461:abbey of Gloucester 370:Eustace of Boulogne 330:, seated with sons 197:in holding the two 169:England who became 161:(died 1072) was an 6196:Leofwine Godwinson 6160:Battle of Hastings 5781:William Whittlesey 5759:Thomas Bradwardine 5702:William Chillenden 5691:Edmund of Abingdon 5595:William de Corbeil 5556:Robert of Jumièges 5531:Ælfric of Abingdon 5426:Theodore of Tarsus 5321:Philip Mounstephen 5246:Samuel Wilberforce 5053:William of Wykeham 4999:Richard de la More 4975:William de Taunton 4813:Beornstan/Byrnstan 4333:Henry le Despenser 4211:Herbert de Losinga 4190:Herbert de Losinga 4185:William de Beaufeu 4019:Bishops of Norwich 3963:Robert of Jumièges 3086:Chibnall, Marjorie 2638:Powell and Wallis 1060:Cowdrey "Stigand" 985:Edgar the Ætheling 885:Battle of Assandun 755:Remigius de Fécamp 713:Battle of Hastings 681: 670: 642:Edgar the Ætheling 524:Walter of Hereford 409:Robert of Jumièges 346: 318:Magnus I of Norway 258:Archbishop of York 80:Robert of Jumièges 6432: 6431: 6379:Council of London 6260:Associated people 6246:Roger de Breteuil 6236:Robert of Mortain 6201:Hereward the Wake 6150:Battle of Fulford 6071: 6070: 5791:William Courtenay 5747:John de Stratford 5725:Robert Winchelsey 5611:Roger de Bailleul 5329: 5328: 5193:Jonathan Trelawny 5154:Lancelot Andrewes 5063:William Waynflete 5038:John de Stratford 4640: 4639: 4604:Launcelot Fleming 4343:Richard Courtenay 4273:William Middleton 4236:Pandulf Verraccio 4026:Bishops of Elmham 3986: 3985: 3977:Succeeded by 3950:Succeeded by 3923:Succeeded by 3896:Succeeded by 3713:978-0-7425-3840-5 3694:978-0-19-280139-5 3659:Stafford, Pauline 3637:Stafford, Pauline 3568:978-1-84383-700-8 3549:978-0-7394-7185-2 3510:978-1-84383-700-8 3233:Douglas, David C. 3170:(subscription or 3149:Cowdrey, H. E. J. 3127:Cowdrey, H. E. J. 3118:978-1-84384-138-8 1768:pp. 291, 299, 304 591:, written at the 354:see of Winchester 209:, where he died. 165:churchman in pre- 156: 155: 51:Stigand from the 21:Stigand of Selsey 6568: 6521: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6501: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6472: 6461: 6460: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6440: 6415: 6124:Harold Godwinson 6098: 6091: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6008:Randall Davidson 6003:Frederick Temple 5983:John Bird Sumner 5923:William Sancroft 5889:Richard Bancroft 5867:Post-Reformation 5826:Thomas Bourchier 5770:William Edington 5708:Robert Kilwardby 5665:Richard le Grant 5659:Walter d'Eynsham 5622:Baldwin of Forde 5617:Richard of Dover 5356: 5349: 5342: 5333: 5332: 5261:Randall Davidson 5198:Charles Trimnell 5110:Stephen Gardiner 5101:Stephen Gardiner 5048:William Edington 5033:Rigaud of Assier 5005:John of Pontoise 4968:Andrew of London 4962:Aymer de Valence 4957:William de Raley 4945:Peter des Roches 4866: 4862: 4861: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4589:John Sheepshanks 4498:Charles Trimnell 4312:Thomas Hemenhale 4253:William de Raley 4241:Thomas Blunville 4216:Everard of Calne 4012: 4005: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3960:Preceded by 3933:Preceded by 3916:Bishop of Elmham 3906:Preceded by 3889:Bishop of Elmham 3879:Preceded by 3869: 3868: 3848: 3823:(371): 241–267. 3809: 3784:(289): 649–656. 3758: 3736: 3717: 3698: 3676: 3654: 3632: 3591: 3572: 3553: 3534: 3519:Powell, J. Enoch 3514: 3495: 3476: 3454: 3435: 3413: 3394: 3375: 3356: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3325:on 9 August 2011 3309: 3280:. Fifth Series. 3267: 3248: 3228: 3206: 3189:(203): 385–428. 3175: 3168: 3144: 3122: 3103: 3081: 3064:Brooks, Nicholas 3059: 3040: 3018: 2996: 2974: 2952: 2930: 2908: 2877: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2786: 2779: 2773: 2766: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2727: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2662: 2656: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2573: 2566: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2466: 2459: 2453: 2446: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2407: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2381: 2375: 2368: 2362: 2361:p. 60 footnote 4 2355: 2349: 2342: 2336: 2329: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2255: 2248: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2222: 2216: 2209: 2203: 2196: 2185: 2178: 2172: 2165: 2159: 2152: 2146: 2139: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2113: 2107: 2100: 2094: 2087: 2081: 2074: 2068: 2061: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2021: 2014: 2008: 2001: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1962: 1956: 1949: 1943: 1936: 1930: 1927:House of Godwine 1923: 1914: 1907: 1898: 1891: 1882: 1875: 1869: 1862: 1853: 1846: 1840: 1833: 1824: 1817: 1806: 1800: 1785: 1778: 1769: 1762: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1697: 1688: 1681: 1672: 1665: 1652: 1645: 1639: 1632: 1621: 1614: 1608: 1601: 1590: 1583: 1572: 1565: 1559: 1556:House of Godwine 1552: 1546: 1539: 1533: 1526: 1520: 1513: 1504: 1501:House of Godwine 1497: 1491: 1484: 1475: 1468: 1462: 1455: 1446: 1439: 1433: 1426: 1417: 1410: 1401: 1394: 1388: 1385:House of Godwine 1381: 1375: 1368: 1362: 1355: 1349: 1342: 1336: 1329: 1323: 1316: 1310: 1303: 1292: 1285: 1279: 1272: 1266: 1259: 1253: 1246: 1240: 1233: 1222: 1215: 1209: 1202: 1196: 1189: 1183: 1176: 1163: 1156: 1145: 1138: 1132: 1129:Road to Hastings 1125: 1116: 1109: 1098: 1091: 1080: 1073: 1064: 1058: 1027: 1020: 1005: 1002: 996: 981:Edward the Exile 977:Emma of Normandy 969: 963: 944: 938: 934: 928: 921:Bishop of Selsey 913: 907: 904: 898: 894: 888: 881: 875: 872: 866: 862: 856: 847: 808:Hugh the Chanter 772:Bishop of Durham 691:Pauline Stafford 632:England to Duke 627:and his brother 618:Bishop of Selsey 564:cathedral church 550:and Thurstan as 413:Bishop of London 397:Gregorian Reform 358:Godwin of Wessex 328:Emma of Normandy 301:Emma of Normandy 297:Wulfstan of York 235:Harold Godwinson 175:Bishop of Elmham 123:Personal details 100:Bishop of Elmham 49: 28: 27: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6514: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6500:sister projects 6497:at Knowledge's 6491: 6481: 6479: 6467: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6435: 6433: 6428: 6400:Bayeux Tapestry 6388: 6332: 6328:Tower of London 6301: 6255: 6231:Eadric the Wild 6186:Gyrth Godwinson 6174: 6138: 6129:Harald Hardrada 6107: 6105:Norman Conquest 6102: 6072: 6067: 6057: 6023:Geoffrey Fisher 5988:Charles Longley 5918:Gilbert Sheldon 5862: 5737:Walter Reynolds 5653:Stephen Langton 5600:Theobald of Bec 5590:Ralph d'Escures 5565: 5374: 5365: 5360: 5330: 5325: 5296:Falkner Allison 5256:Anthony Thorold 5228: 5222: 5208:Benjamin Hoadly 5134:William Wickham 5083: 5077: 5068:Peter Courtenay 5015: 5009: 4986:Nicholas of Ely 4933:Godfrey de Luci 4918:William Giffard 4874: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4682: 4676: 4671: 4641: 4636: 4594:Bertram Pollock 4557: 4483:Anthony Sparrow 4478:Edward Reynolds 4459:Richard Montagu 4439:Samuel Harsnett 4419:Edmund Scambler 4377: 4353:William Alnwick 4323:William Bateman 4306:William Ayermin 4282: 4258:Walter Suffield 4247:Simon of Elmham 4199: 4168: 4083:See interrupted 4021: 4016: 3982: 3973: 3965: 3955: 3946: 3938: 3928: 3919: 3911: 3901: 3892: 3884: 3856: 3851: 3766: 3764:Further reading 3761: 3755: 3733: 3714: 3695: 3673: 3651: 3588: 3569: 3550: 3511: 3492: 3473: 3451: 3432: 3410: 3391: 3372: 3353: 3328: 3326: 3290:10.2307/3679061 3272:Garnett, George 3264: 3225: 3169: 3141: 3119: 3100: 3078: 3056: 3037: 3015: 2993: 2971: 2949: 2927: 2905: 2885: 2880: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2789: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2724: 2715: 2711: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2672: 2666:Norman Conquest 2663: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2469: 2460: 2456: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2378: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2268:Norman Conquest 2265: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2219: 2210: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2149: 2145:pp. 181 and 205 2143:Anglo-Saxon Art 2140: 2136: 2130:Anglo-Saxon Art 2127: 2123: 2117:Anglo-Saxon Art 2114: 2110: 2101: 2097: 2091:Anglo-Saxon Art 2088: 2084: 2075: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2024: 2015: 2011: 2002: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1946: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1917: 1908: 1901: 1892: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1856: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1801: 1788: 1779: 1772: 1763: 1759: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1711: 1707: 1698: 1691: 1682: 1675: 1666: 1655: 1646: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1593: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1562: 1553: 1549: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1523: 1514: 1507: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1478: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1449: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1420: 1411: 1404: 1395: 1391: 1382: 1378: 1369: 1365: 1356: 1352: 1343: 1339: 1330: 1326: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1186: 1177: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1139: 1135: 1126: 1119: 1110: 1101: 1092: 1083: 1074: 1067: 1059: 1030: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1003: 999: 973:Ælfgifu of York 970: 966: 954:, pp. 140–149, 945: 941: 935: 931: 914: 910: 905: 901: 895: 891: 882: 878: 873: 869: 863: 859: 848: 844: 840: 803:at Winchester. 797:Edith of Wessex 742: 686:Bayeux Tapestry 666:Bayeux Tapestry 655: 653:Norman Conquest 650: 638:Edmund Ironside 605: 595:in what is now 495:diocese of York 491: 429:Nicholas Brooks 389: 384: 344:from about 1042 309: 277: 222:Harold Harefoot 167:Norman Conquest 133: 102: 55: 53:Bayeux Tapestry 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6574: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6523: 6522: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6477: 6465: 6453: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6364:Danish attacks 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6282:Edgar Ætheling 6279: 6277:Edith the Fair 6274: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6101: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6078: 6069: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6048:Rowan Williams 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6028:Michael Ramsey 6025: 6020: 6018:William Temple 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5978:William Howley 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5953:Matthew Hutton 5950: 5948:Thomas Herring 5945: 5940: 5935: 5933:Thomas Tenison 5930: 5928:John Tillotson 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5879:Edmund Grindal 5876: 5874:Matthew Parker 5870: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5853:Thomas Cranmer 5850: 5848:William Warham 5845: 5840: 5837:Thomas Langton 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5811:Henry Chichele 5808: 5806:Thomas Arundel 5803: 5798: 5796:Thomas Arundel 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5753:John de Ufford 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5714:Robert Burnell 5710: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5291:Alwyn Williams 5288: 5283: 5278: 5276:Theodore Woods 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5241:Charles Sumner 5238: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5218:Brownlow North 5215: 5210: 5205: 5203:Richard Willis 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5149:James Montague 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5073:Thomas Langton 5070: 5065: 5060: 5058:Henry Beaufort 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5023:Henry Woodlock 5019: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4992:Robert Burnell 4988: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4923:Henry of Blois 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4892: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4844: 4836: 4831: 4823: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4767: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4681:Early Medieval 4678: 4677: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4574:Edward Stanley 4571: 4569:Henry Bathurst 4565: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4449:Richard Corbet 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4424:William Redman 4421: 4416: 4411: 4409:John Parkhurst 4406: 4401: 4399:Thomas Thirlby 4396: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4368:James Goldwell 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4300:Robert Baldock 4296: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4268:Roger Skerning 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4226:John of Oxford 4223: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4015: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3975: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3921: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3867: 3866: 3855: 3854:External links 3852: 3850: 3849: 3810: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3753: 3737: 3731: 3718: 3712: 3699: 3693: 3681:Stenton, F. M. 3677: 3671: 3655: 3649: 3633: 3607:(4): 569–602. 3597:Fleming, Robin 3592: 3586: 3573: 3567: 3554: 3548: 3535: 3515: 3509: 3496: 3490: 3477: 3471: 3455: 3449: 3436: 3430: 3418:Knowles, David 3414: 3408: 3395: 3389: 3376: 3370: 3357: 3351: 3335: 3310: 3268: 3262: 3249: 3229: 3223: 3207: 3176: 3145: 3139: 3123: 3117: 3104: 3098: 3082: 3076: 3060: 3054: 3041: 3035: 3019: 3013: 2997: 2991: 2975: 2969: 2953: 2947: 2931: 2925: 2909: 2903: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2865: 2852: 2839: 2826: 2813: 2800: 2787: 2774: 2761: 2748: 2735: 2722: 2709: 2696: 2683: 2679:English Church 2670: 2657: 2644: 2640:House of Lords 2631: 2613: 2609:Feudal Kingdom 2600: 2587: 2581:Fryde, et al. 2574: 2570:Ruling England 2561: 2557:Feudal Kingdom 2548: 2532: 2519: 2506: 2493: 2489:Monastic Order 2480: 2467: 2454: 2450:Ruling England 2441: 2428: 2415: 2402: 2398:English Church 2389: 2376: 2363: 2350: 2337: 2324: 2311: 2298: 2285: 2272: 2256: 2250:Fryde, et al. 2243: 2230: 2217: 2204: 2186: 2182:English Church 2173: 2160: 2147: 2134: 2121: 2108: 2095: 2082: 2069: 2051: 2047:Ruling England 2038: 2022: 2009: 1996: 1992:Feudal Kingdom 1983: 1970: 1957: 1944: 1940:Ruling England 1931: 1915: 1911:Monastic Order 1899: 1883: 1870: 1854: 1841: 1837:Ruling England 1825: 1821:Ruling England 1807: 1786: 1770: 1757: 1744: 1731: 1718: 1705: 1689: 1673: 1653: 1649:Monastic Order 1640: 1634:Fryde, et al. 1622: 1618:Ruling England 1609: 1591: 1573: 1560: 1547: 1534: 1521: 1505: 1492: 1476: 1463: 1459:English Church 1447: 1434: 1428:Fryde, et al. 1418: 1402: 1389: 1376: 1363: 1350: 1337: 1324: 1311: 1305:Fryde, et al. 1293: 1280: 1267: 1261:Fryde, et al. 1254: 1241: 1235:Fryde, et al. 1223: 1210: 1197: 1191:Fryde, et al. 1184: 1164: 1146: 1133: 1117: 1099: 1081: 1065: 1028: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1006: 997: 964: 939: 929: 908: 899: 889: 876: 867: 857: 841: 839: 836: 764:Bishop of Sion 741: 738: 654: 651: 649: 646: 604: 601: 490: 487: 388: 385: 383: 380: 308: 305: 283:, possibly in 276: 273: 191:Excommunicated 154: 153: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 131: 129: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 107: 106: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 50: 42: 41: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6573: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6519: 6518: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6496: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6406: 6405:Domesday Book 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393:Miscellaneous 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Ralph de Gael 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6191:Odo of Bayeux 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6094: 6092: 6087: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6038:Robert Runcie 6036: 6034: 6033:Donald Coggan 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5958:Thomas Secker 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913:William Juxon 5911: 5909: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5884:John Whitgift 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5858:Reginald Pole 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:John Stafford 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:Simon Sudbury 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5776:Simon Langham 5774: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742:Simon Mepeham 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5731:Thomas Cobham 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5671:Ralph Neville 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5634:Hubert Walter 5632: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5605:Thomas Becket 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5281:Cyril Garbett 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5271:Edward Talbot 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5251:Harold Browne 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5183:George Morley 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5159:Richard Neile 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5144:Thomas Bilson 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129:Thomas Cooper 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:Thomas Wolsey 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5014:Late Medieval 5012: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4951:Ralph Neville 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4939:Richard Poore 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4873:High Medieval 4871: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4599:Percy Herbert 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4533:Thomas Hayter 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4513:William Baker 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4488:William Lloyd 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4444:Francis White 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389:Richard Nykke 4387: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4358:Thomas Brunce 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348:John Wakering 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287:Late Medieval 4285: 4279: 4278:Ralph Walpole 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204:High Medieval 4202: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3772:Barlow, Frank 3769: 3768: 3756: 3754:0-85115-708-4 3750: 3746: 3742: 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3211:Dodwell, C.R. 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3140:0-19-925960-7 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3099:0-631-15439-6 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3077:0-7185-0041-5 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3055:0-8122-1386-6 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3036:0-521-53777-0 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3014:0-7524-1980-3 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2992:0-582-78440-9 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979:Barlow, Frank 2976: 2972: 2970:0-582-49504-0 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957:Barlow, Frank 2954: 2950: 2948:0-582-50236-5 2944: 2940: 2936: 2935:Barlow, Frank 2932: 2928: 2926:0-582-49049-9 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913:Barlow, Frank 2910: 2906: 2904:0-520-01671-8 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891:Barlow, Frank 2888: 2887: 2875: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2745: 2739: 2732: 2726: 2719: 2713: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2661: 2654: 2653:Early 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152: 149:Old Minster, 148: 144: 140: 136: 130: 126: 121: 117: 113: 108: 105: 101: 98: 96:Other post(s) 94: 91: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 71:11 April 1070 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 48: 43: 40: 36: 29: 26: 22: 6520:from Commons 6515: 6494: 6313:Battle Abbey 6271: 6063: 6053:Justin Welby 6043:George Carey 5938:William Wake 5906:Commonwealth 5903: 5899:William Laud 5894:George Abbot 5835: 5801:Roger Walden 5768: 5751: 5729: 5720:John Peckham 5712: 5700: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5657: 5647:John de Gray 5645: 5638: 5626: 5609: 5570:Conquest to 5560: 5418: 5286:Mervyn Haigh 5266:Herbert Ryle 5229:1820–current 5171:Commonwealth 5168: 5164:Walter Curle 5119:Robert Horne 5091:Richard Foxe 5082:Early Modern 5043:Adam Orleton 5028:John Sandale 4997: 4990: 4981:John Gervais 4973: 4966: 4949: 4937: 4907: 4897: 4889: 4849: 4841: 4828: 4820: 4772: 4764: 4632:Graham Usher 4623: 4619:Graham James 4609:Maurice Wood 4579:Samuel Hinds 4548:George Horne 4538:Philip Yonge 4528:Samuel Lisle 4523:Thomas Gooch 4518:Robert Butts 4503:Thomas Green 4471:Commonwealth 4468: 4454:Matthew Wren 4434:John Overall 4414:Edmund Freke 4394:William Rugg 4382:Early modern 4328:Thomas Percy 4310: 4298: 4263:Simon Walton 4245: 4231:John de Gray 4194: 4163: 4148: 4137: 4082: 3968: 3941: 3914: 3887: 3820: 3814: 3781: 3775: 3744: 3722: 3703: 3684: 3662: 3640: 3604: 3600: 3577: 3558: 3539: 3522: 3500: 3481: 3462: 3440: 3421: 3399: 3380: 3361: 3342: 3339:Higham, Nick 3327:. 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R. 2850:pp. 219–220 2707:pp. 168–169 2694:pp. 107–108 2629:pp. 659–661 2598:pp. 148–149 2594:Blumenthal 2546:pp. 623–624 2517:pp. 100–101 2439:pp. 203–206 2426:pp. 183–185 2413:pp. 208–209 2374:pp. 249–250 2309:pp. 175–180 2241:pp. 214–215 2171:pp. 307–309 2093:pp. 230–231 2080:pp. 113–115 2067:pp. 136–138 2020:pp. 148–149 1687:pp. 465–466 1589:pp. 201–203 1532:pp. 305–306 1374:pp. 419–421 1348:pp. 248–250 1252:pp. 112–113 1079:pp. 173–174 948:Charlemagne 828:Nick Higham 801:Old Minster 749:, Abbot of 725:Wallingford 721:Earl Morcar 706:Gregory VII 483:David Bates 281:East Anglia 265:royal court 246:Nicholas II 183:Anglo-Saxon 163:Anglo-Saxon 76:Predecessor 6530:Categories 6179:Combatants 6013:Cosmo Lang 5968:John Moore 5685:John Blund 5188:Peter Mews 5114:John White 5106:John Ponet 4834:Beorhthelm 4808:Frithestan 4773:(disputed) 4765:(disputed) 4732:Æthelheard 4614:Peter Nott 4493:John Moore 4429:John Jegon 4318:Antony Bek 4133:Ælfric III 4103:Theodred I 4073:Hunferthus 4048:Æthelfrith 4043:Headulacus 3974:1052–1070 3947:1047–1070 3920:1044–1047 3882:Ælfric III 3284:: 91–116. 2883:References 1753:Dictionary 717:Earl Edwin 597:Luxembourg 589:Willibrord 576:Gero Cross 510:. In 1062 508:Dorchester 449:Benedict X 438:Stephen IX 350:translated 332:Harthacnut 275:Early life 226:Harthacnut 207:Winchester 151:Winchester 68:Term ended 6487:Biography 6306:Locations 5821:John Kemp 5546:Æthelnoth 5511:Byrhthelm 5471:Feologild 5461:Æthelhard 5451:Bregowine 5431:Berhtwald 5414:Deusdedit 5389:Augustine 5316:Tim Dakin 5084:1501–1820 5016:1305–1501 4887:Æthelwold 4875:1006–1304 4839:Æthelwold 4798:Tunbeorht 4793:Ealhferth 4762:Herefrith 4747:Cyneberht 4727:Cyneheard 4508:John Leng 4143:Grimketel 4128:Ælfric II 4113:Æthelstan 4078:Humbertus 4058:Æthelwulf 3909:Grimketel 3899:Grimketel 3860:Stigand 1 3845:159601267 3806:159927808 3629:159900538 3306:159491086 3174:required) 2807:Stafford 2785:pp. 80–81 2744:Harold II 2729:Stafford 2642:pp. 33–34 2572:pp. 60–61 2568:Huscroft 2500:Williams 2452:pp. 18–19 2448:Huscroft 2411:Harold II 2344:Stafford 2320:Harold II 2292:Chibnall 2281:Harold II 2224:Stafford 2045:Huscroft 2032:Chibnall 1966:Harold II 1955:pp. 77–78 1942:pp. 46–47 1938:Huscroft 1929:pp. 78–79 1893:Stafford 1835:Huscroft 1819:Huscroft 1802:Greenway 1714:Harold II 1616:Huscroft 1607:pp. 89–92 1603:Stafford 1569:Harold II 1545:pp. 90–91 1541:Stafford 1461:pp. 58–62 1396:Stafford 1344:Stafford 1322:pp. 48–49 1248:Stafford 1239:pp. 28–29 1158:Williams 1011:Citations 917:Grimketel 854:Stigantus 832:Eric John 760:Ermenfrid 536:Æthelsige 504:Lichfield 500:Worcester 434:Victor II 218:Ashingdon 195:pluralism 86:Successor 60:Appointed 6323:Pevensey 6221:Waltheof 5696:Boniface 5640:Reginald 5580:Lanfranc 5521:Æthelgar 5496:Wulfhelm 5486:Plegmund 5481:Æthelred 5476:Ceolnoth 5456:Jænberht 5446:Cuthbert 5441:Nothhelm 5409:Honorius 5399:Mellitus 5394:Laurence 5381:Conquest 4913:Walkelin 4803:Denewulf 4783:Helmstan 4757:Wigthegn 4752:Ealhmund 4722:Hunfrith 4707:Leuthere 4696:Agilbert 4683:634–1006 4627:(acting) 4154:Æthelmær 4147:Stigand 4098:Ælfric I 4063:Alherdus 4053:Eanfrith 4033:Bedwinus 3980:Lanfranc 3953:Walkelin 3926:Æthelmær 3743:(2000). 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4737:Ecgbald 4690:Birinus 4180:Herfast 4159:Herfast 4149:(again) 4138:Stigand 4123:Ælfwine 4093:Eadwulf 3329:23 June 3298:3679061 2846:Higham 2781:Barlow 2718:Godwins 2716:Barlow 2664:Thomas 2651:Brooks 2607:Barlow 2555:Barlow 2526:Barlow 2422:Walker 2370:Barlow 2357:Barlow 2305:Higham 2266:Thomas 2237:Barlow 2198:Walker 2167:Brooks 2076:Barlow 2063:Walker 2016:Walker 2003:Walker 1990:Barlow 1877:Brooks 1864:Barlow 1848:Higham 1764:Brooks 1725:Barlow 1699:Brooks 1667:Brooks 1528:Brooks 1515:Walker 1486:Barlow 1470:Barlow 1441:Barlow 1331:Barlow 1318:Barlow 1287:Higham 1274:Barlow 1217:Barlow 1204:Lawson 1093:Barlow 776:Leofwin 751:Evesham 734:Matilda 544:Baldwin 445:pallium 421:Dunstan 352:to the 285:Norwich 254:Ealdred 159:Stigand 132:Stigand 32:Stigand 6337:Events 6216:Tostig 6211:Morcar 5585:Anselm 5541:Lyfing 5491:Athelm 5404:Justus 4778:Eadhun 4717:Daniel 4118:Ælfgar 3843: 3837:566846 3835: 3804: 3798:557268 3796: 3751: 3729: 3710: 3691: 3669: 3647: 3627: 3619: 3584: 3565: 3546: 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